Thái độ của người dân hà nội đối với việc giúp đỡ hàng xóm

NGUdl DAN HA NOI
DOI VOI VIEC GIUP DO H A N G X O M

THAI D O C U A

Bai viet la mdt phan ket qua nghien ciru cua Be tai cap co sd 2016: Hanh vi giup 6d
g/tte n/7t?ng ngudi hang x6m tai Ha Noi; Vien T§m ly hpc chd tri; ThS. T6 Thiiy Hanh
l&m chu nhi^m.
ThS. Td Thuy Hanh
Phd Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hgc Ong dung, Vien Tdm ly hgc.
'

TOM TAT

Khdo sdt bdng bdng hdi vdo thdng 5/2016 tren 155 khach the cho thdy, ngudi
ddn do thi cd thdi do tich cue ddi vdi viec giup da hdng xdm, the hien qua nhdn thitc,
cdm xuc vd hdnh vi giup da. Thdi do the hien qua nhdn thirc, cdm xuc vd hdnh vi giiip
da cua ngudi ddn Id khdc nhau, tiiy thudc vdo nhung tinh hudng nhdt dinh. Ngodi ra,
ba thdnh phdn ndy cdn cd moi tuang quan thuan, tuang ddi chat vdi nhau. So sdnh mgt
sd bien sd nhu gidi tinh. nhdm tudi, muc sdng, thai gian sinh sdng, dH lieu cung cho
thdy cd nhimg khdc biet ve thdi do ddi vdi viec giiip da hdng xdm a cdc bien sd doc lap ndy.
Tir khoa: Thdi do: Hdng xdm: Giiip da: Nhdn thuc: Cdm xdc: Hdnh vi.
Ngdy nhdn bdi 24/1/2017; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/4/2017.
ABSTRACT
A questionnaire survey conducted on 155 urban residents on May 2016 showed that,
attitude towards helping neighbors is evaluated as positive. expres.sed in their perceptions,
emotions and helping behaviors in some certain siluatiom. In addition, those components
correlate each other, quite strongly and closely. Comparing with independent variables,
there are differences in age groups, incomes, family's background about attitude towards
helping neighbours
Keywords: Attitude: Neighbour: Helping, Perception, Emotion. Behavior

1. M d d S u
Thai dp duoc hieu la phan ung mang linh chat danh gia tich cue hay tieu
cue doi vdi ddi tuang nao do, duoc the hien qua suy nghT, cam xiic hay hanh vi.
Dd la nhirng danh gia cd linh tuang doi on dinh dupe luu giir trong ki ire, chir
khdng phai la nhirng trang thai tam ly tam thdi (Adzin. 2000; Larsen va Le Van
Hao, 2010). Thai dp luon duoc hinh thanh vdi mpt doi tupng nhat dinh, trong

TAPCHflAMLVHOC, S6 5(21K), 5 -2017

67


nhihig tinh hudng nhat dinh, cho thay each nhin nhan, trang thai cam xiic cung
nhu xu hudng hanh dpng cua chii th^.
Nhu vay, ndi den thai dp la ndi den su danh gia cua chii the ve mot doi
tupng cu thi, khdng cd thai dp chung chung. Dd la mpt bidu hien ben trong (nhan
thirc, cam xiic), song cd the duac do ludng, danh gia qua hanh dpng ben ngoai hay
qua nhirng du dinh ve hanh vi.
Trong nghien cuu nay, thai dp ciia ngudi dan tai Ha Npi ddi vdi viec
giiip dd hang xdm dupe danh gia qua nhan thuc ciia ngudi dan ve viec giiip da
ngudi khac, qua nhirng cam xiic tich cue hoac tieu cue va nhihig hanh vi giiip
dd cu thi (cSng cd the la nhiing hanh vi du djnh) ciia ca nhan.
2. Mau va phuong phap nghien cihi
Chon mau
Mau duac ehpn la mau thuan tien, gdm 155 ngudi dan thupc quan Ba
Dinh va Tay Hd, thanh phd Ha Npi. Dp tuoi trung binh ciia mau la 42; t> le nam
la 55,5%, nir la 44,5%. Ty le nhirng ngudi dang sdng thupc kieu nha tai dinh
cu/lap the cu la 50,3%, nha rieng ddc lap la 49,7%; Nhdm ngudi thupc dan thd
cu, dan goc chiem 31,8%, dan song lau nam (tir 10 den 15 nam) chiem 52,3%,
so cdn lai la tir noi khac chuyen den chua lau (tir I den 5 nam). Khach the tham

gia phdng van sau (8 ngudi) khong thupc irong nhdm tra Idi bang hdi.
Phuffng phdp nghien cuu
Phucmg phap chinh dupe su dung trong nghien ciiu la dieu tra bang bang
hdi ket hop vdi phong van sau.
Trong nghien cii'u nay. nhdm tac gia sir dung thang do thai dp \'e viec
giup dd do Nickcll G. xay dung nam 1998. Thang do gdm cd 20 menh de. trong
do. cd 6 menh de ngupc nghTa vdi cac menh de cdn lai nham kiem tra cheo dp
tin cay cua cac thong tin dupe tim hieu trong bang hoi.
Dp tin cay Alpha ctia Cronbaeh dupe su dung de loai bd nhung \'eu to
khong lien quan vdi npi dung. Ket qua phan tich dp tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh
cua thang do cho thay, chi sd nay cua toan thang do la 0,86. la cao so vdi tieu
chuan ve do tin ca\'. Tuy nhien, trong tdng so 20 menh de co 6 menh de cd he so
tuong quan y^u vdi diem tdng (Corrected Item-Total Correlation (< 0.3)). Sau
khi loai bo 6 menh de nay. thang do cd dp tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh la 0.87.
Tat ca cac menh de cdn lai deu cd tuong quan vdi toan thang do \d\ he sd > 0.3.
Nhu \'ay. thang do thai do doi \'di hanh vi giup dd cdn lai 14 menh de bieu hien
nhan thtic (6 menh de). cam xiic (4 menh de) va hanh \ i lien quan den vice giup
dd (4 menh de).
Phan tich sd lieu: Nghien ciru sir dung cac phiip phan tich sau:

68

TAPCHI'TAMLVHOC, Sd 5 (2ISi. 5 - 2017


- Phdn tich dinh lugng: Cdc s6 lieu dinh luong thu thap tir khao sat duac
xu ly bang phjn m t o th6ng ke SPSS 22.0. Cac phep phSn tich duoc dCing trong
nghien cuu nay bao g6m phan tich thong ke mo ta (tan so, diem trung binh, do
lech chuto, trung vi, mode, min, max) va phan tich so sanh (so sanh gia trj truftg
binh nhu phep phan tich phuong sai mot yeu to (Anova)) cho 3 nhom, phep

kiem djnh t vk doc lap gitta hai miu cho 2 nhom. Trong nghifin ciiu nay, chiing
toi quy uoc, diSm trung binh cua timg menh de cang cao thi thai do doi voi viec
giup do cang tich cue va nguoc lai, diSm trung binh cang thap thi thai dp d6i voi
viec giup do cang tieu cue.
- Phdn tich tuang quan: Phan tich tuong quan dugfc tien hanh dua tren he
s6 tuong quan Pearson giira cac biin so (R). Nghien ciJru quan tam den tuong
quan gitta cac yiu to thanh phan ciia thang thai do doi voi vice giup do (nhan
thirc, cam xuc va hanh vi lien quan den viec giup d&).
3. Ket qua nghien ciru
Thdi dp cua ngudi dan doi vdi viec giup dd ngtr&i khdc
Bdng I: Thdi dd eda ngudi ddn ddi vdi viec giiip da ngudi khdc
Cac bieu hien ciia thai dd doi voi
viec giup See nguoi khac

DTB (1 - 5)

DLC

Nhan thuc

4,05

0,75

Cam xuc

3,98

0,85

Hanh vi

3,35

0,94

3,80

0,72

BTB chung toan thang do

Ghi chii: Cdc phucmg dn Ird Idi nhu sau: 1. Hoan loan khong dong y; 2. Hau nhu khong
dong y: 3. Nira dong y nica khong dong y: 4 Hau nhu dong y; 5. Hoan toan dong y Ghi chii
nay dugc diing cho tdt cd cdc bdng phia duai DTB cdng cao, ngirai ddn cdng co thai do tich
cue ve viec giup da nguoi khdc.

Da sd ngudi dan deu cd thai dp tich cue ddi vdi viec giup dd ngudi khac
(DTB chung ciia toan thang do la 3,80/5; DLC = 0,72). Nhieu ngudi dan lira ehpn
phucmg an "hau nhu ddng y" vdi nhirng nhan dinh duac dua ra.
So sanh ba thanh td thai dp, du: lieu cho thay, ngudi dan cd nhan thiic
tich cue nhat ve viec giiip dd (DTB - 4,05). Cam xiic va hanh vi Hen quan den
viec giiip dd cd DTB thap han, trong do, hanh vi thuc hien viec giiip dd cd
DTB thap nhat. Co le, dii nhan thirc va cam xiic ve viec giiip do la tich cue
nhung de thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd thi cdn phu thupc vao nhieu yeu td khac.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017

69

Duai day la mot so bieu hien cu thi vk timg thanh t6 bieu hien cua thai
dp doi voi viec giiip do.
Nhdn thirc vi viec giup dd ngirai khac
Bang 2: Mdi sd bieu hien trong nhdn thuc ve viec
giiip da ngudi khdc cua ngudi ddn

Nhan thuc ve
viec giup d&

Hoan
toan
khong
dSngy

Hau
nhu
khong
dongy

Nira
dongy
nira
khong

H^u
nhu
dong
y

Hoan
to^n
dong

DTB
(1-S)

DLC

1, Tu nguyen giiip da ai do
la dieu rat hiru ich

4,0

12,8

18,1

24,8

40,3

3,85

1.21

2. Giup do nguai gia khong
phai la trach nhiem cua toi,
trir ttuong hop, ho la thanh
vien trong gia dinh toi*

36,0

28,6

22,0

2,7

10,7

2,23

1,26

3. Tre em can duoc day ve
viec tai sao can giirp do nguoi
khac

2,0

3,3

6,7

29,3

58,7

4,39

0,90

4. Giiip do nguoi ngheo la dieu
hop le, dang lam

2,0

9,5

5,4

20,9

62,2

4,32

1,06

5. Giiip ban be va gia dinh la
mot trong nhung niem vui Ion

3,3

5.3

12,7

18,7

60,0

4,27

1.08

6 Khong nhat thiet phai giiip
do nguoi minh khong quen
cho du la hirong hop khan
cap*

32,7

27,3

25.3

8,7

6,0

2.28

1.12

4,05

0,75

Nhirn thiic chunK vc hanh vi giiip do

Ghi chu. Nhimg mC'nh de cu ddu * dd duac ddi diem khi linh dd Im cdy vd linh DTB c
ihang do

Phan Ion nguoi dan deu cho rang, viec giup do la dieu can thiet, dang
lam. Day la hanh dong co gia Irj nhan van cao dep, dac biet khi vice giup do
ngucri khac mang tinh tir nguyen. Viec giup do khong chi dem lai loi ich cho
nguoi dugc giup da ma con dem niem vui tiSi nguoi Ihuc hien hanh vi giup do.
Co hem 2/3 trong so nhung nguoi tra loi cho rang, giiip do nguai khac la mgt
trong nhung niem vui Ion. Hon the nua, gia tri cao dep, y nghTa ciia viec giiip
do con dugc nguiVi dan nhin nhan thong qua viec giao due hanh vi giup da o ca

70

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So 5 (2IX), 5^2017


tre em. Tre em ngay nay khdng chi cin tiip thu nhiing kien thirc lien quan den
cac nganh khoa hoc truy6n thdng ma cdn ckn ITnh hdi duac nhihig gia tri sdng,
lien quan din vi?c hinh thanh mot nhan each tdt sau nay. Hieu y nghia ciia viec
giiip dd va tim each giiip do ngudi khac la mpt trong nhihig gia tri cot toi d
ddi. Bdi le, hanh vi nay se khai gpi long trac 4n, vi tha, sir ddng cam can cd d
mpt con ngudi. Vi thd, y kidn cho rang: Tre em can dupe day vh viec tai sao
can giiip da ngudi khac duac nhieu ngudi dan ddng tinh, hudng iing.
Dudi day la mpt sd y kien ciia ngudi dan ve van de nay:
Giiip dd cdn duoc thuc hien tit trong gia dinh, cdc thdnh vien ong bd, bo
me, con chdu co biet giiip do, thucmg yeu nhau mdi mong sau ndy con chdu, tre
con no ra duang giiip ngudi khdc. Day tre con biet giup dd ngudi khdc khi gap
khd khdn, hoan nan la viec md nhd trudng, gia dinh can ldm. Toi vdn thudng

day chdu nhd toi, neu thdy ai kho khdn md con giup duoc thi nen giup vi se cd
ngdy con cdn ai do giup, con se duo'c giiip nguac trd lai... (ong Q., 65 tudi, ve
huu, td 4, phudng Budi, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi).
Giup duoc ai do coi nhu minh da ldm duoc dieu tot, tich luy duoc viec tot.
Ndi chung, toi giiip dd ai md minh cd the, khong phdn biet quen biet hay khong,
ngudi ngheo kho lai cdng cdn giiip. Giiip do ngudi khdc Id hop Idng ngirdi, phdi
vdi le ddi vi biet ddu co ngdy minh ciing cdn ai do giiip thi sao (ba M., 46 tudi,
ve huu, td 5, phudng Budi, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi).
Ben canh dd, van tdn tai mpl so y kien cho rang, chi giiip dd ngudi than
quen, ngudi rudt thjt trong gia dinh, cdn ngudi la thi khdng nhat thiet giiip dd
dii trong tinh hudng khan cap.
Cdm xuc lien quan den viec giiip do
Thanh td thii hai cua thai dp, do la cam xiic lien quan den viec giiip dd
dien ra trong cupc sdng hang ngay.
Khi giup dirac ngudi khdc tin thdy vui chic, vi dem lai niem vui cho ngudi
khdc, thdy ngtrdi la vui, minh ciing vui theo... (chi H., 38 tudi, d nha npi trp, td 4,
phudng Budi, Tay Hd, Ha Not).
Giup ngifdi khdc dem Igi cdm gidc thoai mdi vi thir nhdt minh da ldm
diroc dieu tot cho ngudi khdc, thir hai Id tich luy duoc nhieu dieu tot minh ldm.
sau ndy biet ddu minh duoc giiip lai nen thdy vui ldm (ba C , 61 tudi, d nha
trdng tre, phudng VTnh Phiic, Ba Dinh, Ha Ndi).
Di giiip da chdng ai khd chiu. cdu buc cd vi minh lam dieu lot, khi do se
cd cdm gidc vui ve, de chiu vi duac cdm on, biet ddu sau nay con cdi hay chinh
minh cimg rai vdo trudng hop nhu vay cdn giiip do. Giup dd ngudi khdc Id
giiip do chinh minh (ong B.. 66 mdi, v^ huu. td 5. phudng Budi, Tay I Id, 1 la Ndi).
TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, S6 5 (218), 5 - 2017

71

Bang 3: Mgt sd bieu hien cdm xdc lien qugn din viec giiip da nguai khdc
Cam xuc lien quan
den viec giup do

Hoan
toan
khong
dongy

Hau
nhir
khong
dong^

Niira
dong
y nira
khong

Hau
nhu
dong
y

Hoan
toan
dong
y

DTB

(!-5)

DLC

1. Khi CO CO hoi, toi thich giup
da nguoi khac khi ho can giup
do

4,0

11,3

16,7

29,3

38,7

3,87

1,16

2. Ban than toi thSy de chju khi
ai do mong muon dirge giup dis

4,0

5,3

6,0

33,3

51,4

4,23

1,05

3. Toi thay hanh phiic khi lam
viec gi do mang tinh tu nguyen

1,3

19,3

19,3

21.3

38,7

3,77

1,19

4. Toi cam thay de chiu voi ban
dian khi giup dis ai khac mpt
cachtungu\en

4,7

7,3

13,3

27,3

47,3

4,05

1,15

3,98

0,85

Cam xuc lien quan den viec giiip diy nguiri khac

Ghi ciiu. DTB cdng cao. y kien ngudi ddn cdng dongy vdi nhimg nhdn dinh dira ra.

C6 the thay, nguai dan c6 nhiing trai nghiem ve cam xiic tich cue lien
quan den hanh vi giup da nhu la thich dugc giup da, thiy hanh phuc, co cam
giac de chju khi giup dugc ai do.
Hdnh vi giiip dd ngudi khdc
Hanh \ i giup da la thanh to cuoi ciing cua thai do d6i voi viec giup do.
So voi hai thanh to nhan thiirc \ a cam xuc, hanh \ i giup do co DTB thSp nhat.
Trong nhieu nghien cim ly Ihuylt va thuc ti6n. nguoi ta da dua ra kha nhi6u
yeu to dan den vice mot ca nhan quyet djnh giiip da hay khong giup do nguoi

khac. trong do. yeu to tinh huong (khin c^p hay khong khjn cSp. giup nhirng viec
nho nhat khong quan trong hay quan trgng...) dugc xem la yiu t6 quan trgng di
ca nhan dua ra quyiit dinh. Dac diem tinh each cua ngucri thiic hien hanh vi giup
do \'a ngucri dugc giiip do. kha nang. nang lire cua ngucri di giup do. viec giup ai
do CO nguy hai den sire khoe. tinh mang. tai chinh hay khong... ciing la nhOng yiu
to dugc linh den khi ai do dua ra quy6t dinh giiip do ngucri khac. Nhung y6u t6
nhu va\' dugc ngucri dan chia sc cu tha qua mgt s6 phong vin sau:
Giiip da ngudi khdc la viec rdt ddng ldm nhirng ciiiig xem long lot cua
minh dat dimg did hay khdng Cd nhiiu trudng liap gid nhd tu hdnh di dn xin,
xong vai ngdy sau llidy phdng .xe mdy pile phe ngodi dudng... (chi V,. 40 tu6i,
cong nhan moi trucmg, tii 5. phucmg Bucii. Tay H6. Ha Noi)
TAPCHiTAMLVHOC, S o 5 ( 2 l 8 ) , 5 - 2 0 1 7


Du biet rdng giup da ngudi khac Id vifc ldm Idt nhung khdng phdi liic
ndo minh ciing ldm duac. Cd hdm tdi nhin thay cd ngudi trong xe lap bi ngd rg
duang chdc do vuang phdi vien ggch hay gi do, tdi nhin ciing mudn giiip ldm
nhung thdy minh gid rdi, site khde cdng khdng tdt, chac gi minh da dir dugc
ngudi ta day, cho vdo xe ngdi Vi vdy, tdi di ggi ngudi khdc den giiip, sgu dd cd
hai bg ngudi din, thi Id da dugc ong y ngdi lai vdo xe Idn (ba H., 52 tuoi, ve
huu, phucmg Vinh Phiic, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi).
Bdng 4: Hdnh vi giup dd ngudi khdc
Cam xiic lien quan
den viec giiip dii'

Hoan
toan
khong
dongy

Hau
nhir
khong
dongy

Nua
dong
y nira
khong

Hau
nhu
dong
y

Hoan
toan
dong
y

BTB
(1-5)

DLC

1. Toi djnh se danh thoi gian
hoac tien bac cho hoat dong tir
Ihien

9,3

24,0

34,7

18,0

14,0

3,03

1,16

2. Neu ngiroi tnroc mat toi dang
tra tien tai mot ciia hang ma
thieu vai dong le, toi se tra giup
ho

8,1

12.8

21,6

27,0

30,4

3,59

1,26

3. Toi huong sir giup do ciia biin
than toi moi hoal dong tir thien

6,7

18.0

20,7

32,7

22,0

3,45

1,20

4. Toi rat it khi dong lien cho
nhirng sir vice dii viec do nen
lam*

30,7

20,0

20.0

13,3

16,0

2,64

1,44

3,35

0,94

Hanh vi giiip diy nguoi khac noi chung

Ghi chu- Ninmg menh de co ddu * dd dmrc dtii diem khi linh d<'> tin cdy vd diem trung binh
loan ihang do.

Di dn xin md loan mid ruou trong ngudi thi chd ai cho cd (anh P., 45 tuoi,
cdng an, td 5. phudng Budi, Tay Hd, Ha Npi).
Nhin thdy ngudi la ngheo kho di xin dn thi ai nd long ndo khdng cho vdi
dong nhung neu md Id thanh nien trai trdng thi khong duoc, cha que qudl.
khuyet lat gi cd thi phdi di xin viec md ldm chii di xin mdi sao duoc, chd ai cho
(dng L.. 51 tuoi, lai xe. phudng VTnh Phiic, Ba Dinh, Ha Npi).
Tir nhiing du lieu tren. cd the thay. ngudi dan trong mau khao sal cd
thuc hiC^n hanh vi giup do ngudi khac. Cach thirc, miic dp giiip dd phu thupc
vao nhicu yeu td khac nhau.

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So 5 (218), 5 -2017

73

Sir dS I: Tuang quan giOa nhdn thiic, cdm xiic va hdnh vi giup dd

Ghi chii: ** khip< 0,01.
Xem xet m6i tirong quan giiia cac thanh phan cua thai d6 doi vdi viec
giiip do (nhan thilc, cam xiic va hanh vi) cho thay, ca ba yeu to nay co tuong
quan thuSn, kha chat voi nhati, co y nghia vi mSt thong ke. Noi each kh4c, cang
nhan thiirc dugc y nghTa, gia tri, tam quan trong cua viec giiip d9, nguoi dan cang
CO cam xiic tich cue (cam giac dl chiu, thich dugc giup do) va cang hay thirc
hi6n hanh vi giup do hang xom va ngugc lai.
Trong ba yiu ti tren thi tuong quan giOa cam xiic va hanh vi la manh
hem so voi tuong quan giiia nhan thu:c va hanh vi. Di6u nay cho thay, vai tro
quan trgng ciia cam xiic doi voi hanh vi noi chimg, hanh vi giup da noi rieng.
Viec tao nen va duy tri nhihig cam Xuc tich cue (sir d6ng cam, cam thong, vi
tha...) s6 din tai nhiing hanh vi tot, tich cue trong cuoc s6ng (hanh vi giip da,
hgp tac, hoat dgng thien nguyen...). Ket qua nghien ciiru nay mgt lan niia khang
dinh lai nhiing nghien cim di truac ve moi quan he giira cam xiic va hanh vi, anh
huong ciia cam xuc den nhirng hanh vi trong hoat dong song cila con ngucri.
Thai do dii vdi viec giUp dO ngu&i khdc - So sdnh theo mgt sS bien so
dgc lap
Gidi tinh
Nhin chung, khcjng co su khac biet mang y nghia thong ke khi so sanh
cac thanh t6 ciia thai do (nhan thirc, cam xiic, hanh vi) cung nhu thai dp chung
doi viji viec giiip do theo b\in s6 gidi tinh. Noi each khac, dii la nam hay nit thi
thai do doi vai viec giiip do nguoi khac la nhu nhau. DiSu do noi len tinh khuon
miu trong nhom khach thi diiu tra ciia nghien ciru nay.
Muc sdng
So sanh thai do doi vcii viec giup do nguai khac giira ba nhom dan cu
CO mire song khac nhau, kSt qua thu dugc nhu sau:

74

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, S6'5 (218), 5 - 2017


Bdng S: Thdi dg doi vdi viec giup dd ngudi khdc
giira cdc nhom ddn cu co muc song khdc nhau
Tbai do doi voi
viec giup dd* n g u ^ khac

DTB miTC song
D u ^ trung Dii an Khi gia
binh (Ml)
(M2)
(M3)

Mirc y nghia
p < 0,05

Nh^n thiJc

4,24

4,09

3,71

C4m xuc

4,25

3,98

3,69

M I > M 3 ; p = 0,00
M2 > M3; p = 0,02
M I > M 3 ; p = 0,0l

Xu hudng thirc hi^n

3,65

3,33

3,14

M I > M 3 ; p = 0,03

0TB chung v^ thai do doi vcri
vi^c giup d& ngutri khac

4,05

3,80

3,51

M l > M3i p - 0,00

Ghi chii: BTB cdng cao. ngudi ddn cdng co thdi do tich cue doi vdi viec giiip da ngu&i khdc.

Nhin chung, nhiing ngudi dSn cd miic sdng dudi trung binh cd thai dp tich
cue ddi vdi viec giiip dd ngudi khac hom so vdi nhimg ngudi d ^ cd mirc sdng
kha gia (p < 0,01). CJ timg thanh td cua thai dd, bieu hien vh nhan thuc, cam xiic
va hanh vi lien quan din giiip dd d nhdm dan cu cd miic sdng dudi trung binh
cOng tich cue hem so vdi nhdm dan cd mirc sdng kha gia (p < 0,05).
Thdi gian sinh sdng tai dia ban khdo sdt
Bdng 6: Thdi do doi vdi viec giup do giita cdc nhom cd thdi gian
sinh song khde nhau tai dia bdn khdo sdt
Thai do doi voi
viec giup d& ngvoi khac

DTB theo thoi gian sinh song
1-5
5-15
Dan goc
nam
nam
(M3)
(M2)
(Ml)

Mirc y nghTa
p < 0,05

Nh^n thurc

3,82

4,04

4,20

Ml
Cam xuc

3,56

3,98

4,21

Ml Ml
Xu hucmg thirc hien

3,33

3,22

3,63

M 2 < M 3 ; p = 0,OI

3,57

3,75

4,01

Ml < M3; p = 0,01
M2 < M3; p = 0,04

DTB chung ve thai do
doi voi viec giup da

Ghi chu- DTB cdng cao, ngudi ddn cdng cd thdi do tich cue ddi vdi viec giup da ngudi khdc

Nhin chung, nhirng ngucii dugc coi la dan g6c, da sinh ra va lijn len tai
mgt dia ban dan eu eo thai do tich cure han doi voi viec giup da nguoi khac so

TAPCHITAM LVHOC, So5 (218), 5 - 2017

75


voi nhdm dan la nhiing nguai tu noi khac chuySn din. Bi&i nay cung dugc
thSy a timg thanh to ciia thai dp doi vdi viSc giup da, nhan thitc, cam xuc va
hanh vi lien quan dSn giup do d nhom dan gflc tich cue hon so vdi nhiing nhdm
dSn ta noi khac chuyen den (p < 0,05).
Nhom tuoi
Nhdm tuoi la bijn s6 nhan khau cuoi cung dugc quan tam khi so sanh
thai do ciia ngudi dan ddi vdi viec giup dd ngudi khac. CSn cir v4o do taoi cua
khach the tham gia di6u tra, chiing toi chia ra 3 nhdm tudi: tir 19 den 30 tudi, tir
31 dSn 47 tudi v4 tir 48 tudi trd len. So sanh giiia cac nhdm tudi tren ve thai dd
ddi vdi vi$c giiip dd ngudi khac, kit qtia thu dugc nhu sau:
Nhdm nhiSu tudi nhSt - tren 48 tudi cd thai do ndi chimg ddi vdi viec giup

dS tich cue hon so vdi nhdm tudi tu 31 din 47 tudi (p < 0,05). Ciing nhdm dan
tren 48 tu6i cd nhiing bi£u hioi v^ nhan thiic, cim xiic va hanh vi lien quan dgn
vi$c giiip dd tich cvrc hon so vdi nhdm dan tii 31 - 47 tudi.
Bang 7: Thdi do ddi vdi vifC giiip dS ngudi khdc
giira cdc nhdm tuoi khdc nhau
Thai d9 doi voi
vice giop d& ngnori Idlic

BTB theo nhom tuoi
48 tuoi
31-47
trorien
(M2)
(M3)

19-30
(Ml)

Mac y nghiil
p<0,05

Nhlnthuc

3,98

3,93

4,25

Cam xuc

3,97

3,71

4,27

3,40

3,12

3,56

M 2 < M 3 ; p = 0,02

3,78

3,58

4,03

M 2 < M 3 ; p = 0,00

Xu huong thirc hien
DTB chong vk thai do doi vori vifc
giiip do- ngirai idiac

M 2 < M 3 ; p = 0,03
M 2 < M 3 ; p = 0,00
M l < M 3 ; p = 0,07

Ghi chu: BTB cdng cao, ngudi ddn cdng cd thdi do tich ctic ddi vdi vifc giup dd ngu&i khdc

Qua cuoc thao Iu|n nhdm, mgt sd y kien tir nhiing ngudi thudc nhdm tudi
tren 48 tudi cho rjng: 'To/ nghiem thay giUp d5 nguai khdc la giiq> da chinh minh
vi se cd ngay minh cdn ngudi khdc gilq). Neu ai ngdi dai con, cdc chdu den giup
thi da hdng chuyen, vdy nen cdc thdn gid chung tdi tu giiip dS nhau, hom nay
.inh gi^ hg, mai ho Igi giiip minh, khi ldm nhu vdy se thdy cuoc ddi vui ve han,
cdnh ve gid thi nuangftravdo nhau md song, nuang tua vao nhimg ngu&i cimg
tudi gia nhu chiing tdi thot' (thao lusin nhdm phu nO trrai 48 Sidi, tham gia tSp 1h6
due budi sang tai khu tai djnh cu phirong Vinh Phiic, Ba Binh, Ha Noi).

76

TAPCHl'TAMLyHOC,S6'5 (218), 5 - 2017


Tdm lai, nghito ciiu vi thai dd doi vdi viec giup do hang xom cua ngudi
dan do thi cho thSy, hju hit ngudi dSn nai dSy cd thai dp tich cue ddi vdi vi?c
giiip da, diSu nay duoc biiu hien qua viec nhan thirc ve y nghia, gia tn cua viec
giiip do, cam giac hanh phiic, dl chju, thich dugc giup dg ngudi khac va qua mgt
sd hanh vi giup da cu ihi. Ba thanh td cua thai do la nhan thirc, cam xiic va hanh
vi ddi vdi viec giiip dd cd mdi tuong quan thuan, Wang ddi manh, trong dd, cam
xiic va hanh vi cd mdi tuong quan manh, chat che vdi nhau, cho thay vai trd, anh
hudng ciia cam xiic ddi vdi hanh vi, ddi vdi hoat dgng giiip do trong cuoc song
con ngudi.
So sanh thai do ddi vdi viec giup dd d mgt sd biin sd ddc lap (gidi tinh, do
tudi, miic sdng, thdi gian sinh sdng tai dia ban khao sat) cho thay ngudi dan d cac
nhdm tudi, mirc sdng, thdi gian sinh sdng tai dia ban khao sat cd su khac nhau
trong thai do ddi vdi viec giup dd hang xdm. Tuy nhien, khdng co sir khac biet

mang y nghTa thdng ke khi so sanh thai do ddi vdi viec giup do d bien sd gidi tinh.

Tai lieu tham khiio
1. Adzin, Bach khoa loan Ihu American Association. 2000.
2. Knud S. Larsen va Le Van Hao, Tdm ly hgc xd hoi. 2010.
3. Sushant, Phdi Iriin nhdn cdch - Vai dd cua cdm xuc, eonalitydevelopment.
org/role-of-emotions.html.

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC. So 5 (21 8), 5 - 2017

77