Đánh giá hiệu quả của sự khích lệ trong công việc đến người trẻ

DANH GlA HIEU QUA CUA SU KHICH LE
TRONG CONG VIEC DEN NGUOI TRE
Bai viet nay \i mot phan ket qua nghien cCfu cOa de tai co sd 2019: Khicli le trong cong
viec cOa dong nghiep ddi vdi can bo tre; Vien Tam IJ hpc chCi tri; ThS. Pham Minh Thu
ISm chO nhiem.
Pham Minh Thu
Vien Tdm ly hpc.

TOM TAT
De tim hieu hieu qud cua su khich le ciia ddng nghiep trong cong viec den
ngudi tre, ndm 2019, nghien ciru tien hdnh khdo sdt 191 nguai tre tudi hien dang
idm viec igi cdc vien nghien ciru igi Hd Npi Ket qud cha thdy, theo ddnh gid ciia
nhiing ngudi ire, sau khi nhan duac su khich le, hp lu nhdn thdy minh tuang dpi hdi
long vd ddnh gid lich cue ve hieu qud ciia su khich le dpi vdi cong viec vd tdm ly cua
hp. Cdng nhdn duac su khich le, dii vdi hinh thirc ndo thi hp deu cd nhirng thay doi
tich cue, ddng thdi ket qud du bdo cUng cho thdy, nhimg dnh hudng tich cue cua su
khich le tdi nhiing thay doi ve tdm ly vd cong viec cua nhiing ngudi tre.
Tir khoa: Khich le: Ngudi tre: Khich le trang cdng viec.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 28/9/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/1/2020.
1. Mij- dSu
Bat ke ai tre tudi khi tham gia lao ddng, du d linh vuc nao, cflng deu cd
nhirng xuat phat diem gan nhu gidng nhau: thieu kinh nghiem, thieu kien thurc
thuc te, thieu nang lire ve chuyen mdn, thilu ky nang lam viec. Mdt sd trudng
hgp khac cdn thieu ca su tu tin, manh dan, tham chi khdng nhan ra gia trj ban
than. NhOng diem nay d nhu:ng ngudi tre tudi cd the tdn tai va keo dai ISu hay
nhanh phu thudc khdng chi vao ban than hg ma cdn phu thudc vao nhu-ng yeu
td khac ben ngoai, trong dd, nhu-ng su khich le cua iihung ddng nghiep khac,
dac biet la nhflng ngudi ddng nghidp Idn tudi vdi nhieu kinh nghiem cd gia tri
hflu ich trong sir phat trien cong viec ciia nhflng ngudi tre.
Hieu qua ciia su khich le nay da dugc mdt sd nghien ciru trong va ngoai
nude quan tam. Nhflng tac ddng cua phin thudng nhu mpt hinh thuc cua sir

khich le cd tic dung gay dnh hudng din cdng viec, din din kit qua nhat dinh
(Thomas, Ambrosini va Hughes, 2017), ngudi tap huin giup cae hgc vien hieu

TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, S6' 2 (251), 2 - 2020

59


duge cac van de va lam each nao dl vugt qua nhflng rao can, dong thdi khuyen
khich hgc vien no lu thuc hien kl hoach hanh ddng ngay ca khi gap trd ngai va
that bai (Martin, 2010). Danh gia vai trd ciia sit khich le thdng qua phong each
lanh dao, quan ly, Le Thi Thanh Huong (2017) ghi nhan ring, trong hoat dgng
san xuat chung ciia cae hd ndng dan, su khich le cua ngudi ditng dau cd anh
hudng tdi su tuan thu lao ddng, tdi moi quan he giti-a cac thanh vien trong khi
thuc hien cdng viec chung theo ehilu hudng tich cue. Them nfla, Tran Huang
Thanh (2012) cho ring, phong each hi do hoac dan chil dudng nhu khuyen
khich dugc tinh tich cue ban la phong each dgc doan.
Mdt sd nghien cuu cung quan tam tdi mdi quan he gifla cac hinh thirc
khich le vdi bieu qua cua nd den cdng viec. Hinh thuc uu tien chu y giao viec
va thudng vat chat dugc su dung thudng xuyen hon ca va la hai binh thirc dem
lai hieu qua lao dgng trdi hon so vdi cac hinh thiic khac (Le Huong, 2003);
hinh thuc danh gia, ghi nhan thanh tich bing vat chit va khen thudng ddi vol
qua trinh lam viec cua ngudi lao dgng nhim dat dugc muc tieu mong mudn
(Thomas, Ambrosini va Hughes, 2017). Sir cung cip thdng tin, dua ra Idi khuyen
ciia cac ddng nghiep vdi nhau, cQng nhu cua ngudi giam sat tdi cac nhan vien
se giiip cho cdng viec dugc thuan Igi va de dang ban. Mdt sd nghien ciru khac
lai quan tam tdi mdi quan he giiia cac binh thirc khich le vdi hieu qua ciia nd
doi vdi tam ly con ngudi. Martin (2010) nhan thay rang, viec cae nha tap huan
giiip hgc vien hilu cac vin de, ap lire can phai ddi mat giup cac hgc vien nd luc
hon trong nhung tinh hudng khd khan, vugt qua nhQng rao can ngay ca khi gap

nhirng trd ngai va that bai. Nhirng hinh thuc lien quan den phuc Igi vat chat
(luang, thudng, che do dai ngd) giup cho ngudi lao dgng tich cue ban (Tran
Huong Thanh, 2012; Nguyln Thi Tinh, 2009; Le Huang, 2003). La nhQng
ngudi ddng nghiep di trudc dii trai qua nhflng khd khiin, hieu va thdng cam vdi
nhQng vudng mac ca ve mat tam ly va cdng viec ma ngudi tre da, dang va se
trai qua, hg can va cd trach nhiem giup eho nhQng ngudi tre nhan ra sire manh
ciia ban than minh, cd ca hdi de the hien, va cd ddng lire, nd luc ban trong mgi
hoan canh de tien hanh cac boat dgng, giai quyet cac khd khan trong cdng viec.
Rd rang, ben canh viec danh gia hieu qua cua sir khich le trong cac boat
dgng lao ddng, cac nghien ciru cGng da de cap tdi tac dgng cua cac hinh thurc
khich le khac nhau tdi cdng viec cflng tam ly ngudi dugc khich le. Mac dii vay,
nhung van de nay dugc quan tam Idng ghep trong cac nghien cuu lien quan
din boat ddng lao ddng, din cac phong each quan ly khac nhau mdt each
chung chung, tren nhQng ddi tugng lao ddng khac nhau, trong cac ITnh vuc
khac nhau. Dl tim bieu sau cac vin dl nay dudi gdc do tam ly hgc, bai vilt tap
trung vao tim hieu danh gia cua chinh ngudi dugc khich le - la nhung ngudi tre

60

TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd' 2 (251), 2 - 2020


mdi - vl hieu qua cua su khich le, ddng thdi tim hieu mdi quan he giua cac
hinh thiic khich le vdi hi$u qua cua nd.
2. Phu-o-ng phap nghien ciiu
2.1. MSu khdch the nghien ciiu
Mlu khach the nghien ciiu gdm 191 ngudi cd thiim nien cdng tac tQ 10
nam trd xudng (trung binh la 5,65 nam; SD = 2,63), hien dang lam viec tai cac
vien nghien ciiu thudc Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam (chilm
46,9%) va Vien Han lam Khoa hgc va Cong nghe Viet Nam (chilm 52,1%) tai

Ha Ngi. Vdi dac thu ngudi dugc hdi la nhflng ngudi dang lam viec trong cac
vien nghien ciiu nen sd ngudi cdng tac trong khdi nghien ciru chiem da sd (vdi
80,5%), phan Idn la nu (vai 63,4%) va chu yeu vdi trinh do hgc van sau dai
hgc (chiem 74,7%). Khao sat bang bang hoi dugc thuc hien vao nam 2019.
2.2. Cdng cu va phuffngphap nghien ciiu
Nham tim hieu hieu qua tac dgng ciia su khich le ddi vdi ngudi tre thong
qua sir danh gia cua chinh hg, nghien ciru sit dung phuang phap dilu tra bing
bang hdi. Cac cau hdi dugc thiSt ke biing cac thang do. Cu the:
Thang do Hieu qua ciia su khich le din nhitng ngudi tre tudi bao gdm 12
menh de (item), dugc thiet ke va su dung bang 2 tilu thang do. Thang do Thay
ddi ve tam ly bao gdm 8 item, xoay quanh nhung tac dung ve mat tam ly cua
ngudi tre sau khi nhan dugc su khich le nhu tin tudng vao the manh cua ban
than, tu tin, manh dan, nd luc... ban trong cdng viec. Thang do Thay ddi trong
cdng viec bao gdm 4 item, xoay quanh nhQng tac dung ve cdng viec nhu y
tudng, tien do va san pham cong viec. Tat ca cac item cua hai thang do nay gdm
4 phuang an vdi mire do dimg tang dan: tu hoan toan khdng dung den hoan toan
diing, tuang Omg vdi miic diim tu 1 din 4. Diem cang cao thi nhflng thay dpi
cang mang chieu hudng tich cue. Do tin cay Alpha cua Cronbach ciia hai tieu
thang do nay lan lugt la 0,90 va 0,82. Do tin cay ciia toan thang do la 0,92.
D I tim hieu mdi quan he gifla su khich le vdi nhQng hieu qua tac dgng
sau khi nhung ngudi tre nhan dugc sir khich le, nghien cuu nay thiet ke va su
dung thang do cac hinh thirc dugc khich le vdi 27 item va chia thanh 6 tieu
thang do dua tren 6 hinh thiic cua su khich le. Tieu thang do Dugc quan tam:
bao gdm 5 item xoay quanh cac ngi dung lien quan den viec cac ddngnghiep
the hien su quan tam ciia hg vl cdng viec cua ddng nghiep tre nhu san sang
ling nghe, khuyin khich, tham hdi va ddng cam vdi khd khan ciia ddng nghiep
tre. Tilu thang do Dugc tdn trgng - Tin tudng bao gdm 4 item, xoay quanh cac
ndi dung lien quan din sir ling nghe, tao co hdi lam viec cho ddng nghiep tre.
Tilu thang do Dugc chia se - hd trg bao gdm 5 item xoay quanh ve ngi dung

TAP CHI TAM LfHOC, Sd'2 (251), 2 - 2020

61


lien quan den chia se vl kiln thuc, thdng tin, hudng dan, hd trg ddng nghiep tre
trong cdng viec. Tilu thang do Bugc ghi nhto bao gdm 5 item, xoay quanh ve
hinh thirc dugc ghi nhan, nhu bing su chiic mtmg, khen nggi, earn an bing 1°"
vabing vat chit. Tilu thang do Dugc khoi day su tu tin bao gdm 4 item, dugc
thi hien bing nhQng Idi nhan xet tieh cue, khuyin khich ddng nghiep tre the
hien nang luc ciia minh. Tilu thang do Dugc truyin cam hirng bao gdm 4 item,
dugc the hien bang su khai day cho ddng nghiep tre cam hirng, niem tin, long
tu hao vao cdng viec. Dd do cae hinh thuc khich le nay, cac item ciia cac tieu
thang do deu dugc xay dung theo 4 phuang an tuong ung vdi diem sd tir I - 4
(Hilm khi = I diim, Thinh thoang = 2 diim, Kha thudng xuyen = 3 diem,
Thudng xuyen = 4 diim). Diim ciia cac item va cac tilu thang do cang cao thi
thang do cang dugc thi hien ro, hay muc dd khich le ddi vdi ngudi tre cang
dugc thuc hien thudng xuyen. Kilm tra do tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbach ciia cac
tilu thang do lin lugt cho kit qua la 0,90; 0,79; 0,90; 0,79; 0,86 va 0,89. Toan
thang do Dugc khich le cd do tin cay bing 0,96. Cac gia tri nay deu cd do tin
cay cao (> 0,7).
Mdt sd phdng vin sau cflng dugc thuc hien dl tim hieu nhflng sac thai
cu the trong danh gia hieu qua cua su khich le.
Sd lieu khao sat dugc xii ly bang phin mem thdng ke toan hgc SPSS
phien ban 22.0. Cac phep phan tich sau day dugc su dung: phan tich theo ty le
%, gia tri diim trung binh (M), do lech chuin (SD) cua tflng menh dl, tilu thang
do va toan thang do, phan tich T-test, Anova, tuong quan va hdi quy dan bien.
3. Ket qua nghien cii'u
3. J. Ddnh gid hieu qud lac dgng cua su khich le trong cong viec d
ngudi tre tuoi

Bang 1: Ddnh gid vi hliu qud ciia su khich le trong cong viec d ngudi tre tudi
Mii-c do dunE (%)

Hieu qua ciia su- khicli Ic

M
4
2,90

0,49

16,8

73,2

9,5

2,92

0,53

1,1

23,7

62,6

12,6

2,87

0,63

2,1

21,1

62,6

14,2

2,89

0,65

2

Tin tirang vao kha niing, gia tri cua ban than
(lin vao the manh, niing lire ciia ban than...)

0,5

Coi mff hon khi chia se cac van de trong cong
viec
Tir tin khi trinh bay y kiSn, y tirong trong cong
vice

/. Tiiiiy doi ve tiim Iv

62

SD

3^

1

TAP CHI TAM I t HOC, S6' 2 (251), 2 - 2020


Manh dan th6 hien kha nang ban than nhieu
hon truQC tap the

4,2

23,2

61,1

11,6

2,80

0,69

Nhiet huyet hon vdi cong viec

2,1

17,9

65,3

14,7

2,93

0,64

No lire hon trong cong viec

1,6

14,2

66,3

17,9

3,01

0,62

Khong nan long khi g^p virdng m k trong
cong viec

3,2

21,1

57,9

17,9

2,91

0,71

Chii dpng hoc hoi tir nhirng nguoi dong
nghiep khac

1,6

10,5

64,7

23,2

3,09

0,63

2,83

0,55

Co nhieu y tuong hon trong cong vice

1,6

30,0

58,4

10,0

2,77

0,64

Chat luang san pham cong viec tot hon trirdc

2,1

16,3

68,9

12,6

2,92

0,61

Tien do cong viec dirge hoan thanh nhanh
chong hon

3,2

18,9

65,8

12,1

2,87

0,65

Co so lirang san pham c6ng viec virot mire chi
tieu

3,2

29,5

56,8

10,0

2,77

0,81

2,89

0,48

//. Tliay itoi ve cdng viec

Toan thang do

Ghi chii: 1. Hoan loan khdng diing (I diem): 2. Phdn tdn Id khdng diing (2 diem): i. Phdn
lan Id diing (3 diem): 4. Hoan todn dung (4 diem). Biem ciia cdc item, lieu thang do vd tocm
thang do cdng cao Ihi sir thay doi cdng nhieu va mang chieu hudng tich cue.

Ket qua khao sat cho thay, nhirng ngudi tre tuang ddi hai Idng sau khi nhan
dugc sir khich le tit nhflng ngudi ddng nghiep (M = 7,29/10 va SD = 1,43). Khich
le cua nhung ngudi ddng nghiep Idn tudi (M = 7,72), nhQng ngudi ddng nghiep
cap tren (M ^ 7,71), nhflng ngudi ddng nghiep ciing phdng (M = 7,55) va
nhung ngudi ddng nghiep ciing nhdm lam vice (M = 7,63) dem lai cho hg sir
hai Idng hern ca. Dieu nay cho thiy, trong cdng viec, uy tin, quyen lire, kinh
nghiem va sir gan bd trong cdng vi§e gian tiep la nhung yeu td tac ddng them
khien nhflng ngudi tre cam nhan thiy su hai Idng ban khi nhan dugc su khich
le, ddng thdi nhung cam xuc tich cue nay ciing gian tiep eho thay hg kha hai
long ve hieu qua ma su khich le dem lai.
Nhin chung, khi nhan dugc su khich le, nhQng ngudi Ue tadi danh gia
tuong ddi cao va tich cue ve hieu qua ciia nd ddi vdi ban than minh (M = 2,89).
Cac y kien nay tuang ddi thdng nhat gifla nhihig ngudi tre (SD = 0,48).
Hieu qua cua sir khich le dugc thi hien thdng qua nhung thay ddi ve mat
tam ly va ve mat cdng viec ciia nhirng ngudi tre. Nhirng thay ddi ve mat tam ly
dugc nhflng ngudi tre nhan thiy ro rang va theo ehilu hudng tich cue hdi hon mdt

TAP CHf TAM LfHOC, Sd'2 (251), 2 - 2020

63


chut (M = 2,90; SD = 0,49) so vdi nhQng thay ddi vl mat cdng vifc (M = 2,83;

SD = 0,55). Trong cdng viec, nlu moi ngudi tre cd nhflng thay ddi ve mat tam
ly theo chieu hudng tich cue thi xu hudng trong tuang lai ngudi dd se cd nhieu
thay ddi tich cue vl mat cdng viec. Cbinb vi vay, day la nhung tin hieu dang
mtmg khi nhin nhan vl gia tri cua su khich le ddi vdi nhflng ngudi tte.
Nhflng sic thai tich cue vl mat tarn ly dugc thi hien thdng qua cac bieu
hien d nhung ngudi tre nhu hg ngay cang cam thiy manh dan, tu tin, nd luc,
nhiet huyet, chu ddng va ngay cang cdi md hem trong viec the bien ban than va
trong cdng viec (diim trung binh ciia cae item nay dao ddng trong khoang 2,8'7
- 3,09); trong dd sir nd lire (M = 3,01) va su chu dgng hgc hdi (M = 3,09) ^la
nhung thay ddi trdi ban ca. Nhung su thay ddi nay cho thiy viec khich le can
phai dugc thue hien cd tinh chit thudng xuyen ban. Khdng chi chinh hg nhQng ngudi tre va nhan dugc su khich le - cam nhan thiy nhflng thay ddi do,
ma nhung ngudi Idn tuoi vdi vai trd la nhflng ngudi khich le - da nhan thay
nhflng thay ddi nay: 'To; thdy, cdc em dy manh dgn hon, chit dpng sang hdi tdi
ve nhimg kien thirc, chit khdng nggi ngdn nhu truac nira" (nu, 40 tudi, nghien
ciru vien, Vien Tam ly hgc) va "Hdi trudc thi cd hot mdi cUng khong thdy cd y
klin gi, nhung sau khi tdt khich le thi cd ve tu tin han, thdy cd y tudng hay hodc
y klin ndo khde hodc gidng thi cUng tu bo sung thim. Md ciing mgnh dgn trinh
bdy truac tap thi, chic khdng nhdt nhu trudc nira" (nam, 45 tudi, nghien ciiu
vien, Vien Sir hgc).
Chat lugng san pham cdng viec va tien do cdng viec cua ban than nhflng
ngudi tre duge hg nhan thay rd trong mgt loat nhQng thay ddi ve cdng viec
(diem trung binh lan lugt la 2,92 va 2,87). Dieu nay gian tiep cho thay, nhung
ngudi tre da danh su chuyen can, chuyen tam va tap trung nhieu ban vao cdng
viec. Day la nhung bien ddi ca ve chat va ve lugng. Nhung ket qua dugc hien
dien va chac chan da kem theo su danh gia ciia nhung ngudi ddng nghiep Idn
tudi, cd vi tri cao ban se cang la dgng luc thuc day khien cho cho nhQng ngudi
tre ngay cang tu tin vdi kha nang va chuyen mdn ciia minh.
Khi xem xet su danh gia nay theo cac tieu chi, kit qua cho thay khdng
cd su khac biet giQa nhflng ngudi lam trong khoi nghien cuu va khdi phuc vu,
giua nhung nhdm cd trinh do tu dai hgc trd xudng va nhdm cd trinh do sau dai

hgc trd len, gifla nam va nfl (p > 0,05). Dieu nay chung td cd su thdng nhat
giua cac nhdm trong cac danh gia ve hieu qua cua sir khich le hoac su khich le
cd tac dgng khdng nhieu tdi viec lam thay ddi cdng viec va tam ly cua nhflng
nhdm ngudi tre nay.
Mac dii giQa nam va nQ khdng cd su khac biet Uong each danh gia (p > 0,05),
nhung nfl vin thiy minh ed nhung thay ddi tieh circ ban so vdi nam khi nhan

64

TAPCHfTAM LtHOC, SS2 (251), 2 - 2020


dugc su khich le. Nhung thay ddi vd tam ly, ve cdng viec va nhflng thay ddi ndi
chung d nu (M„5 lan lugt la 2,94; 2,87; 2,92) deu cao ban so vdi nbihig thay ddi
nay d nam (M„„ lin lugt la 2,89; 2,77; 2,85). Dilu nay cho thiy, vl mat tac
ddng, nu vin chiu nhflng anh hudng tac dgng nhieu hem, dac biet la hiu hit cac
hinh thiic ciia khich le cd tac dgng vao khia canh tinh thin cua mdi ngudi.
Nhflng nhdm ngudi tre cd tham nien cdng tac tu 4 - 7 nam cd sir nhan
thay nhflng thay ddi ve cong viec it ban so vdi nhQng ngudi tre cd tham nien
cdng tac tren 7 nam (M lan lugt la 2,68 va 2,98 vdi M khac biet la -0,29 vdi
p = 0,008 < 0,01) va dugc the hien trong sir khac biet vl tiln do cdng viec
(p = 0,042) va so lugng san phim cdng viec (p = 0,019). Va mac du, nhin
chung, giua hai nhdm nay khdng cd sir khac biet trong nhflng thay doi vl mat
tam ly sau khi nhan dugc su khich le, nhung nhflng ngudi cd tham nien cdng
tac tren 7 nam cd nhflng sir tu tin vao kha nang, vao gia tri ciia ban than nhilu
han so vdi nhung ngudi cd tham nien cdng tac tren 4 - 7 nam (p = 0,031). Dii
cd khac biet hay khdng khac biet giua cac nhdm cd tham nien cdng tac khac
nhau thi su thay ddi ve cac mat (ca vl tam ly va vl cdng vice) sau khi nhQng
ngudi tre nhan dugc sir khich le deu dugc thay rd d nhflng ngudi cd tham nien
cdng tac tren 7 nam. Phai chang, vdi thdi gian cdng tac nay thi hieu qua cua sir

khich le mdi dugc thiy rd? Va phai chang vdi dac thu da phin ngudi tra Idi
deu hien dang lam viec trong khdi nghien cuu - chilm 80,5%) va nhdm cd tham
nien cdng tac tren 7 nam lam trong khdi nghien cuu chilm tdi 75%. thi thdi
gian cdng tac lau hon cd thi khiln cho hieu qua cua su khich le khiln cho
nhflng ngudi tre trong nhdm nay cd ca hdi the hien nhieu ban trong cdng viec?
Bdng 2: Hliu qud ciia su khich le trong cong vlic o ngudi tre
(so sdnh theo thdm nlin cdng tdc) - Anova
NhomS
tir 4
nam

2.
Nhom
tren 4 7 nam

3.
Nhom
>7
nam

/. Thay doi ve torn ly

2,96

2,S}

2,99

p > 0,05

Tin tuang vao kha niing, gia tri ciia ban
thiin (tin vao the manh... cua ban than...)

2,92

2,80

3,03

M2voi p = 0,031

Cai mo han khi chia se cac van de trong
cong viec

2,88

2,83

2,91

p > 0,05

Tu tin khi trinh bay y kifin, y tuang
trong cong viec

2,90

2,81

2,97

p > 0,05

Manh dan the hien kha nang ban than
nhieu hon Iruae lap the

2,85

2,71

2,85

p>0,05

Ilicu qua ciia sir khi'ch Ic

TAP CHI TAM l y HOC, Sd 2 (251), 2 - 2020

Mijc y nghia (p)

65


p>0j05

Nhiet huyet hon vdi cong viec

2,97

2,83

3,00

No lire hon trong cong viec

2,93

2,93

3,17

P>qs05___

Khong nan long khi gap vuong mic
trong cong viec

2,98

2,80

2,97

p>0,05

Chil dong hgc hoi tii- nhiing nguoi d6ng
nghiep khac

3,23

2,97

3,08

p > 0,05

//. Thay doi ve cong viec

2,87

2,68

2,97

M2_v^l£^0j008__

Co nhieu y tuang han trong cong viec

2,87

2,61

2.85

D > 0,05

Chat lupng san phiim cong viec 161 han
truac

2,95

2,80

3,05

P > 0,05

Tien do cong viec duac hoan thanh
nhanh chong han

2,93

2,71

2,98

M2voi p = 0,042

Co so lugng san pham cong vice vugt
muc chi tieu

2,75

2,61

3,00

M2

vai p = 0,019

Toan thang

2,93

2,78

2,99

p > 0,05

Ghi chii: 1. Hocin loan khong dung (1 diem); 2 Phdn idn Id khdng diing (2 diem): 3. Phdn
ton td diing (3 diem); 4 Hodn loan diing (4 diim). Biem cua cdc item, lieu thang doyd loan
Ihang do cdng cao thi su thay doi cdng nhiiu vd mang chieu hudng tich cue. M 2: Diem Irung
binh ciia nhom tren 4-7 ndm. M 3: Diem trung hinh cua nhdm tren 7 niim.

3.2. Moi quan he giiia su khich le trong cong viec v&i hieu qud cua su
khich le & ngu&i Ire
Nhieu nghien curu da chi ra rang, cac hinh thirc khich le khac nhau se dem
lai nhflng hieu qua khac nhau vi nhu hinh thuc khen thudng bang vat chat
(Thomas, Ambrosini va Hughes, 2017; Tran Hucmg Thanh, 2012; Le Huong,
2003), hinh thuc uu tien giao viec (Thomas, Ambrosini va Hughes, 2017)... dem
lai nhimg bieu qua tich cue, kich thich ngudi lao dgng tich cue lam viec. Khich le
cung dugc the hien bang rat nhieu hinh thire khac nhau. Vay, trong nghien ciiu
nay, nhung hinh thirc nao dcm lai nhflng hieu qua nhu nao d ngucri tre?
3.2.1. Mdi tuang quan giira su khich le va hliu qud ciia su khich le d
nguai tre
Khi xem xet mdi quan he gifla su khich le ndi chung vdi bieu qua tac
ddng ciia su khich le, kit qua cho thiy, cd mdi quan he chat che va thuan ehilu

gifla chiing (r = 0,537; p = 0,000). Dilu nay cd nghia la 0 nhung ngudi tre, khi
cang nhan dugc su khich le thi hg cang cd nhilu thay ddi tich cue. Ddng tbdi

66

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, sa' 2 (251), 2 - 2020


cang CO su khich le thi nhung nguoi tre cang co nhGng thay d6i vh mat cong
viec (r - 0,528; p = 0,000) va nhiing thay doi tam ly (r = 0,463; p = 0,000) theo
chiau huong tich circ. Day la nhung tin hieii tot cho ihay, trong qua trinh lam viec
cung nhau, cac d6ng nghiep nen tich cue the hien su khich le doi voi nhtmg nguai
khac, giup cho hieu qua ca ve mat tam ly lin cong vice dugc thuan Ioi hon.
3.2.2. Sir dnh hudng cua cdc hinh thuc khich le tdi hieu qud lam viec a
nhimg nguoi tre
Sir anh huong cua cac hinh thiic khich le toi hieu qua lam viec nhu the
nao dugc nghien cuu nay xem xet tren hai khia canh anh hucmg la thay d6i ve
mat tam ly va thay doi ve mat cong viec.
Sau idii kiem tra moi tuong quan giiia cac hinh thuc khich le voi nhirng
thay doi ve mat tam ly (he so tuong quan r - Pearson deu theo chieu thuan, co
moi quan he tuong doi chat voi gia tri (r) dao dong tir 0,436 - 0,457 (p < 0,001),
ket qua h6i quy don bien cho thay, cac hinh thiic khich le deu co nhung anh
huong nhat dinh toi nhung thay doi ve mat tam ly o nhiing nguoi tre (r giao
dgng tu 0,199 din 0,209; p < 0,001). Sir thay d6i tam ly manh me nh^t khi
nhDng nguoi tre nhan dugc su ton trgng, tin tuong va dugc su chia se, h6 trg
trong cong viec hay noi each khac, su ton trgng, tin tuong va chia se, ho trg co
tac dgng lam thay d6i lan lugt la 20,9% va 20,7% ve mat tam ly of nhGng nguoi
tre. Ket qua nay cho nhiing ggi y rang, de nhiing nguoi tre tu tin, manh dan, chu
dgng hgc hoi... hon trong cong viec thi tat ca cac hinh thiic khich le dSu co
nhiing tac dung nhat dinh, nhung khi nhirng nguoi tre nhan dugc su ton trong,

tin tuong va tao nhung dieu kien, co hgi tot trong cong viec, dong thai nhan
dugc su chia se, huong dan ve mat kien thiic, thong tin trong cong viec thi
nhirng thay doi ve mat tam ly nay se manh me hon.
Bdng 3: Anh hudng cua cdc hinh thuc khich le
tdi nhung thay ddi ve tdm ly d ngudi tre
Cac hinh thu-c khich Ic

lie so tiroTig
quan r-Pcaron

Dirge quan tam

Hoi quy do'n bien
r'

B

0,446*"

0,199""

0,349

Duac ton trong, tin tirdng

0,457""

0,209"'

0,418

Duoc chia se, ho tra

0,455""

0,207"'

0,349

Dirac ghi nhan, cong nhan

0,436"'

0,190'"

0,372

Duac khai day tu tin

0,443"'

0,196"'

0,346

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd' 2 (251), 2 - 2020

67

Birgc truygn cam hirna

0,326

Thang do Jirac khich le

0,497

Ghichu: ••*• miicynghiap <0.001.

Khi xem xet mdi quan he giira cac hinh thirc khich le vdi nhflng thay ddi
ve cdng viec d nhQng ngudi tre, kit qua hdi quy dan biln cho thiy dii dui^c
nhan sir khich le dudi hinh thitc nao thi nhung ngudi tre vin cd nhflng thay ddi
theo ehilu hudng tich cue (r^ dao dgng tu 0,130 - 0,207 vdi p < 0,001). Vigc
nhan dugc su truyin cam hung trong su gin bd vdi cdng viec, vdi noi lam viec
khien cho cdng viec cua nhirng ngudi tre cd nhilu thay ddi ban ca (r = 0,207
vdi p < 0,001) so vdi cac hinh thuc khich le khac; ddng thdi nhan dugc sir ghi
nhan, cdng nhan su cd ging, no lire, nhflng thanh tich trong cdng viec cd anh
hudng den 16,1% sir thay ddi vl mat cdng viec cua hg.
Bdng 4: Anh hudng cua cdc hinh thirc khich Ii
tdi nhirng thay ddi ve cdng vlic 6 ngudi tre
Cac hinh thirc khich Ic

He so tuffng quan
r - Pearon

Hoi quy do'n bien
r=

B

0,393"

0,154'"

0,344

Du'Oc ton trgng, tin tuong, iing ho

0,361"

0,130'"

0,369

Dugc chia se, ho trg

0,383"

0,146'"

0,329

Dugc ghi nhan, cong nhan

0,401"

0,161"'

0,381

Dugc khoi day tu tin

0,377"

0,142'"

0,330

Dugc truyen cam hung

0,455"

0,207'"

0,367

Thang do Dugc khich le

0,463"

0,214'"

0,487

Dugc quan tam

Ghichu: **.- mirey nghiap < 0,01; ***.- mucy nghTap <0.001.

Ndi chung, su khich le du vdi hinh thirc nao ciing cd nhflng anh hudng

tich cue tdi su thay ddi ca ve cong viec lan ve tam ly eua nhflng ngudi tre. Kit
qua nay da cho cac nha quan ly, cho ngudi lao ddng trong mdi trudng lam viec
ciia nhflng ngudi tre nhflng ggi y buu ich: can phai tao ra bau khdng khi tuang
hd trong cdng viec gifla nhflng ngudi ddng nghiep - khdng ke d cap vi, vi tri...
- dugc thi hien thdng qua cac hinh thuc khich le khac nhau. Viec khich le dd
khdng chi nhim xay dung mdt thi he tre kl can lam viec cd chit lugng, tilp

68

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC. SO 2 (251), 2 - 2020


ndi nhung cong viSc cua nhung nguai di truoc, ma con tao nen su phat trian
ben virng cua don vj.
4. Ket luan
Tom lai, kit qua nghien ciiu cho thay mgt s6 difim chinh sau: Sau khi
nhan dugc sir khich le, khong chi thay kha hai long ma nhirng nguoi tre con tu
nhan thay minh co nhirng thay doi trong cong viec theo chieu huong tich cue
han truoc. Su tac dgng cua khich le noi chung, cung nhu cac hinh thiic khich le
noi rieng deu co the du bao dugc hieu qua tich cue trong cong vice ciia nhirng
nguoi tre.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Le Huong (2003). 7'inh lich cue nghe nghiep cua cong chuc - mdt sd nhdn td dnh
hudng. NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
2. Le Thi Thanh Huang (2017). Chdn dung Idm ly hp gia dinh ndng ddn hien nay
(Nghien cuu so sdnh cdc hp cd ket qud sdn xudt kinh doanh khde nhau). NXB Khoa
hpc xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
3. Nguyen Thi Tinh (2009). Nghien cuu tinh tich cue gidng day cua gidng vien dai
hoc. Luan an Tien sT. NXB Khoa hgc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
4. Trin Huang Thanh (2012). Tinh tich cue lao dpng cua cdng chuc hdnh chinh cdp

phudng. Luan an Tien sT. Vien Khoa hpc Giao due Viet Nam.
5. Martin H.J. (2010). Workplace climate and peer support as determinants of training
transfer. Human Resource Development Quarterly. 21 (1). 87 104. />10.1002/hrdq.20038.
6. Thomas L., Ambrosini V. & Hughes P. (2017). The role of organizational citizenship
behaviour and rewards in strategy effectiveness. The International Joumal of Human
Resource Management. Doi: 10.1080/09585192.2017.1391312.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 2 (251), 2 - 2020

69