Hành vi bạo lực học đường của học sinh

VI BAO LLJC HOC DUONG
CUA HOC SINH
HANH

ThS. Pham Minh Thu
Vien Tdm ly hoc.

•

TOM TAT

Nghien ciiu tren mdu gdm 198 hoc sinh tren 4 khSi Idp 7, 8. 9 vd 11 Igi mot sd
trudng THCS vd THPT tren dia bdn thanh phd Hd Chi Minh vd thanh phd Hd Noi
cho thdy hdnh vi bao luc hoc dudng xdy ra a mite thdp, trong dd hdnh vi xay ra
nhiiu nhdt la got ban bing biel hieu, chui, cdi nhau. cd y idm cho ngudi khdc dau
long. Nghien cim ciing lim ra mot sd md hinh du bdo cd the idm gidm hdnh vi bao luc
hoc dudng cua hoc sinh.
Tir khoa: Hdnh vi bao luc hoc dudng
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 11/4/2016; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/4/2017.
ABSTRACT

A survey of 198 students of 7th 8th. 9th and 11th grade at some secondary and
schools in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi city showed a low rate of students who res
violence. School violent beha\'iors among students occurred at /ow lever. The most
violent behaviors were name calling, scolding quan-elling making others hurt inten
The study also found some models which could reduce student violent behaviors.
Keywords: School violent behaviors.
Mffdiu
Hanh vi bao luc la mot dang hanh vi xa hdi, hudng den viec cd y gay ra
nhirng hau qua lieu cue cho ngudi khac. Hanh vi bao lire hpc ducmg cung mang
ban chat nhu vay nhung khac ve ddi lugng. Dd la hanh vi cd y gay tdn hai hoac cd

kha nang gay tdn hai ve the chat, linh than, kinh le cua hoc sinh/nhdm hgc sinh
nay ddi vdi hgc sinh/nhdm hgc sinh khac, dii d trong hay d ngoai trucmg hgc.
Tai Viet Nam, tren eac phuang lien thdng tin dai chiing, nhirng hinh anh
va tin tuc ve hanh vi bao luc giOa hgc sinh da lan tran. Sir iirng xu thieu nhan ai
va su vd cam cua ca hgc sinh tham gia hanh vi bao lire va hgc sinh chirng kien
hanh \i bao luc dang la mdi quan tam ciia rat nhieu gia dinh va nha trudng.
Bao luc hgc dudng da trd thiinh ndi tran trd cua toan xa hdi bdi hau qua
nghiem trgng ma nd gay ra.
54

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5^2017


Trong nhiing nam gin day, vin di hanh vi bao lire hgc dudng d i dugc
cae nha khoa hgc ca trong va ngoai nude quan tam va nghien eiiu d nhieu gdc
do khac nhau nhu Xa hdi hgc, Giao due hgc, Tam ly hgc... Nhihig nghien cuu
dugc t$p trung d nhiJng ndi dung chinh sau:
- Thuc trgng hdnh vi bgo lire hgc duang ciia hoc sinh
Nhiiu nghien cuu da chi ra ring, hanh vi bao lire d hgc sinh xay ra kha
phd biin. Cd 3/4 sd hgc sinh tham gia true tiip vao bao luc hgc dudng, trong
dd hgc sinh la nan nhan chiim ty le Idn hon gap 4 lan so vdi hgc sinh gay bao
lire va cd d ca hai gidi (Nguyin Thj Hoa, 2014). Cac hanh vi bao luc kha phd
bien va da dang d hpc sinh THCS nhu: tay chay, ed lap, de dga ndi xau, tung
tin ddn, lang ma, si nhuc, danh dap, Iran lot, diing hung khi tan cdng... (Le
Minh Nguyet, 2012); trong khi dd, hinh thiic bao lire tinh thin phd bien nhat d
hgc sinh THPT nhu ggi ban bang biet hieu, treu chgc, ndi xau {Nguyen Thi
Hoa, 2014).
Nhieu nghien cim ciing da nhan thay nhirng khac biet ve hanh vi bao lire d
hgc sinh theo gidi tinh, trinh do giao due. Nam thanh nien hpe sinh chai trd choi
true tuyen va trinh do giao due thap se cd hanh vi bao lire cao (Nguyen Thi

Phuang Thao va Cao Hao Thi, 2012). Cd su khac biet trong hanh vi giiy han cda
hpc sinh nir vdi hgc sinh nam. Cae em nu thudng tham gia vao cac dang giiy han
gian tiep nham lam nan nhan tdn thuong ve mat tinh than nhieu hem la tham gia
vao eac dang gay han true tiep, khien nan nhan dau dem ve mat the xac (Hoang
Xuan Dung, 2010). Ket qua nay cGng dugc Ihay trong nghien ciru cda Nguyen
Thi Hoa (2014), loai hinh bao luc tinh than phd bien hon d hgc sinh nG, bao lire
the chat phd bien hgn d hgc sinh nam.
- Cdc yeu td dnh hudng den hdnh vi bao lire hoc dudng ciia hoc sinh
Lien quan den nhirng dac diem ca nhan cua hpc sinh la ngudi gay bao luc
va hpc sinh la nan nhan, J.L. Ireland va J. Archer, Tran Thi Minh Dire, Le Minh
Nguyet vii Nguyen Thi Hoa da vc nen chan dung cua ngudi gay bao luc va nan
nhan vc dac diem tinh each, mong mudn. Ke bat nat (va ke bi bat nat - nan nhan)
cd xu hucmg it quy trpng ban than minh hem ngudi khac. Ket qua la hp thucmg
ed hanh vi gay han de xay dung hinh iinh ban than... Cudi cimg, ke bat nat va ke
bi bat nat tin rang, each lot nhat de dap trii lai bat nat la gay hin. vi nghi ring gay
hin vdi ngudi khieu khieh minh se lay dugc su ton trpng ciia ngudi khac va nhu
thi hg cam Ihay lot hem (J.L. Ireland va J. Archer, 2002). Trong khi ngudi bit
nat thucmg cd tinh each ddc doan, cae em thucmg dua ddi, chay Iheo vai chit,
thich lam ngudi Idn. thich hpc tap nhttng nhan vat anh hiing trong phim hanh
dpng Cac em cOng la nhihig dira tre cd dac tinh bdc ddng, thing tri. thiiu sir cam
thdng. mudn trd thanh Irung tam su chii y. cd nhimg thai do khdng lanh manh vi

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017

55


bao luc (Trin Thj Minh Dire, 2010); tam ly tu danh gia eao ban than, chua cd
kha nang kiim soat cam xuc tdt... (Le Mmh Nguyet, 2012) va tinh ndng nay
(Nguyin Thi Phucmg Thao va Cao Hao Thi, 2012). Thdng thudng nhiing em la

nan nhan cua tinh trang gay hin trong trudng hgc la nhimg em yiu dudi vi thi
ciiit, rut re, nhilt nhat, khdng ed ky nang giao tiip hay ky nang kit ban nen it ban
be (Trin Thj Minh Dire, 2010). Nhiing dae diim sinh hgc, dac diem tam ly ca
nhan chiu anh hudng cua cae yiu td tam ly xa hdi khac nhau se cd nguy eo tham
gia hanh vi bao lire hgc dudng vdi cac vai trd khac nhau: la nan nhan, la ngudi
gay bao luc hay la ngudi thudc nhdm hdn hgp nan nhan - gay bao lire (Nguyin
Thi Hoa, 2014).
Lien quan din yiu to gia dinh: Nhieu nghien ciru da eho thay, gia dinh cd
anh hucmg rit nhiiu tdi hanh vi bao lire ciia hgc sinh, tap trung d dac diem gia
dinh, phong each giao due va sir nhin nhan ve hanh vi bao luc cua cha me. Thai
do va su dng hd cua cha me ddi vdi hanh vi bao lire (M.I. Singer, F. Kaya va
H. Bilgin, 2011); tim gucmg khdng chuan muc cua cha me, phong each giao due
thiiu khoa hgc, thieu sir quan tam, su ngheo nan Uong giao tiep, each img xir
mang tinh bao luc cua cac thanh vien trong gia dinh (Le Minh Nguyet, 2012)
cung cd nhung tae ddng den hanh vi bao luc cua con. Nghien ciru ciia Tran Thi
Hdng (2013) cho thiy, viec di hpc va sir gan ket manh cua gia dinh la nhirng yeu
td lam giam kha nang tu tap gay rdi eua thanh thieu nien.
Hoan ciinh, tinh hudng cung cd nhirng anh hudng den hanh vi bao luc ciia
hgc sinh. Trong hoan canh binh thucmg, it su khieu khieh, hpc sinh nam cd xu
hudng thuc hien cac hanh vi gay han nhieu hon hgc sinh nir. Nhung trong hoan
canh bi xiic pham. hpc sinh nir ciing thuc hien cac hanh vi gay han cd linh chat
bao lire dc "tra dGa" ddi phucmg (Hoang Xuan Dung, 2010): sire ep cua nhdm
ban ve viec lu lap gay rdi (T>an Thi Hdng, 2013); sir dung rugu bia (Tran Thi
TIdng, 2013; Wendy Marsh Buzy, Renee McDonald, Hrnest N. Jouriles. Paul R.
Swank. David Rosenfield. Jennifer S. Shiraek va Deborah Corbiu-Shindler. 2014)
cd lien quan tdi viec trd thanh ngudi gay bao luc hoac nir trd thanh nan nhan bao
luc ca ve the chat va linh due bdi nam gidi.
Lien quan den quan niem va truyen thdng: Mac dii gidi truyen thdng giai
thich rUng. viec dua cac thdng tin ndi chung va tin lire lien quan den hanh vi
bao lire ndi rieng deu luan theo ciic su kien dang dien ra nhung \ iec dua tin na>'

cung gian liep khuxcin khieh bao lire hgc dudng (J. Brown va P. Munn. 2008),
Dieu tra anh hudng ciia vice iing hp ddi vdi niem tin vc bao luc dua tren nhirng
chuan muc nam linh. gay hin va hanh vi ddng tinh tren tre vi thanh nien. Kit
qua cho lha\'. mpl sd thdng Iin xa hoi da iing hd cho niem tin \'a su phii hgp
trong viec gay han ddi vdi Ihanh nien, nhit la ddi vdi nam (V. Paul Poteal.
Michael S. Kimmel va Riki Wilchins. 2011).

56

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218). 5 - 2 0 1 7


Ngoai cac yiu td tren, mot sd yeu td khac nhu: hgc sinh tham gia trd
ehoi true myin cd tinh chit bao luc (Nguyin Thj Phuong Thao va Cao Hao
Thi, 2012), tiip xuc vdi bao luc trong qua khii (M.I. Singer, F. Kaya va H.
Bilgin, 2011) sg du bao dugc hanh vi bao lire trong tuong lai.
Tdm lai, nhiing nghifin eilu ca trong va ngoai nude da de cap tdi thuc
Brang va cac yiu td anh hudng tdi hanh vi bao lire eua hoc sinh. Mot sd nghien
eiiu cua Viet Nam dugc tiin hanh tren ddi tugng hgc sinh tir cac trudng dai tra, d
thanh thi va ndng thdn ma chua cd tren ddi tugng hgc sinh tir cac trudng diim
thudc thanh pho cip trung uong da di cap tdi cae yeu td giao due eda gia dinh,
the hien qua phong each giao due nhung chua tim hieu den nhiing ndi dung giao
due (nhu giao due tinh yeu thuang); tim hiiu yeu td giao due eua gia dinh qua
lang kinh cda phu huynh nhung chua tim hieu yeu td nay qua lang kinh cua hpc
sinh. Cd the, gdc nhin cua cha me va gdc nhin cua eon cai (hgc sinh) cd nhiing
diem khac nhau. Nhiing diim trdng nay la ggi y cho nghien cim ciia nay. Vi vay,
nghien cim dugc tien hanh nham muc dich tim hieu: 1/ Thuc trang hanh vi bao
luc hgc dudng ciia hgc sinh; 2/ Hanh vi bao luc cda hgc sinh cd mdi quan he nhu
nao vdi cac yeu td nhu giao due cua gia dinh, sir gidp do va ddng cam eda hgc
sinh?

Phirgng phap nghien cuu
Mdu nghien ciru
Mau khach the nghien ciiu gdm 198 hgc sinh tren 4 khdi Icip 7, 8, 9 va
11 tai mpt sd trudng THCS va THPT tren dia ban Ha Ndi va thanh phd Hd
Chi Minh. Khao sat dugc thuc hien vao nam 2015, trong dd cd 40,4% sd hpe
sinh nam, 59,6% sd hpc sinh nu; 47,9% sd hpc sinh thudc dia ban Ha Npi va
52,1% sd hgc sinh thudc dia ban thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Cong cu nghien cuu
Phuang phap chinh dc Ihu Ihap thdng tin la bang hdi. Cac thang do duge
xay dung bao gdm:
- Thang do Hdnh vi bao hrc gdm 12 menh de. dua tren hai lieu chi: dac
diem cua hanh vi bao lue va hau qua ciia hanh vi bao luc. Dd la cac hanh vi bao
luc dac trung chc) ludi hgc trd gdm 4 loai: bao iuc tinh thin vdi 8 menh di nhu
hanh vi ggi ban bang biel hieu xau. Ircu chgc, chi giiu...; bao luc thi chit: 2 menh
di nhu hanh vi dam da. xd day; bao lire kinh ti. I menh di nhu hanh vi liy tiin.
cd y lam hdng dd cua ngudi khac va bao luc tinh due: I menh di nhu hanh vi tan
tinh, treu ghco cd tinh chat quay rdi linh due. M(5i menh di diu cd 4 phuang an tra
Idi. img xdi cac mirc diem: I diem - chua bao gid lain; 2 diim - it lam; 3 diim thinh thoang lam: 4 diem - lam nhiiu lan. Diim hanh \i bao lire dugc linh bing

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 5 (218). 5-2017


trung binh cdng ciia cac menh di thanh phan. Nhu vay, theo thang diem nay, diem
so ma ca nhan dat dugc cang cag thi mile dp thuc hien hanh vi bao lire cang cao.
Dp tin cay Alpha cua Cronbaeh cua thang do = 0,85.
- Thang do Gido due ciia cha me ve tinh yeu thucmg cho con cdi gdm 4
menh di xoay quanh ndi dung nhu cha me nhae nhd, cham sdc mgi ngudi trong
gia dinh khi dm dau; biit giup dd, yeu thuong mgi ngudi; khuyen khieh, khen
nggi vdi nhiing biiu hien quan tam/chia se. Diem eda thang nay dirge tinh bang
trung binh cdng cila cac menh di sau khi da doi diem cac menh de nghich dao.

Dp tin cay Alpha cua Cronbaeh cila thang do = 0,71.
- Thang do Hdnh vi giup dd ciia hgc sinh gdm 12 menh de de cap tdi
hanh vi chu ddng trg giup khi thay ngudi khac gap khd khan; tham gia cac hoat
ddng tinh nguyen; td thai do benh vuc khi thay ngudi khac bi ddi xir bat cdng...
Diim ciia thang nay dugc tinh bang trung binh cdng cua cac menh de. Do tin
cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh eda thang do = 0,82.
- Thang do Ddng cdm Toronto gdm 16 menh de do Spreng va cac ddng
nghiep xay dirng (2009), la nhung bieu hien ciia sir ddng cam nhu cam nhan,
quan tiim va thau hieu vdi ciim xuc cila ngudi khac: dau budn vdi nhirng ndi
dau, vui vdi niem vui ciia ngudi khac,.,. Sau khi phan tich do tin cay, 3 menh
di bi loai bd bdi cd tuong quan yeu vdi loan bd thang do. Dp tin cay Alpha cua
Cronbaeh cua thang do (gdm 13 menh de) = 0,75. Diem ciia thang la trung binh
egng eua cac menh de sau khi da ddi diem cac menh de nghich dao.
Phdn tich so lieu
Cac phep thdng ke sau dupe su dung trong nghien ciru nay:
- Phan tich md ta: De tim hieu thirc trang hanh vi bao lire hpe dudng cua
hpc sinh, chiing tdi su dung phep do ty le % va gia tri diem trung binh, dp lech
chuan ciia tirng menh de va loan thang do. Trong mot sd phep phan tich, bien
sd hanh vi bao lye dugc bien ddi tir 4 phuong an tra Idi nhu da trinh bay d tren
thanh 2 phuang an "'chua bao gid thuc hien" va "cd thirc hien".
- Phan tich so sanh: De tim hieu sit khac biet eda hanh vi bao luc hgc
dudng thec5 cac bien sd, chiing tdi su dung phep do T-test tren bien ed 2 phuang
an (bien sd gidi tinh eda hgc sinh, dia ban khao sat, hdn nhan va trinh dp hgc
van ciia cha me).
- Phan tich mdi tuong quan va hdi quy: Phan tich mdi tuong quan dugc
ap dung de kiem chung mdi quan he giira hanh vi bao lire hpe dudng cua hpc
sinh vdi mpt sd yeu td nhu sir giao due ciia cha me, hanh vi giiip dd va sir ddng
cam cua hpc sinh.

58

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017


Di tim hiiu mile dp tae dgng cua cac yiu td, nghien cim sii dung md hinh
hdi quy tuyin tinh dem biin va da biin. Md hinh hdi quy don bien va da bien deu
dam bao cac diiu kien nhu biin phu thuge (hanh vi bao lire) cd phan bd chuin
va cd tuong quan giiia biin ddc lap (hanh vi giup dd cua hgc sinh, su giao due
eua cha me va su ddng cam cila hgc sinh) va bien phu thudc. Md hinh hdi quy da
bidn dam bao cac diiu kien, khdng ed hien tugng da cdng tuyin (d = 1,971; d ca
3 yeu td Giiip do, Giag due va Ddng cam diu cd do dung sai > 0,1).
Ket qua nghien cihi
/. Thitc trgng hanh vi bgo luc hoc dtrdng cua hoc sinh
* Thuc trgng hdnh vi bgo luc hgc dudng
Thue trang hanh vi bao lye cua hgc sinh trong trudng hpc dugc the hien d
cac khia canh sau: hanh vi bao lye, loai hanh vi bao lye nao la phd biin/khdng
phd bien d hpc sinh (cu the: hgc sinh cd/khdng tham gia hanh vi nao, tham gia
hanh vi dd nhieu hay it, loai hinh hanh vi nao thudng gap hon), sd lugng hanh vi
ma hpc sinh thuc hien.
Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay nhiing diem dang luu y sau:
- Nhin chung, d tat ca eac hanh vi bao lye deu cd sy thyc hien ciia hpc
sinh (ty le %> hpc sinh cd hanh vi bao luc dugc thay d tat cii cae menh de), my
nhien, mirc dp xay ra cua cac hanh vi d mirc Ihap (DTB = 1,61/4). Dieu nay eho
thay, hanh vi bao lye hpc ducmg ciia hpc sinh ddi vdi ban it xay ra.
- Mgt sd hanh vi bao lye xay ra nhieu han nhu ggi ban bang biel hieu
xiu/dua ban ra lam trd diia (DTB = 2.37): Chui, cai nhau (DTB = 2,28); Cd y ndi
nhirng Idi lam ngudi khac dau Idng (DTB = 1,99). Ty le sd hgc sinh thyc hien
cac hanh vi nay nhieu hon so vdi eac hanh vi khac (Mn lucjl la: 81.1%); 80,2%i;
67,9%)). Thdng qua viec tim hieu, cd thi; thay, ten xau ma hpc sinh thudng xuyen
gpi ban lien quan den dac diem ve hinh the (bcjo. trdn...); tinh each (de, bua); kit

qua hpc tap (ngu...). Nhirng dac diem nay Ihudng dugc ngim hieu cd linh chit
khdng tdt dep va hanh vi nay Ihudng dugc sir dung liiu dai, tham chi trd nen phd
bien. Nan nhan ciia hanh vi nay. liic dau, ed the cam thiy tuc gian nhung sau
thay quen hoac thay 11 di, khdng cdn cam giac gl vi biet hieu dd nua. T'rong khi
dd, nhung ddi tugng Ird thanh n^n nhan ciia hanh vi chiri, cai nhau. bi lam dau
Idng la nhung em yiu dudi ve thi chat, rut re, nhut nhat. thiiu ky nang giao tiip
hay kit ban nen it ban be... (Trin Thi Minh Dire. 2010) vii trong sc3 Ire em bi bit
nat. t\ Ic tre ma gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh li khd khan cao hon Ire em ma gia
dinh CO dii-u kien kinh Ic kha (Cenlikaya va ddng sy. 2009. din theo Nauvin Thi
Hoa. 2014. ir. 14).

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (218). 5-2017

59


Bdng 1: Hdnh vi bgo luc hgc duang cim hgc sinh
Hanh vi bao lure

Khong
lam

Co
lam

DTB

DLC
0,96

1. Goi ban b^ng biet hieu xau/dua ban ra lam tro dcia

18,9

81,1

2,37

2. Chiri, cai nhau

19,8

80,2

2,28

0,89

3. Treu choc, che gieu ban be

32,1

67,9

1,99

0,87

4. T4y chay ban be/lam ngirdi khac khong choi vdi ban/
xa lanh, la ban

60,9

39,1

1,57

0,84

5. Noi nhCrng Icri co tinh lang nhuc ban

44,4

55,6

1,76

0,83

6. Noi xau ban/lung tin don that thiel ve ban be

64,8

35,2

1,52

0,81

7. Dam/da/xo day/tal tai/c6 y x6 xat vdi ban

55,3

44,7

1,60

0,79

8. Co y noi nhung loi tam ban dau long

58,4

41,6

1,56

0,76

9. Bai ep ban lam nhung viec xau ma ho khong thich

81,6

18,4

1,23

0,54

10. Lay tien/c6 y lam hong do dac ciia ban

84,8

15,2

1,18

0,45

11, Tan tinh/treu gheo c6 linh chat quay r6i tinh due

89,3

10,7

1,14

0,45

12, Nhin tin doa/dua thong tin ten mang nhim boi nho
ban

89,8

10,2

1,13

0,40

1,61

0,45

Diem trung binh chung tren toan thang do

Ghi chu: Thang do bdnh vi bgo lue theo chi^u lang ddn: 1/ Chua bao gid (1 diem): 2/ It Idm
(2 diem). 3/ Thinh Ihodng Idm {3 diem): 4/Ldm nhii-u idn(4 diem).

- Mgt sd hanh vi bao lye cd tinh chit it xay ra hon nhu nhin tin dga/dua
thdng tin len mang nham bdi nhp ban (DTB = 1,13); tan tinh/treu gheo cd tinh
chat quay rdi tinh due (DTB = 1,14); liy tiin/cd y lam hdng dd dac ciia ban
(DTB = 1,18).
Mae dii hanh vi nhan tin dpa/dua thdng tin len mang nhim bdi nhg ban
dugc hpc sinh coi la nhirng hanh vi it xuit hien nhit va cd tinh thing nhit y kiin
cao nhung ket qua nghien cim cho ring, vdi 10,2% sd hpc sinh cd hanh vi nay
cung dugc coi la mpt ty Ip khdng thip, nhit la khi viec sit dung hinh thirc dua
thdng tin nay ham nghTa di nhiiu ngudi ciing biit (mang tinh chit phat tan thdng
tin trong pham vi khdng gian rong) cd thi in chira tinh chu y, chir khdng don
thuan la su bdt phat, ddng Ihdi cd tim anh hudng Idn din tam ly ca nhan. Thyc
te hien nay, mpt sd gia dinh vdi muc dich quan ly gid giic cua con da cho phep
con sir dung dien Ihoai scim nhung lai khdng thi kiim soat dugc vice su dung

60

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, So' 5 (21 8), 5 - 2017


dien thoai cua con, trong khi mang xa hoi igi nhanh chong tro nen ph6 bien va
dem lai nhi6u hung thii. Tuy nhien, nau khong biit each su dung hop ly thi viec

dua th6ng tin nham boi nhp nguoi khac khong chi anh huong din tam ly ciia nan
nhan, ma tham chi con anh huong khong nho tai chinh nguofi g^y ra hanh vi do.
Ben canh do, vdi 10,7% s6 hpc sinh co hanh vi tan tinh/treu geo co tinh
chat quSy rdi tinh dye, trong do ty le lam kha nhieu lan chiem 2,5% thi hanh vi
CO tinh chit quay r6i tinh due 6 lira tuoi hoc sinh va trong pham vi nha truong
CO xu hucmg nguy hi6m, tham chi co anh huong rat Ion t6i tam ly cua nhOng
doi tupfng hpc sinh bi bao lire, nhat la a gidi nu:.
Mac dii hanh vi l§y tien/co y lam hong do dac cua ban cung la mpt hanh vi
it xay ra nhimg vdi miu nghien cOru la hpc sinh tir 4 trudng diem, thupc thanh pho,
khong phai thupc dia ban ven do, vdi dac trung la hpc sinh ngoan, thupc gia dinh
phu huynh co nghe nghiep on dinh va trinh dp hpc van tir cao dang trd len (hpc
van cua cha: 71,6%, hpc van cua me: 71,3%) thi hanh vi nay van duoc coi la hanh
vi bao luc nghiem trpng bdi hanh vi nay mang tinh chat pha huy tai san, dong thdi
CO kha nang trd thanh thoi quen neu khong duoc quan tam kip thdi.
Ket qua tren cho thay, hanh vi bao lire it xay ra tren doi tuong dien khao
sat nhung muc dp xay ra ciia tirng hanh vi la khac nhau.
- Cd su khac nhau ve muc dp thuc hien cua cac loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao
lire. Trong cac loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao lire trudng hpc, bao luc the chat xay ra
d muc dp nhiau nhit (DTB = 1,94), ti^p d^n la bao lire tinh thin (DTB = 1,64).
Cuoi Cling la bao luc kinh te va tinh due (DTB lan lupl la 1,18 va 1,14).
Hanh vi bao lire cua hpc sinh trong trudng hpc lam cho moi trudng hpc
lap trd nen khdng an toan. Nhieu em cam thay sp hai khi di den trudng. Mot so
nghien cuu da cho thay, co moi quan he giua hanh vi bao lire vdi cac trieu
chung sang chan tam ly. Nghien cuu cua Nguyen Thj Iloa (2014) quan lam Idi
doi tupng hpc sinh Iham gia bao luc: nan nhan va thuc hien hanh vi bao luc
cho thay, nhom hpc sinh vira la nan nhan vira la ngudi thuc hien hanh vi bao
luc CO thai dp khong toi doi vdi trudng hpc mot each ro ret hon so vdi nhom
hpc sinh khong thuc hien hanh vi bao luc. Them nCra. hpc sinh vdi vai trd la
nan nhan hay hoc sinh vdi vai tro vCra la nan nhan vira la ngudi Ihuc hien hanh
vi bao luc co nhung bieu hien ciia chirng lang dpng. giam chu y va co nhung

kho khan irong quan he ban be ro ret hon so vdi nhung hpc sinh khong thuc
hien hanh vi bao lire. Nghien cuu cua Daniel J. Flannery. Kelly L. Wester va
Mark 1. Singer (2004) lai quan tam tdi m6i quan he giua vice chung ki^n hanh
vi bao luc \di nhu'ng ion thuang tam ly cua hpc sinh. K§t qua cho Ihiy, nhung
hoc sinh chung kien bao luc hpc dudng d muc dp cao co nhi^u kha nitng co

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So 5 (21K), 5 - 2017

61


nhung trieu chiing tdn thuong ve mat tam ly hem so vdi nhirng hgc sinh chimg
kiin bao luc hgc dudng d mirc thap.
Bdng 2: Hinh thirc bgo luc hgc duang eda hoc sinh
BTB

BLC

1. Bao lire the chat

1,94

0,72

2. Bao luc tinh than

1,64

0,50

3. Bao luc tinh due

1.14

0,45

1.18

0,44

1,61

0,45

Hinh thijc bao lire

4. Bao lire kinh te
Diem trung binh tren toan thang do

- Mac dii hanh vi bao lire xay ra d mirc thap (DTB chung = 1,61/4 diem)
nhung hau het cac hpc sinh tham gia khao sat deu khang dinh ban than da timg
thuc hien it nhat mpt hanh vi bao luc (92,9% sd hpc sinh tirng thuc hien hanh
vi bao lire), tham chi thuc hien nhieu hanh vi vdi ban hpc cua minh. Trong so
do, CO 13,7% so hpc sinh da tirng thuc hien tir ! - 2 hanh vi nhung cd tdi 2/3 so
hpc sinh (chiem t\' le la 76,3%) da Iirng thuc hien lir 5 hanh vi bao lire trd len.
Trong moi trudng hpc dudng, nhat la dia ban khao sat la nhifng trudng diem
thi day la mpt ket qua dang phai luu tam cho cac nha quan ly va giao due.
Bdng 3: So luong hdnh vi bgo luc md hgc sinh thuc hien
So luong hanh vi

Ty le hoc sinh thuc hien (%)

0

7.1

1 -2

13.7

3-4

23.7

5-6

31,8

7-8

15.2

9 - 10

8.5

* So sdnh Ildnh vi bgo luc hoc dudng cua hgc sinh tiieo cdc Idt cdi
Khi so sanh hanh vi bao luc ndi chung va cac loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao
lire ndi rieng (bao luc the chat, bao luc tinh Ihin. bao lye linh due va bao luc

62

TAPCHITAMLYHOC, So'5 (2IX), 5 - 2 0 1 7


kinh ta) theo cac ti^u chi, kk qua thu duac cho thiy: dii la hpc sinh nam hay hpc
sinh nir, du d Ha N6i hay thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, dii vdi tinh trang hon nhan va
hoc vin cua cha me cd khac nhau thi hanh vi bao luc hpc dudng ciia hpc sinh vl
CO ban khdng cd su khac biet cd y nghTa thong ke (p > 0,05).
K^t qua nay cd khac so vdi nhimg kit qua cua cac nghien ciiru khac trude
do: Nghien ciru ciia Nguyin Thi Hoa (2014) cho thiy, cd syr khac biet thep gidi
tinh ve loai hinh thuc hanh vi bao luc: bao lire tinh thin pho bien d nu hom, bao
lire thi chit phd biin d nam hon. Tuy nhien, trong nghien ciru nay, dudng nhu
CO mpt khuon miu chung trong viec thuc hien hanh vi bao luc ciia hpc sinh
trong dien khao sat. Cd le, vdi dac thii la hpc sinh ngoan, tir nhimg trudng diem,
xuat than tir gia dinh phu huynh cd trinh dp hpc van cao nen cac em nhan duoc
su cham sdc va giao due tot hon.
2. Mdi tw&ng quan giira hanh vi bao lire cua hpc sinh trong trirdng hoc
vd mot so yeu to
Ket qua phan tich tuong quan giira hanh vi bao luc vdi cac yeu td giao due
gia dinh. hanh vi giiip dd cua hpc sinh va sir dong cam cua hpc sinh cho thay, co
moi tuong quan nghich giira hanh vi bao luc hpc dudng vdi cac yeu td nay
(p < 0,01). Dieu dd cd the dien giai cu the la: neu cha me giao due ve tinh yeu
thuong cho con cai cang nhieu va the hien ro thi hanh vl bao lire d tre cang
giam; hpc sinh cang thuc hien nhieu hanh vi giup dd ddi vdi ngudi khac nhu
giup ngudi gap khd khan, giiip dd va ho tro ban trong hpc lap va trong cac cdng
viec khac... thi cang it thirc hien hanh vi bao luc. Ben canh do, nhijng hpc sinh
cang the hien ro sir ddng cam vdi cam xuc cua ngudi khac thi hanh vi bao lue
eung cang it xay ra. Mac dii, cac mdi tuong quan nay cd y nghTa thdng ke nhung
kha yeu (r < 0.3). the hien moi quan he qua long leo va rat de thay ddi.

Bdng 4: Tirang quan giua hdnh vi bao hrc vd nhCrng yeu to khdc
Cac v^u to
Hanh vi bao luc

Cllii Ihicli

He so liroTig quan r

Giao due ciJa gia dinh

-0,232**

Manh vi fiii'ip da

-0,190**

Dong cam

-0,226**

** / ' •' O.OI. r id he sii nafiigqiiai!

I^earsaii

Tuy nhien, kel qua nay cung ggi y rang, mudn hanh vi bao luc hgc dudng
giam. can gia lang cac bien phap giao due linh yeu con ngudi. Irudc hfil la giiio
due tinh >cu thuong nhCtng ngudi than trong gia dinh, sau dd dC-n giao due linh
TAP CH! TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017

hi

yeu thuong ban be va cdng ddng. Ben canh dd, cSn ichoi ggi nhiing cam xiic tich
cue trong mdi quan he ban be de tac ddng, lam gia tang hanh vi giiip dd va su
ddng cam cua hgc sinh ddi vdi ngudi than trong gia dinh va ban be.

3. Cdc yiu td anh hiring din hdnh vi bgo luc cua hgc sinh Irong tnrong hpc
Trong eac yeu td: giao due ciia cha me ddi vdi tre, hanh vi giiip do, ddng
cam eua hgc sinh, yeu td nao tac ddng lam thay ddi hanh vi bao lire cua hgc sinh?
Bdng 5: Su dnh hudng cua cdc yeu Id den hdnh vi bgo luc
ciia hgc sinh trong trucmg hgc
Yeu to doc ISp

He so hoi quv don bien

1. Hanh vi giiip da

R-= 0,032*

b,=-0,151

2. Giao due cua gia dinii

R-=0,047»*

b2= -0,206

3. Dong cam

R^ = 0,045*»

bj=-0,150

Hang so Constant

He so hoi quy da bien
P, = -0,043
R- = 0,06*

p, = -0,165*
P,= -0,139

29,461

Chd thich: •: khip < 0,05: •• khip < 0.01.

Xem xet mirc do tae dgng cua timg yeu td tdi hanh vi bao luc cua tre, kk
qua phan tich hdi quy don bien cho thay, ca ba yeu td su giao due cua cha me.
hanh vi giup dd va su ddng cam eda ban than cd tae ddng cd y nghTa thdng ke
tdi hanh vi bao luc cua hgc sinh. Cu the: Hanh vi giiip do giai thich dugc 3,2%
sy bien thien eiia hanh vi bao lye cua hgc sinh; Su giao due eua cha me giai
thich dugc 4,7% sy bien thien ciia hanh vi bao luc ciia hgc sinh; Sy ddng cam
giai thich dugc 4,5% su bien thien cua hanh vi bao lye eua hgc sinh. Mae dii,
mirc do tac ddng ciia ca ba yeu Id nay tdi hanh vi bao lye ciia hgc sinh khdng
nhieu nhung ciing cd tinh chat dy bao, ggi md cho viec irng dung trong thyc tiln
khi mudn cai thien hanh vi bao lye eiia hgc sinh. Giao due tinh yeu thucmg phai
xuat phat tir giao due Irong chinh gia dinh, di tre bi^t yeu thuang chinh nhimg
ngudi than eiia minh; khoi ggi y nghTa vd hanh vi giup dd, khuyen khieh va tdn
vinh nhirng hanh ddng tdt ciia Ire. Ben canh dd, khai ggi sy ddng cam nhu sy
cam thdng, thau hieu vdi nhirng ndi dau ciia ngudi khac... chinh la nhirng each

thiic de giam thieu su xuat hien ciia hanh vi bao luc hgc duimg.
Xem xet mirc do tae dgng eda cac yeu td tren khi ket hgp ciing nhau, md
hinh hdi quy da bien phii hgp di dy bao vk sy thay ddi ciia hanh vi bao lye d hgc
sinh. Sy ciing thay ddi eda yeu Id giao due ciia cha me, hanh vi giiip dd va su
ddng cam cua hgc sinh giai thich dugc 6,0%) sy thay ddi ciia hanh vi bao luc cua
hgc sinh (R~ = 0,06; p < 0,05). T'uy nhien, sy tac dgng cua cac yen id cd y nghTa
64

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So'5 (218), 5 - 2 0 1 7


khac nhau: trong tap hgfp da bien nay, hanh vi giup dd va dong cam ciia hpc sinh
khdng cd anh hudng cd y nghTa thdng ke lam thay ddi hanh vi bao lire d hpc sinh
nhung ydu td giao due ciia cha me doi vdi hpc sinh cd anh hudng cd y nghia
thong ke tdi hanh vi bao luc. Sir anh hudng cua yeu td giao due cua gia dinh cd
muc dp manh nh4t (Beta Giao due = -0,165; Dong cam = -0,139; Giiip dd - -0,043).
Ket qua nay la gpi y vh viec sii dung cac bien tac ddng lam thay doi hanh vi bao
lire cua hpc sinh. Vi vay, trong viec giam thieu hanh vi bao lire d hpc sinh tai
trudng hpc, c4n phai danh sir uu tien cho su giao due tinh yeu thuang con ngudi
ciia cha me ddi vdi con cai, bang vice nhac nhd cac em nhan thiic ve tinh yeu
thuang va khuyen khieh cac em the hien su quan tam, chia se tinh cam ddi vdi
ngudi khac khdng chi b§ng thai dp ma phai bang hanh dpng cu the.
Tom lai, ket qua nghien ciiu ndi len nhung diem chinh sau:
1/ O tat ca cac hanh vi bao lire deu cd sir thuc hien ciia hpc sinh, tuy nhien
d mirc dp thap, trong dd gpi ban bang biet hieu, chiri, cai nhau, cd y lam cho
ngudi khac dau long la nhirng hanh vi xay ra nhieu nhat; nhan tin, de dpa dua
thdng tin len mang vdi muc dich nham bdi nhp la hanh vi it xay ra nhat. Mac dii
cac hanh vi bao luc xay ra vdi mirc thap nhung so lupng hpc sinh thuc hien
nhieu hanh vi bao luc la dang liru y. Dii hanh vi nao, nhieu hay it thi deu cd kha
nang anh hudng tdi tam ly ciia nan nhan.

2/ Khdng nhan thay co su khac biet ve hanh vi bao lire theo cae bien sd
gidi tinh, thanh pho, dac diem cha me va gia dinh. Co mpt khuon mau trong
hanh vi bao lire cua hpc sinh trong trudng hpc.
3/ Neu cha me giao due ve tinh yeu thucmg cho con cai cang nhieu thi
hanh vi bao luc hpc dudng ciia hpc sinh cang giam. Tuong tu, khi hpc sinh cang
the hien sir giiip da va su ddng cam ddi vdi ngudi khac Ihi cang it thuc hien
hanh vi bao luc.
4/ D6 giam thieu hanh vi bao lire d hpc sinh trong trudng hoc, cha me can
giao due, nang cao nhan thire eho cac em ve linh yeu thuang va khuyen khieh eac
em the hien su quan tam, chia se tinh cam doi vdi ngudi khac khong chi bang thai
dp ma phai bang hanh dpng cu the.
Chu thich
Bai viet sir dung du lieu ciia dc tai cap Bp 2016, Thdi do vd cam cua tre vi thanh nien irong
gia dinh do Vien Tam ly hoc chii tri, PGS.TS. Phan Thi Mai Hircmg lam chu nhiem.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Hoang Xuan Dung, Khdc biel gidi trong hdnh vi gdy hdn cua hoc sinh Irung hoc
phd thong. Tap chi Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gidi, S6 3.''2010

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, S6' 5 (218), 5 - 2017

65


2. Trin Thi Minh Diic, Hdnh vi gdy hdn phdn tich tir goc do Tdm ly hgc xd hoi, NXB
Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 2010.
3. Nguyin Thi Hoa, Nghien cmi mgt so hdnh vi bgo l^c hgc dudng vd dnh hudng cua
nd din tdm ly hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng (Bao cao tong ket dk tai cap Bp, 2014).
4. Tr4n Thi H6ng, Cdc yeu to tdc dgng tdi hdnh vi tu tap gdy rdi cua thanh thieu nien
Viet Nam (phdn tich sd lieu Dieu tra Qudc gia ve tre vi thdnh nien vd thanh nien Viet
Nam nam 2003 vd nam 2009), Tap chi Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi, so 6/2013.

5. Le Minh Nguyet, Mgt sd yeu td dnh hudng den hdnh vi bgo luc hgc dudng vdi ban
hgc sinh trung hgc ca sd, De tai nam 2012.
6. Nguyen Thi Phucmg Thao va Cao Hao Thi, Cdc yeu td tdc ddng den hdnh vi bgo
luc cua hoc sinh. Tap chi Phat trien Khoa hpc va Cong nghe. Tap 15, sd QI, tr. 32 - 47,
2012.
7. J. Brown and P. Munn, School violence as a social problem' Charting the rise of
the problem and the emerging specialist field. International Studies in Sociology of
Education, Vol. 18. Iss. 3 - 4, pp. 219 - 230. 2008.
8. J.L. Ireland, J. Archer, The perceived consequences of responding lo bulling with
aggresiom- A .study of male and female adult prisoners. Aggression Behavior, 28,
pp 257 - 272, 2002.
9. M I Singer, F. Kaya, H. Bilgin, Contributing Factors to Aggressive Behaviors in High
School Students. Turkey, The Journal of School Nursing, 28 (1), pp. 56 - 69, 2011.
10. V. Paul Poteat, Michael S, Kimmel and Riki Wilchins, The Moderating Effects of
Support for Violence Beliefs on Ma.scuhne Norms. Agression and Homophobic Behavior
During Adolescence, Journal of Research on Adolescence, Vol. 21, Iss. 2, pp. 434 - 447.
2011.
11. Wendy Marsh Buzy, Renee McDonald, Emest N. Jouriles, Paul R. Swank, David
Rosenfield, Jennifer S Shimek and Deborah Corbitt-Shindler, Adolescent Girls' Alcohol
Use as a Risk Factor for Relationship Violence, Joumal of Research on Adolescence,
Voi. 14, Iss, 4, pp. 449 - 470, 2004,
!2 R.N. Spreng. M C. McKinnon R.A. Mar and B. Levine, The Toronto Empathy
Questionnaire Scale development and initial validation of a factor - analytic .solutum
to multiple empathy measures, Joumal of Personality Asses.sment, Vol. 91, Iss. 1, pp. 62 - 71.
2009
13, Daniel J. Flannery. Kelly L. Wester and Mark I. Singer, Impact of exposure to
violence in .school on child and adolescent menial health and behavior, Joumal of
Community Psycholog\'. Special Issue' Communitv Violence, Vol. 32, Iss. 5. pp. 559 - 573,
2004.

66

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 20 i 7