Andersons pediatric cardiology 1134

detailsofacomprehensivefetalechocardiogram
aswellasmoreadvancedtechniquesincluding
three-dimensionalandmagneticresonance
imagingmodalities.Alsoincludedaretheuseof
therapeuticsandindicationsforprenatalcardiac
interventions.Thisisacriticalmanuscriptthat
deservesacarefulreviewbypractitionerswho
treatwomenwithpregnanciesthatare
complicatedbycongenitalheartdisease..
SchidlowDN,TworetzkyW,Wilkins-HaugLE.
Percutaneousfetalcardiacinterventionsfor
structuralheartdisease.AmJPerinatol.
2014;31(7):629–636.
Thisreviewarticlediscussestheroleoffetal
cardiacinterventionforthreelesionsinwhichit
canbeutilized,includingaorticstenosiswith
evolvinghypoplasticleftheartsyndrome,
hypoplasticleftheartsyndromewithintactatrial
septum,andpulmonaryatresiawithintact
ventricularseptum..
WangSZ,Ou-YangWB,HuSS,etal.First-inhumanpercutaneousballoonpulmonary
valvuloplastyunderechocardiographicguidance
only.CongenitHeartDis.2016;11(6):716–720.
Theseauthorsreporttheirexperienceinusing
echocardiographyguidancealoneinthe
performanceofpercutaneousballoonpulmonic


valvuloplastyin34patientswithcongenital
pulmonicstenosis.Althoughthisapproachisnot
routinelyemployed,thestudyreportsthe

feasibilityofinterventionforpulmonicvalve
stenosiswithouttheneedforradiationor
contrastuse..
NarangR,DasG,DevV,etal.Effectofthe
balloon-anulusratioontheintermediateand
follow-upresultsofpulmonaryballoon
valvuloplasty.Cardiology.1997;88(3):271–276.
Thisstudyanalyzed71pulmonaryballoon
valvuloplastiesduringwhichaballoon-annulus
ratioof1.0to1.5wasusedfordilation.Ratios
outsidethisrangewereexcludedduetolackof
effectivenessorincreasedcomplications.The
authorsdeterminedthataballoonratioof1.25
wasidealforpulmonaryballoonvalvuloplasty;
itistheratiocommonlyemployedinpractice
today..
KovalchinJP,ForbesTJ,NihillMR,GevaT.
Echocardiographicdeterminantsofclinical
courseininfantswithcriticalandsevere
pulmonaryvalvestenosis.JAmCollCardiol.
1997;29(5):1095–1101.
Theauthorsreviewed34patientswithpulmonary
stenosis(criticaln=14,severen=20)and
notedthatdifferencesinthesegroupsincludeda


smallertricuspidvalvediameterandright
ventricularvolumeinpatientswithcritical
pulmonarystenosis.Followingintervention,the
sizeincreaseofthepulmonicandtricuspid

valvesparalleledorexceededthesomatic
growthrate..
BergersenL,GauvreauK,MarshallA,etal.
Procedure-typeriskcategoriesforpediatricand
congenitalcardiaccatheterization.Circ
CardiovascInterv.2011;4(2):188–194.
TheCongenitalCardiacCatheterizationProjecton
Outcomes(C3PO)isamulticenterconsortium
createdinparttodevelopoutcomeassessment
toolsforcardiaccatheterizationproceduresin
patientswithcongenitalheartdisease.These
toolsaredevelopedusingdatacollectedina
prospectivemanneratmultipleinstitutions.
Basedonthesedata,proceduretypeswere
categorizedintofourcategories.Forpatients
lessthan1monthofage,pulmonicvalvuloplasty
iscategorizedatriskcategory3.Childrenolder
than1monthofageareclassifiedasrisk
category2,indicatingahigherriskprofilein
infants..
MooreJW,VincentRN,BeekmanRH3rd,etal.
Proceduralresultsandsafetyofcommon
interventionalproceduresincongenitalheart