Tâm lý học và cuộc sống phòng chống ma túy

TAM LY H O C V 6 | CONG c u O c
PHONG CHONG MA TUY
PGS.TS. Mac Van Trang

•

TOM TAT

Bai bdo di cap din hiem hoa ma tuy doi voi torn cdu va vai Viet Nam. Tarn ly
hoc can va c6 the gop phdn tick cue vao phong chong ma tuy trin cdc linh vuc: Kiem so
nguon cung ma tuy; Truyin thong phong chong ma tuy trong CQng dong, xa hoi; Tri l
cho ngudi nghien ma tuy; Giup nhOng nguffi sau cai nghien tai hoa nhgp cong dong;
Dao tgo cdc chuyen gia trong Imh v^c phong chong ma tiiy; Nghiin cmi ve phdng chong
ma tify tren tat ca cdc iTnh vuc neu tren.
Tir khoa: 7am ly hoc; Phong chong ma tuy.
Ngdy nhgn bai: 10/2/2017; Ngay duyit dang bdi: ISIAIIQXI.
ABSTRACT

This article addesses the danger of drug abuse in Vietnam and in globe.
Psychology should and is able to make great contribution to drug prevention on vario
fields, including control of illegal drugs supply, drug prevention propagandafor commun
and society, treatment for drug-addicted individuals, supporting recovered addicts
reintegrate into community, providing training for professionals and conducting resear
on all above mentioned aspects.
Keywords: Psychology; Drug addiction prevention.
1. Hiem hoa ma tuy
Theo Bao cao tinh hinh ma tuy the gi6i nam 2016 ciia Co quan Phong
chong Ma tuy va Toi pham ciia Lien Hop Qu6c (UNODC), ty 1^ ngudi sir dung
ma tuy trdn toan thI gidi vin khong giam: "Theo uoc tinh, cii 20 ngudi Ion thi
CO 1 ngudi, hay noi each khac la tren the giai c6 khoang 250 trieu ngirdi trong
dp tuoi tir 15 den 64, c6 sir dung ma tuy it nhat 1 Ian trong nam 2014". Cung

theo bao cao ciia co quan nay, tir giira nam 2008 den 2015, tong cong cd 644
chat hudng than mdi dirge bao cao tren 102 qudc gia va viing lanh tho, do vay
Co quan Phdng chong Ma tuy va Toi pham ciia Li^n Hgfp Quoc da sdm dira ra
nhiJng canh bao ve cac chit hudng thin mdi, nguy hiim (1).

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC. S6' 5 (218). 5 - 2017


Ngay 19/4/2016, tai tru so Lien Hap Qu6c, New York da difo ra cupc
hop dac biet ciia Dai Hoi d6ng Lien Hop Qu6c yh van de ma tuy toan cau
(UNGASS). Tham du ky hop c6 tren 1.000 dai bieu din tir cac qu6c gia thanh
vien Lien Hap Qu6c, cac to chile qu6c tS, cac vung lanh tho, cac to chile lien
Chinh phu va phi Chinh phu. Hoi nghi da cho thSy, phong ch6ng ma tuy dang
va se vIn la v k nan toan ciu. Hoi nghi da dh cap nhieu vin di cap thik vi
phong chong ma tiiy mot each toan dien, tir kiem soat nguon cung ma tuy, day
manh truydn thong trong xa hoi dSn dSi mai quan niem va each to chirc dieu trj
nghien din vin de tai hoa nhap cong ddng cho nguai sau cai nghien... (2).
6 nuac ta, ngay 14/4/2016, tai bu6i TSng kit cong tac phong chong ma
tuy giai doan 2011 - 2015, Thtr trucmg Bo Cong an Le Quy Vuang cho hiiv.
Nam 2010, s6 ngucri nghien c6 h6 sa quan ly la hon 143.000 nguoi, song den
nam 2014 da hon 200.000 nguai (tang khoang 12.000 nguai nghien mSi nam).
Muc tieu keo giam s6 nguoi nghien va dia phucmg c6 te n p ma tuy duge de ra
da khong dat. "Day la vSn di dang bao dong. Ngoai so nguai nghi$n tang
nhanh thi thanh phin chit ma tuy va ngirai nghien cCing tro nen da dang, trong
do CO ca hoc sinh, sinh vien, nguoi mau, van dong vien..." (3).
Cm nhan thirc rang, doi vai nuoc ta, nghien ma tuy khong chi la mot te
nan xa hoi nhu mai dam hay HIV. Cac loai ma tuy tong hop xuat hien hang tram
loai, ngay cang v6 ciing da dang, tinh vi, nguy hiem, kho kiem soat, de dang loi
keo, hap dan lira tuoi thanh thieu nien a khap cac hang ciing ngo hem. "Cho nen
phai coi ma liiy la hiem hoa cua dan toe; neu khong kiem soat dugc, no se thanh

thctm hoa va khi do mai xii ly se de thanh tham klch nhu each "diet trir te nan ma
tuy" nam 2016 cua Tong thong Philippin - Rodrigo Duterte" (4).
2. Tarn ly hoc gop phan vao cong cuoc phong chong ma tuy
Cong cuoc phong chong ma tuy v6 ciing gay go. phirc tap tren tat ca cac
ITnh VLTC lien quan. Tarn ly hoc it nhat c6 the gop phan trijc tiep tren 6 ITnh virc:
Kiem soat nguon cung ma tiiy; Truyen thong phong chong ma tuy trong cong
dong. xa hoi: Tri lieu cho nhimg nguai nghien ma tiiy; Giiip nhirng nguai sau
cai nghien tai hoa nhap cong dong: Dao tao cac chuyen gia trong ITnh vuc phong
chong ma tuy: Nghien cim ve phong chong ma tiiy tren tat ca 5 ITnh virc tren.
2.1. Tarn ly hoc v&i cac hoar dong kiem sodt nguon cung ma tuy
Trong ITnh vuc nay, c6 van de van dong ngucri dan khong trong cac loai
cay la nguon cung cap nguyen lieu cho ma tiiy sao cho hieu qua ben vOng. Giai
quyet van de nay lien quan den hieu dac diem tam ly cua ngucri dan cac viing
mien khac nhau, nhat la cac dan toe thieu so da tirng trdng cay anh tiic, can
sa... Co van de tarn ly hoc toi pham, di5u tra, truy t6, xet xii... lien quan din
toi pham ma tiiy, mot loai toi pham v6 ciing phirc tap va nguy hiem.

2

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So' 5 (21X), 5 - 2017


Trong ITnh virc xet xu, xuat hieh khai niem "tda an ma tuy", trong do
ngudi su dung ma tuy cd cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat hinh sir, neu tir nguyen
tham gia Tda an ma tuy se khong bi xu tii ve hanh vi vi pham phap luat hinh sir
cung nhu khong bi ghi an tich... "Qua hon hai thap ky phat trien, Tda an ma tiiy
da dugc danh gia la "sang kidn tu phap cd y nghia nhat" tai Hoa Ky trong the ky
XX" (NDCI, 2005). Phuong thue "Tda an ma tuy" da giiip difiu tri hon 1,3 trieu
ngudi nghien tai Hoa Ky va dang dugc ap dung d 24 qudc gia va vung lanh tho.
Mo hinh "Tda an ma tuy" nen dugc ap dung d Viet Nam nhu the nao can dirge

nghien cuu van dung ca ITnh vuc phap ly, tam ly, xa hoi... (5).
2.2. Tam ly hoc v&i hoat dong truyen thong phong chong ma tuy
Tuyen truyen (propaganda) thudng mang tinh chii quan, ap dat mot chieu
ciia chu the tuyen truyen doi vdi khach the nham muc dich thu phuc, loi cudn ho
tin theo nhung gi ma chii the tuyen truyen muon truyen dat. Cach tuyen truyen
nhu vay cd the thu hut dugc mot so khach the tin theo nhung mang tinh thu dong;
so ddng thudng bang quan, vi hinh thiic nham chan, it tac dong den suy nghT, tinh
cam cua ho; so khac cd the phan ung tieu cue nhung khong cd co hoi 16 ro.
Truyen thong (communication) trong phdng chong ma tiiy phai mang ban
chat tam ly, cd tinh trao doi thong tin, chia se tam tinh, tuong tac Ian nhau giua
chu the truyen thong va chu the tiep nhan truyen thong dudi nhieu hinh thuc.
Ngudi tiep nhan truyen thong vdi tu each la chii the tich cue tuong tac de ITnh
hoi tri thuc, thay doi thai do, tu the hien hanh vi ciia ban than...
Doi vdi viec phdng chong ma tuy, truyen thong sau rgng trong cac tang
Idp xa hoi cd y nghTa quyet dinh. De to chuc chien luge truyen thong phdng
chong ma tuy cd hieu qua, can quan tam den mot loat van de cua Tam ly hoc:
- Do la can nghien cuu, hieu rd dac diem tam ly cua tirng nhdm khach
the khac nhau trong cong dong xa hoi de truyen thong sat hop, mang lai hieu
qua toi uu. Cac nhdm xa hoi chu yeu la: Cac can bo lanh dao, quan ly trong
toan he thong chinh tri, xa hoi ciia cac to chiic Chinh phii va phi Chinh phii;
cac nhdm hoc sinh, sinh vien, giao vien, cha me hoc sinh; nhiJng ngudi dang sOr
dung ma tiiy va gia dinh ho; cac nhdm xa hoi cong nhan, nong dan, quan doi;
cac vung dan Igc thieu so; cac ton giao...
- Tir viec hieu ro dac diem tam ly cac nhom khach the truyen thong mdi
xay dung cac not dung, lira chon each to chuc, tim kiem cac hinh thuc, phuong
phap phii hop vdi tirng nhdm khach the. Hien tai, Vien Nghien cuu Tam ly
ngudi sir dung ma tuy da nghien ciru. bien soan 9 loai tai lieu truyen thong sat
hop vdi 9 nhdm khach the va xay dung phuong thirc truyen thong t6ng hop
(tich hop), dam bao su tuong tac tich cue cua khach th^ truyen thong, tao di^u
kien cho ho thanh chii the chu dong trao ddi, chia se, th6 hien quan di6m ciia

TAPCHITAMLyHOC,Sd5(218), 5-2017

3


ban than, qua do tu llnh hoi tri thirc, digu chinh thai do, hanh vi. Tuy nhien.
con nhigu vIn di ckn tilp tuc nghien ciru, nhat la danh gia tac dong cua truyen
thong, di tir do hoan thien them phuong thirc truyen thong.
2.3. Tam ly hoc trong viec Oiiu trj nghien ma tiiy
Theo tai lieu t6ng quan cua Vien Nghien cHu Tam ly nguoi sir dung ma
tiiy, hien nay tren thi gidi va a nuoc ta thuomg ap dung mot so phuong phap co
ban trong diiu trj nghien ma tuy: Cai kho, su dung giam dan (hay giam lieu),
phSu thugt thuy trdn, thuy mien, diing cdc thuSc hucmg than, diing thuoc dong
y, diing thuSc dSi khdng, diing chdt thay thi, dien chdm, lieu phap tam ly.^.
Nhung trong thuc li, hk c\x phuong phap nao, muon dat kix qud, cung deu can
hilu tam ly ngucxi nghien, hiSu ca chS sinh ly - tam ly cua hien tuong nghien,
tai nghien va ea chl giai toa, dap tjt d^n xoa bo su them nha ma tuy, xoa bo tai
su dung ma tuy. Kit qua nghien ciru, tri lieu thanh cong buac dau cua Vien
Nghien ciru Tam ly nguai sir dung ma tuy da dugc the hien trong de tai: "'Chong
tai sic dung ma tiiy bdng lieu plwp tam ly" (6). Ket qua nghien ciru da cho thay,
diing thuoc va moi bien phap cSt can nghien chi la buoc dau tien, t^m thai; cai
nghien o cac trai tap trung, dii miy nam, cai di, cai lai may Ian thi so tai nghi?n
cung vIn din tren 95% (7). VJn di ca ban cSn hilu la nguyen nhan dan den
nghien ma tuy chu yeu tir con duang tam ly: giai siiu, co don, be tac, to mo, di
tim khoai cam, tim sire manh. tao hung phan, a dua theo nhom. . Khi da
nghien, ca ch6 xujt hien "can them nha ma tuy" (tam ly) dan den "hoi chirng
cai" (biSu hien sinh ly); cac phuong phap chii yeu nham xir ly hoi chirng cai,
trong khi can them nho ma tuy mai gay nen trang thai cang thang, thoi thuc
ngucji nghien tim kiem ma tiiy bang mgi each nham thoa man nhu cau them
nhd ma tuy... Kct qua buac dau tir de tiii: "Chong tai sir dung ma tuy bang lieu

phap tam ly' cua Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly ngudi su dung ma tuy cho thay,
muon cai nghien ma tuy thanh cong mot each ben virng, nhat thict phiii dua
tren nen tang Tam ly hoc. Do la:
- Phai giiip ngudi nghien hieu rang khong co thuoc nao, khdng ai ciru
dugc minh thoal khdi le Ihugc vao ma tuy; chi co ban thSn minh cim dugc minh;
su giiip dd ben ngoai chi la ho trg cho ngudi cai nghien tu vugt len chinh minh;
- Phai giup ho (va ngudi than cOa ho) cd niem tin chac chan rang cai
nghien dugc, cot ban than kien tri, quyet tam, tin ludng lam theo su chi dan
(nhat 111 dugc chia sc vdi nhirng tam gugng song da cai nghien thanh cong);
- Giup ho cd ky nang (ky thuat) tu minh vugt qua dugc co-n them nha
ma tiiy. Lan dau rat ca cue; Ian thir 2 bdt cang thang hon: Ian thir 3 de dang
han,,. Moi Ian vugt qua, nhich len mot budc la mdi Ian phai cung cd, chdt lai d
ho y chi. quyet tam, niem tin vao ban than,,, Sau nhieu lan tir vugt qua can

TAPCHI'TAM LV H0G,Sd5 (218), 5 - 2017


them nhd ma tiiy, tu thu gian, d6n khi nhin thay chat ma tuy, cam nhung dung
cu su dung ma tiiy, gap ban ni re sii dung ma tiiy... ho van diing dung, khdng
cdn xu4t hien con them nhd ma tiiy nua. Coi nhu co ban thanh cong!
M^y di6u ggi ra d tren mdi chi la budc dSu dat vSn de ve sir cap thiet
cua Tam ly hoc trong viec di sau nghien cuu de xac dinh rd ca che va cac lieu
phap tam ly nham dieu tn nghien ma tiiy ndi chung. Vdi mdi trudng hgp, phu
thuoc vao dac diem ca the, qua trinh nghien, cac loai ma tiiy da su dung, hoan
canh song... lai phai chan doan va vach ra tien trinh, phuong phap tri lieu tam
ly phi] hgp. Rat nhidu van de dat ra trong qua trinh trj lieu, chang han, nhieu
trudng hgp dang dieu tri hoac da thanh cong budc dau lai tai sii dung ma tiiy
thi xir ly ra sao, can thiep tiep bang each nao?
2.4. Tam ly hoc v&i viec giiip ngw&i sau cai nghien tai hoa nhap cong ddng
Ngudi nghien ma tuy thudng lam vao khiing hoang tram trong: the chat

suy yeu, ton thuong nao; tam ly roi nhieu, mat niem tin vao ban than, hanh vi
lech chuan; doi song tinh cam gia dinh, cac quan he xa hoi bi pha vd, buy hoai
v.v... Nhan each tirng budc bi tha hoa! Chinh vi vay, qua trinh cai nghien thuc
chat la qua trinh phuc hoi the chat va nhan each, xay dung lai cac quan he trong
gia dinh, trong cong dong, xa hoi cua ngudi sau cai nghien. Neu cai nghien
thanh cong, ngudi nghien ma tiiy van bi ki thi, cd don, budn chan, khong cd
cong an viec lam... thi lai de dang tai nghien. Van de cap thiet ciia Tam ly hoc
nhan each, Tam ly hoc xa hoi (ciing vdi cac nganh khoa hoc Hen quan) la nghien
cim nguyen vpng va kha nang ciia ngudi sau cai nghien, chi ra cac cong viec,
giai phap giiip ngudi sau cai nghien cd viec lam, cd doi song on dinh, giiip ho tai
hoa nhap xa hoi thanh cong. Nhu vay, viec cai nghien mdi dem lai ket qua ben
vung. Hien nay, Vien Nghien ciiu Tam ly ngudi su dung ma tiiy da xay dung
cau lac bg ciia nhung ngudi cai nghien thanh cong (Cdu lac bo Neo ve tuai
sang) va tao ra mot so mo hinh lao dong giiip ngudi sau cai nghien dugc hoc
nghe, cd viec lam khong chi giiip ho cd thu nhap dii song trong moi trudng xa
hoi dugc ton trong, binh dang, than thicn ma con la nhu'ng cong vice phat buy
the manh, so trudng ca nhan, giiip ho tim lai gia tri lam ngudi, khang dinh nhan
each ciia minh... Tuy nhien, tat ca mdi chi la budc dau, ggi ra rat nhieu van de
can nghien cuu, giai quyet d tam xa hoi rgng Idn.
2.5. Tarn ly hoc v&i viec dao tgo cac chuyen gia trong ITnh virc phong
chong ma tuy
Hien nay, mgi ITnh vuc chuyen mon phdng chong ma tiiy d6u r^t thilu
nguon nhan luc co trinh do chuyen sau, thuc su tam huyet. gan bd lau dai vdi
cong viec. Trong qua trinh trien khai cac hoat dong cua Vien Nghien ciru Tam
ly ngudi sir dung ma tiiy. chirng loi r
TAPCHITAMLYHOC, Sd5(218), 5-2017

5

chuyen gia, cac chuyen vien am hieu ITnh vuc phong chong ma tuy, nhat la
chuyen vien tu van, truyen thong, trj lieu tam ly, cong tac xa hoi... cd hieu biet
sau vi tam ly ngudi nghien ma tiiy, cd ly luan va kinh nghiem thuc tiln trong
viec ho trg tam ly ngudi nghien ma tiiy. Dac biet, cac chuyen vien trj lieu tam
ly cho ngudi nghien sau giai doan eat can, da phuc hoi the chat va tam ly budc
dau. Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly ngudi sti dung ma tiiy dang no luc tu dao tao va
hy vong se phdi hgp, lien ket vdi cac Khoa Tam ly hoc, Cong tac xa hoi ciia
Dai hoc Qudc gia, Dai hgc Su pham; Khoa Tam than hoe cua Dai hoc Y... gidi
thieu nhirng sinh vien cd hirng thu va nang luc trong ITnh vuc phdng chdng ma
tiiy den Vien Nghien cuu Tam ly ngudi sir dung ma tiiy de thuc hanh, thuc tap,
di sau vao mot so chuyen nganh dang rat cap thiet.
2.6. Tam ly hoc v&l cdc de tai nghien ciru lien quan den phong chong
ma tiiy
Hien nay d nude ta qua thieu vang cac de tai Tam ly hoc nghien ciru sau
ve ITnh vuc phdng ehdng ma tuy, it nhat la lien quan den tat ca 5 muc da phan
tich d tren. Budc dau vira tim hieu vira van dung vao cac hoat ddng thuc tien
tai Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly ngudi sir dung ma tuy, chirng toi thay hang loat
van de Tam ly hgc dat ra can nghien ciru:
- Nhirng nguyen nhan tam ly dan eon ngudi den nghien ma tuy; ca chi
tam ly ciia qua trinh nghien, cai nghien, tai nghien ma tiiy...;
- Mdi quan he giira tam ly, sinh hda, sinh ly IhSn kinh... cua ngudi
nghien ma tiiy, tir dd xac lap co sd ly thuyet cho cac hoat dong phdng chdng ma
tuy va nhat la tri lieu tam ly:
- Chan doan, xac dinh nhung dac diem ca the, tam ly, hoan canh ca nhan
ciia mdi ngudi nghien ma tiiy de vach ra chiln luge, phuong phap tri lieu phii
hap:
- Cac ly thuyet Tam ly hgu van dung vao viec ly giai co ehl nghien, co
che cai nghien vatri lieu...;
- Cac van de Tam ly hgc xa hoi (ca nhan - nhdm - egng ddng - xa hoi) cua

viec phdng ngira hiem hga ma tuy; cua hien tugng nghien ma liiy; cua qua trinh
cai nghien va tai hda nhap xa hoi cua ngudi sau cai nghien...;
- Dieu kien tam ly va sire khdc tam thSn cua ngudi lam viec trong ITnh
vuc phdng chdng ma tiiy, nhat la trong tu vin, tri lieu cho ngudi nghien ma
tiiy...
Tren day mdi la nhirng vkn di dang dat ra dp thilt ckn nghien ciru, dap
ung cac hoat ddng hien nay cua Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly ngudi sir dung ma

TAPCHITAMLyHpC,S6'5(218), 5-2017


hiy. Ddi vdi toan bd nganh Tam ly hgc, Tam thhn hoc cdn nhiSu vin de sau,
rong hon nhieu.
3. Ket luan
Ma tuy la hi6m hga de dga cuoc song an lanh cua xa hoi tren pham vi
toan cau va dac biet vdi Viet Nam. Tam ly hgc cd vai trd va sii menh dac biet
trong viec xac lap ca sd ly luan va gdp phan tich cue vao cac hoat dong thuc
tiin phdng chong ma tiiy tren cac ITnh vuc: Kiem soat nguon cung ma tiiy;
Truyen thong phdng chong ma tiiy trong egng ddng, xa hoi; Tri lieu cho ngudi
nghien ma tiiy; Giup nhirng ngudi sau cai nghien tai hda nhap cong dong; Dao
tao cac chuyen gia trong ITnh vuc phdng chdng ma tiiy; Nghien cuu ve phdng
chdng ma tiiy tren tat ca cac ITnh vuc neu tren.
Vien Nghien cuu Tam ly ngudi sir dung ma tiiy mong muon hgp tac
ciing cac to chiic va ca nhan quan tam den van de nay, de ciing gdp phan tich
cue vao cong cuoc phdng chong ma tiiy dang rat cap thiet d nude ta.

Tai lieu tham khac
!. United Nations office on drugs and crime (UNODC), World Drug Report, Chapter 1 Cannabis, pp. 56, United Nations Publications, 2016.
2 Bao Cong an nhan dan, Khai mac Ky hop dac biet ciia Dai Hoi dong Lien Hap
Quae ve van de ma tiiy loan cdu, ngay 20/04/2016.

3. Bg Cong an, Bdo cao tai Hoi nghi Tong kef cong Idc phong chong ma tuy giai doan
2011 - 2015, VnExpress, ngay 14/4/2015.
4. Phat bieu ciia ong Nguyen Thanh flao - Uy vien Trung ucmg Dang Cong san Viet
Nam, Bi thu Tinh uy Ben Tre trong buoi lam viec vai Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly ngudi
sir dung ma tiiy, ngay 28/12/2016, ve vice Vien Nghien ciiu Tam ly ngudi sir dung
ma tuy phoi hgp ciing tinh Ben Tre trien khai chien luge phong chong ma tiiy
(Philippines: Gan 6.000 ngudi hi gict irong chien dich chong ma tiiy, Bao Thanh nien,
ngay 13/12/2016).
5. Nguyen Thi Van. Tda ma liiy lai Hoa Ky vd nhUng khuyen nghi cho viec dp dung
mo hinh lai Viet Nam, Tap chi Nghien cim Lap phap (ISSN: 1859-2953), S6 9 (313),
tr. 5 6 - 5 9 , 2 0 1 6 .
6. De tai ""Chong lai sir dung ma tuy bang lieu phap idm ly" ciia Vien Nghien cuu Tam
ly ngudi sir dung ma tiiy, dugc bao ve ihang 8/2016 (ai Hoi dong khoa hoc, Lien hiep
cac Hoi Khoa hoc va K> thuat Ha Noi.
7 Ty le idi nghien ma tiiy tai Hd Noi sau 3 nam cai nghien van gdn 100%, http://vietbao.
vn/amp/Doi-song-Gta-dinh/Ty-lc-tai-nghien-ma-tuy-tai-Ha-Noi-sau-3-nam-cai-nghien-vangan-100/410013542/111/

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 5 (218), 5 - 2017