The female malady women madness and engl 294

Notes

282

for

Me? (New

York: Vintage Books, 1983).

Among

the well-known

AmerMary

ican novels dealing with female schizophrenia and confinement are

Jane Ward's The Snake Pit (1948) and Marge Piercy's

Woman

on the Edge of

Time (1976).
23. See Manfred Sakel, Schizophrenia (New York: Philosophical Library, 1958),
pp. 187-236, 331. In the United States, insulin therapy, and the related
metrazol therapy, became widespread in the

Mental Illness and American
24.

William Sargent, The Unquiet Mind (Boston:

"Through

25. Cecil,

the

Looking Glass,"

The Unquiet Mind,

26. Sargent,

late 1930s.

See Gerald Grob,

296-304.

Society, pp.

p.

Brown, 1967).

Little,

222.

p. 55.

27.

Hunter and Macalpine, Psychiatry for

28.

Anthony

the Poor, p. 187.

Clare, Psychiatry in Dissent (London:

1976) pp. 228-29.
29. Peter R. Breggin, Electroshoch

Tavistock Publications,

,

Its

(New York:

Brain-Disabling Effects

Sprin-

ger Publishing, 1979), pp. 8, 126-27. At one large American state mental
hospital, records showed 80 percent of ECT patients to be women (infor-

mation from a study

most

in

progress by

by arguing

to these figures

be treated with

likely to

Andrew

Scull). Psychiatrists

respond

that the majority of depressed patients, the

ECT,

are

women. Here

group

again, gender issues

enter into diagnosis and treatment. In his study of this process of psychi-

residency in the United States, Donald Light suggests that while

atric

by administering ECT, they do not acknowlunmanly and unprofessional to feel
it is

psychiatrists are perturbed

edge

their conflicts

upset."

When

Psychiatrists

American

"because

he himself

first

observed ECT, he

(New York: W. W.

case,

Natalie Parker

Norton, 1980),

was unable

to

felt faint.

368. In

p.

See Becoming

one celebrated

resume her professional

career because of the massive retrograde amnesia following a course

of

ECT. This

case

was described

in

an essay by the medical journal-

Burton Roueche, "As Empty as Eve,"
pp. 84-100.
ist

30.
31.

New

Yorker,

9 September 1974,

See William Arnold, Shadowland (New York: Jove, 1978), pp. 158-59.

See Walter Freeman and James Watts, Psychosurgery (Springfield,
Charles C. Thomas, 1942). Dedicated to Egas Moniz,

and executed

a valid operation for mental disorder,"

that "partial separation of the frontal lobes

from the

"who
it

rest

first

111.:

conceived

describes the

way

of the brain results

reduction of disagreeable self-consciousness, abolition of obsessive

in

thinking, and satisfaction with performance, even though the performance
is

32.

inferior in quality" (p. vii).

See

ibid., tables 5, 6, 7,

33. Sargent,

and

8;

Arnold, Shadowland,

p. 160.

The Unquiet Mind, pp. 78, 85.

I Haven't Had to Go Mad Here, p. 96; see also Sydney Smith, "The
Treatment of Anxiety, Depression, and Obsessionality," Psychosurgery and

34. Berke,

Society,

1977)

,

ed.
p. 29.

Sydney Smith and

L.

G. Kiloh (London: Pergamon Press,