Vài nét về văn học Mỹ Latinh pdf

CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
47
VAN
HOA - UCH SLf
VAI NET VE VAN HOC MY LATINH
h
giua
the ky XX trd lai day,
van
hoc My
Latinh
da
that
sii
thu
hut
dUdc
sii chu y cua ddc
gia
va
gidi
chuyen
mdn
tren toan
the
gidi.
Ngiidi

ta
nhin thay
d dd mdt nen
van
hoc nd rd nhu
"chiec
kinh
van
hoa"
vdi rat
nhieu
tac gia, tac
pham
xuat
sac
cung
du the
loai,
khuynh
hudng, trao
luu,
phong
each
Nhieu
nha
van, nha thd da
dude
trao
giai
Nobel

chng
cac
giai
thudng
van hoc
khac
vi
nhhng ddng
gdp to ldn cua ho
cho
nen van hoc the
gidi.
Bai
viet
nay
budc
dau
phac
thao
mdt sd' van de cd
ban
ve
lich
sh, dan tdc va van hda My
Latinh
de th do soi vao
lich
sh van hoc
cac
thdi

ky cua nen van hoc rat
phat
trien
nay.
1. Ve lich suf, tinh dan toe va
van
hoc My
Latinh
De
xac
dinh dUdc
ban nga van hoc
My
Latinh
chhng
ta can
phai
nam
dude
tien
trinh
lich
sh,
tinh
dan tdc,
dac
triing
van hda
cung
nhu

nhhng
van
de
chinh
tri,
kinh
te, tdn
giao,
nhan chung, ngdn ngh,
cua nd. Jose
Marti
(1853-1895),
vi anh
hung
dan
tdc,
nha thd vi dai cua
Cuba
da ndi :
Nguyen
Hong Dung
TrUdng
Dai hoc
Khoa hoc
Hue
"Khdng the cd van hoc My Latinh mdt
khi
My
Latinh
chiia dUdc hinh

thanh". Quan diem
cua Jose
Marti
cd
y
nghia
soi
sang
vao sii
hinh thanh
dan
tdc My
Latinh,
y
thhc
he dan tdc,
van
hda va
nhhng
van de
khac
cua nd,
de tren
cd sd dd
nhan dien dUdc
van
hoc
My
Latinh.
Day la mdt van de rat

phhc
tap, bdi vi
lich
sh
hinh thanh
va
phat trien
cua khu
viic
nay rat
khac
vdi
hau het cac dan tdc
tren
the
gidi.
Theo
lich
sh, vao
ngay 12/10/1492,
doan thuyen tham hiem
do
Christopher
Columbus (1451-1506)
chi huy da
vudt
qua
Dai Tay
DUdng,
den mdt hdn dao

ma
thd dan goi la
Guanahani
va
diidc
Columbus
dat ten la San
Salvador,
thudc quan
dao
Bahama ngay
nay. Sii
kien
nay cd mdt y
nghia
rat ldn -
phat
hien
ra mdt luc dia mdi, ma den nam
1504 dUdc
dat ten la
Chau
My
(America).
The
ky
XV
la
thdi
diem

Tay
Au dang
chuyen
ddi th che dd
phong kien
sang
thdi
ky
tich
luy tu ban chu
nghia. Sud't
hdn
3 the ky (th
XVI
-
XVIII),
hai de
qud'c
Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha da
lien
tiep phai
cac dao
quan vien chinh
sang
xam
chie'm chau
My.
NgUdi
Tay
48

SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
Ban
Nha va Bo Dao Nha chinh phuc
dUdc dau
lien
lap nen nhung thanh phd'
d
do. Do la nhung trung tam de thiet lap
nen nhung quoc gia sau nay, vdi mot
nude
ndi tieng Bd Dao Nha la
Brazil,
mdt
nUdc ndi tieng
Phap
la
Haiti
va hdn
20 nUdc ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha. ThUc te
nay cho thay. viec thanh lap xa hdi chau
My
la ket qua
ciia
y tudng cua ngUdi
chau Au. Nha thd Octavo Paz
(Mexico,

Nobel
1990) da. viet: "Se khdng hieu ndi
chiing
ta neu ngudi ta quen mat rang.
chung ta la mdt chudng cua
lich
sh
khong
tudng chau Au. Chau My chua
dUdc phat trien day du da. dUdc dat ten
rdi.
Cai ten ma ngUdi ta cho chung ta da.
phan quyet chung ta la mdt the'
gidi
mdi.
Da't cua sii chon
liia
cua tUdng lai:
trUdc
khi la chau My da biet rd
minh
se
la
nhu the nao
rdi".
Chi
trong may the ky, chau My da.
nhanh chdng trd thanh ndi chung
sd'ng cua nhung chu nhan thuc dan da
trang va nhiing nd le da den, da vang

va sau
niia
la ngUdi lai, ke't qua cua
sii
cUdng bde
lich
sd. Quan the cii dan
nay gdm du cac
loai
qud'c
tich
khac
nhau. gid'ng ndi khac nhau de tao nen
mdt
hdn hdp dan tdc
tinh
hiem cd
trong
lich
sd
loai
ngUdi.
Mat khac,
ngUdi
Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha cung
da mang den the
gidi
mdi nen van
hda. tdn giao,
phap

luat, khoa hoc,
van
hoc
nghe
thuat cua ho. Sau dd,
khi
cdng cudc binh dinh da. tam dn ho
lap nen nhiing trUdng hoc, nha in va
bao chi de truyen ba nhiing chinh
sach,
tU tudng va ne'p sinh hoat chinh
qud'c. Chinh sii xam nhap, hda trdn
giua nen van hda da trang vdi nen
van
hda ban dia (cua ngudi da do) da
tao nen mdt nen van hda khdng thuan
nhat. Nha van
Mario
Llosa (Peru) da
goi
dd la "mdt nen van hda
lai":
"Phan
ldn
ngUdi My
Latinh
deu cd mdt hai
canh pha he theo do sdm hay muon se
xuat hien md'i day
lien

he vdi Chau
Au.
Vdi Tay Ban Nha la chu ye'u,
trong
trUdng hdp ngudi ra di da lau
rdi
va xuat phat td bd ben nay cua
Dai
Tay DUdng, con nhiing chia cit
gan day thi la
Italia,
Bd Dao Nha,
Phap
hoac
Trung Au. NhUng tat ca
cac ddng huyet tdc ay, da cd, dang cd
va thUdng de se lam cho con cd mai
mai
nhiing pha trdn va ke't hdp cac
yeu
to' ban xd va Phi Chau - den Chau
My
cung cac nha chinh phuc".
Nhu
vay, tren cai nen
lich
sh phdc
tap va day bie'n ddng dd, y thdc dan
tdc My
Latinh

da dUdc hinh thanh
tren
nen tang cua sq ket hdp giua van
hda ngudi da trang di chinh phuc vdi
van
hda ban dia cung van hda ngudi
da den (gdc chau Phi). Dd la mdt yeu
tinh
da dUdc dn dinh trong may the
ky
qua va ngay nay nd dUdc xem nhu
la
mdt dac diem chinh cua ban sac My
Latinh
va sU ra ddi, phat trien cua
van
hoc My
Latinh
qua cac
thdi
ky da
gin
chat che vdi dac diem do.
2. Quan niem ve ranh gidi van
hoc va phan ky van hoc
Tien
trinh
van hoc My
Latinh
tren

thiic
te da
diin
ra 5 the ky. Nd
dupe
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
49
danh dau th nhhng tac pham ddu tien
do nhiing nha thiic dan da trang viet.
Trong
khoang thdi gian dd,
diidi
tac
ddng cua
lich
su,
kinh
te, chinh tri,
van hda, dia
ly,
van hoc da cd sii
phat
trien va bien ddi sau sac. Chinh
sii
thay ddi ve
chat

da tao ra nhiing
thdi
ky van hoc
khac
nhau va mdi thdi
ky
deu cd nhiing he de tai, chu de
rieng vdi nhiing quan niem
nghe
thuat, khuynh hudng
sang
tac cua
chung. 0 tieu chi nay, ly luan ve van
hoc sh My Latinh khdng cd gi
khac
biet vdi cac nen van hoc tren the
gidi.
Tuy
vay, chung ta can luu y mdt sd'
van de het sdc quan trong trong ndi
ham khai niem van hoc My Latinh, la
xac dinh pham vi khu
viic
va cung td
dd
ma cd sq dinh hudng hdp ly cho
viec phan ky van hoc. Van de nay cho
den nay van con
dupe
tranh cai va cd

nhiing
quan niem ddi lap gay gat.
6 quan niem cho rang, khdng cd
khai
niem "van hoc My Latinh" ndi
chung ma chi cd cac nen van hoc rieng
biet cua tdng nUdc, cac y kien deu tap
trung nhan manh den
tinh
chat
ban
dia cua van hoc
qudc
gia, sq
khac
biet
ve
lich
sd cu the, ve ngdn ngd (tieng
Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha hay tieng
Phap),
ve dac diem ra't rieng cua tdng
qud'c
gia. Nha van Manuel
Scodar
(Peru) da. tung ndi: "
NgUdi
ta cd
khuynh
hudng gdp van hoc

Peru
vao
van hoc cua cac nUdc My Latinh. Dd
la
mdt sai lam ldn. Cai goi la "van hoc
My
Latinh" bao gdm
hang
chuc
nen
van hoc dan tdc het sdc
khac
nhau,
mdi
nen van hoc phan anh hoan
canh
rieng biet cua mdi dan tdc". Dhng la
mdi
tac pham van hoc deu diidc xay
dUng tren cd sd cua mdt y tUdng ddc
lap va mdi nha van deu cd quan niem
nghe
thuat, phong
each
cua rieng
minh
va rdng hdn la vdn hoc cha mdi
qud'c
gia deu cd nhhng nhiem vu cu
the cua nd. Khdng ai phu nhan dUdc

tinh
ban dia cha van hoc
qud'c
gia,
nhUng van hoc
qud'c
gia khdng tdn tai
nhu mdt d'e dao, ma dac biet la van
hoc My Latinh se ra sao neu van hoc
bi
phan
each
ra, manh mun vdi
hang
chuc
nen van hoc khdng cd gi
lien
he
vdi
nhau. Ro rang, dieu nay se danh
mat di d van hoc My Latinh
tinh
tdng
the hai hda, khoang dat vd sq uyen
chuyen sinh ddng vdi nhhng sdc mau
cua nd. Ma dd chinh la nhhng cai ddc
dao, tao nen sq ldi cudn cua van hoc
My
Latinh. Cach day hdn mdt the ky,
Jose

Marti
da tu hao tuyen bd': "Tdi la
cdn cua chau My va tdi dn
NgUdi!".
De
trd
thanh chinh ban than minh, cd
tieng ndi rieng khdng bi chim lap, hda
lan
vao "ban giao hudng da thanh"
cua van hoc the
gidi,
van hoc My
Latinh
can phai gih diidc
tinh
thd'ng
nha't
tren cd sd ve dan tdc
tinh
va van
hda ma chung tdi da
trinh
bay d tren.
Van
hoc ban dia chng chi bao tdn va
phat
trien diidc khi dua
chac
vao

nguyen ly chung dd. Nha thd Octavio
Paz da khang dinh: "Khdng cd gi phan
biet giha van hoc Argentina vdi van
hoc Uruguay; khdng cd gi phan biet
giha van hoc Mexico vdi van hoc
50
SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
Guatemala. Van hoc rong ldn hdn cac
ranh
gidi
qud'c
gia. Su tdn tai cua nen
van
hoc My
Latinh
la mdt trong
nhung thu nghiem cua
tinh
thd'ng
nhat
lich
sd cua cac dan tdc chung ta".
3. Cac thdi ky van hoc
3.1.
Van hoc tit
khdi

dau den nam 1820
Van
hoc My
Latinh
bdt dau bang
nhhng tac pham cha the' he nhung
ngUdi
da trang di chinh phuc. ThUc
chat,
dd la nhung ngudi chau Au viet
ve Chau My.
Phan
ldn cac tac phdm
dUdc viet trong
giai
doan nay la nhhng
ky
sq, nhat ky, thu th,
kich,
lich
sh.
Ndi
dung chu yeu cua chung la phan
anh cdng
cudc
chinh
phuc
cua ngudi da
trang, mieu ta thien nhien va con
ngudi

Chau My. Cud'n
Nhat
ky
hanh
trinh
va nhhng thu tu, bao cao cua
Columbus dUdc xem la nhung tac
pham van hoc dau tien cua the'
gidi
mdi.
Sau Columbus, xua't hien cac tac
gia
nhu Bartosolone Laz
Casat
(1474-
1566) viet ve nhhng chinh
phuc
d Peru
va Colombia, Harman
Cortes
(1485-
1547) viet ve
cudc
chinh
phuc
Mexico.
Trong
the he di chinh
phuc
nay xua't

hien
mdt nha thd ldn la Alonso Ecxila
(1533-1594). Ecxila la dai hy trong ddi
quan Tay Ban Nha xam chie'm Chile.
Ong
da.
sang
tac ra tap thd bat hh La
Araucana
ma am hudng chinh la ca
ngdi
tinh
than dung cam cua nhhng
ngUdi
da do, nhhng ngUdi ma dng da.
true tiep chie'n da'u vdi ho. La
Araucana
dUdc xem nhu mdt ban anh
hung ca va ngay nay no la mdt tac
pham cd dien cua van hoc My
Latinh.
Th
giha the ky XVI da xua't hien
mdt
the he nha van, nha thd mdi -
nhhng ngUdi sinh ra va ldn len tai
Chau My. Rat ddng trong so ho la
nhhng ngUdi cd hai ddng mau: da
trang cung da dd. Trong the he mdi
nay cd nhieu ngudi ra't tai nang.

Garcilaso Vegar (1539-1616) la mdt
nha thd ldn, nha sh hoc ldn. Cac tac
pham tieu bieu cua dng la La
Florida
va Ldi
binh luan trung thitc.
Garcilaso Vegar da ke't hdp thanh
cdng giua yeu to thUc tai va yeu to'
huyen thoai trong thd. Ong da ca ngdi
mdt
each
cam ddng ve nen van
minh
cua dan tdc dng - dan tdc Inca d Peru -
va su bi tham cua dan tdc dng khi
nhhng ke da trang de'n xam chie'm da't
dai,
tieu diet ngUdi da dd bang sung
dan va benh dich.
Joan
Ruis
Allacon
(1580-1639) la nha viet
kich
ndi tieng
ngUdi
Mexico, vdi 23 vd
kich
cd gia tri.
Nha van Antonio Vieyra (1606-1697)

la
ngUdi cd cdng ldn trong viec xay
dung nen van
xudi
Brazil.
Tac phdm
cua dng da trUc tie'p chd'ng lai che do
thUc
dan, ddi
giai
phdng nd le. Nha
thd
nh
Joana
Ine Cruz (1648-1695)
cua Mexico la ngUdi cd tai nha't cua
thd
ca
thdi
thudc dia. Thd cua ba la sq
ket hdp nhuan nhuyen giha
tinh
tri
tue, nhhng tri thhc bach khoa ve ddi
sd'ng vdi ye'u td' trh
tinh
sau lang, dien
dat mdt
each
tinh

te nhhng tham kin
cua tam hdn con ngudi. Ve tu tudng,
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
51
tha
cha ba rat
nhiet thanh tranh
da'u
cho quyen lqi
cha
nguo'i
phu nh.
3.2.
Van hoc
giai doan 1820-1880
Van
hoc
giai
doan
nay
dupe
goi la
van
hoc
thdi
ky ddc lap,

chiu
sq tac
dpng trUc tiep
cua
nhhng bien dpng
chinh
tri va
each
mang tren
khu vUc.
Va
dau the ky
XIX,
sq
phat trien
ve
kinh
te, xa hdi da nay
sinh nhhng
mau thuan
sau sac ve
chinh
tri
giha
My
Latinh
vdi Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao
Nha. .Trong
khi
chinh qud'c mud'n

gih
chat
che dp cai tri
thUc
dan thi
nhhng
nha chinh
tri va
nhhng
nha tu san
thhc
thdi
cua
My
Latinh
hieu rang,
da
den
luc ddi
quyen
tu
quye't.
Nam
1810, cudc
khdi
nghia
ci
Mexico
do tu
si

Hidango (1753-1811) lanh
dao
gianh
thang ldi. Trong vong
11 nam
(1810-1821),
trh hai
nUdc Cuba
va
Puerto Rico,
cac
nude
khac
deu
gianh
dupe
dpc lap. Day
chinh
la
thdi
ky
dinh
hinh
y
thhc
he dan tdc My
Latinh,
ra ddi
trong cudc
da'u

tranh
ddi
dan chu va tu do.
Thoat
khdi
sq nd
dich
cua chu
nghia thUc
dan da tao
dieu kien
cho
tU
tudng
va van hda
phat trien. Budc
ngoat
lich
sh
trong
dai nay da dUa
van
hoc My
Latinh
tdi mot
thdi
ky
phdt trien
mdi,
txing biidc thoat khoi

cdi bong
cua van hoc
chau
Au. Cho
de'n
thdi
diem
nay, cd the ndi
tren
van
dan
My
Latinh
cd mat hau het cac
khuynh
hudng, trudng phai
nghe
thuat
cua
chau
Au. Tuy vay,
trong
thqc
te cac nha van My
Latinh
khdng
hoan toan
ap
dung
mdt

each
may mdc
quan niem
nghe
thuat
cha
chau
Au.
Phan
ldn cac
khuynh hudng
nghe
thuat
cua
chau
Au khi xam
nhap
vao
My
Latinh
deu cd sq
chuyen
hda bdi
nhhng
nghe
si tai
nang.
Sq
chuyen
hda

nay
nhieu
khi
dien
ra mdt
each
toan dien, khien
cho
nhieu khuynh
hudng
sau khi den
mien
da't mdi da
khdng
con gih
dude
tinh
chat
ban dau
cua chhng.
Nhhng
thap
ky diu cua
thdi
ky van
hoc
nay
danh
da'u sq nd rd cha chu
nghia lang

man.
NgUdi
khdi
dau van
hoc lang
man d My
Latinh
la nha thd
Echueviria.
Nam 1837,
Echueviria
xuat
ban tap thd La
Cantiva,
mieu
ta
thien
nhien chng cudc sdng phdng
khoang
cua
nhhng ngUdi
dan du muc
d
dat
nUdc
dng -
Argentina. Nhhng
nha
thd
lang

man
xuat
sac la Jose
Caro (1817-1853)
va
Juelio Arboleda
(1817-1861)
cua
Colombia,
Jose
Martin
(1814-1874)
cua
Cuba, Gomez
Aveaneda (1814-1873)
cua
Venezuela,
Theophilo
Diaz (1857-1889)
cua
Brazil.
Sau khi bat dau th thi ca, chh
nghia lang
man da bat re vao
tieu
thuyet
va
kich.
Nhhng
nha van ndi

tieng
la Ruy
Babosa
(1849-1923)
cua
Brazil,
Juan
Montalvo (1832-1889)
cua Ecuador,
Justo
Siera (1848-1912)
cua Mexico,
Sirilo
Viaverde (1812-
1894)
cua
Cuba,
Jorge
Itsac (1837-
1895)
cha
Colombia.
Th
thap
ky 60 cua the ky
XIX,
chu
nghia lang
man suy ye'u va van hoc
My

Latinh
dan
chuyen
sang
chh
nghia hien thUc.
Nha van
Manuel
52
SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
Almeyda
(1830-1861) cua
Brazil
va
nha van Alberto
Gana
(1830-1920)
cha Chile la hai ngudi
khdi
dau cho
van
hoc hien thUc My
Latinh.
Tac
pham Hoi tic cua mot
ngtibi

dpi
trtidng
du
kich
cha M. Almeyda la tac
pham hien thUc dau tien cua van hoc
Brazil.
Vao nhhng nam 1870, chu
nghia hien thUc da chiem iiu the tren
van
dan cua My
Latinh
va day chng
la
thdi
diem xuat hien nhhng tac
pham hien thUc xuat sac. Nha van
Luis
Martinez (1868-1909) ngudi
Ecuador cd tieu thuyet Tdi
mien
bd
bien,
nha van Machado
Artsiz
(1839-
1909) ngUdi
Brazil
cd cac tieu thuyet
Kincaz Borba

va Don
Carmuaho
Van
hoc hien thUc da gat hai nhhng
thanh cdng rUc rd,
dude
ddc gia va
gidi
chuyen mdn chau Au danh gia cao.
Dac biet la nha van M.
Artsiz
dUdc goi
la
"Balzac cua chau My".
3.3
Van hoc
giai doan 1880-1920
Vao
nhhng thap ky cuoi the ky XIX
dau the ky XX, van hoc My
Latinh
da.
thqc sq trUdng thanh, khdng con la sU
phan chieu cha van hoc Tay Ban Nha
va chau Au. Nhhng vet
tich
ngoai lai
cudi
chng da.
dude

thanh toan, cac nha
van
da trd ve vdi nhhng van de can
ban cha thqc tai My
Latinh,
sang
tao
ra nhhng tac pham cd tam vdc the
gidi.
Chu
nghia hien thuc van la mot
khuynh
hudng phat trien manh d
giai
doan nay, gan ket kha chat che vdi chh
nghia thnc chhng. Cac tac pham van
xudi
hien thqc
thiidng
dam nhan thay
vai
trd cha khoa hoc xa. hdi va nhan
van
van con chua phat trien d
thdi
diem
nay. Chung
thiidng
mang nang
sh menh chinh tri va mong muon tac

ddng, thhc
tinh
y thhc dan tdc, y thhc
cdng dan, dau. tranh cho sq cdng bang
va tien bd xa hdi. Dac diem khac cua
van
hoc la con gan vdi ve dac thh cua
thng
qudc gia, vi vay
tinh
dia phiidng
va
tinh
ban dia la nhhng net ndi bat
cua phan ldn tac pham van hoc. Nha
van
thudng tim kiem cac yeu td' dac
thu
dan tdc qua viec tham nhap, kham
pha sU da dang ve dia ly, van hda va
con
ngUdi.
Vung rhng gia hoang da.,
vung
binh nguyen, ngudi thd dan da
do,
ngiidi
da den, dan ddn dien la
nhhng yeu td' chh ye'u trong van
xudi.

Cac nha van xua't sac nha't d
giai
doan
nay la Euchides da Cunha
(Brazil)
vdi
tieu
thuyet
Cupc
ndi
loan
d
vung
dat
hoang
(1912), mdt kiet tac ve cudc
sdng cua con ngUdi bi quen lang, con
ngUdi
hoang da va mong
mudi;
Alcides
Arguenas
(Bolivia)
vdi tieu thuyet
Gid'ng dong
hun (1919), cd ndi dung
chinh
la ddi sU cdng bang ve quyen sd
hhu
da't dai, ddi cdng ly cho ngUdi thd

dan da dd; Mariano Azuela (Mexico)
vdi
tac pham ndi tieng la
Nhiing ngtibi
bi
dp
bite
(1913), viet ve de tai
each
mang, "mdt ban anh hung ca tap the"
day bi trang ve cudc chie'n tranh gianh
ddc lap cua Mexico, nhhng thang ldi,
nhhng sq Ida ddi, sq that vong;
Horacio
Quirago (Uruguay) vdi nhhng
truyen
ngdn xua't sac mieu ta cudc dau
tranh day
kich
tinh
vi sq song cua con
ngiidi
trong nhhng vung rhng gia.
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
53
Ve

thd,
nhiing thanh
tUu md d&u
cua
thdi
ky thi ca
giai
doan
nay la chu
nghia hien
dai
(modernism)
do Jose
Marti
phat ddng.
Chu
nghia hien
dai
that
su la mdt
cudc
each
mang trong
van
hoc My
Latinh.
Ve mat tu
tudng,
chu
nghia hien

dai chu
trUdng khac
phuc
tinh
chat
ban dia, dem den cho
van
hoc My
Latinh
tinh
dan tdc phd'
quat;
ve
nghe
thuat,
chu
nghia hien
dai
chu
trUdng
dd'i mdi
ngdn tii,
van
dieu
trong
thd va cau
true
van
xudi,
md

rdng
kha
nang
lien
tudng
va
bieu
hien
cua
hinh tUdng.
Anh
hudng
cha
chu
nghia hien
dai
khdng nhhng
bao
trhm
khap
My
Latinh
ma con
vUdn
sang
tan Tay Ban
Nha.
Tac
pham
dau

tien
cua Jose
Marti
danh
dau cho sq
ra
ddi cha chu
nghia hien
dai la tap
thd
Itmaclio
(1882), tiep theo
la cac
tac pham
Thdi
dai
hoang
kim
(1886),
Nhiing
vdn tha
gian
di
(1891)
va
Nhiing
vdn tha til do
(1892).
Sau Jose
Marti,

nhhng
tac gia ldn cua
khuynh
hudng
nay la
Manuel Nahera (1859-
1895) ngUdi Mexico,
Jose
Silvaz
(1865-1896) ngudi Colombia, Rubel
Dario
(1867-1986) ngUdi Nicaragua.
Chu
nghia hien
dai tdn tai
khoang
40
nam
thi ket
thhc, nhung
nd la mdt cot
mdc
het she
quan trqng, danh
dau sq
trUdng
thanh
cha van hoc My
Latinh,
tao

da cho nen van hoc cac
.giai
doan
sau
cat
canh.
3.4.
Van hoc
giai doan 1920-1960
Th
sau
nhhng
nam 1920,
tren
van
dan
My
Latinh,
chu
nghia hien thqc
van
la
khuynh hudng
sang
tac chu
dao, khdng nghng
dupe
md
rdng
de

tai,
chu de,
dupe
each
tan ve ky
thuat.
Ben
canh
dd la sU nd rd cua
nhhng
khuynh
hudng
mdi nhu, chu
nghia
tien
phong (avent-gardisme),
chu
nghia bieu hien (expressionisme),
chh
nghia
dada
(dadaisme),
chu
nghia
sieu thUc (surrealisme).
Ve
van
xudi,
cac
sang

tac
giai
doan
nay,
dac
biet
la
truyen ngan
va
tieu
thuyet,
dupe
xem la
budc
dem tao da
cho
thdi
ky
hoang kim
cua van hoc
My
Latinh
giai
doan tiep theo.
Dac
diem
chinh
cua van
xudi
nhhng thap nien

nay
la dd'i mdi ve he de tai,
each
nhin
mdi
ve
hien thuc
va tim
kiem nhhng
phUdng
thhc
tq sq mdi.
Nhin
chung,
cac
nha van da
nhan thhc
ve
lich
sh -
xa.
hdi mdt
each
khac trUdc, budc
dau
gan viec
ly
giai
thUc
tai

vdi
"chh
nghia
hien
thqc huyen
ao" va
"thqc
tai ky
dieu".
Cd ba
khuynh hudng
chu yeu
trong
van
xudi
la
khuynh hudng xung
dot giha
van
minh
va
hoang
da,
khuynh
hudng
ve
cudc
ddi va sd
phan
ngudi

thd' dan da dd va
ngUdi
da den,
va khuynh hudng
xa hdi -
chinh tri.
6
khuynh
hudng phan
anh sq
xung
ddt
giha
van
minh
va
hoang
da cd cac nha
van
tieu bieu
la Jose
Rivera
(Colombia)
vdi
tieu thuyet
nd'i
tieng
Can
loc
(1924); Romulo Gallenos

(Venezuela)
vdi cac
tieu thuyet
Ndng
Barbara
(1929),
Bdt
ciia Chua
(1934),
Canaima(1935), Cong
ram
trong
gid
(1953);
Enrique
Amorin
(
Uruguay)
vdi
cac
tieu thuyet
Ngiidi nong
ddn
Aguilar
(1934),
Con
ngtia
vd
chiec
54

SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
bong
(1941), Vang trang dtidc
lam
bang
niidc (1944),
Ldi
thoat (1958);
Jorge
Arnado
vdi cac
tieu thuyet
Dat
dii
(1942;, Mien
dat qua
vang (1944)
0 khuynh hUcing viet
ve
nguo'i
thd
dan
da do va
ngudi
da den co cac nha
van tieu bieu

la
Jonge
Icazar
(Ecuador)
vdi
tieu thuyet
Ndi
huyet
mp
ngtibi
da do
(1943); Ciro Allegoria
(Peru)
vdi cac
tieu thuyet
Ran
vang
(1935),
Bdn chd doi
(1939), Thi'gidi
nay
rpng
ldn vd
thupc
ve ke
khac (1941);
Adalberto Ortiz (Ecuador)
vdi
tieu
thuyet Juyungo (1934);

Jose
Arguedas
vdi
tieu thuyet Nhting ddng song
sau
(1958); Mario Toledo
(Peru)
vdi
cac
tieu
thuyet Gitia
dd vd
thap
tit
(1948),
Mot
each
de
chet (1958)
0
khuynh hudng
xa
hdi -
chinh
tri cd cac nha van
tieu
bieu
la
Fransisco
Velado

(El
Salvador)
vdi
tap
truyen
ngan
Nude dtia (1926);
Tomas
Carrasquilla (Colombia) vdi tieu
thuyet Tong trdn
xit
Yolambo (1928);
Joan
Bosch (Dominica)
vdi
tieu thuyet
Con
la
Manosa (1936); Mariano Azuela
(Mexico)
vdi cac
tieu thuyet Thdi
tai
hoa
(1924), Bong
chi
Pantoja (1937);
Martin
Luis Guzman (Mexico)
vdi cac

tieu
thuyet Dieu
hau vd ran
(1928),
Cdi
bong
cua nhd dpc tdi
(1938),
tap hdi ky
Hoi
tic ve
Pancho Villa,
nhd
lanh
dao
each
mang;
Jose
Revuetaz
(Mexico)
vdi
cac tieu thuyet Nhiing bite ttibng niidc
(1941),
Ndi
tang
toe
ciia
con
ngtibi
(1943); Augstin

Yanez
(Mexico) vdi tieu
thuyet Dong niidc (1947)
Mdt
hien tUdng
het she
quan
trong
trong
van
xudi giai
doan
nay la sq
xuat hien
mdt
each
viet
mdi,
each
nhin
nhan
mdi ve
thqc
tai, ma sau
nay
trd
thanh
mdt
trao
luu van hoc,

dd
la "chu
nghia hien
thqc
huyen
ao".
Hai
nha van
chinh
dat nen
tang
cho
trao
luu nay la
Miguel Asturias
(Guatemala)
va
Alejo
Carpentier
(Cuba). Ngoai
ra, cd the neu
them
nhhng ddng
gdp cha
Jorge
Luis
Borges
(Argentina)
va
Juan

Rulfo
(Mexico).
Nha van M.
Asturias
dupe
trao
giai Nobel
nam 1967, cho
"nhhng
sang
tac
chda
dam ban sdc dan tdc va
truyen thdhg
da dd". Ong da ket hdp
cac
yeu td
huyen thoai
- tdn
giao
-
chinh
tri de tao ra mdt
each
viet mdi,
khde
hoa the
gidi
ngUdi
da do

trong
qua
khh va
hien
tai, vdi ndi khd dau
va niem
hy
vong
cua hp vao cai xa hdi
ma
hp
hoan
toan khdng thich
hpp.'
Asturias viet nhieu, nhhng
tac
pham
ndi
tieng
nhat
cua dng la Tap
truyen
ngan
Nhting truyen thuyet Guatemala
(1930),
cac
tieu thuyet Ngdi tdng
thdhg
(1946)
va

Nhting
vi
than
Ngd
(1949),
Mat
ciia nhiing ngUdi
bi
chon
vui
(1960),
Co gdi lai
(1963), Chiec
gtidng
soi
ciia Lisa
Sal
(1967). Alejo
Carpentier
la nha van da
chng
Asturias khai
pha ra con
dudng
de
xam
nhap
vao
"hien
thqc

ky
dieu"
My
Latinh,
sang
lap nen chu
nghia hien
thqc
huyen
ao.
Theo
dng, nha van can
phai
nam bdt
dupe
cai ky
dieu trong
thqc
tai
(trong
the
gidi
th
nhien
va
trong
xa hdi con
ngiidi),
cung
nhu

trong
sq ky
dieu
cua y
thhc
dupe
luu
gih
trong viec chng
tdn tai cua
nhieu
CHAU:MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
55
nen van hoa d chau My.
Sang
tac cua
ong
the hien mot sU tdng hdp giha ly
tri
va ban nang, cai
nhin
duy ly va cai
nhin
huyen thoai, cai thqc tai va cai
huyen
ao. Cac tac pham quan trong
nhat cua dng la

ViCdng qudc trdn gian
(1949),
Nhiing
ddu
chan
da mdt
(1954),
The ky anh
sdng
(1962), Su
trao
trd cua
phtfdng phap
(1974), Bdn
hoa
tau
Bardc
(1974),
Bieu nhdy
thieng lieng
(1978). Ong da dUdc trao
giai
Cervantes nam 1978.
Ve
thd ca,
giai
doan nay danh dau
sq phat
trien
phong phu, rUc rd cua

thd
ca My
Latinh.
Xet trong
tinh
lich
sh cu the cua nd, nhhng thanh tuu cua
thd
ca
giai
doan nay gan vdi
khai
niem
chu
nghia
tien
phong (avent-
gardisme), dupe du nhap vao th chau
Au.
Nhhng phan nhanh cua
khai
niem
nay nhQ vi lai,
dada,
lap the, sieu
thqc,
da tao nen mdt nen thd ca My
Latinh
hien dai. Tuy cd rat nhieu diem
rieng

biet d cac khuynh hudng, nhUng
cac nha thd deu thdhg nhat d mdt
quan niem nghe thuat chung la, thay
the nguyen tac thd ca "md phdng thqc
tai"
bang nguyen tac
"sang
tao ra thqc
tai"
thd ca. Thd ca nhhng thap ky nay
cd
dac diem chinh la th bd nhhng
hinh
thhc truyen thd'ng, han lam vdi sq gd
bd
cua van luat, am dieu; the hien cai
hien
dai gdn vdi cudc sdng dd thi; tao
ra nhhng
hinh
thhc mdi, bd niem luat,
tao ra cu phap thd mdi, chu trong
tinh
an du va tUdng trung Nhhng ten
tudi
ldn ndi tieng khap the
gidi
cua thd
ca
giai

doan nay la
Cesar
Vallejo
(Peru),
Pablo Neruda
(Chile),
Ernesto
Cardenal (Nicaragua), Nicolas
Guillen
(Cuba),
Carlos Augusto Leon
(Venezuela),
Alfonso
Reyet
(Mexico),
Luis
Borges (Argentina) va dac biet la
nh
thi si Gabriel
Mistral
(Chile)
dude
tang
giai
Nobel nam 1945.
Giai
thudng
danh gia nay cua ba dupe xem nhu cai
mdc ghi nhan ve nhhng thanh tUu cua
thd

ca My
Latinh.
Nhin
chung, nhhng
nd
lUc tim tdi, ddi mdi trong
linh
vUc
thd
ca cua cac nha thd ndi tren da
nang thd ca My
Latinh
len
binh
dien
qud'c te.
Chinh
hp da tao ra nen thd ca
da dang, phat
trien
khdng nghng, vha
ke thha, tdng hdp va ddi mdi nhhng
gia
tri cua thd ca the
gidi,
vha tim tdi
nhhng
each
the hien rieng, gan vdi con
ngudi

va vung da't My
Latinh.
3.5.
Van hoc
giai doan 1960-2000
Th
sau nhhng nam 1950, van hoc
My
Latinh
budc vao mdt
giai
doan het
she rUc rd, tda
sang
tren toan the
gidi.
Tinh
chat phat
trien
van hoc cua
giai
doan nay vha the hien d sd'
liidng
vha d
chat lupng. Th nhhng diem chung
nha't toat len th nen van hoc My
Latinh,
ngudi ta nhan tha'y
ring,
nd

da dat den
trinh
dp phat
trien
cao
nha't trong tUdng quan vdi van hoc
toan
the
gidi.
Dieu
nay the hien ro qua
hai
ye'u
td'
chinh la
trinh
dp nghe thuat
va
nang hie nhan thhc - phan anh thqc
tai
cua cac nghe si My
Latinh.
Ve
van
xudi,
day la
thdi
diem bung
nd
cha

tieu
thuyet My
Latinh.
Khao
sat nhhng tac pham ldn cua nhhng
nam nay, chhng ta nhan tha'y cac nha
56
SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
van
My
Latinh
eta dat tdi
trinh
dd til
duy
nghe
thuat cao nhat. Su uyen bac
cua cac nha van da the hien d nhiing
khai
quat
nghe
thuat vdi nhiing hinh
tudng cd tdm phd quat rdng ldn. Viec
cac nha van sd dung nhieu phudng
thdc
nghe

thuat trong phan anh ddi
sdng da tao ra nhiing phong
each
da
dang cua tieu thuyet. Thanh tuu dac
biet
cua tieu thuyet My
Latinh
d
giai
doan nay la "Chu nghia hien thqc
huyen ao". Nguyen tdc
sang
tao cua
cac nha van khuynh hudng nay la
"bien
hien thqc thanh hoang dudng
ma khdng danh mat
tinh
chan that".
Yeu
td' huyen thoai nay dUdc nha van
xay dUng dqa tren cac bien
phap
tUdng
trUng,
lien
tudng, ngu y, am
thi,
Udc le, phdng dai, mong mi, giac

quan thd
sau
Sq pha trdn phdi hdp
giua hien thqc va hoang dudng de tao
nen cai nghich ly da trd thanh md
thdc chinh trong cau true tac pham.
"Chu
nghia hien thuc huyen ao" My
Latinh
da cd anh hudng rdng ldn tren
van
dan qudc te. Cac nha van ndi
tieng
cua khuynh hudng nay, ngoai
Alejo
Carpentier (Cuba),
Miguel
Asturias (Guatemala) da. tao
dude
danh tieng td nhiing thap ky trUdc,
con
cd Julio Cortazar (Argentina),
Carlos
Fuentes
(Mexico),
Mario
Llosa
(Peru), Gabriel Garcia Marquez
(Colombia).
Julio Cotazar

dude
danh
gia
la nha van bac thay cua van hoc
huyen ao Argentina.' Tac pham cua
dng thUdng hudng den phia ben kia
cua ddi sdng
tinh
than,
trinh
bay mot
hien
thqc dUdc che day, phan
tich
nhhng he che cha
tinh
cam bi cam
doan. Theo dng, cd sq chng tdn tai
giha
tinh
chat hien thUc va
tinh
chat
huyen ao, giha
tinh
hdp ly - logic va
tinh
phi ly - phi
logic.
Hai binh dien

nay tuy cd nhung diem rieng biet,
nhUng
khdng hoan toan tach biet, ma
cd
the ket hdp chhng trong chng mdt
qua
trinh
dien dat. Nhhng tieu thuyet
ndi
tieng nhat cua dng la Tro
chdi
nhdy
6 (1963),
Cudn sdeh
cua
Manuel
(1973).
Carlos
Fuentes
(Giai
thudng
Cervantes
1987) la mdt trong nhhng
nha van hang dau cua My
Latinh,
la
"nha
each
tan vi dai va ly thuyet gia
cua nen my hoc mdi". Ong quan niem

rang "van hoc la mdt phUdng tien dac
biet
de nhan thhc tdn tai. Nd
sang
tao
ra mdt vu trq dac thh cao hdn thqc
tai,
cd kha nang dua ra anh
sang
nhhng cai dUdc dau kin va lam cho nd
ton.
tai".
Van
xudi
cua dng la sU ddi
mdi
ve ngdn ngh va hinh thhc qua
viec sh dung nhhng ky thuat tu sq
mdi
nhu dhng cac ngdi, cac
thi,
sU
lien
tudng,
lien
van ban, thu
phap
dan
ghep. Cac tieu thuyet ndi t^eng cha
Fuentes

la
Mien
dat
trong lanh nhdt
(1958),
Cdi
chet
cua
Artemino Cruz
(1962),
Thay
da ddi
thit
(1967),
Terra
Nosta
(1975),
Christopher Unborn
(1977).
Mario
Llosa cung la nha van
thudc nhdm dhng dau cua van hoc My
Latinh.
Tac pham cua dng chha dung
mdt
trinh
dd
nghe
thuat rat cao, vdi
each

ke chuyen ra't hieu qua, phan
anh mdt
each
sinh ddng tUc tai cua
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
57
dat
nude
ong (Peru) cung nhu cua My
Latinh.
Van cua Llosa co loi ket cau
phhc
tap, thong qua cac ky thuat tu
sU
nhu sU da
dang
tang tien b cac
diem
nhin tran thuat, nhhng chi tiet
"doi
thoai gia", "ngoai vi", dUa vao
truyen nhhng bhc thu, doan
trich
bao
chi,
phat

thanh, van kien chinh
tri
Nhhng yeu td nay
dupe
dng sh dung
rat kheo, tao nen mdt phong
each
ddc
dao chi rieng dng mdi cd. Nhhng tieu
thuyet ndi tieng cha Llosa la
Thanh
phd
va
nhiing
con cho (1962),
Ngoi
nha xanh
(1966),
Pantaleon
vd
nhting
vi khach
mdi (1973), Di
Hulia
vd nhd
van quen
(1977),
Cupc chien tranh
den
tan

ciing
the
gidi
(1981),
Cupc
ddi
cua Mayta
(1984),
NgUdi
ke
chuyen
(1987). Gabriel Garcia Marquez
(Nobel
1982) la nha van ndi tieng
nhat,
nha kien tao van xudi
gidi
nhat
cha van hoc My Latinh giai doan nay.
Cai
ddc dao cua chu nghia hien thUc
huyen ao cua Marquez la xay dung
mdt the
gidi
nghe
thuat nhieu tang va
da nghia, vdi nhhng md'i quan he
nang
ddng,
phhc

tap giha cai
sdng
va
cai
chet,
giha ky he va sU lang quen,
giha ngudi
sdng
va ngudi
chet,
giha
thdi
gian va khdng gian, giha cai
nha't
thdi
va cai
vinh
hang The
gidi
nghe
thuat cua Marquez thudng tap trung
vao
cudc
sdng
ndng thon va dia
phUdng cd quanh, nhhng ndi bi tac
ddng cua sU hien dai, sU pha hoai
khdng thiidng tiec cua van minh dd'i
vdi
nhhng gia tri truyen thd'ng. 6 dd,

cd
sq thiidng nhd, luyen tiec qua khh,
khdng phai la sU thoang qua, ma la sU
khdng the han gan
dude.
Cd ddc, do la
sU
that bai cua van minh, sq that bai
nam trong chinh ban than con ngudi.
Nhhng tieu thuyet ndi tieng cua
Marquez la
Tram
nam cd ddn (1967),
Miia
thu
ciia trudng
lao (1975),
Tinh
yeu thdi
thd td (1985),
Tudng quan
gitia
me hon
trdn
(1989).
Ve
thd ca, chhng ta nhan tha'y rdng,
nhhng thanh tqu mang
tinh
qud'c

te ve
thd
d nhhng
thap
ky cudi the ky XX
cua thd My Latinh la ket qua
sang
tao
manh
liet,
khdng nghng nghi cua cac
nha thd trong
sud't
the ky, gan vdi
nhhng tim tdi ve hinh thhc, ngdn ngh,
am dieu, hinh tudng thd. Cd ba
khuynh
hudng ndi bat trong tho giai
doan nay la khuynh hudng
nhap
cudc,
gan vdi nhhng va'n de chinh
tri,
xa hdi;
khuynh
hudng tham dd tiem thhc,
nham kham pha nhhng bi an sau
tham cua tam hdn con ngUdi va
khuynh
hudng gan vdi thUc tai, vdi

cudc
sdng
sinh ddng, muon mau, da
dang. Nhhng nha thd ndi tieng thudc
the he trudc nhu
Pablo
Neruda,
Gabriel
Mistral,
Luis Borges, van
con tiep tuc tda
sang
trong giai doan
nay va anh hildng cua hq van con rat
manh de'n thd hien dai. Neruda sau
nhieu nam
sang
tac nhhng bai thd cau
ky,
bi hiem, gid da chuyen
sang sang
tac nhhng bai thd gian di,
tinh
chat
vha trh
tinh
lai vha uyen bac, tri tue.
Quan niem ve thd cua Luis Borges,
trong mdt chhng mile
nhat

dinh, cd sU
gan ghi vdi Neruda - khdng mong lung
58
SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
rudm ra ma tinh khie't mach lac. Thd
cua dng "trong
sang
nhu pha le, bdi
cau true cua dng dat tdi sh hai hda, la
mdt sh len an dd'i vdi sh chia re: bao
lUc
va sol mat dn dinh cua My Latinh".
Thudc the he nhhng nha thd trudng
thanh vao cac
thap
ky
50-60
cua the
ky
XX, Octavio Paz (Nobel 1990) va
Derek Walcott (Nobel 1994) la nhiing
nghdi xua't chiing
nha't.
Thd cua O. Paz
tham dUdm
chat

trh tinh va sU suy tu,
ludn
gih dUdc sii hai hda cua thi ca
trong thdi dai cua van hda thdng tin va
ky
thuat.
Thd cua O. Paz la sU tim tdi
khdng met mdi ve ky
thuat
va ngdn th,
triet
hoc va tam
linh
phUdng Ddng va
phUdng Tay, de th dd dat den tam phd'
quat
the
gidi.
Vi the, thd dng diidc xem
la
bieu trhng cua tinh than My Latinh
hien dai. Derek Walcott diidc tdn xhng
la
"Bac thay trong viec chon ngdn th
va gieo van". Thd cua dng la sh ke't hdp
tap trung hai chu de ve thien nhien va
van hda, la nhhng bhc tranh tuyet dep
ve
canh
tri va she manh cua nen van

hda My Latinh. Thd Walcott "thanh
cdng mdt
each
rhc rd bdi nd diidc dha
tren mdt
nhan quan
lich
sh va la sh
ket hdp cua sU dan than day tinh
chat
da van hda" (Danh gia cua Vien Han
lam
Van hoc Thuy Dien).
Nam the ky hinh thanh va
phat
trien
cha van hoc My Latinh da ghi
nhan
nhhng ddng gdp to ldn cua nd
cho van hda khu vUc va van hda the
gidi.
Phat
sinh trong mot bd'i
canh
lich
sh dac thh, van hoc My Latinh da
phan
anh
chan
thhc

va sinh ddng ddi
song
chinh tri - xa hdi, van hda va con
nghdi khu vuc qua cac thdi ky, la
tieng ndi ludng tri cua mdt
chau
luc
dau thUdng va bat khua't, ludn gong
minh
de
thoat
khdi
thhc
tai va vhdt
qua chinh ban than minh. £kc the he
nha van, nha thd My Latinh da
sdng
het minh vdi dan tdc
bang
chinh sh nd
lhc that
dang
kham
phuc
trong
sang
tao
nghe
thuat.
Nhieu ngUdi trong so'

ho da trd thanh nhhng tac gia
hang
dau the
gidi,
la niem tu hao cua
nhan
dan My Latinh •
Tdi
lieu tham khao:
1.
Octavio Paz (1998), Tha va tieu ludn. Nxb Da
Nang.
2.
M.V.
Llosa (1992), Mot nen van
hoa
lai. Bao Van
nghe,
so'
26.
3.
M.
Scorza
(1981), Ve van
hgc My Latinh.
Bao Van
nghe,
so'
15.
4.

Lai
Nguyen
An
(chu bien) (1983),
So phan cua tieu
thuyet,
Nxb
Tac pham
moi,
Ha
Noi.
5. Le Huy Bac (2004),
Gabriel Garcia Marquez: thiic
tien vd sdng tao,
Tap
chi
Van
hoc, so 3.
6. Le Huy Bac (2008),
Chu nghia hien thiic huyen do
trong
van
hoc
My Latinh, Tap chi Chau My Ngay
nay, so' 4.
7. Nguyin Trung Due (1981), Chu nghia hien
thiic
huyen do qua "Chuyen buon khong the
tin
dude ciia

Erendia
vd
ngiidi
bd bdt
lUcfng",
Tap chi Van hoc.
so 2.
8. Nguygn Trung Due (1993). Tii sii
nhieu ngudi
ke
trong "Ky
sii
mot cdi chet dtfdc bdo trudc",
Tap chi
Van
hoc,
so'
2.
9. Nguyen Trung Due (1995), Ludn
thuyet "Cdi thiic
tai
ky
dieu My Latinh cua Carpentier",
Tap
chi
Van
hoc, so'8.
10. Nguyen Trung Due (1998),
Octavio Paz,
thd

vd
tieu ludn,
Nxb
Da Nang.
11.
Nguyin Trung Due (1999),
Con dddng
ddn MA.
Asturias
den Chu
nghia
hien
thiic huyen do,
Tap
chi
Van
hoc nU6c ngoai,
so'
6.
12. Nguyin Trung Due (2000). Luis
Borges,
tuyen
dich va gidi thieu,
Nxb
Da Nang.
13. Nguyen
Thi
Khanh (chu bien) (1999),
Van hoc My
Latinh,

Vien
thong
tin
Khoa hoc
Xa
hpi,
Ha
Noi.
14.
Poust
J. Alice (1998), Latin
American
Studies a
Dictionary
of Cultural and Critical Theory,
Blackwell
Publishers
Inc.,
Massachussett,
USA.