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AS 2207-1994 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing of fusion welded joints in
carbon and low alloy steel
Licensed to SAIPEM (SPCM) on 11 Sep 2002
AS 2207—1994
Australian Standard


Non-destructive testing—Ultrasonic
testing of fusion welded joints in
carbon and low alloy steel
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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MT/7, Non-destructive Testing
of Metals and Materials. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards
Australia on 16 February 1994 and published on 16 May 1994.
The following interests are represented on Committee MT/7:
Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization
Australian Pipeline Industry Association
Austroads
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Department of Defence
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Institute of Australian Foundrymen, N.S.W. Division
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia
Railways of Australia Committee
Society of Automotive Engineers, Australasia
Welding Technology Institute of Australia
WorkCover Authority, N.S.W.
Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:
Division of Applied Physics, CSIRO
Non-destructive testing contractors and consulting organizations
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Sydney TAFE College
Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is

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amendments thereto.
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Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia,
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 92178.
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AS 2207—1994
Australian Standard

Non-destructive testing—Ultrasonic
testing of fusion welded joints in
carbon and low alloy steel
AS 2207 first published in part as AS B261.1 —1968.
AS B260.1A first published 1968 (being endorsement of
BS 3889.1A:1965 without amendment).
AS B261.1 —1968 and AS B260.1A —1968 revised,
amalgamated and redesignated AS 2207— 1979.
Second edition 1980.
Third edition 1994.
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 8836 5
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AS 2207— 1994 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared under the direction of the Multitechnics Standards Policy
Board by the Standards Australia Committee on Non-destructive Testing of Metals and
Materials, to supersede AS 2207—1980, Methods for the ultrasonic testing of fusion
welded joints in steel.
The format of this edition has been changed to align more closely with recently published
Standards on ultrasonic testing of metallic materials. The five levels of sensitivity
specified in the 1980 edition have been reduced to four because the requirements for the
sensitivity Level No. 5 were not specific and were subject to contractual agreement.
In this edition the testing of stainless steels is not covered, as it requires the use of
specialized techniques and equipment.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral
part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
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3 AS 2207— 1994
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE 4
1.2 REFERENCEDDOCUMENTS 4
1.3 DEFINITIONS 4
SECTION 2 EQUIPMENT AND CALIBRATION
2.1 SCOPEOFSECTION 5
2.2 EQUIPMENT 5
2.3 CALIBRATIONOFEQUIPMENT 5
2.4 COUPLANTS 6
SECTION 3 METHODS OF TEST
3.1 SCOPEANDGENERAL 7
3.2 DESIGNATION OF TEST METHODS AND SURFACE PREPARATION
CATEGORIES 7
3.3 PREPARATIONOFTESTSURFACES 8
3.4 METHODS FOR SCANNING AND DISCONTINUITY EVALUATION . . . . 9
3.5 SENSITIVITY 10
3.6 SIZINGOFDISCONTINUITIES 11
3.7 OPTIONAL VARIATIONS IN SIZING FOR LEVELS 2, 3 AND 4 . . . . . . 12
SECTION 4 PRESENTATION OF TEST DATA
4.1 GENERAL 20
4.2 RECORDOFTEST 20
4.3 TESTREPORT 20
APPENDICES
A PURCHASINGGUIDELINES 22
B WELDINGTERMINOLOGYANDSYMBOLS 23
C FACTORSINFLUENCINGPROBESELECTION 25
D METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ATTENUATION AND

TRANSFERLOSS 27
E ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING SENSITIVITY . . . . . . . . 29
F GUIDANCE ON ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
G PROCEDURES FOR SIZING OF DISCONTINUITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
H GUIDANCE ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF DISCONTINUITIES . . . . . . . . 46
I COMPENSATIONFORCONVEXCURVATURE 49
J USEOFREFLECTIVITYDIAGRAMS 51
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AS 2207— 1994 4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Non-destructive testing—Ultrasonic testing
of fusion welded joints in carbon and low alloy steel
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out methods and requirements for the manual ultrasonic
testing of full or partial penetration fusion welded joints in carbon and low alloy ferritic
steels, 6 mm or greater in thickness, using A-scan presentation and employing four
sensitivity levels.
This Standard does not cover the testing of stainless steels.
It does not cover the testing of longitudinal welds when—
(a) the radius of curvature of fabrications is less than 125 mm; or
(b) for tubular fabrications having an outside diameter exceeding 250 mm, the ratio of
thickness to outside diameter exceeds 0.22.
NOTE: Advice and recommendations on information to be supplied by the purchaser at the
time of enquiry or order are contained in the purchasing guidelines set out in Appendix A.
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this
Standard:
AS
1101 Graphical symbols for general engineering
1101.3 Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination

1929 Non-destructive testing—Glossary of terms
2083 Calibration blocks and their methods of use in ultrasonic testing
2536 Surface texture
2812 Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms
3669 Non-destructive testing—Qualification and registration of personnel—Aerospace
3998 Non-destructive testing—Qualification and certification of personnel—General
engineering
1.3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions given
in AS 1929 apply (see also Appendix B for terms, symbols and notations used in welding
technology).
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5 AS 2207— 1994
SECTION 2 EQUIPMENT AND
CALIBRATION
2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section specifies requirements for the ultrasonic
testing equipment and its calibration.
2.2 EQUIPMENT The ultrasonic testing equipment shall be capable of displaying the
presence of discontinuities likely to be present in fusion welded joints and of delineating
their boundaries and contours.
The equipment shall employ A-scan presentation and shall have a reserve of sensitivity of
at least 20 dB at the maximum beam path used. The equipment and probes shall be
capable of operation within a frequency range of 2 MHz to 6 MHz.
Either single or twin compression-wave probes, and angle beam probes are used for the
testing of welded joints.
NOTES:
1 This Standard allows the use of ultrasonic units equipped with data processing facilities.
2 Guidance on probe frequency selection is given in Paragraph C2 of Appendix C.
2.3 CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT
2.3.1 General The equipment characteristics shall meet the requirements specified in

Clauses 2.3.1.1 to 2.3.1.5 when calibrated in accordance with methods specified in
AS 2083.
2.3.1.1 Assessment of horizontal and vertical linearity Horizontal and vertical linearity
shall be assessed for the test ranges to be used. Any deviation of the horizontal linearity
exceeding 2% over the full screen width, or of the vertical linearity exceeding ±2dB,
between 30% and 100% graticule height shall be determined and recorded. Suppression
should not be used for weld testing, unless its effect on vertical and horizontal linearity is
determined and recorded.
2.3.1.2 Gain control The gain control shall be calibrated in steps not exceeding 2 dB.
2.3.1.3 System gain The overall system gain shall be not less than 20 dB.
2.3.1.4 Dominant frequency The dominant frequency of the instrument/probe
combination shall be recorded for information.
NOTE: To optimize the ultrasonic response of the system, it may be necessary to inductively
match the probes with the test unit, using tuning coils.
2.3.1.5 Resolution The equipment shall be capable of resolving adjacent reflectors
separated by a distance of 2.5 wavelengths along the beam axis. The distance
requirements for the separation of reflectors along the beam axis, for various frequencies,
are given in Table 2.1.
2.3.2 Voltage stability Voltage fluctuations shall be within −15% to +10% of nominal
line voltage and shall not be capable of producing either of the following—
(a) variations in sensitivity exceeding ±1dB,or
(b) variations of linearity exceeding the limits specified in Clause 2.3.1.1.
2.3.3 Calibration blocks The calibration blocks specified in AS 2083 shall be used to
calibrate the testing equipment.
2.3.4 Reference blocks This Standard requires the use of ferritic steel reference blocks
which contain side-drilled holes of specified diameters to establish sensitivity. Reference
blocks should be machined from a steel which has similar ultrasonic attenuation
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AS 2207— 1994 6

characteristics to the material under test. Where such material is not available, corrections
for attenuation and transfer differences shall be made in accordance with Appendix D.
NOTE: Appendix E gives details of alternative methods which may be used to establish
sensitivity.
2.4 COUPLANTS Couplants shall possess good wetting characteristics and be
compatible with the steel under test. When establishing sensitivity, a couplant with similar
sound energy transfer characteristics shall be used on the reference block as is used for
the test.
TABLE 2.1
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SEPARATION OF REFLECTORS
FOR RESOLUTION CALIBRATION
millimetres
Nominal frequency
MHz
Distance of separation of reflectors along beam axis
Compression-wave probes Shear-wave probes
2
2.5
4
5
10
7.4
5.9
3.7
3.0
1.5
4.1
3.3
2.0
1.6

0.8
NOTE: For carbon and alloy steels the nominal velocity of compression waves is
5920 m/s and of shear waves is 3230 m/s.
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7 AS 2207— 1994
SECTION 3 METHODS OF TEST
3.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL This Section specifies designations for test methods and
surface preparation, and specifies the test method requirements for seven common basic
configurations of welds. For each method, requirements are given for—
(a) the minimum preparation of the test surface (see Clause 3.3);
(b) the preferred scanning positions for normal and angle probes;
(c) the evaluation of discontinuities;
and procedures are given for—
(i) the examination of the parent metal over the entire scanning surface;
(ii) the examination of the heat-affected zone; and
(iii) the examination of the weld metal.
The test method shall be specified in the relevant product specification or application
code.
The scanning sensitivity for normal probes used for the detection of parent metal
discontinuities which may interfere with the test, is specified in Clause 3.5.2.2. If such
discontinuities are present and no alternative scanning method is specified for subsequent
examination, the test report shall state the reasons why sections of the weld have not been
fully examined.
The test report shall also include all instances where it has not been possible to scan from
specified surfaces because of limitations of access.
The examination of the weld should be carried out on scan lines parallel to, or at
right-angles to, the weld axis and at a separation not exceeding the width of the
transmitting probe crystal.
Beam angles should be chosen to ensure that the angle of incidence to the major reflecting

surfaces of expected discontinuities is essentially normal. Where this is not possible,
additional gain should be added as follows:
Angle of incidence, degrees Additional gain, dB
≤10
>10 ≤15
>15 ≤20
0
6
12
The use of more than one beam angle to obtain a maximum indication from a particular
discontinuity should be considered.
NOTES:
1 Incident angles greater than 20° to the major expected reflecting surface should not be used.
2 Planar discontinuities normally lie along the welding preparation faces.
3 Guidance on the development of testing procedures for welds is given in Appendix F and
factors influencing probe selection are outlined in Appendix C.
3.2 DESIGNATION OF TEST METHODS AND SURFACE PREPARATION
CATEGORIES
3.2.1 Designation of test methods Ultrasonic test methods are designated as follows:
(a) The initial letters, UM, to signify ‘ultrasonic method’.
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AS 2207— 1994 8
(b) A letter (A to G) to indicate the actual method for a particular type of weld
configuration (see Clause 3.2.1.1).
(c) A dash followed by a number (1 to 4) to indicate the extent of testing and the
evaluation sensitivity.
3.2.1.1 Test method designations for various weld configurations Test methods which
enable the test operator to determine the location, size and subsequent identification of
discontinuities in seven different types of weld configurations are designated by letter as

follows:
(a) For butt welds having double preparation and complete penetration: UMA
(b) For butt welds having single preparation: UMB
(c) For tee butt welds with complete penetration: UMC
(d) For tee butt welds with incomplete penetration: UMD
(e) For tee butt welded cruciform joints with incomplete or complete penetration: UME
(f) For butt welds with set-through configurations (including nozzles): UMF
(g) For butt welds with set-on configurations (including nozzles): UMG
NOTE: The examination of other weld types may be derived from the requirements for the
seven weld types specified.
EXAMPLES OF DESIGNATION
UMA-1: Designates the ultrasonic method of test for butt welds which have
double preparation and are fully penetrated. It requires a specified
comprehensive scanning pattern and evaluation at Level 1 sensitivity.
UMA-3: Designates the ultrasonic method of test for a double preparation fully
penetrated butt weld configuration requiring a less comprehensive
scanning pattern than that for UMA-1 and evaluation at Level 3
sensitivity.
3.2.2 Designation of surface preparation categories This Standard recognizes the
following surface preparation categories:
(a) SP1: All surfaces except weld reinforcement are linished or fine ground (see
Figure 3.1(a)).
(b) SP2: All surfaces are linished or fine ground and the weld reinforcement dressed
(see Figure 3.1(b)).
(c) SP3: All surfaces are linished or fine ground and the weld reinforcement ground
flat (see Figure 3.1(c)).
(d) SP4: All surfaces are linished or fine ground and the weld reinforcement ground
flush (see Figure 3.1(d)).
3.3 PREPARATION OF TEST SURFACES
3.3.1 General requirements All surfaces over which probes are to be traversed shall

comply with the following requirements:
(a) The profile shall be sufficiently regular to permit uniform probe contact throughout
the test. It is important that weld spatter and loose scale are completely removed
from the adjacent parent metal and the scanning surface.
(b) Any paint or other surface coating which interferes with the test shall be removed.
(c) The roughness of the test surface shall not exceed 3.2 µm R
a
(see AS 2536).
NOTE: Hot-rolled steel with totally adherent millscale generally complies with this
requirement.
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9 AS 2207— 1994
(d) When echoes from the reinforcement (see Figure 3.1(a)) are likely to interfere with
the test, the reinforcement shall be dressed to a smooth contour (see Figure 3.1(b)).
(e) Where scanning procedures require the probe to be traversed along the crown of the
weld, the weld reinforcement shall be ground flat over an area of sufficient size to
accommodate the probe (see Figure 3.1(c)).
NOTE: This is required when scanning the weld root using normal probes, or when using
angle probes to detect transverse discontinuities.
(f) Where scanning procedures require the probe to be traversed across the weld, the
weld reinforcement shall be ground flush (no underflush) with the parent metal (see
Figure 3.1(d)).
3.3.2 Additional surface requirements Where a particular surface preparation
category specified in a product specification or application code is more stringent than the
minimum surface preparation requirements of Clause 3.3.1, this category shall apply in
addition to the requirements of Clause 3.3.1.
FIGURE 3.1 TYPES AND DESIGNATIONS OF SURFACE PREPARATION FOR WELDS
3.4 METHODS FOR SCANNING AND DISCONTINUITY EVALUATION Welds
shall be tested using the scanning positions, probe types and instructions for the

evaluation of discontinuities specified in Tables 3.1 to 3.6 as follows:
Test method
designation
letter
Weld description Table
A
B
C
D
E
(see Note)
F
G
Butt weld—double preparation—complete penetration
Butt weld—single preparation
Tee butt weld—complete penetration
Tee butt weld—incomplete penetration
Tee butt welds—cruciform joint—incomplete
penetration or complete penetration
Butt weld—set-through (includes nozzles)
Butt weld—set-on (includes nozzles)
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
NOTE: The procedures set out in Table 3.4 are applicable only where the thickness
difference between components is less than 20%. Where the thickness difference is greater

than 20%, the procedures will require modification to obtain adequate scanning of the joint.
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AS 2207— 1994 10
The scanning sensitivity to be used when testing welds and parent metal is specified in
Clause 3.5.2.
3.5 SENSITIVITY
3.5.1 General All welds shall be scanned using the levels of sensitivity specified in
Clause 3.5.2. Discontinuities so detected shall be evaluated in accordance with one of the
sensitivity levels specified in Clause 3.5.3 as required by the relevant product
specification or application code.
The relationship between the scanning sensitivities specified in Clause 3.5.2, the
evaluation sensitivity levels specified in Clause 3.5.3.2, and the requirements for
recording and sizing is summarized in Table 3.7.
NOTES:
1 Alternative methods of establishing sensitivity are given in Appendix E.
2 Since it is impracticable to produce test blocks with holes at all possible beam path lengths,
it is common practice to produce a distance-amplitude correction curve or attenuation
correction curve for the detector equipment/probe combination and material used in the test
(see Clause 3.5.4).
3.5.2 Scanning sensitivity
3.5.2.1 General The detection of discontinuities requires a high level of scanning
sensitivity to ensure that all discontinuities are detected irrespective of their nature, size
or orientation.
NOTE: The scanning sensitivity should not be confused with evaluation sensitivity.
3.5.2.2 Sensitivity to be used for parent metal scanning To detect the presence of
features which may interfere with subsequent weld testing, the parent metal gain in a
discontinuity-free area shall be set so that the second back echo is displayed at full screen
height.
3.5.2.3 Sensitivity to be used for weld scanning To detect the presence of

discontinuities for sensitivity Levels 1, 2 and 3, welds shall be scanned using a gain of at
least 6 dB greater than that required to bring the signal from a 1.5 mm diameter
side-drilled hole which is at least 22 mm long, at the maximum beam path length, to 80%
graticule height.
For sensitivity Level 4, welds shall be scanned using a gain of at least 6 dB greater than
the gain required to establish the evaluation sensitivity using the required primary
reference hole (see Table 3.8).
3.5.3 Evaluation sensitivity
3.5.3.1 General All discontinuities located shall be evaluated in accordance with one of
the levels specified in Clause 3.5.3.2, Level 1 being the most sensitive.
Where the evaluation sensitivity is not specified, Level 2 shall be used.
Levels 1, 2 and 3 specify a threshold sensitivity below which no discontinuities other than
cracks are reported.
Level 4 testing uses a number of reference levels which vary with metal thickness and
requires the evaluation of discontinuities with a reflectivity equal to, or greater than 20%
of the reference level.
3.5.3.2 Evaluation sensitivity levels The sensitivity to be used for the evaluation of
discontinuities shall be in accordance with one or more of the following levels:
(a) Level 1—use the gain required to bring the signal from a 1.5 mm side-drilled hole
which is at least 22 mm long, at the same beam path length as the discontinuity, to
80% graticule height.
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11 AS 2207— 1994
All discontinuities producing echoes equal to or greater than 20% graticule height
shall be evaluated.
(b) Level 2—use the gain required to bring the signal from a 1.5 mm side-drilled hole
which is at least 22 mm long, at the same beam path length as the discontinuity, to
80% graticule height.
All discontinuities producing echoes equal to or greater than 40% graticule height

shall be evaluated.
(c) Level 3—use the gain required to bring the signal from a 1.5 mm side-drilled hole
which is at least 22 mm long, at the same beam path length as the discontinuity, to
80% graticule height.
All discontinuities producing echoes equal to or greater than this amplitude shall be
evaluated.
(d) Level 4—use the gain required to bring the signal from the appropriate side-drilled
hole specified in Table 3.8, at the same beam path length as the discontinuity, to
80% graticule height.
All discontinuities producing echoes equal to or greater than 20% of this amplitude
shall be evaluated.
NOTE: Level 4 requires the use of a number of reference holes which vary with metal
thickness (see Table 3.8). Sensitivity Levels 1, 2 and 3 require the use of a 1.5 mm diameter
reference hole only.
3.5.4 Preparation of distance-amplitude correction curves The evaluation of
non-crack-like discontinuities to sensitivity Level 1, 2, 3 or 4 is carried out by comparing
the reflectance of the discontinuity with that of a side-drilled hole reflector at the same
beam path length. The use of a distance-amplitude correction curve simplifies this
evaluation procedure.
The recommended method for preparing a distance-amplitude correction curve is as
follows:
(a) Using a calibration block of suitable dimensions, select a minimum of four probe
positions which will give beam path lengths between the minimum and the
maximumtobeusedinthetest.
NOTES:
1 Calibration block No. 2 of AS 2083 is suitable for use for sensitivity Levels 1, 2 and 3.
2 A typical block for use for sensitivity Level 4 evaluation is shown in Figure 3.2.
(b) Position the probe on the reference block and note the gain required to bring the
target echo to 40% graticule height at a beam path length as close as practicable to
the maximum to be used (reference level gain A dB).

(c) Note the gain required to bring the target echoes at other beam path lengths to the
same graticule height (reference level gains A
1
,A
2
,A
3
A
n
dB).
(d) Plot the gain A to A
n
against their respective beam path lengths.
The plot obtained shows the gain necessary for the evaluation of discontinuity
reflectance at various beam path lengths.
3.6 SIZING OF DISCONTINUITIES Unless other requirements are specified in a
product standard or application code, all cracks detected shall be sized for height and
length using a method specified in Appendix G.
All other discontinuities which produce echoes equal to or greater than the applicable
evaluation sensitivity level specified in Clause 3.5.3.2 shall be sized in accordance with
the appropriate level of testing as follows:
(a) Level 1 Size for height and length using methods specified in Appendix G for
normal probes and for angle probes.
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AS 2207— 1994 12
(b) Levels 2, 3 and 4 Size for length using methods specified in Appendix G for
normal probes and for angle probes.
Optional variations for sizing for Levels 2, 3 and 4 may be specified in accordance with
Clause 3.7.

The sizing of all discontinuities shall be carried out using either the 6 dB drop technique,
the 20 dB drop technique, or the last significant echo technique described in Appendix G.
NOTE: Guidance on the identification of discontinuities is given in Appendix H.
NOTE: For requirements for allowable surface roughness see Clause 3.3.1(c).
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 3.2 TYPICAL REFERENCE BLOCK FOR SENSITIVITY LEVEL 4
3.7 OPTIONAL VARIATIONS IN SIZING FOR LEVELS 2, 3 AND 4 Optional
variations in sizing for Levels 2, 3 and 4 which may be specified in a product standard or
application code are as follows:
(a) Option A—size all cracks for length using a method described in Appendix G and
then proceed in accordance with the specified test method.
(b) Option B—report the location of all cracks and then proceed in accordance with the
specified test method.
(c) Option C—size all cracks for length using a method described in Appendix G and
then proceed in accordance with the specified test method.
Report the difference in gain between all discontinuities other than cracks, and the
reference level.
(d) Option D—size all discontinuities including cracks for length and height using a
method described in Appendix G.
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13 AS 2207— 1994
TABLE 3.1
TEST METHODS FOR BUTT WELDS—DOUBLE PREPARATION—COMPLETE
PENETRATION—UMA METHODS
SCANNING POSITIONS FOR UMA METHODS
Test method UMA-1 UMA-2 UMA-3 UMA-4
Scanning position:
Normal probes
—parent metal

—weld metal
Angle probes
—weld metal
1 and 2, or 3 and
4, over a distance
of 2.5T* from
each side of the
toe of the weld
5†
1, 2, 3 and 4;
5 and 6‡, or
7 and 8§
1 and 2, or 3 and
4, over a distance
of 2.5T* from
each side of the
toe of the weld
—
1 and 2, or 3 and
4, and 5 and 6‡,
or 7 and 8§
1 and 2, or 3 and
4, over a distance
of 2.5T* from
each side of the
toe of the weld
—
1 and 2, or
3 and 4
1 and 2, or 3 and

4, over a distance
of 2.5T* from
each side of the
toe of the weld
—
1 and 2, or
3 and 4
Sizing of
discontinuities
Size all
indications for
height and length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length

(see Clause 3.6)
*WhereT is the parent metal thickness.
† Use scanning sensitivity specified in Clause 3.5.2.3.
‡ Traverse the probe in both directions over the weld.
§ As far as practicable, ensure that the beam axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the weld.
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AS 2207— 1994 14
TABLE 3.2
TEST METHODS FOR BUTT WELDS—SINGLE
PREPARATION—UMB METHODS
SCANNING POSITIONS FOR UMB METHODS
Test method UMB-1 UMB-2 UMB-3 UMB-4
Scanning position:
Normal probes
—parent metal
—weld metal
Angle probes
—weld metal
1 and 2 over a
distance of 2.5T* from
each side of the toe of
the weld
3†
1 and 2‡, and 3§ or 4
1 and 2 over a
distance of 2.5T*
from each side of the
toe of the weld
—

1 and 2, and 3 or 4
1 and 2 over a
distance of 2.5T*
from each side of
the toe of the weld
—
1 and 2
1 and 2 over a
distance of 2.5T*
from each side of the
toe of the weld
—
1 and 2
Sizing of
discontinuities
Size all indications for
height and length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)

Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
*WhereT is the parent metal thickness.
† Use scanning sensitivity specified in Clause 3.5.2.3.
‡ For weld root examination refer to Appendix F.
§ Traverse the probe in both directions over the weld and, as far as practicable, ensure that the beam axis is parallel to
the longitudinal axis of the weld.
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15 AS 2207— 1994
TABLE 3.3
TEST METHODS FOR TEE BUTT WELDS—COMPLETE PENETRATION
AND INCOMPLETE PENETRATION—UMC AND UMD METHODS
SCANNING POSITIONS
FOR UMC METHODS
SCANNING POSITIONS
FOR UMD METHODS
Test method
UMC-1
UMD-1
UMC-2
UMD-2
UMC-3
UMD-3
UMC-4
UMD-4

Scanning position:
Normal probes
—parent metal
—weld metal
Angle probes
—weld metal
1or3,and
2or6,and
4 or 7, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toes of
the weld
5†
1 or 3‡, or
6 and 7§, or
2 and 4
1or3,and
2or6,and
4 or 7, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toes of
the weld
5†
1 or 3‡, or
6 and 7§, or
2 and 4
1or3,and
2or6,and
4 or 7, over
a distance of 2.5T*

from the toes of
the weld
5†
1 or 3‡, or
6 and 7§, or
2 and 4
1or3,and
2or6,and
4 or 7, over
a distance of
2.5T* from the
toes of the weld
5†
1 or 3‡, or
6 and 7§, or
2 and 4
Sizing of
discontinuities
Size all indications
for height and
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length

and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
*WhereT is the parent metal thickness.
† Use scanning sensitivity specified in Clause 3.5.2.3.
‡ When scanning from positions 1 and 3 the probe movement is to be between half- and full-skip.
§ When scanning from positions 6 and 7 the probe movement is to be based on half-skip.
When scanning from positions 2 and 4 the probe movement is to be based on full-skip.
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AS 2207— 1994 16
TABLE 3.4
TEST METHODS FOR CRUCIFORM JOINTS—UME METHODS
SCANNING POSITIONS FOR UME METHODS
Test method UME-1 UME-2 UME-3 UME-4
Scanning
position:
Normal probes
—parent metal
Angle probes
—weld metal
1or3,and
2or6,and

5or7,and
4 or 8, over
a distance of
2.5T* from the
toes of the weld
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7 and 8†
1or3,and
2or6,and
5or7,and
4 or 8, over
a distance of
2.5T* from the
toes of the weld
1, 2, 5 and 6, or
3, 4, 7 and 8†
1or3,and
2or6,and
5or7,and
4 or 8, over
a distance of
2.5T* from the
toes of the weld
1, 2, 5 and 6, or
3, 4, 7 and 8†
1or3,and
2or6,and
5or7,and
4 or 8, over
a distance of

2.5T* from the
toes of the weld
1, 2, 5 and 6, or
3, 4, 7 and 8†
Sizing of
discontinuities
Size all
indications for
height and length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
*WhereT is the parent metal thickness.
† The probe movement is to be between half-skip and full-skip.

NOTE: The scanning and discontinuity evaluation requirements are applicable only where the thickness
differences between components are less than 20%. When the thickness differences are greater than 20%,
the scanning requirements will need modification to obtain adequate coverage of the joint.
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17 AS 2207— 1994
TABLE 3.5
TEST METHODS FOR BUTT WELDS—SET-THROUGH
(INCLUDES NOZZLES)—UMF METHODS
SCANNING POSITIONS FOR UMF METHODS
Test method UMF-1 UMF-2 UMF-3 UMF-4
Scanning position:
Normal probes
—parent metal
—parent and
weld metal
Angle probes
—weld metal
1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toe of
the weld
5† over full length of
fusion face
1or3,
and2or4‡
1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*

from the toe of
the weld
5† over full length
of fusion face
1or3,
and2or4‡
1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toe of
the weld
5† over full length
of fusion face
1or3,
and2or4‡
1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toe of
the weld
5† over full length
of fusion face
1or3,
and2or4‡
Sizing of
discontinuities
Size all indications
for height and length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for

height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
*WhereT is the parent metal thickness.
† Use scanning sensitivity specified in Clause 3.5.2.3.
‡ When scanning from positions 1 and 2, the probe movement is to be between half-skip and full-skip,
but when scanning between positions 3 and 4, the probe movement is to be half-skip.
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AS 2207— 1994 18
TABLE 3.6
TEST METHODS FOR BUTT WELDS—SET-ON
(INCLUDING NOZZLES)—UMG METHODS
SCANNING POSITIONS FOR UMG METHODS
Test method UMG-1 UMG-2 UMG-3 UMG-4
Scanning position:

Normal probes
—parent metal
—parent and
weld metal
Angle probes
—weld metal
1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toe of
the weld
5†
1 and 2, or
3 and 4‡
1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toe of
the weld
5†
1 and 2, or
3 and 4‡
1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toe of
the weld
5†
1 and 2, or
3 and 4‡

1 and 2, or
3 and 4, over
a distance of 2.5T*
from the toe of
the weld
5†
1 and 2, or
3 and 4‡
Sizing of
discontinuities
Size all indications
for height and length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length
(see Clause 3.6)
Size all cracks for
height and length
and all other
discontinuities for
length

(see Clause 3.6)
*WhereT is the parent metal thickness.
† Use scanning sensitivity specified in Clause 3.5.2.3.
‡ When scanning from positions 1 and 2 use full-skip, and when scanning from positions 3 and 4 use half-
skip.
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19 AS 2207— 1994
TABLE 3.7
SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR TEST SENSITIVITIES,
RECORDING AND SIZING
Scanning
sensitivity
Parent metal—two back echoes at full screen height at all times
Weld zone — for sensitivity Levels 1, 2 and 3 use 1.5 mm hole, 22 mm long at
maximum beam path length. Adjust echo to 80% graticule height,
+6 dB
— for sensitivity Level 4 use primary reference hole (see Table 3.8),
40 mm long at maximum beam path length. Adjust echo to 80%
graticule height, +6 dB
Evaluation
sensitivity
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Reference
reflector and
setting
1.5 mm hole, 22 mm
long at discontinuity
distance to 80%
graticule height

As for Level 1 As for Level 1 Use holes as
specified in
Table 3.8 at
discontinuity
distance to 80%
graticule height
Recording
requirements
For cracks see
Clause 3.5.3.1. Record
any discontinuity
producing an amplitude
≥20% graticule height
For cracks see
Clause 3.5.3.1. Record
any discontinuity
producing an amplitude
≥40% graticule height
For cracks see
Clause 3.5.3.1.
Record any
discontinuity
producing an
amplitude ≥80%
graticule height
Record any
discontinuity
producing an
amplitude
≥20% graticule

height
Sizing
requirements
See Clause 3.6 See Clause 3.6 See Clause 3.6 See Clause 3.6
TABLE 3.8
DIMENSIONS OF HOLES FOR
LEVEL 4 EVALUATION
millimetres
Thickness of parent metal Diameter of reference hole*
≤25
>25 ≤50
>50 ≤100
>100 ≤150
>150 ≤200
>200 ≤250
>250
2.4
3.2
4.8
6.4
7.9
9.5
9.5 + 1.6 for each additional
50 mm thickness
* When testing weld metal between materials of different
thickness the diameter of the reference hole is that
specified for the thinnest metal. Reference hole length is
40 mm minimum.
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AS 2207— 1994 20
SECTION 4 PRESENTATION
OF TEST DATA
4.1 GENERAL The information required by Clause 4.2 is ‘in-house’ information, and
is recorded to enable testing to be duplicated. The information required by Clause 4.3 is
for reporting purposes and includes the test results.
4.2 RECORD OF TEST The record of test shall include at least the following
information:
(a) The name of the laboratory or testing authority.
(b) Identification details of welds.
(c) The relevant product specification or application code.
(d) The number of this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 2207, the specific technique used,
and any departures from the requirements of this Standard, e.g. details of areas not
scanned due to limitations of access or due to parent metal discontinuities.
(e) The method of establishing evaluation sensitivity.
(f) The area tested, and the sizing method used.
(g) The surface condition including the type of preparation and whether the surface
condition complies with the requirements of Clause 3.3.
(h) The serial number or unique identification of equipment and all accessories.
(i) The couplant used.
(j) Details of any repairs carried out.
(k) Details of retests.
(l) The test results and whether they comply with the product standard or application
code.
(m) Any other information the purchaser requires for assessment of test results.
(n) The date and place of test.
(o) The identification number of test.
(p) Identification of testing personnel.
4.3 TEST REPORT The test report shall include at least the following information:
(a) The name of the laboratory or testing authority.

(b) The identification details of all welds tested.
(c) The relevant product specification or application code.
(d) The number of this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 2207, the specific technique used
and any departures from the requirements of this Standard, e.g. details of areas not
scanned due to limitations of access or due to parent metal discontinuities.
(e) The area tested, and the sizing method used.
(f) The surface condition including the type of preparation and whether the surface
condition complies with the requirements of Clause 3.3.
(g) Details of any repairs carried out.
(h) Details of retests.
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21 AS 2207— 1994
(i) The test data and whether it complies with the product standard or application code.
(j) Any other information the purchaser requires for assessment of test results.
(k) The date and place of test.
(l) The report number and date of issue.
(m) The identification of the officer or officers responsible for carrying out the test.
(n) The identification of the officer responsible for the test report.
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AS 2207— 1994 22
APPENDIX A
PURCHASING GUIDELINES
(Informative)
A1 GENERAL Australian Standards are intended to include the technical requirements
for relevant products, but do not purport to comprise all the necessary provisions of a
contract. This Appendix contains advice and recommendations on the information to be
supplied by the purchaser at the time of enquiry or order.
It aims to avoid misunderstanding, and to result in the purchaser receiving satisfactory

products and services.
A2 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER The purchaser
should supply the following information at the time of enquiry and order:
(a) The job reference number.
(b) The identification and the geometry of the welds, the method of welding and the
location and extent of any repairs.
NOTE: For on-site testing, a sketch of the weld should be supplied together with
information on the welding process, to enable the establishment of testing procedures and
the assessment of the results.
(c) The product specification or relevant application codes.
(d) The type and relevant specification of the steel.
(e) Details of surface preparation and any additional requirements (see Clause 3.3).
(f) The testing procedure to be used (see Section 3).
(g) The evaluation sensitivity level, if not specified in the relevant product specification
or application codes.
NOTE: This Standard specifies evaluation sensitivities ranging from a highly critical level
to a low level, any of which may be specified.
(h) Alternative methods for establishing test sensitivity, if applicable.
(i) A test schedule, if required.
(j) Reference to this Australian Standard, i.e. AS 2207.
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