Động lực học tập và chiến lược ứng phó với stress trong học tập của sinh viên

DONG LLJC HOC TAP
VA CHIEN LUgC Q N G PHO VOI STRESS
TRONG HOC TAP CUA SINH VIEN
PGS.TS. Nguyen Van Ltrot
Nguyen Ngpc Quang
Nguyen Linh Chi
Trudng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xu hgi va Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Ngi.
Giang Thj Thanh Mai
Trung tdm Phdn tich vd dU bdo, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam.
I
TOM TAT
Nghien cieu ndy duac tien hanh nhdm xem xet moi quan he giiia cac logi dong
luc hoc tap vd cdc chien luoc irng pho vdi stress trong hgc tap cua sinh vien. Mdu
nghien ciru la mdu thuan tien bao gom 157 sinh vien, do tuoi trung binh la 20,52, do
lech ehudn Id 1,29 vd nie chiem 77,7%. Ket qud phdn tich tirang quan cho thdy,
nhO'ng sinh vien co dong luc hgc tdp tu chu thuang sir dung cdc chien luac ung pho
tap trung vdo gidi quyet vdn de vd dieu hda cdm xuc. Trong khi do, nhitng sinh vien
thieu dgng luc hoac co dong luc hoc tdp bi kiem soat thi thuang ung pho bang cdeh
choi bo. ne trdnh va mong uac. Dua tren ca sa cdc ket qud ndy, cdc tac gid kien nghi
hudng nghien cuu tiip theo va cdeh thirc can thiep giiip sinh vien sir dung cdc chien
luge itng pho vdi stress trong hgc tap hieu qud hon.
Tu- khoa: Dgng luc hgc tap, Ifng pho; Stress trong hgc tdp: Ly thuyit Tu quyit
Ngdynhdnbdi:

W2/20\9;

Ngdy duyet ddng bdi. 25/3/2019.

1. Dat van d e
Nhidu nghien ciru t r u a c day da chi ra r5ng, each thiic iing pho ciia sinh
vien t n r a c nhung tinh hudng gay stress trong hgc tap dong vai tro quan trgng

d6i vai siic khoe the chat, siic khoe tinh thkn, cac moi quan he xa hgi va hieu

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6'4 (241), 4 - 2019

81


qua latn viee cua sinh vien. Dd la ly de vi sao ung phd vdi stress trong hge tap
ndi rieng va ting phd vdi stress ndi ehung la nhirng ehu di nhan duge su quan
tam tir nhieu nha nghien euu tren the gidi. Dira tren quan diim cua Lazarus va
Folkman (1984) ve ung phd, cd the hiiu ung phd vdi stress trong hoc tap la
nhQng nd luc lien tue thay ddi nhan thuc va hanh vi nhim ddi phd vdi nhung
yeu cau tir mdi trudng, dugc sinh vien danh gia la ddi hdi nhilu nd lire de vugt
qua hoae vugt qua ngudn lue eua sinh vien.
Khi ddi mat vdi tinh trang stress, ea nhan cd the cd nhieu each thuc va
chien luge ung phd khae nhau. Trong eae nghien cuu ve ting phd vdi stress
hien nay, ed hai each phan loai ung phd phd bien. Cach thu nhat, do Lazarus
va Folkman (1984) de xuat, ehia cac each ung phd thanh irng phd tap trung vao
van de va ung phd tap trung vao cam xue. Ung phd tap trung vao van de la
nhirng nd lire thay ddi nhan thiie, cam xiic va hanh vi cua ca nhan nham giai
quyet van de da gay ra stress. Chien luge ling phd nay dugc su dung khi ea
nhan danh gia tinh hudng gay stress eg the thay ddi duge. Ching ban, lap ke
hoaeh giai quyet hay tim kiem sir trg giup. Trong khi dd, ting phd tap trung vao
cam xiic lai budng den viee dieu ehinh lai cam xuc eua ban than khi ddi mat
vdi tinh budng eang thang ma ea nhan eho la khdng the thay doi hay kiem soat
dugc. Vi du, chia se cam xiie vdi ngudi khae hay danh thdi gian nghi nggi va
thu gian. Cach thii hai chia cac each dng phd thanh ling phd gjn kit va ting
phd ne tranh (Roth va Cohen, 1986). Trong dd, ling phd ehu dgng la nhung nd
luc lam thay ddi ngudn gay stress hoac thay ddi each ea nhan nghT v i nd. LTng
phd ne tranh la nhirng each giup ea nhan khdng phai ddi mat trite tilp vdi vdn

de, lam giam stress hoac lo au trong thdi gian ngSn.
Tuy nhien, nhilu tae gia nhan dinh ca hai eaeh neu tren diu khdng hieu
qua vi mgt sd each ling phd ed tbi thudc vao ea bai kiiu iing phd (Abraham,
Conner, Jones va O'Connor, 2016; Skinner, Edge, Altman va Sherwood, 2003).
Chang ban, viee ca nhan tim each tam thdi taeh ra khdi mdt vin di ed thi la dl
lay lai binh tmh ve mat cam xue nhim giai quyit vdn di dd tot hon. Cu thi tiiu
thang tim kiim ehd diia xa hdi trong Bang hdi Cac each l/ng phd (Ways of
Coining Questionnaire) cua Folkman va Lazarus (1985) duge eoi la vita thi hien
chien luge ilng phd tap trung vao vin dl va ehiin luge tmg phd tap trung vio
cam xiie. De khae phiie tinh teang nay, eae nha nghien euu da xSy dung va su
dling nhiing thang do, frong do eae each ling phd dugc phan loai thanh nhung
ehiin luge cu the hon.
'
^
Connor-Smith, Compas, Wadsworth, Thomsen va Saltzman (2000) eho
rang, ung phd ed thi chia thanh 10 chiin luge, bao gdm giai quyit vin di dii
hda cam xuc, bde Id eim xiic, chip nhan, sao nhang, thay ddi nhan thitc suv b~

82

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So' 4 (241), 4-2019


tich cite, ehdi bd, ne tranh va mong ude. Trong dd, eac ehiin luge ung phd giai
quylt vin di, diiu hda cam xiie, bgc Id cam xue thugc nhdm ung phd gin kit
kiem soat so cip, dugc ea nhan sii dung khi vin di gay stress van ed thi thay ddi
duge. Cac ehiin luge ung phd chip rihan, sao nhang, thay ddi nhan thire va suy
nghl tieh cgre thudc nhdin img phd gin kit kiem soat thu cip, dugc ca nhan su
dung khi vin dl ehua thi thay ddi hoac se khdng thi thay doi dugc. Cudi eiing,
cac chiin luge img phd ehdi bd, ne tranh va mong ude thude nhdm ung phd taeh

khdi, duge su dung khi ea nhan khdng dam ddi dien vdi tinh hudng khd khan. LTu
diem eua each phan Igai nay la da phdi hgp duge ea hai each phan loai neu tren va
ban ehe duge su ehdng lan giiia cac eaeh ting phd.
Cac nghien eiru trude day da tim hilu mdi lien he giira cac chiin luge iing
phd vdi sfress trong hge tap va miie do stress (Coiro, Bettis va Compas, 2017), lo
au (Renk va Eskola, 2007), su bai Idng vdi cugc sdng (Deniz, 2006), trang thai
lanh manh vi tam ly (Park va Adler, 2003), kha nang thieh nghi vdi mdi trudng
(Leeng, Bonz va Zaehar, 1997; Shields, 2001), kit qua bgc tap (Cohen, Ben-Zur
va Rosenfeld, 2008; Shields, 2001; Sfruthers, Perry va Menec, 2000) eua sinh
vien. Ben eanh dd, nhieu nghien eiru eung da dugc tien hanh de tim hieu mdi lien
he giOa ung phd vdi stress trong hgc tap va cac bien sd mang tinh ehit la cac
ngudn luc ve vat chat, tinh than va xa hgi nhu long tu trgng (Lo, 2002), tinh than
lac quan (Pacheeo va Kamble, 2016), tinh eau toan tinh cue (Dunkley, Blankstein,
Halsall, Williams va Winkworth, 2000; Larijani va Besharat, 2010), niem tin vao
nang lire ban than (Devonport va Lane, 2006), ehd dira xa hdi (Faleel, Tam, Lee,
Har va Foo, 2012), gidi tmh (Cabas-Hoyos, German-Ayala, Martinez-Burgos va
Uribe-Urzola, 2015; Monteiro, Balogun va Oratile, 2014) hay do mdi (Compas,
Connor-Smith, Saltzman, Thomsen va Wadsworth, 2001).
Tuy nhien, chua cd nhieu nghien eiru ve mdi lien he giiia ung phd vdi
stress trong hgc tap va biln sd dgng lire hge tap. Trgng khi dd, ddng lire hgc
tap la mdt biln sd quan trgng, anh hudng tdi su bat diu, phuong budng, cudng
do va su bin bi cua cac hanh vi lien quan den hge tap. Nghien ciru cua
Struthers va cdng su (2000) cho thiy nhirng sinh vien ed ddng lire bgc tap cang
cao thi eang ed xu hudng ung phd tap trung vao van di. Nghien citu cua
Bonneville-Roussy, Evans, Vemer-Filion, Vallerand va Bouffard (2017), vdi
nln tang la Ly thuyit Tu quyit (Deei va Ryan, 1985), da chi ra mdi lien he
giCra dong luc hgc tap bj kilm sgat va ddng luc hoe tap tu ehu vdi ting phd vdi
stress trgng hge tap. Cu thi, nhung sinh vien cd ddng lire tu chii thudng su
dung ehiin luge img phd gjn kit, trgng khi nhung sinh vien ed ddng lire bi
kiim soat thudng su dung chien luge img phd tach khdi. Ket qua eua nhitng

nghidn citu nay bude diu eho thiy, anh hudng eua ddng lite hoc tap ddi vdi
itng phd vdi stress trong hgc tap. Mae dit vay, de ban ehi trong md hinh thdng
TAPCHITAM ly HOC, Sd4 (241), 4 - 2019

83


ke, eac nghien ciiu nay khdng lam rd duge mdi lien be giira ddng lire hgc t^p
vdi nhdng chiin luge irng phd eu the hon. Dieu nay gay ra ban ehe trong viee
ap dling kit qua vao viec xay dyng cae chuong trinh can thiep nham nang eao
kha nang ling phd thich hgp d sinh vien.
Diia tren Ly thuyit Tu quyit, Vallerand va cdng sy (1992) ehia dgng
lye hgc tap thanh 7 loai, bao gdm thieu dgng lyc, ddng lyc dieu ehinh ben
ngoai, ddng lyc dieu ehinh nhap ndi, ddng luc dieu chinh xae nhan, dgng luc
hudng din hiiu bilt, ddng lye hudng den thanh tyu va ddng lyc hudng den trai
nghiem. Cae loai dgng lye nay dugc sap xep theg thu ty tang dan ve mue do ty
ehu. Trong dd, thiiu dgng luc la tinh trang sinh vien cam thay ban than khdng
cd kha nang hgc hoac viec hgc khdng dem lai nhiing ket qua ma sinh vien ky
vgng. Vdi ddng luc diiu chinh ben ngoai, sinh vien hge dai bgc ehi nham daj
duge mdt kit qua nao dd ve sau, eu the la ve bang cap hoac cugc sdng, nghe
nghiep tdt trong tuong lai. Ddi vdi sinh vien ed dgng lye diiu ehinh nhap ndi,
viec hge dai hge chi nham tranh cho sinh vien cam thay tdi Idi hoac anh hudng
den ldng ty trgng eua ban than. Trong nhieu nghien euu, hai loai dgng lye nay
thudng dugc ghep thanh nhdm ddng lye bi kiem soat. Ndi each khae, vdi hai
loai ddng lue nay, sinh vien cd miic do ty chii thap trong viic hge tap. Viec
hge tap eua sinh vien cd ddng luc bi kiem soat ehu yeu do ap lye tir xa hdi.
Khae vdi nhirng sinh vien cd ddng lyc bj kilm soat, sinh vien ed ddng luc tu
ehu hgc dai hge vdi mong mudn md mang kien thirc, ren luyen ky nang di
phue vu eho nghl nghiep ma minh da dinh hudng theo (dgng luc dilu chinh
xac nhan) va/hoae vi cam giac vui sudng, hai Idng khi duge hge tap nhihig

dieu ma minh thieh thit (ddng lyc di bilt), dugc trao ddi, thao luan vi cae ehu
de thu vi (ddng luc de trai nghiem) hoac khi dat dugc nbOng thanh tyu hge tap
bang ehinh nd lue cua ban than (dgng luc hudng din thanh tyu). Theo ly thuyit
nay, dgng lue ty chu thudng gin liin vdi tinh chu ddng, sang tao trong boat
dgng hge tap cua sinh vien eQng nhu ed nhirng anh hudng tich eye ddi vdi siic
khde tinh than eua sinh vien. Nguge lai, thiiu ddng lye va ddng lye bj kiim
soat thudng gin vdi nhiing he qua tieu eye ve hieu qua hgc tap, nhirng van di
ve sue khde tinh than va the ehat.
Nghien euu nay duge tiin banh nhim tim hilu mdi lien be giira dgng
lyc bgc t?ip va cae chien luge ung phd vdi stress trong hgc tap cua sinh vien
Gia thuyet ma nghien eitu dat ra la (1) sinh vien ed dgng lyc hoe tap tu ehu thi
thudng sit dung ehiin luge ung phd giai quyit vin di, diiu hda cam xuc bde
Ig cam xuc, thay ddi nhan thite va suy nghi tich eye; (2) thudng it ung phd
bang ne tranh, ehdi bd bay mong udc; trong khi dd, (3) sinh vien thiiu ddna
lyc hoac cd-ddng lyc bgc tjp bi kilm soat thi thudng sir dung chiin luoe une
phd sao nhang, ne tranh, choi bd va mong udc.

84

TAP CHiTAM LY HOC, Sd4 (241), 4 . 2019


2. Fhu-gng phap nghien cifu
2.1. Mau nghien cu'u
Miu nghien euru la miu thuan tien bao gdm 157 khach thi la sinh vien.
Trong dd, nam ehiim 22,3%, dp tudi trung binh eua cae khach thi la 20,52 vdi
do leeh ehuin la 1,29.
2.2. Cdeh lien hdnh
Khach the tham gia nghien eiiu bang each tra Idi bang bdi nghien cuu
thdng qua thu dien tu hoae bang hdi duge phat trye tilp. Khach thi tham gia

nghien ciiu mgt each ty nguyen va khdng duge tra phi.
2.3. Cong eu nghien ciru
* Thang do Dpng luc hoc tap. De dg ludng ddng lyc hgc tap cua sinh
vien, nghien eiiu sit dung thang do Dgng lye hgc tap (Academic motivation
scale) do Vallerand va edng sy (1992) xay dyng. Thang do nay gdm 28 item
yiu cau khach the tra Idi cho eau hdi "Vi sao ban hgc dai hoc?". Mdi item
thude vao mgt trong bay tieu thang tuang iing vdi bay loai ddng lue hge tap,
bao gdm thieu ddng luc (vi du: 'Wdi that thi toi ciing khong biet nira. Toi thue
su edm thdy minh dang ldng phi thai gian de hgc dgi hoe"), dgng lue dieu
ehinh ben ngoai (vi du: "Be sau ndy co mpt mirc thu nhdp tot han"); ddng lyc
dieu chinh nhap ngi (vi du: "Be chirng minh rdng toi eiing eo the vdo duae dgi
hgc")\ dgng lyc dieu chinh xac nhan (vi du: "Vl lot nghi hge dgi hgc se giup tdi
ehudn bi tot han cho nghe nghiep md toi dd chgn"); ddng lyc hudng den hieu
biet (vi du: "VI toi thich duge hgc hoi nhirng dieu moi me"); ddng lye hudng
den trai nghiem (vi dii: "Vi edm gtdc hdo himg khi tot eo nhirng trdi nghiem
mat trong viec trao diii chia se y tuang ciia minh vdi nguai khde"); ddng lyc
hudng din thanh tyu (vi du: "Vi toi cdm thdy vui mdi khi tdi dgt dugc nhirng
thdnh tich hoc tap tdt han bdng nS luc cua chinh minh"). Chi sd Alpha eua
Cronbaeh cua eac tilu thang lin lugt la 0,90; 0,83; 0,82; 0,76; 0,88; 0,«1; 0,87.
He sd tucmg quan bien - tdng eua tit ea oac item deu Idn hon 0,50.
Thang do phidn ban gdc gdm 7 miic do, nhim lam eho viec tra Idi eua
khach thi trd nen di dang, ehinh xac hon. Trong nghien cim nay, chung tdi sti
dung thang likert 5 miic do tuong img la 1 = Rit khdng ehinh xae, 2 = Khdng
chinh xae, 3 = Phan van, 4 = Chinh xae, 5 = Rit ehinh xae. De kiern fra lai sy phii
hgp eua ciu true thang do gdm 7 nhan td hay 7 loai ddng lyc d mau nghien euu,
chung tdi tiin hanh phan tich nhan td xae nhan (confirmatory factor analysis). Ket
qua phan tich cho thiy md hinh ed x^ = 565,5; df = 329; p = 0,000; CFI = 0,91;

TAP CH[ TAM LV HOC, Sfi 4 (241), 4 - 2019

85


TLI = 0,89 va RMSEA = 0,07. So sanh vdi tieu chuin ddi vdi cae chi sd nay de
dam bao miic do phii hgp cua md bmh, vdi CFI > 0,90; TLI > 0,90; RMSEA < 0,08
(Brown, 2015), cd thi thiy md hinh cd mdc do phu hgp chap nhan dugc vdi dii
lieu thye ti thu duge tu miu nghien eiiu tren sinh vien Viet Nam.
Trung binh cgng diim sd ciia cac item trong mdt tieu thang phan anh
mirc do thiic diy cua loai ddng lye tugng ung ddi vdi hgat ddng hgc tap eiia
sinh vien. Diim trung binh eua tiiu thang cang eao thi ddng lye hgc tap tuong
ling cua sinh vien eang Itrn va ngugc lai.
Dya tren quan diim eiia Ly thuyit Ty quyet, dilm sd cua ddng lue bi
kiem soat dugc tinh bang each liy trung binh dilm sd eua eae tieu thang ddng
lyc diiu chinh ben ngoai va dgng lye dieu chinh nhap ndi. Trong khi do, diem
sd eua ddng lyc ty ehu duge tinh bang each lay trung binh diem sd eua cae tieu
thang ddng lye hudng den hieu biet, ddng lye hudng den trai nghiem va dong
lue hudng din thanh tyu. Chi sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua cac item do ludng dd
lue bi kiem seat, ddng lye ty ehu va thilu dgng luc lan lugt la 0,87, 0,90 va
0,90. He sd tugng quan biln - tdng cua tit ca eae item thuge ddng lye hoc tap
ty chu deu Idn bgn 0,34. He sd tuong quan bien - tdng eda cac item thuge dgng
lye hge tap bi kiem soat diu Idn hon 0,51. He sd tugng quan biln - tong eua
cac item thude thieu ddng lyc deu Idn hon 0,50.
* Bdng hoi chien luac img pho vdi stress trong hoe tap cua sinh vien. Di
do ludng eae chien luge iing phd vdi stress trong hge tap eua sinh vien, nghien
cim su dung bang hdi gdm 30 item vi img phd thugc bd cau hdi vl eae phan img
vdi Stress (responses to stress questionaire) do Connor-Smith va edng sy (2000)
xay dung. 30 item duge su dyng nhim do ludng miic dd thudng xuyen sii dyng
eae each ung phd tren thang diim Likert vdi eae miic 1 = Khdng bao gig, 2 = TThinh
thoang, 3 = Thudng xuyen va 4 = Rit thudng xuyen. Theo eac tac gia xSy
dung thang do, mdi item thude vao mdt trong mudi ehiin luge irng phd vdi

stress. Kit qua phan tich nhan td xac nhan vdi me binh ma cac tac gia nay kiln
nghi. Kit qua phan tich che thiy md hinh ed x^ = 735,570; df = 360- p = 0 000'
CFI - 0,67; TLI = 0,60 va RMSEA = 0,08. So sanh vdi tieu chuin ddi vdi eac
chi sd nay de dam bao mite do phii hgp cua md hinh, vdi CFI > 0,90- TLI > 0 90RMSEA < 0,08 (Brown, 2015), ed tbi thiy md hinh khdng phu bg^ vdi dO iieii
thye Ii thu duge tit miu nghien euu tren sinh vien Viet Nam.
Do dd, Chung tdi tiin hanh phan tich thanh phin ehinh (principal
components analysis) cung phep quay Varimax nhim xac dinh eac ehiin Itroe
ung phd vol stress trong hgc tap dugc sinh vien Viet Nam sit dung. Sau khi ti'
hanh cac lan phan tich nhan to va loai bd cac item cd he sd tai nhd hon 0 32 t ™

86

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So 4 (241), 4. 2019


tit ca eac nhto td cung nhu eac item tai len nhiiu hen mdt nhan td, kit qua phan
tieh eudi eiing xacdinh duge 7 nhan td vdi 21 item. Chi so Kaiser-Myer-Olkin
la 0,70 eho thiy miu phu hgp di tiiti hanh phan tieh nhan td. Kilm djnh Bartlett
cd y nghia thdng ke eho thSy cac bien quan sat cd mdi tuong quan vdi tdng thi
(X^ (210) = 964,01; p < 0,001). Cac nhan td giai thich dugc 66,90% sy biin thien
ciia cae item. TSt ca (;ae item diu ed he sd tai Idn hon 0,53 va he sd tai eheo nhd
hon 0,32. Bay nhan td tuong duong vdi 7 ehiin luge ung phd cu thi nhu sau:
Nhan td thii nhtt, gdm 4 item (vi du; "Toi ed gdng kiim sodt cdm xuc
ciia minh bang cdeh tim kiem su trg giup tir mpt ai do" hay "Toi c6 gdng gidi
quyet vdn de bdng each hoi xin y kien hoac su giip da tir mpt at do") duge xae
dinh la chien luge irng phd tim kiem sy trg giiip ve cam xuc va dl giai quylt
van de.
NhSn td thii hai, gdm 4 item (vi dy: "Toi uac rdng ai do se xuat hien vd
khien cho tinh huong cdng thdng ndy bien mdt" hay "Toi cd gdng di khdng
nghive vdn de dd gdy edng thdng cho minh, co gdng de quen no di') dugc xac

djnh la ehiin luge ting phd ne tranh va mgng ude.
NhSn td thir ba, gdm 4 item (vi du: "Toi tu nhi rdng it ra thi tdi cing
hge dugc dieu gi do tir tinh huong ndy" hay "Toi eo gdng nghi ra cdeh de thay
doi tinh hinh vd gidt quyet vdn de") duge xae dinh la ehiin luge ung phd thay
ddi nhan thiie va giai quyet van de.
NhSn td thir tu, gdm 3 item (vi du: "Toi gldl tda cdm xue eia minh bdng
mpt cdeh ndo do" hay "Toi co gdng lay Igl binh tinh khi dot mgt vai nhiing
cdng thdng trong hge tap bdng each Idm viee gi do") duge xac dinh la chien
luge ling phd ty dieu hda cam xue.
Nhan td thii nam, gdm 2 item (vi du: "Tdi tu not vai minh rdng chuyen
ndy khong hi co that" va "Toi eo gdng tin rdng vdn de chua tirng xdy ra")
dugc xac dmh la ehiin luge img phd ehdi bd.
Nhan td thii sau, gdm 2 item (vi du: "Toi chdp nhdn rdng minh cdn phdi
di mgi chuyen xdy ra mpt each tu nhien, theo cdeh cua ching" va "Toi chdp
nhdn rdng minh can phdi sdng chung vai mgi chuyen theo each eia ching")
dugc xac djnh la ehiin luge irng phd chap nhan.
Nhan td thu bay, gdm 2 item, (vi du: "Toi tu noi vai minh rdng roi mgi
chuyen se tra nen tdt dep ca thoi"" hay "Toi tu nhi rdng chuyen ndy chang phdi
Id mpt vdn di gi to tdt") dugc xae djnh la ehiin luge img phd suy nght tich eye.

TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sfi4 (241), 4 - 2019

87


Chi sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua cac tihan td lin lugt la 0,79; 0,72; 0,65,
0,70; 0,76; 0,69; 0,65. He sd tuong quan biln - tdng cua eac item deu Idii hon
0 3 ! Trung binh cgng dilm sd cae item trong mdt tilu thang phan anh miie ao
thudng xuyen sii diing chiin luge ling phd tugng ung. Trung binh egng eua
mgt tiiu thang cang cao tbi miic do thudng xuyen sii dung chien luge dng pho

tuong ung cang cao va ngugc lai.
2.4. Phan tieh dir lieu
Du lieu djnh lugng thu dugc tit diiu tra bang hdi duge xir ly bang eae
phep thing ke md ta tin sd, tin suit, diim trung binh, do lech ehuan, do nhat
quan ben trong va tuong quan bdi phan mem SPSS 23.0.
3. Kit qua nghien ciru va ban luan
3.1. Thuc trgng dpng lue hgc tap va chiin luac irng pho cda sinh vien
Bang 1 trinh bay sd lieu thdng ke md ta ddng luc hge tap va eae chien
luge ting phd vdi stress trong hoc tap eua sinh vien.
Bdng 1: Thing ke mo td dpng luc hge tap vd cde chien luac img pho
vol stress trong hgc tap eia sinh vien (N = 157)

DTB

DLC

Gia trj
nho
nhat

Gia trj
16n nhat

Tim kiem trg giiip ve cam xuc va de giai
quyet van de

2,30

0,58

1,00

4,00

Thay doi nhan thirc va giai quyet van de

2,92

0,52

1,75

4,00

Tu dieu chinh cam xuc

2,86

0,61

1,33

4,00

Suy nghT tich cue

2,59

0,64

1,00

4,00

Chap nhan

2,58

0,65

1,00

4,00

Ne tranh va mong uoc

2,31

0,64

1,00

4.00

Choi bo

1,34

0,54

1,00

3.50

Cdc chien luac irng pho

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 4 (241), 4 . 2019


Bong luc hgc tap
Thieu dgng lire

2,26

0,92

1,00

4,75

Dong lire bi kiem soat

3,45

0,74

1,00

5,00

Dong lire tir chii

3,73

0,57

2,00

5,00

Gia trj trung binh cua chien luge iing phd ehdi bd la thip nhit trong khi
gia trj trung binh eua ehiin luge iing phd thay ddi nhan thuc va giai quyit vin
de la eao nhat. Chien luge iing phd ty dieu ehinh cam xue ed gia trj trung binh
cao thu bai trong khi eac chien luge suy nghT tich eye va ehap nhan ed gia trj
trung binh cao thit ba. Cudi cung la cac chien luge ung phd tim kiem trg giup
ve cam xue va de giai quyet van de; ne tranh va mong ude, cd gia trj trung binh
xap xi nhau d vj tri thii tu. Nhu vay, trong eae chien luge img phd tren day,
sinh vien thudng sii dung chien luge thay ddi nhan thue va giai quyet van de,
chien luge ty dieu chinh cam xuc nhat. Trong khi dd, chien luge ehdi bd it
dugc sinh vien su dyng nhat.
Xet theo dgng lye hgc tap, thiiu ddng lyc hgc tap ed gia trj trung binh
thip nhit. Trong khi do, ddng lye ty ehu ed gia trj trung binh Idn bgn ddng lye
bj kilm soat. Nhu vay, phan Idn sinh vien cd ddng luc hge tap ty chu, nhung
ben canh dd cQng cd nhOng sinh vien duge thiie diy bdi dgng lyc hge tap bj
kiim soat hoae hg thiiu dgng lye hgc tap. Cin luu y ring boat ddng bgc tap
cua sinh vien ed thi duge thue day bdi nhieu ly do khae nhau.
3.2. Mdi lien he giira dpng lire hge tap va cdc chiin lugrc irng phd v&i
stress trong hgc tdp cua sinh vien
Kit qua phan tich tuong quan giQa eac ehiin luge img phd vdi stress
trong hge tap va ddng lye bgc tap dtrge trinh bay d bang 2. Thieu dgng lyc ed

tugng quan nghjeh chiiu vdi cae ehiin luge dng phd tim kiern trg giiip vl cam
xue va di giai quyit vin di, thay doi nhan thuc va giai quyet vin de, tu dieu
ehinh cam xuc; tugng quan thuan chiiu vdi chiin luge ilng phd mong udc va
ne tranh, chiin luge ling phd ehdi bd. Kit qua nay chg thiy, ddi vdi nhiing sinh
vien khdng xae djnh dugc mye dich cua viec hgc dai hge hoae cam thay viec
hgc dai hgc khdng dem lai lgi ieh hay y nghTa nag chg ban than, khi dung trudc
nhiing khd khan gay stress trong hgc tap, hg thtrdng khdng lya chgn cac chien
luge ling phd tap trung vao cam xue hay vin di, ma thay vao dd la cac chien
luge taeh khdi. Cu thi, thay vi tim each ty can bing lai cam xuc, ty giai quyet

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd4 (241), 4-2019


vin dl hay tim kilm sy trg giup tu mdt ai dd, sinh vien thieu ddng lue hgc t^p
thudng tim each ne tranh van de, ehdi bd tinh trang thye te hoae mong uo'C
ring cd mdt ai dd se trg giup hay van de se ty bien mit.
Bdng 2: Tuang quan giira cdc chien luac ting pho vd
dpng lire hge tap (N = 157)

Dong lire hoc tap
Thieu
(tong lire

Dong lire bi
kiem soat

Dong lire
tu-chii

Tim kiem trg giiip ve cam xiic va de giai quyet

van de

-0,18*

0,21"

0,31**

Thay doi nhan thiic va giai quyet van de

-0,26»*

0,08

0,30*»

Ttr dieu chinh cam xiic

-0,23**

0,04

0,23**

Suy nghl tich circ

0,07

0,16*

0,18*

Chap nhan

-0,06

-0,10

0,18*

Mong uac va ne tranh

0,31**

0,32**

0,03

Choi bo

0,24*ô

0,03

-0,07

Ghi chu: ã p< 0,05; "*. p< 0,01.

Theo Ly thuyit Ty quylt, khi thilu ddng lye hge tap, sinh vien se cam
thay khdng himg thu, khdng mong mudn va cung khdng sin sang di tham gia

vao eae boat ddng hge tap (Deci va Ryan, 1985; Vallerand vi cdng sy, 1992).
Tii dd dan tdi viec sinh vien ed xu hudng tim each tach ra khdi khd klian trong
hgc tap thay vi lua ebon duong diu vdi ehung. Nghien cuu cua Legault GreenDemers va Pelletier (2006) cho thiy, nhirng sinh vien thilu ddng luc'hgc tap
thudng danh it thdi gian cho viec hgc, kit qua hgc tap khdng cao va thudng ed
xu hudng bd bgc. Nghien cuu trudc day cung ehi ra ring, thilu dgng luc hge
tap ed mdi lien be nghich chieu vdi niim tin vao nang lyc ban than d sinh vidn
(Cerino, 2014). Trong khi do, theo Ly thuyit Hge tap xa hgi, thilu tin tudna
vao kha nang eua ban than la mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan khiln eho ea nhan

90

TAP CHiTAM Ly HOC, Sd4 (241), 4 - 2019


nhanh ehdng bd cuge khi gap phai khd khan cung nhu ngan can ea nhan thye
hien eac boat ddng hudng tdi viee dat dugc cac thanh tuu. Them vao do, mgt
songhien citu trudc day cung ehi ra ring, nhan thile cua ea nhan ve kha nang
kiem sgat tinh hinh eung cd lien he tdi nd luc ung phd tap trung vao vin di
(Compas, Banez, Malearne va Worsham, 1991; Folkman va Lazarus, 1985).
Cy, thi, eae ea nhan ehi nd lue giai quylt vin di chung nao ho cdn nhan dinh
ring minh cd du kha nang va nang lyc di thay ddi dugc vin dl dd. NhQng sinh
vien thilu ddng lye hge tap, re rang, it ed thai do nay ddi vdi cac khd khan
trong hgc tap.
Phan tich tugng quan cung chi ra mdi quan he thuan ehilu gitta dgng
lyc hi kiim sgat vdi cac chien luge ung phd tim kiem sy trg giup vi cam xue
va van de, suy nghi tieh eye, mong udc va ne tranh. Ndi each khae, nhttng sinh
vien cd ddng lyc hgc tap bj kiem soat ed xu hudng ung phd vdi stress trong
hge tap bang each tim kiem ehd dya xa hdi de dugc hd trg ve cam xue hoae
giiip giai quyet van dl, suy nghi theo chieu hudng tich cue hoae ne tranh vin
dl va hy vgng mdt ai dd se giup giai quyit vin de bay van de se ty qua di. So

vdi sinh vien thieu ddng lyc hgc tap, sinh vien cd ddng luc hgc tap bi kiim soat
cd mue dich ro rang hon ddi vdi viee hgc tap d bac dai bgc. Nhung sinh vien
nay hge dai hge vdi mong mudn tbi bien nang luc bay gitt the dien eua ban
than (ddng luc dieu chinh nhap ndi) hoae tham gia hgc tap d bae dai hgc vdi
mgng mudn sau nay cd dugc mgt tam bang cu nhan, ed edng viee dugc coi
trgng va thu nhap lit (ddng luc diiu chinh ben ngoai). Theo Ly thuyit Ty
quyet, nhung mue tieu nay la nhttng gia trj hay nhung chuiin mye ma sinh vien
da dugc ngi hda tir xa hdi (Deei va Ryan, 2008; Vallerand va cdng sy, 1992)
va do dd mang tinh chit kiim soat, ed anh hudng thdi thue ca nhan tham gia va
dat thanh tieh trong eac hoat ddng hgc tap. Mac dii vay, vdi tinh t r p g thiiu ty
chu, bj thuc ep bdi ap lye thanh tieh, cung nhu khdng tim thiy niim vui thye
su trong hgc tap, sinh vien vdi ddng luc hge tap bj kiim soat cd the phai doi
dien vdi finh trang stress thudng xuyen hon khi gap khd khan, vudng mac
trgng qua trinh hgc tap. Trong qua trinh thim dinh nhan thiie cila nhung sinh
vien nay, nhung khd khan trong hge tap la nhQng moi de dga ddi vdi mue tieu
diu ra ma ho ky vgng (Bonneville-Roussy va cdng sy, 2017) va do dd gay ra
miic do stress eao hon so vdi nhttng sinh vien coi khd khan la cae eo hdi hay
thu thach di hgc hdi (Lazarus va Folkman, 1984). Nhu vay, mdt mat, nhttng
mue tieu duge ngi hda tu xa hgi ed tbi thilc diy cho nhdm sinh vien nay tieh
cue hgc tap, giai quylt khd khan trong hoc tap, nhung mat khae, eung cd the
lam nhttng sinh vien nay roi vao tinh trang kiet sue do stress. Ndi each khae,
cd nhung thdi diim, nhung sinh vien ed dgng luc bi kilm soat lya chgn nd lye
giai quyit vin di va eung ed nhttng thdi dilm, nhdm sinh vien nay chgn each
tranh ne. Day ed thi la ly do giai thieh vi sao ddng lyc hgc tap bi kiem soat
TAP CHI' TAM Ly HOC, Sfi 4 (241), 4 - 2019

91


khdng ed tuong quan thuan ehilu hoac nghjeh chieu ro rang vdi chien luge

ung phd thay ddi nhan thitc va giai quyit van di. Ben eanh dd, tucmg quan yeu
gitta ddng lye bi kiim soat vdi suy nghl tieh eye chg thay, thye te khdng phai
lue nao sinli vien ed ddng luc bi kiim soat eung su dung chien luge ttng pho
nay. Trong khi dd, tugng quan giQa ddng luc bj kiim soat vdi chien luge mong
udc va tranh ne ed mue do manh hon, phan anh thuc te sinh vien ed ddng lyc
bj kiem soat ed xu hudng chung la tach ra khdi van de.
Vdi nhdm sinh vien ed dgng luc hgc tap tu chu, ket qua phan tich cd sy
nhit quan vdi nhiiu nghien cuu trudc day (Bonneville-Roussy va cdng su,
2017; Thompson va Gaudreau, 2008) cho thiy, nhQng sinh vien nay thudng
ddi mat vdi stress trong hge tap bing cac ehiin luge ung phd tich eye, bag gdm
thay ddi nhan thuc va giai quyit vin di, ty diiu ehinh cam xuc, tini kiem sy trg
giiip vi cam xue va di giai quylt vin dl, suy nght tieh eye va chap nhan thay
vi ne tranh va meng udc hay ehdi bd. Nhttng sinh vien nay tham gia vao hgat
ddng hge tap vdi mue dieb chuin bj cho nghi nghiep ma hg mong mudn theo
dudi (dgng lyc xac nhan), kham pha tri thilc (ddng lyc ben trong hudng den
hieu biet), triii nghiem nhQng dieu mdi me trong qua trinh hgc (dgng lye ben
trong hudng den trai nghiem) va cai thien nang luc cua ban than (ddng lye ben
trong hudng den thanh tuu). Khae vdi sinh vien cd ddng luc dilu chinh ben
ngoai, nhdm sinh vien nay deu ed nhttng mue tieu xuat phat tu chinh boat ddng
hge tap. Theo Vallerand va cdng sy (1992), ddi vdi nhttng sinh vien ed dgng
luc bgc tap tu chu, boat dgng hgc tap chinh la mue tieu hay dich din (dgng lyc
ben trong), thay vi la mdt edng cu de dat dugc mdt mue dich nao do vl sau
(ddng lue ben ngoai). Nhirng sinh vien nay hgc tap vdi su thieh thu, dam me va
mong mudn tim tdi, kham pha tri thuc de qua dd lien tue hoan thien ehinh
minh (Deci va Ryan, 2008; Thompson va Gaudreau, 2008). Nghien cuu chi ra
nhttng sinh vien cd ddng lue hgc tap ty chu cang eao thi cang cd nhilu niim tin
vao nang lye ban than (Cerino, 2014), danh nhiiu thdi gian eho viee hge tap, it
cd xu budng tri hoan va ed hieu qua bgc tap eao hon (Legault va edng sy,
2006). Do dd, ddi vdi nhdm sinh vien nay, nhung khd khan trong hge tjp se ia
nhQng thu thach di hg trai nghiem, thu sue va hge hdi thay vi la nhttng mdi de

dga ddi vdi mdt mue tieu nao dd nhu kit qua bgc tap hay xip Igai bing tdt
nghiep (Bonneville-Roussy va cdng sy, 2017). Day la ly do vi sao sinh vien cd
dong luc hgc tap tu ehu lya chgn eac chiin luge ung phd dilu chinh earn xiie
va nhan thue di duong diu vdi vin di thay vi tim each tach khdi khd khan
trong hoc tap. Tuong quan giQa ddng lye hgc tap tu chu vdi suy nght tich cue
va chip nhan cung eho thay, nhQng sinh vien nay sin Idng chip nhan thit bai
bay nhQng tinh hudng khdng the thay ddi dugc.

92

TAPCHITAM LyHOC, Sd4 (241), 4 - 2019


Nhu vay, mue tieu cua cac chuong trinh can thiep va hd trg sinh vien ung
phd hieu qua vdi stress la tim each tang cudng dgng lye hgc tap ty chu d sinh
vien. Ndi each khae, la tim each tang cudng y thuc vl tim quan trgng cila viee
hge dai hge ddi vdi nghe nghiep ma sinh vien theg dudi (ddng lye diiu ehinh xac
nhan) ciing nhu gay dugc sy hung thu, yeu thich eua sinh vien doi vdi cac mdn
hge, tir dd lam tang ddng luc hgc tap ty chu eua sinh vien. Ben eanh dd, dya tren
ket qua eua nhieu nghien cuu trudc day tren tbi gidi cung nhu Ly thuyit Ty
quylt (Deci va Ryan, 2008; Reeve va Jang, 2006), di cd tbi thue diy ddng luc
hgc tap tu chd d ngudi hge, ein phai ed mdt mdi trudng hge tap trong dd dam
bao thda man duge cae nhu eiu tam ly co ban eua ngudi hgc, bao gom nhu cau
gan kit (cam thay ket ndi vdi giang vien va ban hgc), nhu eau tu ehu (cam thay
duge ty minh quyet djnh cac beat ddng hge tap) va nhu cau nang lyc (cam thay
ban than cd kha nang thye hien hieu qua boat ddng bgc tap) (Burt, Young-Jones,
Yadon va Carr, 2013). Trong dd, su thda man nhu cau gan ket va nhu cau nang
luc d ngudi bgc la co sd de mdi trudng hgc tap tu chu thuc day ddng lye dieu
ehinh xae nhSn va eac loai ddng lue hgc tap ben trong d sinh vien.
Nghien euu da cung cap bang chung ban dau eho mdi lien be gitta ddng

lye hgc tap va each ung phd vdi stress trong hgc tap eua sinh vien Viet Nam.
Kit qua nay phii hgp vdi Ly thuyet Tu quyet, de tu dd kien nghj viee tang
cudng ddng luc hgc tap ty chu, lam giam tinh trang thieu ddng lyc va dgng lyc
bi kiim soat. Tuy nhiSn, nghien ettu vin cdn mgt sd han che. Thu nhat, kich
thudc miu ban ehi va tinh ddng nhit giQa cae khach thi lam giam kha nang
phan tich va suy rdng ra tdng thi (Bomstein, Jager va Putniek, 2013). Thu hai,
do nghien euu dugc thiit kl cit ngang, mil quan be nhan qua giQa dgng luc
hge tap va ung phd vdi stress trong hge tap la chua the khing dinh. Cac nghien
citu treng tugng lai ein khie phuc nhttng ban che ve kich thude va tinh ddng
nhit ciia miu nghien eilu; thiit ki theo hudng xae nhan dugc mdi quan he
nhan qua gitta stress va cae biln sd khae ben canh ddng lye hgc tap.
4. Ket luan
So vdi eae chiin luge ung phd mong udc, ne tranh va ehiin luge ung
phd choi bd, cac chiin luge ung phd tap trung vao vin de va cam xuc dugc
sinh vien su dyng thudng xuyen hon. Nhttng sinh vien thieu dgng lye cd xu
hudng ung phd bing cac chiin luge tach khdi thay vi tim each dieu hda cam
xiic, thay ddi nhan thue, hay giai quyit vin di. Sinh vien ed ddng lyc hgc tap
bi kilm sgat cd xu hudng ung phd bing each mong udc va ne tranh. Trong khi
do, sinh vien cd ddng luc hge tap ty ehu thudng su dung cac chien luge ilng
phd tich cue nhu tu diiu chinh cam xue, thay ddi nhan thuc va giai quyet van
de, tim kiim tro giiip vi cam xuc va di giai quyet van de. Cac ket qua nay cho

TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd4 (241), 4 - 2019

93


thiy vai trd quan trgng cua ddng lye hgc tap, dac biet la dgng lyc hgc tap ty
ehu, ddi vdi viee giai quyit eae nhiem vu hgc tap ciia sinh vien, trong do co
viec phai ung phd vdi cac tinh hudng gay stress trong hge tap. Dg do, cac

chuong trinh can thiep va hd trg sinh vien ung phd hieu qua vdi stress can phai
tim each tang cudng ddng lyc hgc tap ty chii, ddng thdi giam thieu tinh trang
thieu ddng lyc hgc tap d sinh vien.
Ldi cam gn: Nghien cuu nay dugc tai trg bdi Quy Giao due Thai Lan (Thai
Education Foundation).

Tai lieu tham khao
1. Abraham C, Conner M., Jones F. & O'Connor D. (2016). Health Psychology.
Taylor & Francis.
2. Bonneville-Roussy A., Evans P., Vemer-Filion J., Vallerand R.J. & Bouffard T.
(2017). Motivation and coping with the stress of assessment: Gender differences in
outcomes for university students. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 48. 28 - 42.
/>
3. Bomstein M.H., Jager J. & Putniek D.L. (2013). Sampling In developmental science;
situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards. Developmental Review: DR. 33 (4).
357 - 370. https://doLorg/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003.
4. Brown T.A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (second
edition). New York. London: The Guilford Press.
5. Burt T.D., Young-Jones A.D., Yadon CA. & Carr M.T. (2013). The Advisor and
instructor as a dynamic duo: Academic motivation and basic psychological needs.
NACADA Joumal. 33 (2). 44 - 54. />6. Cabas-Hoyos K., German-Ayala N., Martinez-Burgos L. & Uribe-Urzola A. (2015).
Coping and gender differences in university students. European Psychiatry. 30. 1186.
7. Cerino E.S. (2014). Relationships between academic motivation, self-efficacy, and
academic procrastinaHon. Psi Chi Joumal of Psychological Research 19 (4) 156 - 163
/>8. Cohen M., Ben-Zur H. & Rosenfeld M.J. (2008). Sense of coherence, coping
strategies, and test anxiety as predictors of lest performance among college students
International Joumal of Stress Management. 15 (3). 289 - 303.

94

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sfi4 (241), 4 - 2019


9. Coiro M.J., Bettis A.H. & Compas B.E. (2017). College students coping with
interpersonal stress- Examining a control-based model of coping. Joumal of American
College Health. 65 (3). 177 - 186.
10. Compas B.E., Banez G.A., Malearne V. & Worsham N. (1991). Perceived control
and coping with stress: A developmental perspective. Joumal of Social Issues. 47 (4). 23
- 34. 11 l/j.1540-4560.1991.tbOl832.x.
11. Compas B.E., Connor-Smith J.K., Saltzman H., Thomsen A.H. & Wadsworth M.E.
(2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and
potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin. 127 (1). 87 -127.
12. Connor-Smith J.K., Compas B.E., Wadsworth M.E., Thomsen A.H. & Saltzman H.
(2000). Responses to stress in adolescence; measurement of coping and involuntary
stress responses. Joumal of Consuhing and Clinical Psychology. 68 (6). 976 - 992.
13. Deci E.L. & Ryan R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human
behavior. Boston. MA. Springer US. />14. Deci E.L. &, Ryan R.M. (2008). Self-determination theory; A macrotheory of
human motivation, development and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne.
49(3). 182- 185. />15. Deniz M. (2006). The relationships among coping with stress, life satisfaction,
decision-making styles and decision self-esteem- An Investigation with Turkish
university students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Joumal. 34 (9).
1.161-1.170.
16. Devonport T.J. & Lane A.M. (2006). Relationships between self-efficacy, coping
and student retention. Social Behavior and Personality: An Intemational Joumal. 34
(2). 127- 138.
17. Dunkley D.M., Blankstein K.R., Halsall J., Williams M. & Winkworth G. (2000).
The relation between perfectionism and distress- Hassles, coping, and perceived
social support as mediators and moderators. Joumal of Counseling Psychology. 47 (4).
437-453.
18. Faleel S.F., Tam C.L., Lee T.H., Har W.M. & Foo Y.C. (2012). Stress, perceived

social support, coping capability and depression: A study of local and foreign
students in the Malaysian context. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. 61. 75 - 81.
19. Folkman S. & Lazarus R.S. (1985). //// changes it must be a process: study of
emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Joumal of personality
and Social Psychology. 48 (1). 150 -170.

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sfi4 (241), 4-2019

95


20. Larijani R. & Besharat M.A. (2010). Perfectionism and coping styles with stress.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 5. 623 - 627.
21. Lazanis RS. & Folkman S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping Springer Publishing
Company. Tmy vin tir https;//books.google.com.vn/books?id^-ySQQuUpr8C.

22. Legault L., Green-Demers 1. & Pelletier L. (2006). Why do high school students
lack motivation in the classroom? Toward an understanding of academic amotivation
and the role of social support. Journal of Educational Psychology. 98 (3). 567 - 582.
/>23. Leong F.T.L., Bonz M.H. & Zaehar P. (1997). Coping styles as predictors of
college adjustment among freshmen. Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 10 (2). 211220. />24. Lo R. (2002). A longitudinal study of perceived level of stress, coping and
self-esteem of undergraduate nursing students: An australian case study. Joumal of
Advanced Nursing. 39 (2). 119 - 126.

26. Monteiro N.M., Balogun S.K. & Oratile K.N. (2014). Managing stress; the
influence of gender, age and emotion regulation on coping among university students
in Botswana. Intemational Joumal of Adolescence and Youth. 19 (2). 153 - 173.
27. Pacheeo B. & Kamble S.V. (2016). The role of optimism in stress and coping of
undergraduate students in Goa. The hitemational Joumal of Indian Psychology. 3. 60 - 68.
28. Park CL. & Adler N.E. (2003). Coping style as a predictor of health and wellbeing across thefirstyear of medical school. Health Psychology. 22 (6). 627 - 631.

29. Reeve J. & Jang H. (2006). What teachers say and do to support students'
autonomy during a learning activity. Journal of Educational Psychology. 98 (1). 209 218. />30. Renk T. & Eskola K.J. (2007). Prospects of medium tomography using back-iobackhadron correlations. Physical Review C 75 (5). 054910. 18 pages.

31. Roth S. & Cohen L.J. (1986). Approach avoidance, and coping with sUess. American
Psychologist. 41 (7). 813-819.

32. Shields N. (2001). SUess, active coping, and academic performance among persistin
and nonperslsttng college students. Joumal of Applied Biobehavioial Reseaich. 6 (2). 65-81.

33. Skinner E.A., Edge K., Altman J. & Sherwood H. (2003). Searching for the
structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of
coping. Psychological Bulletin. 129 (2). 216 - 269.

96

TAPCHiTAM LyHOC, Sfi 4 (241), 4 - 2019


34. SdTithers C.W., Perry R.P. & Menec V.H. (2000). An examination of the relationship
among academic stress, coping, motivation, and performance In college. Research in
Higher Education. 41 (5). 581 - 592. />35. Thompson A. & Gaudreau P. (2008). From optimism and pessimism to coping;
The mediating role of academic motivation. Intemational Joumal of Stress Management.
15 (3). 269 - 288. bttps://doi.org/10.1037/a0012941.

36. Vallerand R.J., Pelletier L.G., Blais M.R., Briere N.M., Senecal C & Vallieres E.F.
(1992). The Academic motivation scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivat
in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 52 (4). 1.003 - 1.017.
/>
TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sfi 4 (241), 4-2019

97