Cảm xúc tại nơi làm việc phân loại tính phổ biến và tính thường xuyên

VIEC; PHAN LOAI
TINH PHO BIEN VA TINH THUONG XUYEN
C A M XUC TAI NOI LAM

ThS. Bang Thj Thu Trang
PGS.TS. Phan Thi Mai HtfOng
TS. D6 Thi Le Hang

Vien Tdm ly hgc.
TOM TAT
Cdm xuc tai nai ldm viec cd y nghta quan trgng ddi vdi su cam ket ve mdt tdm
ly cua ngudi lao dgng doi vdi td chiie eiing nhu hieu sudt lao dgng eua hg. Nghiin
ciru nhdm phdn logi cdm xic, xdc dinh cdc cdm xuc phd bien vd thudng xudt hi$n tgi
nai ldm viec. Khdeh thi gdm 381 ngudi lao dpng, trong dd 23,4% nam, dp tudi tir 17
den 59 tudi ldm viec tgi 8 td chirc cua hai thdnh pho Hd Ngi vd Hd Chi Minh. Ngudi
lao dpng dugc di nghi trd lai ve tdn sudt trdi nghiem cdc logi cdm xuc tgi nai ldm
viec vdi 44 dgng cdm xuc dugc neu ra trong bdng hdi Phep phdn tieh nhdn td vd
thdng ke mo td dugc sir dung. Kit qud nghien cdu cho thdy, tgi nai idm viec cd hai
logi cdm xuc Id duang tinh vd dm tinh. Tinh phd biin vd tinh thudng xuyen cua chung
tgi nai idm viec cUng dugc chi ra. Mgt sd phdt hien vd nhiing gal y trong hogt dpng
qudn iy nhdn su da dugc bdn luan.
Tir kh6a: Cdm xuc tgi nai ldm viec; Cdm xuc dm tinh, Cdm xic duang tinh;
Tinh pho bien vd tinh thudng xuyen cua cdm xuc.
Ngdynhdnbdi: I9ni20\9; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi. 25/1/2019.

l.Batvinde
Hieu suit lam viee eiia nhan vidn dupe chi phdi bdi viec nhan vien cdm
thiy nhu thi ndo trong ngay Idm viec dd (Roth, 2007). Khdng nhimg thi, ede cam
xue dupe tdi nghiem tai noi ldm viec ed thi dnh hudng din niim tin vd su cam
kit eua hg vdi td ehiie, bdi theo Andrew (2011) nhimg trai nghiem tieh cue Id diiu
quan trpng di tap nen nai Idm viee hanh phue, hrong khi viee frai nghiem thudng

xuyen cdc su kien gay cdng thing la diiu gidn tiip khiin ngudi lao ddng khdng
hdi Idng vdi cdng viec vd td chire (Fuller va cdng sy, 2003). Do dd, nghidn cim vi
cam xiic cua ngudi lao ddng tai noi lam viec Id quan trgng, khdng ehi di hiiu vi
tinh trang site khde tinh thin cua hp md cdm xuc cdn Id phuong tien kieh hoat '
duy tri hdnh vi lao ddng tich cue d ngucri lao ddng.

82

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (239), 2 - 2019


Cdm xile tai nai ldm viec duge nghien cuu d nhiiu khia eanh nhu cdc
loai cdm xuc (Poggi va Germani, 2003), bao gdm cd mot s i loai cdm xuc duoc
cho la khd dac trung nhu tire gian, ghen tj (Domagalski vd Steelman, 2005;
Vidaillet, 2007; Dogan vd Vecchio, 2001); cdc yiu td/tdc nhan ldm nay sinh
cam xuc nhu cdng viee, lanh dao, dong nghiep (Chunin vd cpng sy, 2013;
Toegel, Kilduff va Anand, 2013); dnh hudng eiia edm xiie din khd nang ldm
viec ciia ngudi lao ddng nhu ddng lue Idm viec, tinh sdng tao, hieu suit lao
d6ng (Forgas vd Geoger, 2001; Andrew, 2011)... Linh vyc phdn loai cdm xiie
tji noi lam viec duge nhieu ngudi quan tdm. Da ed mgt sd cdeh phan loai edm
xiic nhu sau:
Cach phdn loai cam xuc thanh duong tinh vd dm tinh duge nhiiu ngudi
chira(Fisher, 1997; Watson, Clark va Tellegen, 1988; Giandey, Tam vd Brauburger,
2002). Fisher (1997) xac dinh bin cdm xuc duong tinh thudng hay xuit hien tai
noi lam viee gdm hanh phue, hdi Idng, thich thii, nhiet tinh vd cd hai cam xiic dm
tinh thudng xdy ra nhat la that vpng, bye hlc/tirc gian. Mpt si dang cdm xiie It
xuat hien nhung cd xu hudng la nhiing cdm xue rit manh nhu kinh hai, kinh
tdm, kinh dj, dau ddn, cudng loan, dau khi, tuydt vpng, sung sudng, me ly.
Nghien cim ndy cung cho biet eac edm xiie duang tinh dupe bdo cdo vdi tan sudt
trai nghiem nhidu htm cdc edm xiie dm tinh. Ciing ehung hudng nay, nghien cim

ciia Grandey, Tam vd Brauburger (2002) ve cdm xuc duang tinh nhu thieh, ty
hao, thieh thii, nhiet tinh, lac quan, hanh phue hai Idng, ehi ra rdng thich Id cam
xiic hay xudt Men tai nai Idm viec nhat. Trong sd ede edm xiic dm tinh nhu tire
gian, budn, lo ling thi tile gian la edm xuc hay duge ngudi lag ddng trai nghiem
nhdt. Tren eo sd phan chia thdnh hai loai cam xue duong tinh vd am tinh,
Watson, Clark va Tellegen (1988) da xdy dung thang Cdm xuc duong tinh vd
amtinh(PANAS).
Theo gdc do phan loai cac thanh phin tdm tri cua edm xuc, nghidn eim
cua Poggi va Germani (2003) phdn ra ndm loai cam xuc gdm: (1) Cdm xuc
mang tinh cd nhdn la nhiing cdm xiie ca ban nhu hung phdn, hanh phiie, vui
ve, nhiet tinh, thit vgng, lo ldng, sg, tire gian, eang thing, budn ba, khd chiu;
(2) Cam xiic mang tinh nhan thirc la loai edm xue lien quan din cdc kien
thirc/tri thite hoac chinh phuc tri thiic, nhdn thiic duge nhu quan tdm, td md,
hiing thii, ngae nhidn, ehdn, nhat nheo. Ben canh dd, ed mdt sd cam xuc lien
quan din viec nhdn thire vi hinh dnh eiia ngudi khae nhu kinh men, ngudng
md, khinh miet; (3) Cdm xue gin kit la loai cam xuc mang bdn chat xd hdi vd
chi dupe cam thiy khi hudng din mdt ngudi/nhdm ngudi ndo do nhu ddng
cam, thdng edm, diu dang, cam gide la thdnh vien, ban thii, tiic gian, ghen ti;
(4) Cam xdc vi hinh anh ban thdn la loai cam xue md ngudi trai nghiem cam
Ihiy vi ehinh hg nhu ty hao, edm giac uu viet, cam thay cd ieh, thoa mdn, hai

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (239), 2-2019

83


long, tdi Idi, xiu hi, tu ti, edm thiy vd dyng, bit lyc; (5) Cam xiic vi hinh
dnh eiia ngudi khdc la nhiing cam xiie md ngudi trai nghiem edm thiy ve hinh
dnh eiia ngudi khdc nhu ham md, quy trgng, coi thudng, khinh bi. Ba loat
cam xue sau ciing la nhiing cdm xue mang tinh xa hdi. Poggi va Germani

cung thira nhdn rdng viee phan loai cam xiic nhu tren khdng hoan todn rS
rdng, minh bach bdi mdt edm xue cd the thudc nhieu loai cdm xuc khdc nhau,
vl du: nguang md cd thd thudc nhdm cdm xiic gin kdt hoae nhdm cdm xiic ve
hinh dnh cua ngudi khdc.
Mdt sd nhd nghidn cim khde quan tdm din dac trung ciia cdm xuc d timg
loai nghi, nhu Antoniadou (2010) eho thiy, ede tiep vien hang khdng thudng trdi
nghiem ede cdm xuc nhu sg hai, hie gian, ddng edm, thuang hai, ghen ti, thich
thii, xiu hi, tdi Idi. Dde biet, titc gian Id cdm xiie rat phd biin va hay dugc trdi
nghiem. Scherer, Wranik, Sangsue, Tran vd Scherer (2004) cung da tim thay hie
gian va budn ba Id hai edm xiie tidu cue dupe ngudi lao dgng thucmg xuyen trdi
nghiem tai noi lam viee vd nguyen nhdn chinh Id do nhttng tuang tde vdi khach
hang, ddng nghiep vd cap tren. Ngodi ra, mgt sd nghien cim khde tap tnmg vdg
ede loai edm xue khde nhu Weiss vd Cropanzano (1996) xdc dinh sdu cdm xuc
dde trung dupe sinh ra bdi ede tinh hudng tai noi lam viec la: vui ve, budn, thieh
thil, ngae nhien, sg hai va titc gian hay Parrot (2001) eung eho thiy mdt sd cam
xiic tugng ty nhu yeu thich, vui, ngae nhien, tile gian, budn, sp hai cua ngudi lao
dgng tai noi Idm viec.
Cd the thay, tit gdc dd cdm xiie, noi ldm viec nhu mgt xa hpi thu nhd,
nai md mgi ngudi sdng ciing edm xiic eua minh trong qua trinh lao dgng. Cac
edm xiie la da dang vd duge trai nghiem vdi tin suit khdc nhau, cd thi theo
n^hi, theo dac tinh cd nhdn/ti chde. Tuy nhien, viec phdn loai cdm xile ehti
yiu dya tren dinh tinh (tir ten ggi vd ndi ham eua cdm xuc) ma ehua phai djnh
lugng (bdng chiing tir si lieu). Mat khdc, nhitag cam xiic thudng xuyen xuit
hien tai tigi Idm viee dupe xac djnh khd da dang, diiu dd cd thi do nhiing dac
trung nhit dinh - ed thi la vi mdu nghidn citu, vi ede dang cdm xdc dugc lua
chgn de nghien eiru ho$c djc trung vi mdi trudng, t i chile md ngudi lao dgng
Idm viee - nhung vin di ndy chua hodn toan dugc thi hien rd trong ede nghien
eiiu. 6 Viet Nam, cdc nghien eirii vi edm xuc cua ngudi lao ddng ehua nhiiu
thudng tap trung nhiiu d stress, sy hai ldng, hanh phuc. Nghidn cim nay dat ra
cau hdi: 6 ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam lieu cd thi tim thiy bdng chimg dinh

lugng ve viec phan chia edm xiic thdnh hai hay ndm loai khdng hay la cd plidn
loai khdc? Cdm xuc ndo Id phi biin? Cdm xdc ndo thudng xuyen xuit Mdn hem
tai noi lam viee d mdi trudng van hda Viet Nam? Vdi vai trd eda edm xue nhu
dd ehi ra, cdu trd Id; cho nhttng cau hdi tren ed ^ nghia Idn trong edng tde quan
tri nhdn sy t^ii cdc td chire lao ddng.

84

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (239), 2-2019


2. Phu'o'ng phap nghien ciru
Miu thuan tien gdm 381 ngudi lao ddng, 23,4% la nam, 76,6% la ntt, dp
tuii tit 17 din 59, lam viec tai 8 t i chuc thugc hai thdnh phi Ha Ndi vd Hd Chi
Minh. Dua tren tinh chit cdng viec, ngudi lao ddng duge chia thdnh 4 nhdm:
cdng nhdn, nhdn vien van phdng, dich vy va sdng tao.
Dtt lieu duge thu thdp tit cau hdi "Anh/chi cd trdi nghiem ede edm gide/
cam xdc duge liet ke dudi day tai nai lam viee cda minh khdng? Niu cd thi
cam gidc/edm xue do dien ra vdi mite do nhu thi nao?". Dya tren dtt lieu ed
dugc tit viee ting quan cdc nghidn eitu di trudc ve cdm xuc tai ngi Idm viee, 44
cam xiic duge liet ke. Ngodi ra, ngudi lao dgng ed thi tu viit thdm ede dang
cam xiic khdc ma hg da timg trai nghiem. Tan suat trdi nghiem timg edm xiie
dugc danh gid tren thang 4 diim, vdi ede mite do: (1) Chua tirng cd, (2) Chi
mdt ddi lan, (3) Khd thutmg xuyen, (4) Ludn didn ra.
Phan tich nhdn td dupe sii dyng dd phdn loai cam xiic tai ngi lam viec.
Phan tich thdng ke md ta dugc sii dyng de xac dinh mirc dp phd bidn va tinh
thudng xuyen eua cde dang edm xiie dya vdo ty le sd ngudi bdo cdo va cdc
mile tin suit ma hp trai nghiem edm xiic dd. Mot edm xiic dupe cho Id phd
bien khi edm xuc do xuat hien d tren 50% sd ngudi lao ddng.
3. Ket qua nghien cihi

3.1. PhSn logi cam xdc duoc ngudi lao dpng trai nghiem tgi noi lam vipe
Bang 1: He sd tdi nhdn td eia ede cdm xic
Cac cam xiic

Cac yen to
1

2

Bu-c xuc, kho chiu

0,707

-0,103

Bat can

0,688

-0,048

Ganh ghet

0,677

-0,053

0,675

-0,057

LTcche

0,673

-0,049

Khong an toan

0,671

-0,021

Bi coi thudng

0,67

-0,071

Toi loi

0,664

0,045

Mk done luc

0,654

-0,209

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (239), 2 - 2019

85


Dau kho

0,654

-0,071

Thdo

0,652

-0.097

Vo dung

0,65

0.059

Sahai

0,63

0.019

Bi loai trir

0,626

-0.087

Ghet

0,625

-0.108

Bit lire

0,619

-0.126

Bi do ky

0,591

-0.047

Xau ho

0,572

0,001

Kem coi

0,566

-0,068

Coi thuang

0,551

-0,101

Buon

0,522

-0,109

Chan nan

0,487

-0,071

Gang thang

0,449

-0,07

Tire gian

0,439

0,046

Lo lang

0,433

-0,041

That vpng

0,371

0,056

Co dpng lire

-0,135

0,732

Thich thu

-0,07

0,731

Quy trpng

-0,147

0,701

Hung thu

-0,013

0,694

Hanh phiic

-0,136

0,678

Yeu thuang

0,023

0,666

Hy vpng

0,064

0,666

Hai long

-0,124

0.66

Thoai mai

-0,251

0.635

Nhiet tinh

-0,091

0.621

Tuhao

0,036

0.606

Tin tirang

-0,183

____0;601____

Lac quan

-0,126

0,584

86

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (239), 2 - 2019


NpirOng mO

0,052

0,558

06 ieh

0,072

0,527

Vui

-0,131

0,522

Dong cam

0,04

0,479

Ngae nhien

0,331

0,333

Kdt qud phan tich nhdn td kham phd, phuang phap thdnh phin ehii yiu
cho thiy he sd KMO = 0,903; p < 0,001, tiic Id bd dtt lieu thieh hpp cho phdn
tich nhan ti. Tu bg dtt lieu ed 8 nhdn td cd gid tri rieng (eigenvalue) > 1, tuy
nhien, cac item khdng the hien dp hgi ty tdt vao nhdn td ma dupe tdi vdo nhieu
nhan td khdc nhau. Ma tran thanh phan cdn eho thay, tat cd item (cdc cdm xiie)
diu duge tai ve hai nhdn td vdi he sd tdi ddu > 0,3. Cde du lieu ndy ggi y rdng
hai nhan td cd the thich hgp hon vdi bd dtt lieu.
Phan tieh nhan td lan 2, an dinh sd nhdn t i = 2, vdi phep xoay Varimax,
kit qud hiin thi d bang 1 cho thay, ede edm xue dupe gom thanh 2 nhan t i vdi
he si tdi nhan t i kha eao vd dp hpi ty tdt. Hdu nhu, mdi cdm xiic deu dupe tdi
chu yiu vao 1 nhdn td vd lien quan rat yeu vdi nhan td thu hai. Tdng phuong
sai ttlch gidi thich dupe bdi hai nhdn td la 42,26%.
Cdc cam xiic tap trung d nhan td 1 diu la ede edm xue dm tinh (he sd tdi
nhdn td tu 0,371 din 0,707). Cde cdm xuc tap trung d nhan t i 2 diu la cdm xuc
dirong tinh (he sd tdi nhan t i ttt 0,479 din 0,732). Ridng "Ngae nhien" Id edm
xiic khdng hdi tu vdo 1 nhdn td ma ed he s i tdi tuang duang d ea 2 nhdn td.
Phdn tich tuang quan eho thiy, nhdn td 1 vd 2 (khdng ed cam xuc ngae
nhien) ed mdi tucmg quan nghjeh, cd y nghia vi mat thing kd, nhung yeu (r = -0,18;
p < 0,001). Nhu vdy, ed thi ndi, hai nhdn td nay ed tinh ehit trai nguge nhau

vd hrong dii dpe lap vdi nhau vd mdi nhdm phan dnh mdt loai cam xuc rieng
biet. Dir lieu tren ia bing chiing djnh luang di ndi ring, cdc cdm xiic dugc
phan thdnh 2 loai khde nhau: duong tinh vd dm tinh vd ettng cd minh chutig
cho thiy, cd thi cd loai thir ba la cdm xue trung tinh vd "ngae nhidn" dupe xep
vao dd.
Tuy nhien, nghidn eiru ndy ehua khdo sdt nhiiu loai edm xiic hon de
khing djnh nhdm cam xiic trung tinh ndy. Nhu vdy, 44 cdm xiie duge xac djnh
thanh hai nhdm Id: cam xde duong tinh vd cam xuc am tinh. Trong (Id, cd 26
cam xiic dm tinh vd 17 cdm xiic duong tinh. "Ngae nhien" khdng ndm trong
hai nhdm cdm xiic trdn.

TAP CHITAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (239), 2-2019

87


3.2. Tan sudt xuat hien cua cam xuc duang tinh vd am tinh
T6ng hop 2 loai cam xuc bang each tinh diem trung binh ve tan suat
theo nhom, kit qua hien thi of hai biiu d6 1 va 2 cho th§y, tai noi lam viec,
nguai lao dgng trai nghiem cam xiic duong tinh nhieu hon am tinh.

n

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n/TI
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f ^ - f ^

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Bieu do 1: Phdn bo tdn sudt cdm xic
duang tinh tgi nai Idm viec

7

1

L

Bieu do 2: Phdn bo tdn sudt cdm xuc
dm tinh tgi noi ldm viee

Dd thi d bieu dd 1 hoi nghieng ben phdi, ve phia diem cao, cho thay
ting hpp cac cam xiic duang tinh xuit Men khd thucmg xuyen (DTB = 2,94;
DLC = 0,471). Khdng cd ngudi lao ddng ndo ehua tung trdi nghiem cam xiic
ndy tai noi lam viee vd eung rat it ngudi ludn ludn trdi nghiem todn bd ede loai
cam xiic nay.
Trdi lai, biiu dd 2 cho thiy, dd thi ngbieng vi ben trdi, thugc mdc diim
thip, tile Id ede cam xuc dm tinh cd tan suit it xuit hien ban tai nai lam viee,
chu yeu d mite mdt ddi Idn hoac it hon. Tuy nhien, eung cd mdt ty le rit nhd
ngudi lao ddng ludn ludn trai nghiem loai cam xuc nay vd tit cd ngudi lao
ddng deu da tung trai nghiem mdt sd edm xue am tinh tai noi ldm viec.
3.3. Tinh pho bien va linh Ihu&ng xuyen cda ede dgng edm xue tai nai
Idm viee
Tinh phi biin cua timg cam xue thi hiin pham vi xuit hien eua cdm xuc
dd CO d nhiiu ngudi hay khdng. Theo phan b i xdc suit, mdt cam xiie duac coi

Id phi biin khi nd xuit hien d hon 50% so ngudi lao ddng tai noi ldm vide
Xem xet tinh phd bien, chung tdi quan tam xem dang cam xuc dd cd xuat hien
hay khdng xuit hien tai nai lam vije ma ehua tinh din mue dp thudng xuydn
xuit hien cua chung. Vi thi, bdi viit nay quan tam din dac tinh thu hai Id tinh
thudng xuyen eiia ede dang edm xue. Tinh thudng xuyen cho biit cam xue

TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 2 (239), 2 -

2019


dugc trdi nghidm d mirc dp tan sudt ndo. Mdt dang edm xiic duge coi ed tinh
thudng xuyen khi tin suit trai nghiem nd d mire eao hom diim trung vi eua
thang do (2,5 diim).
Biiu do 3 yd 4 eho thay, nhin chung tai nai Idm viee, cdc cam xuc
duong tinh phi bien han va the hien tinh thudng xuyen han cdm xuc am tinh.
Cu thi nhu sau:
Cdm xue duang tinh

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Bieu do 3. Tinh pho biin vd tinh thudng xuyen eia ede edm xuc duang tinh
tgi nai ldm viee (%)

TAP CHiTAM LynOC, Sd 2 (239), 2 - 2019

89


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Biiu dd 4: Tinh pho biin vd tinh thuang xuyen eiia cdm xic dm tinh
tgi nai ldm viec (%)

90

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC,Sd2(239),2-2019


Tit ca cam xiic duang tinh diu rit pho biin tai nai lam vide. Mdi cdt thi
hien timg cam xiic duong tinh diu hiin thi d miic tren 85% s i ngudi lao ddng
da timg trdi nghiem nhiing edm xue do d cdc mue dp khae nhau. Httng liiu,
thoai mdi, •vui la ba cam xue phd bien nhit vdi 100% sd ngudi da timg trdi
nghiem chiing. Nguong mo, tu hao it phd bidn han cd trong si cdc cdm xiie
duong tinh, nhung vdn d miic phi biin cao khi chiing xuit Men d hon 85% si
ngudi lao dpng.
v i tinh thudng xuyen cua cdm xuc duang ti'nh, du lieu eho thiy, diim
trang binh cua ede dang edtn xuc nay thdp nhit la 2,56 (nguang md) va cao
nhdt la 3,07 (vui). Cd thi thay, tat ca cdm xuc nay diu ed tinh thudng xuyen.

Nhu vay, cd the ndi, nhin ehung, tai noi lam viee, cdm xiie duong tinh xuat
hien khd thudng xuyen d ngudi lao ddng. Neu chi tinh ty le nhttng ngudi trdi
nghiem cdm xuc d mue "ludn ludn" (mde eao nhdt tren thang do ludng) thi
nhiet tinh vd lac quan la nhttng edm xue ed ty le eao nhdt (tren 1/3 sd ngudi lao
ddng ludn ludn trdi nghiem). Ty bdo, ddng cdm vd ngudng mp cd ty le sd
ngudi trdi nghiem d mite dp "ludn ludn" thap nhat (dudi 20% sd ngudi).
Sd lieu cung cho thay, cd tdi gan 1/4 sd ngudi lao ddng It khi hoac
khdng cdm thdy ed ddng lye va hanh phiic tai ngi ldm viee. Chi ed khodng 1/5
si ngudi lao dgng ludn edm thdy hung thii, thich thu, cd Ieh.
Cdm xic dm tinh
Da lieu cho thiy, ed 16/26 dang cdm xue dm tinh cd ty le sd tigudi da
timg trdi nghidm d mirc cao ban 50%. Dd Id: Chdn nan, tue gian, lo lang, that
vgng, budn, cang thing, biic xue, khd chiu, ire che, khdng hdi long, mat ddng
luc, ghet, bi dd ky, cam thiy kem cdi, xiu hi, sg hdi vd cdm thiy khdng an
loan. Ddy Id nhttng dang cdm xue ed tinh phd bien tai ngi ldm viec. Troiig do,
buin, thit vgng, lo ling, titc gian vd chan ndn la 5 cdm xiie xuat hien d hdu hdt
nhitag ngudi lao ddng thude miu nghidn cdu. Dac biet, chdn nan yd tire gian Id
hai cam xile md khdng cd ngudi lao ddng ndo chua timg edm thdy tai nai lam
viec. Cdng thing cung Id cam xiic cd d phin Idn ngudi lao ddng (87,9%). Buc
xilc, khd chju, iie ehi, khdng hai long cung cd da s i ngudi lao ddng (tren 60%)
ttai nghiem. Cdm thiy tdi Idi, coi thudng, bj loai tru, vd dyng, dau khd Id
nhttng cdm xuc it phd biin tai nai Idm viee nhat, nhung eung ed tu ban 30 den
40% si ngudi da timg trdi nghiem cde cam xiie nay.
Tit ea edm xile am tinh thi hien tinh thudng xuyen rit thap. Cdng thang,
lo ling, budn, tire gian, chdn nan, thit vgng Id nhttng cdm xiic cd tinh thudng
xuyen cao hgn so vdi cdc cam xuc am tinh khde dugc nghien euu (diem trung
binh ttt 2,09 din 2,37), nhung eung chi d mtte xuit Men mgt ddi Idn. Biic
xiic/khd chiu va tte ehi Id hai dang cdm xiic cd mue phi bien it ban so vdi ede

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cam xiic nhu buin, chdn ndn, thit vpng, tiic gian, nhtmg lai cd nhieu ngudi lao
dpng trdi nghiem thudng xuyen hem cdc edm xiic nay. Dieu do ed nghia la du
nd xuit hien d It ngudi lao ddng ban, nhtmg tin suat xudt hien cua nd lai
thudng xuyen ban. Xet ty Id nhimg ngudi trdi nghiem cam xiic d mile "ludn
ludn" thi cang thdng vd lo lang Id hai cam xiic dm tinh thudng hay xuat Men a
nhiiu ngudi nhat, dac biet Id edng thdng, cd gdn 1/10 sd ngudi lao dpng ludn
ludn trdi nghiem vd khodng 1/4 s i ngudi lao dpng kha thudng xuyen cam thdy
edng thing. Si ngudi ludn ludn cam thay tdi Idi, bi loai tru, coi thudng eiing
ed, nhung rit It, ehiim ty le ehi vai % md thdi.
Trong sd 10 edm xiic am tinh cd tinh phd bien vd tinh thudng xuyen
thip (bit luc, thd a, bi coi thudng, bit cin, ganh ghet, dau khd, vd dyng, bi loai
trit, eoi thucmg, tdi Idi), thd a va bit can la hai edm xue ed nhieu ngudi lao
dgng thudng xuydn cam thiy ban cd tai noi lam viee (7,6%> va 6,8%).
4. Ban luan va kit luan
4.1. Phan logi cam xdc
Nghien citu cdm xue tai nai lam viee tren mdu khdeh the ngudi lao ddng
Viet Nam da eho thay, cam xuc tai noi lam viec ed hai loai chinh, do la cam
xuc ducrng tinh vd am tinh. Ket qua nay kha tuomg ddng vdi phan loai cua
Fisher (1997); Grandey va cdng sy (2002). Tuy nhidn, trong nghien cuu nay,
"ngae nhien" la dang cam xiic khdng thudc loai duang tinh hay am tinh, md ed
thi la cam xiic trung tinh - mpt loai edm xue thu ba, khdng mang sac thai rd net
de xdc dinh Id duang tinh hay dm tinh. Trong khi dd, mdt so nghien eiiu lai eho
rang, "ngae nhidn" la cam xiic duang tinh (Fisher, 1996) hay mang mau sic tich
cue (Poggi vd Germani, 2003). Nghien eim dinh lugng cua ehung tdi khdng ehi
ra bing chimg "ngae nhidn" thuge ye loai cam xue nao d tren, nhung dil lieu
nghidn cim cho thdy, chi cd duy nhdt mdt cdm xuc ndy, vi thi khdng thi xip

thanh mdt loai. Nhung dd Id ggi y cho nhtmg nghien euu tiip theo, ein tang
cudng ban nhung dang cam xuc khdc trong danh sdch cae cdm xiie se dugc
nghien cuu.
Dtt lieu cua nghidn ciiu nay cOng khdng xdc nhdn cdeh phdn edm xue
thanh nam loai cua Poggi vd Germani (2003). Nhu thi, tai noi ldm viec, cam xuc
dugc phan thdnh hai loai Id duang tinh va dm tuih phu hpp horn vdi mdu Vidt Nam
4.2. Tinh pho Men vd tinh thudng xuyen cda cdm xiic
Nghien cuu cho thdy, cde loai cdm xdc, ca duang tinh vd dm tinh la khd
phi bien tai noi lam viec. Tat ca cde dang cam xuc dugc tim hiiu diu da timg
dugc ngudi lao ddng trdi nghiem d noi lam viec nhung vdi cde miic dd khdc

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nhau. Vi thd, vdn de edm xiic tai noi lam viec rit cdn dugc quan tdm nghien
ciiu sdu han d mdi trudng t i chile lao dpng d Viet Nam.
Trong mdi trudng t i chile d Viet Nam, ngudi lao dpng thudng hay trdi
nghiem cdc cam xiic duang tinh hem cam xuc dm tinh, diiu ndy cung dugc
khdng dinh trong nghien eilu cua Fisher (1997), Grandey va cdng su (2002).
Nghien ciiu cung phdt hien thdy ring, nhttng cam xdc dm tinh thi hien tinh tieu
cue tugng ddi manh nhu ilc chi tuy khdng phd biin d nai lam viec, nhimg niu
da xudt hien thi d tin suit khd thudng xuyen d mdt sd it ngudi. tTc chi khi
thudng xuydn vd keo ddi cd thi dan din su bimg phdt eua tiic gian hoae ede
hanh vi thiiu kiim soat. Nhu thi, dii khdng phd biin - hie Id cdm xuc ndy ehi
cd d it ngudi - nhung khdng cd nghia Id khdng ein quan tam din nd, ma trdi lai,
cdn phdi dugc chii y hom, bdi tinh chdt manh me nhung dm tinh eua dang edm
xiic nay cd the dnh hudng tieu cue din hanh vi, thdi dd lao ddng eua con ngudi.
Ket qua nghidn edu ndy cung khd tuong ding vdi nghien eiiu eua Parrot

(2001), Antoniadou (2010), Grandey vd edng su (2002) d chd da xdc nhan tinh
thudng xuyen xuit hien eua cac cam xiie duong tinh nhu nhiet tinh, thich thii,
vui ve, hai long cung nhu cdc cdm xiic khdc nhu: thoai mai, quy trgng, lac
quan, ydu thuong, hung thii, hanh phuc, cd Ieh, ed ddng lue. Tinh thudng
xuyen eua ede cdm xuc duong tinh nay cao hem hdn so vdi cdc cdm xue am
tinh. Xem xet cam xiie am tinh eho thdy, gdn nhu cdc nghidn cdu tren miu
khdeh the nude ngodi chi ra rdng, tue gian Id cdm xuc am tinh md nhan vien/
ngudi lao ddng hay trdi nghiem nhit (Fisher, 1997; Sherer vd edng sy, 2004;
Grandey vd edng sy, 2002), trong khi dd, ngudi lao ddng Vidt Nam lai thudng
hay cdm thdy cang thing vd lo ldng tai noi Idm viee, dde biet Id edng thdng.
Nhu vdy, nhin chung d mpi ndn van hda, ngudi lap ddng ed thd trdi
nghiem cde dang cdm xue tuomg ty nhau. Tuy nhien, ddu Id edm xue phd bien
nhdt, thudng xuydn dien ra nhdt ed thd khdng nhu nhau bdi nhttng khde biet
vdn hda, md dieu nay ein ed nhung nghidn eim xdc nhdn vd eiing giup ieh
ttong dng dyng di tao ra nhiing edm xiic ed khd ndng kieh hoat hdnh vi lao
dpng tich eye phii hgp vdi timg vdn hda.
4.3. Ve cam xic dircmg tinh
Cdc cdm xuc duang tinh rat phi biin, nhung khdng bin cd tinh thudng
xuyen cao md hiing thii la mdt vi dy. Trong si cdc edm xuc duong tinh, hung
thii la mdt trong sd cac cdm xuc pho biin nhit, tuy nhien l^i khdng phai la cdm
xdc md ngudi lao dgng thudng hay cdm thiy. Chi ed 1/5 sd ngudi lao ddng eho
ring, hp ludn cdm thiy hitng thii vd cd khodng 1/4 si ngudi lao dgng It khi
ho}c chua tilng cdm thiy hiing thii tai nai lam vide. Dieu ndy cho thay, day la
dang cdm xuc ed thi cd d nhiiu ngudi lao dpng, nhung lai khdng dl di hinh

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thdnh va duy tri hung thii trong mdt khodng thdi gian lien tue trong khi day la
edm xuc cd khd ndng thue ddy ndng cao nhdn thilc va kieh boat hdnh dgng de
giai quydt vin de (Poggi vd Germani, 2003; Izard, 1992).
Nhiet tinh la cdm xiic ma ngudi lao ddng thudng xuyen cdm thay nhat
tai nai Idm vide, day la mgt biiu hien tdt ve mat nhdn su. Nhung nhdn vidn
nhiet tinh trong cdng viee thutmg sdn Idng ddp ttng cdc ydu cdu dupe dat ra
trong cae ITnh vye ldm viee khde nhau, ke cd nhttng thdeh thiic vd hg tham gia
mdt edeh tieh eye vdo cde vai trd trong td chuc (Zantepello vd edng su, 2007 din theo Province va Mamaghani, 2018). Vi vay, mot ngudi lao dpng nhiet
tinh vdi edng viec thi bdn than hp da la mdt ngudn luc hieu qua cda to ehiie.
Tuy nhien, mdt si edm xuc khdc mang tinh tao ddng luc va kich thich ngudi
lao ddng kham phd, sang tao nhu "cd ddng lue", "hung thii", "thich thii" lai thd
hien tinh thudng xuyen thdp hem kha nhieu so vdi "nhiet tinh" vd mpt bd phdn
khdng It ngudi lao ddng It khi bode ehua bao gid trdi nghiem nhtmg cam xuc
ndy. Diiu ndy cho thdy, cd the ed nhttng ngudi lao dgng edm thdy nhiet tinh
vdi edng vide, nhung lai khdng thdy ed ddng lye hay himg thii vdi nd hoac sy
nhiet tinh eua hp ed thi hudng den mdt ddi tugng khde ngodi edng viec. Nhu
vdy, sy nhiet tinh eiia ngudi lao ddng trong mdu nghien cilu nay cd the giup
cdng viee duge gidi quyet, nhung lai ehua dd sire thiie ddy hg sdng tao trong
qud trinh Idm viee vd tao ra sdn phdm mdi. Dieu ndy eho thay, cdc edm xiic
tich cue nen dupe kieh hoat thudng xuydn vd ddng deu.
Cd khd nhidu ngudi lao dpng it khi hoac chua timg cam thay tu hao
trong khi ddy Id cdm xue phan anh suy nghi tich eye ve ehinh bdn than ngudi
lao ddng (Poggi va Germani, 2003). Viee it khi tu hao hay chua tirng thiy tu
hao ve bdn than cd the khiin ngudi lao ddng thiiu ty tin hoac cdm nhan khdng
eao vd gid tri lao ddng eua ban thdn trong khi, ty hdo v i giaTtri cua bdn than
trong td chuc Id diiu thiic diy ngudi lao ddng cdng hiin va dat thdnh tich.
Nhu vdy, mac dii mdt sd cam xiic duong tinh rit phi biin d nhiiu ngudi
lao ddng, nhung khdng cd tinh thudng xuyen eao. Niu nhu sd dyng cam xuc
nhu mpt yiu ti/phuong tien di diiu khiin hdnh vi cua ngudi lao ddng thi tinh
thieu thudng xuyen cua cde cam xue nay ehinh Id mpt ban ehi. Vi vay, Idm thi

ndo di tao ra, duy tri nhirng edm xue duong tinh vd di chuyin hda chiing thanh
thdi dp, tinh thin Idm viec tich cue cua ngudi lao ddng se Id bai todn md cdc
nha qudn ly hay ehinh ngudi lao dpng cin phdi luu tam, dae biet Id nhttng dang
cam xue ed khd ndng tao dpng lyc vd kich boat ngudi lao ddng lam vide nhu
nhiet tinh, hiing thu, thieh thii, cd ddng lyc.
4.4. Ve edm xdc am tinh
Cdm xiic dm tinh It phi biin vd eung It xuit hien hon tai nai ldm viee so
vdi cam xuc duong tinh. Mac dii ed tinh thudng xuyen thip, nhung tit ed cdc
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TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, Sd2(239),2-2019


dang cam xdc dm tinh dugc tim hieu trong nghien cilu ndy diu cd mdt ty le nhd
ngudi lao ddng ludn ludn trdi nghiem, tue la hp ludn cam thiy tieu cue tai nai
Idm vide. Day la didm ddng lim tdm bdi hp cd thi la nhttng trudng hpp ein sy hd
ttg vd eham sdc siie khde tinh thdn, khdng nhtmg thi, nhdm ngudi lao ddng nay
cd thi ttd thdnh "ngdi chdm", "dudng ddn" phan ling tieu cue (edm xiie, hdnh
vi...) din vdi nhiing ngudi lao dgng khdc.
Chdn nan, tire gian, lo lang vd thit vgng la ede dang cam xiic am tinh
ma hiu hit nhttng ngudi lao dgng trong miu nghien ciru da timg trdi nghiem.
Niu nhu lo lang vd tue gian Id nhttng edm xuc cd thi ed Igi eho cdng viec, tuy
timg tinh hudng nao khien hg cd cam xuc dd, thi trdi lai, chan nan va that vpng
la cdc dang cam xiie gdy suy gidm tinh thdn, ddng thdi khdng kieh thieh hdnh
ddng (Larson, Diener va Lucas, 2002). Didu nay cd the hieu, khi cdm thay
chdn ndn, that vgng, ngudi lao ddng se roi vdg trang thdi khdng mudn bode
khdng the hdnh ddng hieu qua trong qud trinh giai quyit nhiem vy. Vi vdy, cd
thi coi day la cdm xiic gay hai va khdng nen tdn tai trong td chiic.
Ngudi lao dgng Viet Nam hay edm thiy edng thdng tai noi ldm viec
nhit. Tuy nhidn, ddy khdng phai la cam xiic nen loai bd hodn todn. Cdc ket qud

nghidn cim-trudc dd cho thdy, nhirng tac ddng hai ehiiu eua dang cam xiie ndy.
Cang thing se Idm suy giam hieu suit lao ddng (Alkubaisi, 2015). Tuy nhien,
mdt si tde gid khdc lai eho thiy edng thing bdi khdi lupng edng viec lai giup
tang bieu suit lao ddng, nhung cdng thing bdi sy xung dot trong vai trd ddm
nhiem lai khiin hieu suit lao ddng gidm di (Gharib, Jamil, Ahmad va Ghouse,
2016). Diiu ndy cd thi ggi y ring, cde nhd qudn ly/lanh dao nen tao cho ngudi
lao ddng cd sy cang thing d mue dp hgp ly va vdi tde nhan gdy cdng thdng phii
hgp. Tucmg tu, cac cam xiic dm tinh nhu tire gian, sg hai hay ghen ti eung cd
khd ndng tde ddng hai ehiiu din hieu suit lao ddng (Milivojveich, 2006; Van
de Ven, Zeelenberg vd Pieters, 2011).
Mpt sd cam xue nhu coi thudng, bj coi thudng, bj loai tru, khdng phd
biin tai noi Idm viec, nhung vdn cd mdt bd phdn nhd ngudi lao ddng trdi
nghiem ede cam xiic nay d mite khd thudng xuyen va ludn ludn. Nhttng cam
xiic ndy lidn quan din tuomg tde gitta cac cd nhdn bode nhdm, chiing ed the Id
rao can khiin ngudi lao ddng khdng thi kit nil va cimg nhau lam viee, ddng
thdi nd cung cd thi lien'quan din su chia re/be phdi trong td chuc. Bdn canh
do, ty le sd ngudi lao ddng thudng xuydn trdi iighiem hai dang edm xue thd a
va bit ein (7,6% va 6,8% tuomg itng) Id con s i cung ddng luu tdm bdi day Id
nhimg dang cdm xiic phdn dnh rd net thdi do ldm viec. Cd thi hinh dung hieu
qua hoat ddng eua td chirc se ra sao khi ma trong td chirc, eu 30 ngudi lao
ddng se ed hai ngudi thudng xuyen edm thiy thd a vd bit ein tai nai lam viee.
Hg la nhttng ngudi se khdng nhttng bd mac edng viec vd hinh thdnh thdi dp

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lam viec vd trach nhiem, ma cdn cd thi la diu mdi gay ra nhiing sy viec tieu
eye tai td chire. Vi vay, mde dii khdng xudt Men vdi tan sudt thudng xuyen,

nhung ddy Id nhirng cdm xiic cin loai bd khdi td chile.
Nhu vdy, mdc dii cam xuc am tinh it phd bidn vd It khi xuat hien tai not
Idm viee, nhimg la diem ma cdc nha qudn ly rat can quan tdm. Dira tren nhiing
nghien eiiu trudc do, ede bdn ludn dd dua ra gpi y v i khd nang ttng dyng mpt
si dang edm xuc am tinh de tdng bieu suit lao ddng hay di ed nhttng nghidn
ciiu sdu vi tde ddng nhieu chieu cda cde dang cdm xiie am tinh dugc thuc hien
trdn mdu ngudi lao dgng Vidt Nam.
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