Báo cáo khoa học: Diện mạo truyện ngắn Hoa Kỳ ba mươi năm đầu thế kỷ 20 potx

CHAU MY NGAY NAY
SO 02-2009
45
VAN HOA - LiCH SU
DIEN MAO TRUYEN NGAN HOA KY
• • •
BA Ml/dl NAM DAU THE KY XX
A. NHA VAN
The ky XX, trong linh vfle van
chfldng, ed the ndi la the ky ma Hea
Ky da ddng gdp nhieu ten tudi Idn, the
nghiem va dat dflde nhflng thanh tiiu
ky vi trong linh vfle nghe thuat ngdn
tfl.
Ddng gdp Idn nha't eua nen van
chfldng nay cho nhan loai, ngoai tieu
thuyet, kich va ly luan - phe binh, edn
xua't hien d linh vfle truyen ngin.
Ngay den nhflng nha van nhfl 0.
Henry va Jack London dflde xem la
hang hai tai que hfldng minh thi cung
dflde nhieu qud'e gia tren the gidi tdn
vinh la bac thiy. Sfl bung nd ddi ngu
cic nha van vie't truyen ngin d Hoa
Ky da mang lai cho the loai nay mdt
dien mao mdi, kich thich sfl sing tao
truyen ngin tren toan the gidi. Dfldi
day, chung tdi diem qua nhflng gfldng
mat tieu hieu nha't.
1.
O. Henry (1862-1910)

La but danh cua William Sydney
Perter, cay but truyen ngin ndi tieng
cua Hoa Ky, O. Henry sinh ngay 11-9-
1862 tai Greensboro, bang Bie
Carohna. Cha dng la mot bie si cd tai
nhflng nghien rfldu va khdng biet lo
xa, sd'ng hoang phi. Nam 1865, khi me
qua ddi, dng cung em trai dflde gifi
den an hoc tai mot trfldng tfl nhd do
ngfldi cd ruot quin ly. Ong rdi trfldng
vao nam 15 tudi, den lam viec tai hieu
PGS.
TS Le Huy Bac
Khoa NgU vdn, Dai hoc Supham Hd Noi
thud'e eua dng chu. Do cdng viec te
nhat, chan ngit nen dng bfl dip bing
viec doc sach. Ong doc bat cfl sach gi
rdi vao tay minh.
Nam nam sau, dng chuyen den
Austin thudc bang Texas. Tai day,
dng theo dudi nhieu nghe, trong dd ed
nghe dfla dng den vdi van hoe va ed
nghe dfla dng den canh cifa nha tu-
a'y la chan thu quy d ngan hang dia
phfldng va la chan chu but sau khi
thanh lap td bad hai ra hang tuin la
Dd lan vad nam 1894. Luc nay dng da
lap gia dinh.
Nhflng tfldng cude ddi da nd nu
cfldi, nhflng bat hanh vin lien tiep

giing xud'ng diu dng. Sflc khoe cua
ngfldi vd tre suy yeu va khd be phuc
hdi.
Nam 1888, dfla cen diu mat khi
hay cdn rat be. Tap chi lien tiep thua
Id. Nam 1894, dng hi to cao la da bien
thu cdng quy ngan hang. Mac du ban
be va ban than tin la vd tdi nhUng dng
lai lo sd nen da trd'n den Honduras va
ea Nam My de khdi hi bit. Ong chi
quay ve khi vd hap hdi va mat vao
mua He nam 1897. Khdng lau sau dd,
dng bi bit va ket an d Ohio.
Vdi cai an nam nam tfl giam,
nhflng dng ehi ngdi tfl hdn ba nam thi
dflde tha vi thai do cai tao td't. Trong
thdi gian d tu, dng da tiep xue vdi du
nhflng thanh phan ba't hao eua xa hdi.
Tuy nhien, trong sd' ho khdng phai ai
cung xau, cd the vi mot hoan einb trd
46
SO 02-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
treu nao dd (nhu chinh ban than dng
ching ban) ma ho da phai linh an ma
khdng the minh oan. Nhflng eon ngfldi
va the gidi ngue tfl cflng vdi nhflng
trai nghiem da nem tren trfldng ddi la
nhflng khudn hinh sinh ddng va la
kho tu lieu vd gia de dng dUa vao cac

tac pham eua minh.
Ra tfl nam 1901, dng den New York,
kiem sd'ng bing each vie't truyen cho
nhieu tap chi ndi tieng va trd nen Iflng
danh vdi hang tram truyen ngin in
dudi but hieu 0. Henry, cai ten cd le
lay theo ten cua mot ngUdi cai ngue.
Ong cd chdn vui qua khfl bing each lao
vao viet. Td'e do sang tao eua dng that
phi thudng. d vao thdi diem sung sflc
nhat, binh quan ngfldi ta tinh dng vie't
mdi tuin mdt truyen. NhUng nhu ciu
van hoc eiia ngUdi dan New York thdi
dd da rat cao. NgUdi ta ludn yeu ciu 0.
Henry phai sang tac them nUa. Vdi sU
cd vfl to Idn dd, 0. Henry lien tiep cho
rd mit ddc gia bet truyen hap din nay
den truyen hap din khac. Ket qua la
chinh 0. Henry da dfla truyen ngin
len ban dd thUdng mai the gidi. Ong da
gdp phin to Idn trong viec dinh hinh
truyen ngin da danh, ma cdn tao ra
net phong each thudng thflc nghe
thuat rieng eua ngfldi Hoa Ky: rat
ehuong truyen ngin. Tuy nhien, trflde
bet truyen ngin da giup dng thoit
khdi ngheo ddi va cd dUde danh tieng.
Ba nam trUdc khi mat, dng eUdi ed
ban tflng la ngfldi yeu thdi tre. Nhflng
cude hdn nhan ay cflng sdm tan vd.

Ong ed doe, xa lanh moi ngfldi. Va
tam hdn nhay cam la nhan td khoet
sau them nhflng be tic trong dng.
Ong lao vao con dfldng nghien ngap,
rfldu che. Ngay 5-6-1910, 0. Henry
mat d New York.
Nhflng truyen diu tien cua 0.
Henry dflde dang tai tren cac bao, tap
chi trong nUde la vao nam 1898. Tap
truyen diu tay cua dng. Lit cdp vat vd
nhang dng Hodng, in nam 1904. Tiep
theo la mUdi ba tap truyen, gdm Bdn
trieu (The Four million, 1906;, Trdi
tim mien Tdy (1907), Tieng ndi thi
thdnh (The Voice of the city, 1908),
Dadng dinh menh (1909), Cdng viec
nghiem khac (1910), va nhieu tac
phim xua't ban sau khi dng qua ddi
nhU; Qud tdng cua nhdng thay phdp
(1911),
Dd Idn (Rolling stones, 1912)
va Tre bd vd {1911), va Tong tap O.
Henry gdm hai tap xuat ban 1953.
Nam mUdi nam sau ngay O. Henry
ma't, mdt nha nghien cflu ed uy tin d
Hoa Ky ghi nhan; "Truyen eua dng
vin edn tieng vang Idn. Bat cfl tuyen
tap tan truyen nao ve nhflng truyen
ngin tieu bieu va ban chay nhat d
Hoa Ky deu in it nhat mot hai truyen

dudi but hieu O. Henry". Nhan dinh
nay den eudl the ky XX vin cdn gii
tri,
ehi it la d Viet Nam, bdi khi md
bat ky mot tuyen tap truyen ngan the
gidi ed gia tri nao d ta thi ddc gia cflng
deu tha'y cd truyen ciia O. Henry.
2.
Jack London (1876-1916)
Ong la con ngoai gia thu cua Flora
Wellman va nha chiem tinh William
Henry Chaney. Ngay khi Flora tuyen
bd' ba ed thai thi Chaney da tfl chdi
trach nhiem. Ngay 12-1-1876, tai San
Francisco, Flora sinh dflde mdt eau eon
trai.
Tam thang sau, ba ket hdn vdi
John London va lay ten cua dng ta dat
cho eon minh: John London. NhUng
London thich goi minh la Jack.
Ngay tfl ta'm be, Jack da phai lao
ddng quan quat de kiem sd'ng. Viec
hoc cua cau vi the khdng dUdc lien tue
va khdng dUdc chu trong. Sau nhieu
lin di chuyen chd d, gia dinh Jack den
Oakland. Nam Jack mUdi ba tudi, eau
mua mot ehiec thuyen nhd rdi tap di
thiiyen trong vinh San Francisco. Day
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
SO 02-2009

47
la quang ddi rat ddi nhoc nhin eua
Jack. Cau phai di ban bao, co rifa san
nha va quin quat lam viec sud't mUdi
hai tieng mdt ngay trong xudng sin
xuat hop.
London cd' tim each thoat khdi cude
sd'ng trin ai ay. Cau da tim dUde
phUdng tien: thfl nha't la bing van hoc
(di nhien, tdi van tiep tue doe, sach thi
khdng thieu); thfl hai la bing fldc
nguyen ngao du.
Mfldi lam tudi, sau khi rdi trfldng
hoc,
London vay tien mua chie'c
thuyen nhim kiem ke sinh nhai. Khi
ay cau da trd thanh mdt thuy thu
chuyen nghiep va mud'n di xa, nhflng
ngay luc tfl do ngd nhfl den trong tim
tay thi tai hoa giang xud'ng gia dinh
London: Ong John bi thfldng. Jack trd
thanh tru cot gia dinh.
Sau vai nam lan Ion vdi bien, mfldi
bay tudi, London lam thuy thu tren
eon tau san ca voi Sophie Sutherland.
Sud't bay thang lenh denh tren Thai
Binh dfldng, con tau dfla London den
bien Nhat Bin va ca bien Bering.
Chuyen di nay da mang lai cho dng
nhflng hieu biet thu vi de dng tai hien

thanh cdng va doat giai qua thien ky
sfl Bao bien Nhdt Bdn. Dd cdn la kho
tfl lieu de dng khai thae trong Sdi
bien,
xuat ban mfldi nam sau.
Mua He nam 1893, London trd ve
California va kiem sd'ng bing nhflng
cdng viec tay chan binh thfldng vdi
mflc Ifldng re mat. Cude khimg hoing
nam 1893 d Hoa Ky da gay nen nan
that nghiep rdng khip, tien Ifldng ha,
phong trao bieu tinh ndi len nhieu
ndi.
Dien hinh la cude bieu tinh cua
ddi quan cdng nghiep cua Kelly
(Kelly's Industrial Army) keo ve
Washington de ddi chinh phu trd cap
cho nhflng ngfldi that nghiep. London
cung gia nhap vao ddi quan nay. Cuoc
bieu tinh that bai, London trd thanh
ngfldi sd'ng lang thang va hi td'ng vao
tu. Trong tu, dng da thay bd mat tdi te
nha't cua xa hdi Hoa Ky. Ra tu, dng
quay ve California vdi quye't tam mdi,
hdng thay ddi cude ddi.
Nhflng nam thang cd han dd da day
cho dng hieu ra ring de chiem linh
dinh cao eua cude sd'ng, eon ngfldi ta
cin phii hoe. Mfldi chin tudi, London
vao hoe cap ba tai trfldng Trung hoc

Oakland. Nam 1896, sau mdt mfla he
hoe sud't mfldi chin tieng mdi ngay,
London da vUdt qua ky thi tuyen vao
Dai hoc Berkeley cua bang California.
Ong dUde cae sinh vien khac ham md
vi sii tflng trai, vi ngoai hinh dep trai.
Nhflng chi sau mdt hoe ky, dng phii
rdi trfldng, di lam de nudi gia dinh bdi
vi sflc khde cua cha dng da sa sut
nghiem trong.
Niem dam me van chfldng da khie'n
London tien hanh mot cude phieu lUu
thfl vi: dng mud'n kiem tien bing nghe
vie't laeh. Mdi ngay miet mai sud't
mUdi lam tieng, London vie't du thfl,
tfl truyen ngin, thd, eac bai binh
luan, khid luan ngin va dflng nhflng
ddng xu eudl cung de gifi chung di.
Nhflng ching cd bin thio nao dflde
nhan dang ci. Chung deu dUde tri lai
va London phii di tim viec lao ddng
bing chan tay. Do cdng viec nang
nhoc nen chi sau vai thang, London bi
kiet sflc. Ong ben mfldn mdt khoan
tien nhd tfl ngfldi chi khac cha la
Ehsa rdi len dfldng den Klondike vao
thang 3-1897 vdi khat vong ddi ddi
trong cude do xd di tim vang eua hang
ngan ngfldi dan Hda Ky.
Mdt nam sau, London lai quay ve,

trong tui khdng mdt xu, nhflng quyen
sd ghi chep eua dng thi diy ip cac sfl
kien, phae thao. Day la khdi tai san vd
gia ma nhd nd, Ldndon trd thanh mdt
trdng nhflng van hao kiet xuat cua the
gidi.
Vdi quye't tam mdi, dflde ngon lifa
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CHAU MY NGAY NAY
sang tao thdi thuc, London lao vao vie't
va da thanh cdng. Thang 12-1899, tap
chi Atlantic nhan dang mdt truyen
ngin vdi gia 120 ddla. Day la da'u hieu
diu tien cua nghiep van hai ra tien
trieu eua Jack London. Va ngay sau dd,
nha xua't bin Houton hdp ddng in tap
truyen ngan diu tien eua dng.
Nam 1900, tap truyen ngin Con
trai cua sdi ra ddi, dflde nhieu nha
phe binh va ddc gia ndng nhiet ca
ngdi. Tieng tam van chUdng eua Jack
London da khie'n mdt nha xuat ban
Idn thdi a'y la McClure nhan tai trd
cho tac gia. Ho tra trUde cho dng mdi.
thang 125 dd la de dng chuyen tam
hoan thanh cud'n tieu thuyet diu tay:
Con gdi cua tuyet. NhUng khi cud'n
sach hoan thanh thi McClure lai
khdng ddng y in vi chat lUdng kem.

Mai hai nam sau (1902), nha xuat ban
Lippincott mdi nhan in.
Mac dfl quan he gifla London va
McClure hi true trae vao thang 10-
1901 nhflng dng vin vflng tin vao eon
dfldng van chfldng cua minh. Tieng
tam eua dng da vang day nhieu ndi.
Nha xua't ban MacMillan nhan in tap
truyen vie't ve ngfldi da dd d vung
Alasca cua dng: Nhdng daa con cua
bdng gid (1902). Cung trong nam nay,
dng cho in tap truyen vie't cho thanh
thieu nien la Cuoc du ngoan cua
Dazzler (1902). Nam 1905, dng quay
lai vdi mang de tai vie't cho thanh
thieu nien vdi tac pham Chuyen ddi
tuan tra cd
Nam 1902, cude chien gifla^ ngfldi
Anh va bd toe Boer d Nam Phi nd ra. La
ngUdi thich xdng xao vao ndi nUde sdi
l^a bdng, mud'n chflng kien tan mit
mot cuoc chien va tie hai eua nd,
London nhan ldi lam phdng vien cho
Hiep hdi Bao ehi Hoa Ky. NhUng khi
den London, dng nhan dUdc bfle dien
hoan chuyen di lai. Tra hinh trong bo
quin io tdi tan, dng xam nhap vao khu
d chudt d miet Cudi Ddng (East End)
eua London. Tfl nhflng quan sat tnic
tiep canh sd'ng khd'n cflng cua con ngfldi

ndi dd, London vie't sud't ba thang rdi
cho ra mit Con ngadi cua dia ngue
(1902).
Tie pham mieu ti rat an tfldng
ve ndi khd sd cua nhflng ngfldi dUdi day
xa hdi. Ke tfl dd, London ndi tieng nhU
nha van nhan dao vdi khat khao cii tao
cuoc sd'ng con ngUdi.
Vdi Tieng got ndi hoang dd (1903),
London khing dinh dUdc chd dflng
eua minh tren van dan. Tiep dd, Sdi
bien (1904) cung la thanh cdng riic rd
eua dng. Nam 1905, Cuoc chien cua
cdc giai cdp ra ddi. Nam 1907 la
Triidc Adam va Gdt sat. Nhflng tac
pham nay cho thay xu hfldng thien ve
chil nghia xa hdi cua London.
London ly di cd vd Bess Maddern
vao nam 1904 va sau dd ket hdn vdi
Charmian Kittredge. Ong tau mot
trang trai rdng Idn d California va len
ke hoach di tau thuy vdng quanh the
gidi trong vdng biy nam. Chuyen di
keo dai hdn hai nam. London den
Hawaii, Tahiti va Australia Ong chi
dflng lai khi sflc khoe khdng cho phep.
Sud't chuyen di a'y, dng hoan thanh
cud'n tieu thuyet tfl truyen Martin
Eden (1909), cud'n Chuyen phieu liiu
(1911) va nhieu truyen ngan.

Quay trd ve San Francisco vao
thang 7-1909, London khdng chi nd
ehdng cha't ma danh tieng van hoc ed
phin giam sut. Ong lai lao vao sang
tac mfldi chin tieng mot ngay va da eii
thien dflde it nhieu tfl duy cua canh
phe binh danh cho dng. Nam 1913, dng
gat hai nhieu thanh cdng trong sang
tie:
Ke sinh ban dem (The Night-
Born),
Con thu tdi te, John Barleycon,
Thung lung mat trdng. Nan dich do.
Nam sau, dng hoan thanh Cuoc ndi
loan d Elsinore (1914)
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
SO 02-2009
49
Vao hai nam eudl ddi, sflc vie't cua
London suy giam. Ong bi benh tat
giay vd nang ne va qua ddi ngay 22-
11-1916 vi ud'ng thud'e ngu qua lieu.
3.
Francis Scott Fitzgerald
(1896-1940)
Ong la nha van sang tac truyen ngin
va tieu thuyet Hoa Ky, ngudi dUde xem
la linh hdn cua Thdi dai Jazz.
Fitzgerald sinh tai St Paul, Minnesota.
La hau due eua mot nha van, ndi ngoai

deu giau cd nhUng den ddi cha thi gia
dinh rdi vao einh sa sut. Dau the, gia
dinh van tao dieu kien cho Fitzgerald
vao hoe Dai hoc Princeton vao nam
1913,
nhUng benh tat da khie'n dng rdi
trUdng vao nam 1917, khi ehUa td't
nghiep. Ong gia nhap quan dpi trong
nhflng nam 1917-1919. Thdi gian nay,
dng bit tay vie't ban thao cud'n tieu
thuyet Phia ben ndy thien dadng (This
Side of Paradise, 1920), gap gd va yeu
Zelda Sayre. Xuat ngu vad thang 2-
1919,
Fitzgerald den New York lam viec
cho mot hang quing cao. Chi may thang
sau, dng quay ve St. Paul, vie't tiep cud'n
tieu thuyet va cfldi Zelda vao nam 1920.
Thanh cdng cua cud'n tieu thuyet
dau tay da mang lai cho Fitzgerald
khoan tien Idn du de di du lich chau
Au. Ong gap Hemingway d Paris. Hai
ngfldi ket ban va thfldng xuyen lui tdi
sa Idng van hoe cua Gertrude Stein.
Nam 1922, Fitzgerald cho in tap
truyen ngin Chuyen cua thdi dai Jazz
(Tales of the Jazz Age). Doc gia tin
dfldng cich vie't mdi la cua dng, nhflng
dng ehi thfle sfl chinh phuc dflde dinh
cao van hoe khi tieu thuyet Gasby vl

dai (The Great Gasby, 1925) hoan
thanh. Cud'n sach mieu ti khat vong
giau sang va sfl trd'ng rdng diy bi kich
trflde cude sd'ng vat chat xa hoa kieu
Hoa Ky cua nhflng nam 1920.
Fitzgerald dflde menh danh la nha
van tieu bieu cua Thdi dai nhac Jazz.
Ban than dng cung la thanh vien cua
The he vdt di (Lost Generation).
Nam 1934, tac pham Diu ddng Id
dem (Tender is the Night) lay cam
hflng chil yeu tfl nhflng vung da't chau
Au - ndi hai vd ehdng dng da sd'ng.
Trong khoing tfl nam 1935-1937, do
anh hfldng vi can benh thin kinh ciia
vd, Fitzgerald rdi vao nghien rfldu,
tiep dd la benh tat da lam gian dean
mach sang tac cua dng.
Fitzgerald mat khi dng chUa hoan
thanh cud'n tieu thuyet Ty phu cudi
cung (The Last Tycoon), nbUng cud'n
sich van dUde xuat ban vad nam
1941,
mdt nam sau khi dng qua ddi.
La nha van hien dai, Fitzgerald
nim bit dUde thin thai eua sii xd bd
trong ky nguyen vat chat va sii lang
dong bi kich cua tinh ngUdi qua hanh
van dung di, triic tiep, khach quan
boa cao do. Cach vie't eua Fitzgerald

vi the da anh hudng nhieu den cac
nha van hien dai Idp sau. Danh tieng
cua dng, do vay cang vang ddi sud't
thap nien 1940.
4.
Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
Day la cay but truyen ngin xuat
sic bac nhat Hoa Ky diu the ky XX.
Tuy khdng ndi danh d nUde ngoai nhu
nhieu nha van khac nhUng Anderson
cd mot vi tri dac biet d trong nUdc.
Ong la ngUdi cd anh hudng Idn den
hai cay dai thu tren van dan Hoa Ky
the ky XX la Ernest Hemingway va
William Faulkner. Anderson, qua ldi
vie't nhe nhang eua minh, da td ra
quye't het trong viec the hien xung dot
giUa nhUng nguyen tic dao dfle cd bin
cua eon ngfldi trflde cae the life kiem
che eua xa hoi cdng nghiep. Mat khac,
dng cdn tai hien thanh cdng "Bi kich
Hoa Ky", khat vong lam giau, vd
mdng va bi dit
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CHAU MY NGAY NAY
Anderson sinh ngay 13-9-1876 tai
Camden, bang Ohio. Cha dng la ngfldi
lam yen efldng ngiia. Do phai lam
lung giup dd gia dinh," .viec hoe eua

dng bi gian doan. Anderson thdi hoc
khi ehfla td't nghiep phd thdng trung
hoc.
Nam mfldi bay tudi, dng gia nhap
quan ddi va tham dfl cude chien Hoa
Ky - Tay Ban Nha. Sau chien tranh,
dng den Cuba rdi quay ve Ohio nhap
hoc Dai hoc Wittenburg, Springfield.
Nam 1901, Anderson den Chicago
lam chan quang cio va cflSi cd
Cornelia Lane, con gai mot nha budn
giau cd. Nam 1906, dng quay ve Ohio
lam quan ly mot xfldng sdn va bit diu
vie't. Nhflng den nam 1912, dng tfl bd
chan quan ly, quay lai Chicago lam
quang cao. Thdi gian nay, dng sd'ng
cflng anh trai ten la Karl, ngfldi ve
sau trd thanh mot trong nhflng danh
hoa cua Hoa Ky. Ong lam quen vdi
"nhdm van si Chicago", trong dd cd
Theodore Dreiser va nhan dflde
nhflng khuyen khich va dinh hfldng
tren con dfldng van nghiep.
Anderson khdng thanh cdng lim ve
tieu thuyet, nhflng truyen ngin eua
dng la mot trong nhflng dinh cao cua
the loai trong van hoc Hoa Ky.
Truyen eua dng khdng ed ed't truyen
theo kieu truyen thd'ng nhflng cd sflc
cud'n hut manh bdi do cang dflde dan

cai qua cic sii kien dat trong nhflng
khoanh khie dac bidt. Hanh van cua
dng khdng gid'ng ba't ky ai trflde dd.
Day la kieu ngdn ngfl trong ddi sd'ng
thfldng ngay eua ngfldi dan d cac
thanh thi nhd. Gertrude Stein danh
gia cao each viet ciia Anderson.
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) la tap
truyen mang lai danh tieng cho
Anderson. Tiep theo, dng cho in cac
tap:
Chien thdng ciia qud trdng (The
Triumph of the Egg, 1920) va NgUa
vd Ngadi (Horse and Men, 1923),
Anderson cd bd'n ddi vd. Ong mat khi
dang tren dfldng tdi Nam My vao
ngay 8-3-1941.
5.
Ernest Hemingvs^ay (1899-1961)
Sinh ngay 21-7-1899 tai Oak Park,
Illinois, Hemingway la mdt trong
nhflng bac thiy van xudi tfl sfl va la
ngfldi khai sinh ra ldi ddi thoai doc
dao bac nha't the ky XX.
Cha Hemingway la bac si, me la
giao vien day nhac. Ong la eon thfl hai
trong so' sau. chi em. Thud nhd,
Hemingway cd nang khieu am nhac,
nhflng Idng yeu thien nhien va tinh
hieu ddng da khie'n dng gin gui vdi

nhflng chuyen san bin, cau ca, dam
bd'e
18 tudi, dng rdi ghe nha trfldng
sau khi td't nghiep Trung hoe va di
lam phdng vien cho td Kansas City
Star. 19 tudi dng gia nhap ddi Hdng
thap tfl sang lai xe ben chien trfldng
Italy trong Chien tranh the gidi thfl
nhat. 20 tudi, Hemingway quay lai
Hoa Ky vdi ddi nang gd va ta'm huan
chfldng do hi thfldng tren da't Italy.
Ong la'y vd nam 22 tudi rdi sang
Phap vfla lam bao vfla bit diu sfl
nghiep sang tac. Cung trong nam nay,
dng cho ra mit truyen ngin dau tay
Tren miet Michigan (1921). Nhflng
mai den nam 1923, cudn sach diu
tien cua dng - Ba cdu chuyen vd madi
bdi thd - mdi dflde xua't ban. Tinh den
eudl ddi, tdng so' truyen ngin cua
Hemingway la khoang 100 truyen;
nhieu truyen trong so' dd chfla dflde in
luc dng cdn sd'ng. Hemingway dflde
danh gia ra't cao d linh vfle truyen
ngan. Nhieu truyen cua dng sanh
ngang tim Poe, Chekhov, va trd
thanh khudn miu cho the loai nay.
Nam 1926, khi tieu thuyet Mat trdi
vdn moc ra ddi, Hemingway mdi thflc
sfl ndi tieng tren van dan. Ba nam

sau, Gid ta vd khi (1929) xua't hien.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2009
51
Cud'n sach ke ve mdi tinh thd mdng
nhflng cflc ky bi dat cua chang trung
fly Henry va cd y ta Catherine. Mot
lin nfla, ten tudi Hemingway lai vang
dpi.
Gid ta vii khi trd thanh hien
tfldng best-seller (sdch bdn chay).
Nam 1937, Cd vd khong ra ddi,
dinh da'u sii quan tam cua
Hemingway den va'n de bfle thiet eua
thdi dai: cude dai khimg hoang d Hoa
Ky. Va thdng diep eudl cung eua nhan
vat chinh Harry, "Con ngfldi khdng the
sd'ng cd doe" nhfl ldi nhin giii, khan
nguyen cho linh hdn eua ngfldi ndi
loan cd doe. NhUng ve mat nghe thuat
thi cud'n sich khdng dUde danh gia cao.
vao nhflng nam 1930, Hemingway
thUdng den Tay Ban Nha. Nam 1939,
sau nhieu nam theo doi va den tham
dfl cuoc chien bao ve nen Cdng hda
ciia nhan dan Tay Ban Nha,
Hemingway da vie't nen Chuong
nguyen hon ai. "Chang mot ai tfl than
la dao rieng hoan chinh, mdi ngfldi la
mdt manh cua dai luc, mdt phan cua
toan bd dat lien; neu mdt mau da't hi

cud'n ra dai dfldng thi chau Au se nhe
di nhfl khi mot mui da't, mot ngdi nha
cua bing hflu mi hay cua chinh mi hi
cud'n phang di. Cai che't cua bat ky ai
cung lam ta nhd di bdi ta ket lien khdi
vdi toan nhan loai, vay nen mi dflng
bao gid hdi chuong nguyen hdn ai.
Chudng nguyen cho hdn mi dd" (John
Donn).
Ldi thd dflde dflng lam de tfl
nay da toit len tinh thin thdng diep
eua tac pham: sfl tdn tai, vflng manh
khdng bao gid nay sinh tfl loai trfl,
buy diet. Con ngfldi cin phai nfldng
vad nhaude ma sd'ng, chien dau
Mat khac, tac pham cdn la ban bi
hung ngdi ca nhflng chien si du kich
Tay Ban Nha cung vdi anh linh Hoa
Ky tii nguyen Jordan can trfldng, bat
khuat bao ve quyen tfl do, dan chu
chinb dang eua con ngfldi.
Nhflng Qua sdng vdo rdng (1950)
lai la mdt that bai nfla eua
Hemingway. Nhieu nha phe binh xem
dng da he't thdi. Khdng nin Idng, nam
1952 Ong gid vd bien cd* ra ddi. Ngay
lap tfle, ten tudi eua Hemingway dflde
xep vao hang nhflng nha van sd' mdt
eua the gidi. Nam 1953 dng nhan giai
Pulitzer, giai thfldng nghe thuat cae

quy nha't Hoa Ky, va nam 1954 la
Nobel van chfldng.
Hemingway trii qua bdh cude hdn
nhan. Ong ed ba eon trai. Va dau la
nha van Hoa Ky nhflng hiu he't
khoang thdi gian trong ddi dng lai sd'ng
d nflde ngdai. Ong di nhieu va dflde
xem la thanh vien eiia "Chu nghia xe
dich". Anh, Phap, chau Phi,^ Trung
Qud'e deu ed da'u chan dng. Ong dac
biet yeu quy Cuba va ung hd Fidel
Castro. Cuba nhfl la que hfldng thfl
hai cua dng. Tinh cam dd da dflde dng
gifi qua ldi dng lad Santiago, mdt ngfldi
sd'ng d Havana, khi cho lao phat bieu
trong Ong gid vd bien cd: "Minh dang
sd'ng trong mdt thanh phd nghia tinh".
Tuy ludn sd'ng xa To qud'e nhflng
nhan vat trung tam trong cae tac
pham cua dng da sd la ngfldi Hoa Ky.
Dieu nay phin nao da cho tha'y bdng
dang thiic hay net bfl cau nguyen
miu tie gia Hemingway trong sang
tic cua dng. Hemingway tii sit vao
nam 1961 tai Ketehum, bang Idaho.
6. William Faulkner (1897-1962)
Nha van cflng vdi Hemingway,
dflde xem la hai bac thiy van chfldng
ndi tieng nha't eua Hoa Ky the ky XX.
Ong sinh tai New Albany, bang

Mississippi, trong gia dinh tri thflc,
tflng cd nhieu ngfldi lam thd'ng doe
bang. Cu ed' cua dng, ngiidi dflde lay
ten dat cho dng, la mot tieu thuyet gia
d the ky trflde. Nam 1902, gia dinh
Faulkner chuyen den thi tran Oxford,
52
SO 02-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
Mississippi, ndi dng sd'ng va sang tac
cho den khi qua ddi. Thi tra'n nay, ve
sau dflde dng hu ca'u thanh dia danh
Jefferson, xua't hien trong nhieu cud'n
tieu thuyet eua dng.
ChUa he't bac trung hoc, Faulkner bd
hoc den New Haven sd'ng cimg anh ban
Stone, mot sinh vien Dai hoc Yale. Vfla
di lam thu ky tai mot xudng quan gidi,
Faulkner vfla miet mai doc tac pham eua
nhflng nha van ndi tieng nhfl Cervantes,
Melville, Balzac, Dostoievsky, theo
hfldng dan cua Stone.
Thang 6-1918, Faulkner gia nhap
life Ifldng khdng quan Hoang gia
Canada. Ong theo hoc khoa dao tao si
quan phi cdng tai Toronto. Chien
tranh the gidi thfl nha't cham dflt, dng
quay ve que vdi nd life trd thanh thi
si.
Trong hai nam (1919-1920),
Faulkner ghi danh hoe d Dai hoe

Mississippi va thinh thoang dng len
New York. Nam 1921, dng thdi hoc,
nhan lam viec tai mot cifa hieu ban
sach d New York, it lau sau dng lai ve
Oxford. Nam 1924, tap thd Thdn ddng
ndi cam thach (The Marble Faun) eua
Faulkner ra ddi.
Den New Orleans vao nam 1925,
Faulkner lam quen vdi Sherwood
Anderson. Qua Anderson, Faulkner
tiep xue vdi ly thuyet ve tinh due va
an fle eua Freud cung nhfl nhflng each
tan van hoe cua T.S. Eliot va James
Joyce, d day, Faulkner thflc sfl sd'ng
trong biu khdng khi vd mdng, chan
nin ciia the he thanh nien thdi hau
chien. Cud'n tieu thuyet LUdng linh
(1926) vie't ve thflc trang nay.
Sau khi den tham Italy, Anh va
Phap,
Faulkner lai trd ve Oxford, vfla
lam viec kiem sd'ng vfla vie't cud'n tieu
thuyet thfl hai eua minh, Mudi (1927).
Nhflng tac pham nay chi mang tinh
md dudng. Chi den khi tieu thuyet
Sartoris (1929) ra ddi, ten tudi
Faulkner mdi thu hut dflde sfl chu y
cua doc gia. Sartoris la tic pham md
diu cho hang loat tieu thuyet Iflng
danh ciia Faulkner, la'y bdi canh tfl

vflng da't do dng hfl eau,
Yoknapatawpha. Tuy dien mao
Yoknapatawpha ra't gin gfli vdi que
hfldng Oxford, song Faulkner da tao
nen dUde khdng gian huyen thoai cua
rieng minh. Mdi trUdng a'y la diem ket
ndi tuyet vdi cua nhflng nhan vat
huyen thoai, da trang, da dd, da den,
ngUdi lai, eua nhflng truyen thd'ng
Cd xfla dan mai mot, cua nhflng canh
rflng dai ngan bien ma't trflde due
vong ciia con ngUdi.
Nam hai mUdi tudi, Faulkner yeu
Estelle Oldham, cd lang gieng. Song
Estelle khdng dam trdng cay vao kha
nang cua Faulkner nen da chon ngUdi
khac.
Khi Estelle ly di ehdng vao mUdi
nam sau va da ed hai eon, Faulkner
van eUdi cd, nhUng cude hdn nhan nay
khdng hanh phuc.
Faulkner thiic sii ndi tieng vdi Am
thanh vd cudng no xua't ban nam 1929.
Tfl nam 1929-1942, cic nha nghien cflu
goi la "nhflng nam thang vi dai" eiia
Faulkner. Sau thanh cdng eua cud'n
tieu thuyet ba't hii nay, dng lien tiep
cho ra mit nhieu kiet tac, khang dinh
tai nang van chfldng eua minh: Khi tdi
hdp hdi (1930), Thdnh dadng (1931),

Nang thdng Tdm (1932^, Absalom,
Absalom! (1936), Nam 1942, tap
truyen Rdi rung nhang ddm reu lai gay
chu y dac biet cho gidi phe binh. Con
gdu, mot kiet tac cua dng dUdc tap hdp
trong sach nay.
Mai den nam 1959, Faulkner mdi
hoan thanh bd ba tieu thuyet; Xdm
nhd (1940), Thi trd'n (1957) va Lanh
dia (1959). Bd ba tac pham nay ghi
nhan sflc sang tao ben bi va tai nang
khdng the phu nhan cua Faulkner.
Nam 1949, Faulkner dflde trao giai
Nobel. Nam 1954, cud'n Ngu ngdn
dUdc trao tang giai Sach Qud'e gia
(National Book) va giai Pulitzer.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
SO 02-2009
53
DUdc xem la nha van hien dai xua't
sac bac nha't eiia Hoa Ky va the gidi,
Faulkner la ngUdi da phat trien kieu
viet Ddng y thdc (Stream of
Conciousness) eua J. Joyce len mdt
tim cao mdi va da toa bdng anh
hudng eua minh len van hoe the gidi
trong sud't the ky XX.
Su nghiep sang tac eua Faulkner
that do so. Ong de lai mUdi biy
cud'n tieu thuyet, nhieu tap truyen

ngin, tieu luan, phe binh, thd, kich
va ca kich ban truyen hinh khi dng
cdng tac vdi Hollywood. Ve eudl ddi,
dng sd'ng trong benh tat va nghien
rUdu. Ong mat ngay 6-7-1962 tai
Oxford, Mississippi.
B.
DAC TRl/NG TlT SlT
Tai qud'e gia ed truyen thd'ng da
dang hoa phong cich, ba mUdi nam
diu the ky XX la khoang thdi gian
truyen ngin Hoa Ky ed sU chuyen
bien manh me va rd net nha't. Tfl
phong cich ed dien, truyen ngin Hoa
Ky chuyen sang phong each hien dai
va niia sau the ky XX la hau hien dai.
Phong each ed dien la each sang tac
dfla tren quan diem tiep nhan thanh
loc ciia Aristotle. Nha van liia ebon
nhflng chi tiet, sfl kien va sap xep sao
cho phat huy tdi da kha nang gdi cam
ma khdng lam ngfldi doc phai suy
nghi ddng nao nhieu. Cach trin thuat
nay gan lien vdi viec bay td cam xue.
Ngfldi ke, nhan vat, ngfldi ddc hda
quyen lai lam mot. Cude sd'ng van
chfldng dich thflc la cude sd'ng trin
gian. Truyen ngin cua 0. Henry va
eiia Jack London dflde vie't theo phong
each nay. Hai nha van dac biet chu y

tdi nhan vat va nhflng hanh ddng ea
biet cd the khu biet ho vdi nhflng
nhan vat khac. Tfl nhan vat, ho la'y dd
lam diem tiia de md rdng ra cac mdi
quan he, cic xung dot va gifi gim eac
ting bac y nghia. Tran thuat lay nhan
vat lam tam diem va ngudi ke cd chUe
nang quan xuyen moi chuyen, theo
ngdn ngU cua cac nha hau bien dai la
trin thuat theo ldi Dai tii sii. Nha van
trd thanh trung tam eua cau chuyen
ke cua minh va nhan vat eua ho trd
thanh trung tam eua toan bd hien
thiie,
su kien dUde mieu ta. Ching
ban khi vie't Chie'c Id cudi ciing, O.
Henry khai thae triet ly chie'c Id cua
tinh yeu thiidng, chie'c Id nghe thuat
cd khd ndng cdu so'ng con ngiidi,
thdng qua hinh tUdng lao boa si
Berhman. Xung dot dUde dat ra d day
la mdi quan he giUa nghe thuat va
cude sd'ng. De cd dUde bfle kiet tac cflu
ngfldi, ngfldi boa si khdng chi ed tai
nang ma cdn phai ed Idng cam thdng
va sU do lUdng, san sang hy sinh vi
nghe thuat, vi cen ngudi. Chinh sU hy
sinh dd khdi gdi mdi ddng cam Idn lao
ndi ngUdi doc. Va cflng chinb sfl by
sinh cao ca dd da khie'n Berhman

mang dang vde cua mdt vi thanh,
ngfldi ed quyen uy tuyet ddi trong khi
nang mang lai sfl sd'ng cho con ngfldi.
Chil de ve sii by sinh cflu ngfldi vd'n
dflde sif dung tfl lau trong van hoc va
da trd thanh mdt tieu ehi van boa dflde
tan phdng, khang dinh trong xa hdi loai
ngfldi. Ngfldi doc khi tiep xue vdi cac
hinh tfldng dflde xay dflng nhfl the lap
tfle dflde danh thfle mdi ddng cam trong
hdn va ho cam thay tin yeu cude sd'ng,
tha'y cude ddi dang de sd'ng hdn cho du
dang d vao mdt canh ngd vd cflng bi ddt
nao dd. Day chinh la ldi van chfldng ru
ngu va dap flng nhu ciu thoa man dao
dfle eon ngfldi bac nhat.
Tfldng tfl, Nhdm Ida eua Jack
London cung vay. Nhan vat dflde dat
trong the ddi lap gifla con ngfldi va
mdi trfldng. Con ngfldi chien thing
mdi trfldng la menh lenh tdi thfldng
xuat hien ngay tfl thdi thifdng ed, kbi
54
SO 02-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
Cdn ngUdi tach minh ra khdi ddi sdng
thien nhien mdng mudi. Trong mdi
quan he dd, khat vong cua con ngUdi
la dUdc chien thing, d day. Jack
London lai di khie hoa sii that bai eua

con ngUdi trUdc thien nhien hoang sd
vdi sflc manh huy diet khung khiep.
Le ra cau chuyen se khie'n ngfldi doc
that vong, nhflng ngflde lai, ke tfl khi
tac phim ra ddi cho den nay, ngfldi
doe lai khdng ngflng td bay sfl ham
mo.
Sd di cd dieu dd la vi. Jack
London nha'n manh den thii do cua
con ngfldi trflde mdi trfldng khie
nghiet va khing dinh y nghia^ sd'ng
tich cflc eua con ngfldi dflde the hien
ngay trdng chinh sfl tha't bai eua eon
ngfldi. Thdng qua cau chuyen cua
ngfldi dan dng guc nga tren con dfldng
tuyet, London danh thflc khat vong
sd'ng va nd liic sd'ng eua con ngfldi. Do
vay, sflc ha'p din cua truyen ngin nay
vdi ngfldi doc cflng thuoc binh dien
thanh loc. Cae tac pham "thanh loc",
chuyen khai thae tinh cam, deu cflng
dflde vie't dfla tren mdt vd thflc tap the
vflng chic. Con ngfldi xi than,^ con
ngfldi tim kiem cdng ly, tim kiem y
nghia sd'ng, dfla tren nhflng ehuan
mflc ma bao ddi nay da dflde nhan loai
cdng nhan.
Nhflng phong cich hien dai lai cd'
khflde tfl each the hien va khai thae.
hien thflo theo kieu dd. Nd Iflc eua cac

nha van hien dai la mud'n xoa bd vd
thflc tap the trong tiep nhan va sang
tao hien thflc, de hinh thanh nen mot
kieu vd thflc tap the mdi. Nen tang
dang tin cay ma cic nha van hien dai
dfla vao la ly tri. Nhfl mdt nghich ly,
tuy ludn len in ly tri vi ly tri la tic
nhan quan trong trong viec gay ra
mdi nguy hai ?coa sd eon ngfldi tren
hanh tinh, nhflng eac nha van hien
dai khdng cd sfl Ifla chon nao khac la
van dung ly tri de kien tao nen mot
the gidi nghe thuat mdi tren Idp cha't
lieu ngdn tfl da ldi thdi. Khai niem "la
hoa" va "gian each" ludn dflde sif dung
cho nguyen tie phan anh va tiep nh^n
hien thflc hien dai. Nha van yeu ciu
ngfldi doc phai cd cai nhin ly tri tinh
tio trflde tac pham. Van hoc khdng
phii la cude ddi ma nd la hinh anh an
du cua cude ddi. Ngfldi doe se dflng tri
tue,
kha nang suy ly eua minh de tim
xem trong the gidi a'y nhflng gi la
tfldng ddng, ddng vong vdi cai the gidi
minh dang sd'ng.
Nguyen tic "giin each" nay da tic
ddng manh me den each ke. Ngfldi ke
khdng cdn quyen uy nhfl trong truyen
eua O. Henry va Jack London nfla ma

da gidi han diem nhin eua minh vao
mdt hoac mot vai nhan vat nao dd cua
tac pham de ke. Cich ke nfldng theo
diem nhin, tam trang cua nhan vat
nay la mot ddng gdp vd cung to Idn
cho nghe thuat ke chuyen eua truyen
ngin hien dai. d linh viic nay, Wilham
Faulkner va Ernest Hemingway dat
tdi dinh cao. Diu ehfla hoan toan ke
chuyen theo kieu tieu tii sii nhfl cic
nha van hau hien dai, nhflng each ke
cua ho da vfldn den gidi han bflde diu
eua ky thuat. Ndi each khac, ho da
dat nen mdng cho sfl ra ddi cua tfl sfl
hau hien dai.
Nhflng trflde he't, phai ke den
nhflng nha tien phong cua trao Iflu
hien dai trong truyen ngin cua Hoa
Ky. Day la hai cai ten tieu bieu
Sherwood Anderson va S. Fitzgerald,
nhflng ngfldi khflde tfl ldi ke chuyen
mach lac dfla tren nen ting ed't truyen
de hfldng tdi nhflng cai ngau nhien,
vun vd cua cude ddi. Truyen ngan ndi
tieng ciia Anderson la Qua trang. Cau
chuyen ke ve mot dng chu cifa hanh
kinh doanh trong nd liie thu hut
khach hang nhflng tha't bai va cam
nhan dflde ndi cay ding qua tha't bai
CHAU MY NGAY NAY

SO 02-2009
55
do.
Toan bd truyen chi tsip trung vao
khoang khie tam trang cua nhan vat.
Ngfldi doc hi din dit, hi thuyet phuc
bdi dp cang tfl khoanh khie a'y. Da'u in
xa hoi hi xoa md. Con ngfldi hien len
ddn doc trong chinh khat vong hoi
nhap,
lam dep, lam hai long cuoc ddi,
xa hdi ben ngoai. Sfl hy sinh, xa than
cho cong ddng khdng dflcic ddn nhan.
Con ngfldi thdi hien dai cd nhiing tieu
chi mdi ve le sd'ng cua minh. Day chinh
la ndi cd doc, sfl xa la gifla con ngfldi vdi
the gidi va vdi ca chinh ban than minh.
Sfl xa la nay tao nen ndi dau giang eo
trong tam thflc ma Faulkner khai quat
ra't doc dao trong dien van Nobel cua
minh: "Trai tim con ngfldi trong sfl
xung dot vdi chinh nd".
Nhfl the truyen ngin hien dai da tfl
hd viec trfle tiep xem xet eon ngfldi
trong sii xung dot vdi xa hoi, vdi the
gidi ben ngoai ma chuyen sfl xung dot
dd vao chinh noi tam nhan vat. Day
chinh la bflde dot pha vi dai ma tfl sfl
hien dai tao nen cho tien trinh van
chfldng nhan loai. Cdng dau phai ke

den Freud vdi ly thuyet ve vd thflc ciia
dng. Nhd Freud ma cac nha van mdi
chuyen hfldng tfl sfl, tao nen mdt dien
mao mdi cho truyen ngin. Faulkner
trong sfl pha'n da'u cua minh da vie't
nen nhflng truyen ngin ddng y thflc
doc dao. Diem nhin ciia ngfldi ke ci
day da bing khdng trong khoang each
vdi nhan vat. Tuy Faulkner khdng
khai sinh ra ldi vie't tren (James Joyce
mdi la ngfldi khdi dau), nhflng dng ed
vai trd quan trong la da phat trien ky
thuat tfl sfl nay len den dinh cao eiia
nd. Cac truyen ngin Mat trdi chieu
hdm ay, Ndng trai chay, la nhflng
ang van dieu ky ve the gidi noi tam
eon ngfldi trong viec tfl dflng ra ke lai
cau chuyen cua chinh minh.
Ro rang so vdi tfl sfl cd dien, tii sii
hien dai rdi vao mot nghich ly thu vi.
Trong luc tfl sfl cd dien lai "gian each"
vdi cau chuyen, nhan vat cua minh thi
nd lai ching he "gian each" vdi each ke
va each tiep nhan eua doe gii; ngflde lai
tfl sii hien dai thi khdng "gian each" vdi
eau chuyen cua minh nhflng lai "gian
each" kha nang tiep nhan. Tren nen
cua ddng tam trang tudn trao khdng
gidi han bdi nhflng ehuan mflc cu phap
thdng thfldng, nha van lai khie'n ngfldi

doc phai ddng nao, phai "gian each"
manh vdi ddng trin thuat thi mdi cd cd
hoi hieu dflde dieu gi dd tfl chudi ngdn
tfl ba't tan kia.
Ngflde lai vdi Faulkner,
Hemingway de xua't mdt ldi vie't tinh
tao vd cflng. Xet d gdc do "la hoa",
truyen ngin cua Hemingway dat den
dinh cao eua tieu ehi nay. Truyen cua
dng chdi bd ldi tfl sfl dfla tren ed't
truyen ly ky, ha'p dan. Nhan vat
khdng phai la chd dila dang tin cay va
ca cau chuyen dflde ke ra cung khdng
phai la muc dich chinh trong y dd tfl
sfl.
Tam diem nha vSn mud'n ndi den d
ngoai cau chuyen va dflde chinh nha
van khai quat bing hinh tfldng tdng
bdng troi. Doc Hemingway neu ed' tim
sii ha'p din trong ed't truyen hay
nhflng chi tiet ly ky, ha'p din, thi
ngfldi doc se rdi vao sfl that vong.
Trong nhflng truyen ngin ndi tieng
nha't eiia dng, ngfldi doc se tiep can
vdi mot ldi tfl sfl diia tren chudi ngdn
tfl ddi thoai (Mot ndi sach se vd sdng
sua) hoac chuoi ngdn tfl doe thoai ndi
tam (Tuyet tren dinh Kilimanjaro)
eiia nhan vat. Thing hoac d mot sd tac
pham it nhieu edn Iflu gifl ed't truyen

truyen thd'ng, nhfl Cuoc ddi hanh
phuc ngdn ngui cua Francis
Macomber, thi net ddc dao cua cau
chuyen khdng phai dflcic diia tren
nhflng ehi tiet ha'p din lien quan den
cac cuoc san trau rflng va sfl tif ma
dflcic dat tren kha nang khai thae tam
56
SO 02-2009
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
ly nhan vat eua con ngfldi va ci loai
vat. Toan bo truyen ngin nay chu yeu
dflde trin thuat theo cai nhin cua anh
chang thd san da tring Wilson. Nhd
vay, ngfldi ke d ngdi thfl ba mdi dl
dang xam nhap vao ddng suy nghi cua
cac nhan vat khac, ke ea cua con sfl tif
de biet dflde tim vde kieu hung cua
loai chua sdn lam va nhflng to' cha't ed
ban trong ban cha't eon ngfldi.
De nhan tha'y d cac cay but hien dai
trong giai doan nay, ngUdi ke thudng
xuyen sif dung cic yeu td' ngiu nhien.
Dieu nay xua't phat tfl cai nhin mong
manh ve than phan eon ngfldi trong
ky nguyen hien dai. Neu d O. Henry
hay Jack London, niem tin vao con
ngfldi la tuyet ddi, thi d cac nha van
hien dai niem tin dd da bi lung lay,
neu khdng ndi la khdng edn niem tin

nfla. Vdi Hemingway hay Fitzgerald,
nhflng eon ngfldi thudc the he ma't
mat do Chien tranh the gidi lin thfl
nhat gay nen, thi nhflng khai niem xa
than, hy sinh, vi tha, deu trd nen
rdng tuech. Ngdn tfl hoa my bi nhflng
ke dd'n mat ldi dung de hd hao hdng
ldi keo eon ngfldi vao nhflng viec xing
bay. Cdn nhflng gii tri dich thflc thi bi
chung vui dap ta tdi. Fitzgerald tai
hien rat xuat sic tfl tfldng nay trong
truyen ngin Thdm lai Babylon
(Babylon Revisited). Truyen khdng he
ed ehi tiet nao nhie den Babylon. Day
la hinh anh an du, cd le la Paris trong
chuyen quay ve cua Charlie de thiie
hien fldc nguyen dflde nudi na'ng cd
eon gai chin tudi Honoria ma anh de
lai dd sau cai che't cua vd va ban than
anh phai vao trai cai nghien vi rfldu.
Cd em gii vd anh dam nhan nhiem vu
cham sdc Honoria theo di nguyen eua
vd anh va anh cung da ddng y. Nhflng
biy nam trdi qua, anh da cai dflde
rfldu va da lai lam an phat dat, anh
mud'n cd mot mai a'm gia dinh va
Honoria cung mud'n dflde sd'ng cung
bd'. Moi chuyen le ra da sudng se theo
each tinh toan chu dao, nhin nai cua
Charhe, nhflng vao phut eudl, ta't ca

deu do vd vi mot cd ban gai cu ciia
anh xua't hien khdng dung luc da phi
hdng he't thay. Cuoc sd'ng eua Charhe
lai rdi vao ndi tuyet vong.
Chinh nhd sif dung day dac nhflng
hinh anh an du, bieu tUdng ma cau
chuyen tuy khdng dai nhUng da tai
hien dUdc ea mot khdng gian, thdi
gian rdng Idn eua chau Au va Hoa Ky
trong nhflng thap nien suy thoii diu
the ky. Cha't tri tue da ling sau vao
tflng eau ehfl. Khdng cd vd'n van hoa
nha't dinh, ngfldi doc se khdng the nao
hieu he't dflcic cai hay, eii dep cua
nhflng ang van mang chinh ngdn tfl
ra dap nit de hdng kien tao nen mot
he hinh ngdn ngfl mdi, phfl hdp hdn
vdi xu the thdi dai.
Nhflng thap nien diu the ky XX,
truyen ngin Hoa Ky da trd thanh mui
nhdn tien phong cua thdi dai, thdi ma
theo each ndi cua nhieu ngfldi la Chua
da che't. Trong sfl menh mdng cung
quan cua kiep ngfldi, cae nha van
chan chinh tim ldi thoat bing chinh
con dfldng dd nat, be tie ay. Ho khdng
len tieng keu goi, ho chi lang le thflc
hien nhflng chuyen di bing van
chfldng den nhflng chan trdi mdi, ndi
tri tue dflde danh cho vi tri doc tdn,

tinh cam trd thanh thfl yeu trong coi
nhan gian khanh kiet tinh ngfldi.
Bing each dd, ho da danh thflc dflde
nhan tinh eua bao ngfldi •