Một số biểu hiện về trách nhiệm xã hội của nhà tâm lý

MOT SO BIEU HIEN VE TRACH NHIEM
XA HOI CUA NHA TAM LY
Nghien ciiu nay dupe tai trp bdi Qui? Phat trien Khoa hgc va COng nghe Qu6c gia
(NAFOSTED) trong 66 tai: Nghien ctJtu thirc trang hoat dong tra giup tam ly nham xiy
di/ng Bo tieu chuan Bao dire nghe nghiep cho cac nha tam /y hoc Viet Nam; Ma sd:
VII.1-2013.10; GSJS. Tran Thi Minh Diic lam chij nhi§m.
PGS.TS. BOi Thi H6ng Thai
Khoa Tdm ly hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc )(a hoi vd Nhdn vdn, Dal hoc Qudc gia
Hd Npi.
TS. Nguyen Thj Nhir Trang
Khoa Xa hdi hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hdi vd Nhdn vdn, Dai hoc Qudc gia
Ha Ndi

f

T O M TAT
Khdo sdt tren 1.070 khdch the hoc tdp vd ldm viec trong ITnh vuc Tdm ly hpc
ve trdch nhiem xd hpi cita nhd tdm ly the hien qua ba khia cgnh phdt trien kien thuc
ngdnh, ket qud ghi nhan rdng su thiic day tieu chudn cao cua ngdnh bdng cdch ddnh
mpt phdn thdi gian ldm viec khong thu phi co ty le khdch the nhan thirc dung cao
nhdt, tiep do la suphdt trien kien thuc chuyen mon cua bdn thdn vd ngudi khdc. Cuoi
cimg, viec chi ra cdc hdnh vi chua phii hpp dgo dice co ty le khdch the nhdn thirc
diing thdp nhdt. Dieu ddng quan ldm la nhan thicc dimg ve hdnh vi dgo dire nghe
chua hdn da ddn ddi cdc nhd ldm ly hdnh dpng dimg trong boi cdnh vdn hoa Viet
Nam, ddc biel la lien quan den viec cong khai cdc hdnh vi chua phii hpp dgo due.
Tir khoa: Trdch nhiem xd hpi, Nhd tdm ly hpc; Dgo due nghe tdm ly.
Ngdy nhdn bdi- 6/2/2017; Ngdy duyet dang bdi: 25/2/2017.
ABSTRACT
Using data from questionnaire survey wilh a sample of 1.070 respondents studying
and working in psychological science, this article analyzes psychologi.sls' social responsibility
demonstrated by their awareness on three dimensions of improving professional knowledge

Assessing the rates of psychologists who gave correct answer for each of indicators of
these three dimensions, results documented the highest rale of correct answers on indicators
of promoting professional standards by participation in volunteer practice (90.85%),
following by developing professional knowledge for themselves and the others (80,9%).
The rale of psychologists who could resist ethically wrong behaviors of their colleagues or
agency is lowest (67.15%). It is noteworthy thai good awareness on professional ethics does

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 3 (216), .-^ - 2017


not necessarily result in etUcal behavior, given Ketnamese cidWral context, especially when
related to exposing unethical behaviors
Key words: Social responsibility: Psychologist: Professional

ethics.

1. Bat van de
Ball vi trach nhiem xa hOi cua nha ttoi ly, Cowen (1973) timg cho rSng,
svr tham gia va lam loi cho xa hoi 14 yiu t6 trong tSm trong dcri song nghe nghiep
ciJa nha tam ly. Campos (1995) nhan dmh ring, nha ttoi ly thS hi?n trach nhiem
yS. hoi thflng qua vi6c tham gia - nghia la nha tam ly phai cam ket vao vi& cM
thien cac vSn ii xa h6i bSng each tiln hanh cac hoft dpng xS h5i dua trfin nhOng
kiln thilc tSm ly; thSng qua hanh d6ng - nghia la nha tSm ly phai tim kidm va sft
dimg cac can thi$p co hilu qua nhjm cai thien cac van dl xa h5i; thdng qua vi|c
khong trin tranh hojc noi khfing rB rang vl nhiing van de xa hoi va nhibig vi
pham vl quyen con ngucri - nghia l i nha tam ly phai dap urng voi cac vSn de va
vol s\r vi pham bang each siir dung nhflng kien thurc t ^ ly t6t nhSt trong thoi dgi
ciia minh v i thdng qua viec duong dau vtiri chinh nhiJng dinh kien xa hgi, van hoa
va chinh tri ciia ban than bing each nhgn ra tim quan trpng vl sir binh dSng cua
mpi nguoi, trong do co nhan phim, quyin, nhu ciu va phiic loi cua con nguoi.

Trong so 14 bp quy di§u ma chiing toi tap hprp va phan tich, c6 hai xu
hudng dupe the hidn r5. Xu hutmg thii nhit la trach nhiem x5 hpi dupe xdp
nhu mpt nguyen tac lorn v6i cac tieu chuan, quy dieu cu the hudng dan nhiing
diiu nha tim 1^ cin lam v i nguyen tac niy dupe d?t tuong duong vdi cac
nguyen tic khac nhu nguydn tac tdn trpng phim gia con ngudi va cong ddng,
nguyen tic trach nhidm nghi nghidp hay nguyen tic lidm chinh. Bd quy diiu
cua Canada (CPA, 2000) danh nguyen tic IV dl ban vl trach nhiem xi hdi, bd
quy dieu ciia New Zeland (NZPS, 2012) ciing dinh nguyen tic 4' dl ndi din
cdng bang x i hdi v i trach nhifm x i hdi. Xu huting thii hai li cic ydu ciu vl
trich nhiem xa hdi duoc thd hidn trong nhUng quy diiu dat trong cac nguyen
tac khic, thudng la nguyen tic trach nhidm hoac trach nhidm chuydn mdn ciia
nha tam ly. VI du, bd quy diiu cua Thd Nhi Ky (TPA, 2004), trong muc 3- Trich
nhidmda ghi ro: Nhi tam ly can y thirc vl trach nhidm nghi nghiep va khoa
hpc ddi vdi cia ca nhan, td chirc m i hp phuc vu v i ddi vdi xa hpi hp sdng.
Ciing nhu thd, muc trich nhidm trong bp quy diiu cua Anh (BPS, 2009), cua
Ireland (PSI, 2010) hay diiu B- Trung thuc v i trach nhidm trong bd quy diiu
cua My (APA, 2010) ciing khing dinh trach nhidm vdi xa hpi cua nhi tim ly.
Dii cich sap xdp khic nhau nhung nhin chung, cic bd quy diiu thudrng nhan
Viec diing sd La Ma hay s6 thudng trong bdi viii ndy Id tdn trgng theo cdch trinh
bdy d cdc bg quy diiu dgo dice.

48

TAP CHITAM LV HOC, Stf3 (216), 3 - 2017


m^nh ddn 3 khia canh thi hien trich nhidm x i hdi ciia nhi tim ly, do li: Phit
tridn kiln thiic cAa nganh, phat triin x i hdi thdng qua vide ting cudng loi ich/
khdng Ijim dung xi hpi v i su tdn trpng xa hpi.
Vide phit triin kien thilc ciia nginh duac nhi tam if thd hi$n qua ba khia

canh. Thir nhit la tang cudng kidn thilc dhuydn mon ciia bin than va nhOng
ngudi khic: Nhi tam If tham gia vi ddng gdp bing each giio due thudrng xuyen
cho su phit triin nghi nghidp va khoa hpc cua ban thin va ddng nghidp (Canada,
dieu IV.4); Nhi tim 1^ hd trp su phat tridn ciia nhitng ngudi mdi vio nghi bing
cich giiip hp cd duac su hilu bidt diy dii ve trich nhidm dsio dure v i cac ning
lire can thiet cho hogt dpng chuydn mdn eiia hp (Canada, didu IV.5; New Zealand,
diiu 4.4.7). Thir hai la thiie day vi duy tri cac tieu chuin cao nhat eiia nginh
thong qua vide bio vd nhiing kiln thiic, ky nang ciia nginh khdng bj lam dung,
sir dung khdng hap ly hojc bi lam vd hidu hda bdi nhihig ngudi khic (Canada,
diiu rV.U, diiu IV.24, diiu IV.25; New Zealand, diiu 4.3.2, diiu 4.3.3, diiu 4.4.4;
Philippin, diiu A) vi ddng gdp midn phi cho xa hdi thdng qua viec cung cap mdt
phin thai gian de lim vide mi khdng cd ipi nhuan (Canada, dieu IV. 12). Thiir ba
li chi ra nhiing hinh vi thiiu dao dire: Nhi tim ly duy tri trich nhidm ciia nganh
bing each dua nhirng hanh vi khdng d i nang luc hoac thieu dao dire, bao gdm
lam dung cac kidn thirc vi ky thuat tam ly den cac co quan quan ly thich hop,
trong suphil hpp vdi cic nguydn tic ctia bd quy dieu (Canada, didu IV. 13; New
Zealand, dieu 4.4.3). Ddi vdi khia canh niy, bd quy didu ctia Ireland (diiu 3.1.9)
vi Philippin (dieu C) eung md rdng them: Nha tam ly ndi ra neu eac chinh sich,
didu Id hoac cac quy dinh eiia td chirc mi hp lim vide bd qua hay ddi lap bat ky
nguydn tie nio cita bd quy didu dao dire nghd nghiep.
Phit tridn xa hdi dupe thd hien qua viee nha tam ly tang cudng loi ich
xa hdi bang each: Nhay cam vdi nhu cau, vin de ctia xa hdi khi xic dinh ciu
hdi nghien ciru, phat ti-iln dich vu, npi dung giing day, thu thap thdng tin hoic
giii thich cac ket qua nghien cilu (Canada, didu IV.20; New Zealand, didu 4.1.2)
vi tranh nguy co lam dung xi hpi.
Cudi cting, khia canh tdn trpng xa hdi thd hidn qua hidu bidt vl van hda,
ciu true x i hdi cua edng ddng: Nhi tim ly cd kiln thiirc day dit vl van hda, ciu
tnic xa hdi va phong tuc cua mpt cpng ddng trude khi bit diu bit ky cdng vide
nio d cdng ddng iy (Canada, diiu IV.15; New Zealand, diiu 4.3.4) va tdn trpng
nhirng luat Id, quy dinh eua xa hpi.

Mac du cac bd quy dieu dao diic nghe cung cip cho cac nhi tam ly
nhung chuin co bin vd trach nhidm xa hot, tuy nhien, Davidson (2010) cho
ring, bin than cae nha tam Iy cung cd trach nhidm quyit dinh xem bing cich
nao, khi nao vi dira vio didu gi hp phai hinh ddng dl hoan thanh trich nhidm
ctia ban than ddi vdi xa hpi. Mdt thich thitc hidn nay d Viet Nam la chiing ta

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOG, Sfi 3 (216), 3 - 2017

49


chua cd nhirng hudng din chttih thirc vl dao dire nghi nghidp cho cic nha tim
ly thuc hanh. Vi vay. y niem vl dao dire nghi nghiep vi vide thirc hinh hinh vi
dao dure phin Idn do cic ci nhan hanh nghi tu nhan thirc thdng qua vide hpc
tap, tham khao tir ddng nghidp, tir td chirc, tir cic tai lieu nuoc ngoii cd lidn
quan hoic tir vice dupe dao tao tai Dai hpc (luy nhidn, con sd nay kha khiem
tdn vi khdng phai ca sd dao lao nao cung cd mdn hpc Dao dire nghe Tam ly).
TCr gdc dp xa hdi, nhifng trach nhidm xa hdi ciia nha tam ly ciing it dupe de cap
ddn trong cac nghidn ciiu hay cac thao luan tai I Idi thao khoa hpc chuyen nganh.
Do dd, hilu bidt va thirc hidn trach nhiern xa hdi hoan loan phu thupc vao y thilc
ca nhan cita nha tam Iy.
Irong bdi canh dd, bii bao nay se tap trung phan tich va lam rd nhan
thirc ciia nhiing ngudi dang hpc tap v i lam vice trong ITnh vuc Tam ly hpc ve
trach nhiem xa hdi ctia nha tani ly the hidn qua ba khia canh phat tridn kien thirc
nganh neu trdn.
2. Phuong phap nghien cu-u
Nghien ciru dupe tien hanh tren 1.070 khach the d 4 thanh phd la: 11a Noi
(30.1%). Hul (24.1%), Da Ning (22.7%) va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (23,1%).
Cac khach the bao gdm sinh vicn nganh Tam Iy hgc (50.6%), giang vicn (33,2%).
nha nghidn ciru (5.2%) va nha tam Iy thtre hanh (11%) vdi ly Id gidi tinh la 24.3%

nam va 75,7% nir. Tudi cita khach the nghien ciru dao ddng tir 20 tudi ddn 65 ludi,
vdi tudi trung binh chung la 29.33.
Bang hdi gdm 96 linh hudng lien quan don van dc dao dire dupe sir
diing nham danh gia hieu bict ctia khach the vc dao due hanh nghe. Vi vin dl
dao diic chi co dung hoac sai nen cac linh hudng nay cting dirpc xay dimg ihco
ciich dc khiich the lira chon vao phirong an tra Idi la dung hoac sai. Bai bao nay
la kct qua duoc rut ra tir vice phan tich 9 tinh hudng dao dtrc cd lien quan din
triich nhiem xa hpi ciia nha tiim ly hpc. Ngoai ra. nghien ciru cung thirc hien 30
phong van sau tren khach the lit nha lam h' thirc hiinh. giang vicn lam Iy va bac
si tam than.
Ciic sd lieu dinh lupng chit yeu dupe khai thac qua phep thiing kc md ta.
dua \-ao giii tri phan IraiTi nhiim chi ra thirc Irang nhan thirc ctia nhtrng nguoi hpc
vii linn vice trong ITnh vuc Tiim ly hoc vl trach nhiem xii hpi cita nha tiim ly.
3. Kct qua nghien ciru
Nhu dii trinh bii\' o tren. str phat trien kiln thirc nganh dugc thi hien qua
\ ice nhii tiim Ij tiing cuong kien thirc chuydn mdn ctia ban than \'a nhfrng ngudi
Iam \ ice trong cimg ITnh virc. qua vice duy tri cite tieu chuin cao nhiit ctia nganh
va chi ra nhfrng hanh vi thieu dao dire trong hoal dpng nghi nghiep. Nhiin thirc
\c triich nhiem phiil Iricn kien thirc ngiinh duoc trinh biiy d bang 1.
5t.)

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (2 16), 3 - 2017


Bang I: Nhdn thirc vi.trdch nhiim phat trien kiin thiic
ngdnh eda nhd tdm ly
Sai
Cac khia canh cua phdt trien kiln thirc ngiknh

S6

liraTDg

Buns

%

S8
linrng

%

A. Phdt triin kiin thirc chuyin mon ciia ban than va ngicdi khdc
1. Chia se cac thong tin chuyen nganh mai cap
nhat cho dSng nghifip

226

20,9

8S6

79,1

2. Thao [u3n vai ddng nghiep ve cac tinh hu6ng
lien quan den nhay cam dao dire ngh6 nghiep

276

24,5

852

75,5

3. Tham gia nhieu khoa hgc ve chuyen nganh
tam ly va cac chuyen nganh ISn c^n khac

134

11,8

1.000

88,2

4. Chi lam vice vai nhffng than chu c6 di€u kien
chi tra le phi

1.028

90,7*

104

9,2

5. Cham dut hgp dong neu than chu khong thS
tra le phi ngay ca khi ho dang can giup da

1.026

91,0*

102

9,0

6. Bao vai dong nghiep khi phat hien hg vi pham
quy dieu dao dire hoac noi quy cua to chuc

180

16,7

900

83,3

7. Bao cao v6i cap tren ve sy vi pham dao due
ciia d6ng nghi?p

382

36,1*

676

63,9

8. De xuat sua quy tac hanh nghe cua to chuc

cho phii hap voi thuc te nghe nghiep

326

29,2

792

70,8

9. Cho lanh dao thay nhiJng dieu khong phii hgp
trong noi quy ciia ca sa so vai quy dieu dao due
nghe, sau do tuan theo quy dieu dao dire nghe

244

21,6

884

78,4

B. Thuc day tiiu chudn cao ciia ngdnh

C. Chi ra hanh vi chua phii hop vdi dao d^c

Ghi chic So lieu co ddu * the hien nhdn thicc phit hgp voi quy chudn dao dice.
- Phdt trien ngdnh the hiin qua viec ldng cudng kien thu'c chuyin
mdn eda bdn than vd ngu&i khdc
Ve vide phit trien kien thirc chuyen mdn cua bin than vi ciia ngudi

khae, ket qua d bang IA eho thay, vdi mdi tinh huong lien quan din vide tang
cudng kien thilc ciia ban than vi ngudi xung quanh, ty Id khach thi nhan thire
diing dat tir 75,5%> den 88,2%, ttiy theo tirng tinh hudng eu thi. Nhiing chia se
vl kidn thire mdi va thio luan cic tinh hudng kho khan trong cdng vide vdi

TAP CHI TAMLf HOC, Sfi 3 (216), 3-2017


ddng nghidp eho thiy sir cdi md ciia cac nhi tam ly khi nhin nhin ve chuydn
mdn. Ngoai ra, phin Idn khach thi trong nghidn ciru cd y thirc trong vide nang
cao chuyen mdn cita bin thin bing vide tham gia cic khda hpc. Nhiing khda
hpc niy cd thi do ehinh nhi tim ly bd tiln hpc nhu mpt each diu tu eho edng
vide: "Hiin tai em dgng hgc lap tri lieu tdm lygia dinh cua Bi... Em m&i hgc
khda ddo tgo vi tri lieu nghe thugt trong 2 tuan, gid 4 trieu. Em se hgc thim
khda hgc vi test Rochars, cdi gi cdn ddu tu thi em rdt ddu tu'' (giing vidn, nha
thue hinh lam ly, Trudng Dai hpe Su pham thanh phd Hd Chi Minh), cung cd
thd dd la do td chile tao diiu kien cho hp di hpc: "Cdc lap hgc Id do td chirc
cho em di, bdn thdn em ciing muon hgc di ndng cao chuyen mdn vd khd ndng
giiip da cho tre em, dd cUng Id giup cho chinh bdn thdn minh" (nhi tam ly thue
hanh. Id ehire OBV).
- Phdt triin ngdnh the hien qua viec thuc day tieu chudn cao cua ngdnh
Nhirng tidu chuin cao ciia nganh dupe nhae ddn li vide nha tim ly gdp
phin dam bao kiln Ihirc ciia nginh khdng bi lam dung va cung cap nhOng gid
lira vide vdi phin kinh phi khiem tdn hoac khdng nhan kinh phi. Ve khia canh
nay, sir sin sang tham gia cac edng vide chuydn mdn ma khdng nhan kinh phi
trong trudng hpp can thiet cua nha tam ly da dupe tim hidu. Bang 1B eho thay,
ed den 91,0%o sd khach the khdng ddng tinh vdi vide nhi tam ly cham dirt hpp
ddng neu khach hang khdng the tra Id phi ngay ea khi hp dang rat can giiip do
va 90,7%) sd khach the khdng ddng tinh vdi vide nhi tim Iy ehi lam vide vdi
nhirng khach hang cd didu kidn chi tra Id phi. Thue te, hai bieu hien nay gan

vdi thai dp cua nha tam Iy hon la vdi nghTa vii cita hp. Ty Id cao eae khach the
phan ddi vice nha tiirn Iy ngirng cung cap dich vii khi khach hang khdng dap
irng dupe cac lieu chuan vd tai chinh cd the xem nhu tin hieu tich cue ddi vdi
thirc trang hanh nghe hien nay. Du neu xet mdt each phan minh la dung hay sai
thi khdng cd dieu luat niio khiing dinh vice ngung hay lir chdi cung ciip dich vu
cho nhirng khach hang khdng the tra le phi la vice lain sai. Tuy nhien. cac bd
quy dieu dao dire deu khuyen khieh nha tam ly. trong kha nang cua minh. thuc
hien cac cdng vide chuyen mdn mil khdng vi Ipi ich vat chit.
Ndi each khac, sir khdng ddng thuan cita hiiu hit khach Ihl d hai tinh
hudng nay the hien linh nhan van trong hoat ddng nghe nghiep ciia nha tiim ly.
Dit dirng \c khia eanh lao ddng, khdng Ihc phu nhiin rang vice nhan lai vc mat
vat chat la mpl trong ciic yeu td quan trpng thuc diy ngudi lao ddng Iam vice
nhung ddi vdi hoat ddng nghe trong ITnh virc Tam Iy hpc thi tinh nhan van la
mpt trong nhirng gia trj dao dire dupe mong dpi. Gii tri nay ddi hdi nha tain Iy
ddi khi phai hy sinh quyen Ipi ca nhan dl ho Irp cac nhdm yiu thi trong xa hdi
khi hp tiin den dich vu tiim ly. Thtre tl hoat ddng trp giiip tam ly d Viet Nam
cho Ihiiy, vice thu phi la riit da dang va khdng phai liic nao nhung ngudi duiic
52

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, So' 3 (216), 3 - 20 i 7


nhan sir trg giup cung phai tra ti§n. Nhu chia se cua mpt can bo tam !y lam viec
tai t6 chuc phi Chinh phu WWO Viet Nam: "Thuc ti thi cdc td chirc phi Chinh
phu khdng thu tiin ciia khdch hdng. tham chi ho cdn cho them tien'\ Nhu vay,
vice khong thu tidn nguoi hucmg dich vu tSm ly da n^m trong chinh sach cua
mgt s6 t6 chuc. Ben canh do, cac to chuc cung thu hut nha tam ly lam viec
bang su thien tam: '^Chiing em ldm d day thien nguyen. vi long nhiet thdnh, vi
tdn gido cua minh nen cdm thay mudn giup da ngicdi khdc\ do do, than chii
khong phai tra phi va nha tam ly cung khong dugc tra luong cho so gia hg lam

vice Cling than chu. Ngoai ra, ciing co nhiing nha tam ly vijra lam viec thu phi,
vira danh thai gian tu 1 den 2 buoi mot tuan lam mien phi: ""Neu thdn chu khdng
the chi trd thi em hirdng ddn ho den tham vdn mien phi d nhd vdn hda thdnh
phd. Em cUng ldm d nhd vdn hda do. O day, thdn chii khong phdi trd tien. Dieu
ndy ludn duac em ndi vdi thdn chu rdt thdng thdn. Em ndi vdi ho rdng neu cd
khd ndng anh, chi hay trd phi cho qud trinh giiip dd cdn neu anh, chi qud khd
khan thi cd the den tra giup mien phr (giang vicn, nha thuc hanh. Truang Dai
hoc Su pham thanh pho 116 Chi Minh).
Co Ig, chinh ihirc le tren Iy giai cho ty le cao khach the khong dong tinh
voi vice nha tam Iy khong trg giiip cho than chii khi than chu khong c6 kha
nang tra le phi. Ben canh do. qua noi dung phong van sau, cac khach the cung
bay to rang viec thu phi hay khong thu phi khong anh hirang den chat lugng
giiip da than chu: ""Theo toi, dieu quan trpng nhdt Id dgo dire cua nhd tdm ly.
Neu nhd ldm ly co dgo dire, cd tdm thi dii ldm thien nguyen hay thu phi cUng se
tim duac cdch de giitp khdch hdng" (nha tam ly. to chiic OBV).
- Phdt irien ngdnh thong qua viec chi ra nhiing hanh vi chua phii
hffp vol diw due
Vice chi ra nhu'ng hanh vi chua phu hgp vdi dao diic dugc xem xet a hai
cap do la doi vdi dong nghiep va doi vdi to chuc. C) cap do doi vdi dong
nghiep, kel qua d bang IC cho thay, 83,3% so khach the cd nhan ihuc diing
dan khi dong ihuan vdi each (hiic bao cho dong nghiep bict khi phat hien hp vi
pham quy dieu dao dire hoac npi quy cua to chuc. Tuy nhien. trong boi canh
hoal dpng nghe nghiep hien nay, chiing loi gia djnh rang nhan Ihii'c diing vc
bao cao sai pham dao due chua han da din dai cac nha lam ly den hanh dong
diing. Nguyen nhan Ihii nhat la do nha tam ly e ngai. khong muon dpng cham
lam mat long dong nghiep cua minh: "Em thdy khd ndi ve vdn de vi pham dgo
dire trong hdnh nghe lain ly vi co nhieu nhd tdm ly chua dii "sgch ", doi khi ho
vi pham md khdng biel Id minhyi pham. Co nhd tdm ly con ke chuyen cua ihdn
chu len facebook Em khong biet noi sao vdi hp vl ngirdi ta Id ddn chi cua minh"
(giang \ len- nha thyc hanh, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham ihanh pho 116 Chi Minh)

Nguyen nhan nua ia nha lam ly khdng cd su ddng hanh Irong vice theo duoi

TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (216), 3 - 2017

53


hanh vi phii hop chuin dao dire nghi nghiep. Viec ehi ra nhitng sai pham chi
khiln hp cim thiy cd don, lac Idng ngay trong chinh td chile cita minh ndn lau
din, hp chip nhan sai pham nhu mdt diiu tit yiu va khdng cdn y thirc phin
khang, ban than hp khic phue duoc din dau thi khic phuc: "f? dirge hgc ve
dgg dire nghi nen em cd ndi vdi cdc ddng nghiep ciia minh vi nhirng sai phgm
vdn tdn tai hdng ngdy nhtmg cae ehi dy ndi rdng niu em mudn giif dugc cdng
viec vd lucmg cua minh thi tdt nhdt hay ldm theo, ai ddm trdi linh ea quan?"
(nhi thue hinh, Vidn Sue khde tam thin). Trorig khi dd, chi cd 36,1% so khaeh
thi ed nhan thurc phit hpp vdi quy diiu dao dire khi eho ring, vide nha tam ly
bao eao vdi cip trdn khi phit hien dong nghiep vi pham d p dire li sai. Thi^c
tl, du bio eio sai pham dao dire cita dong nghidp la diiu can thiet nhung didu
niy phai duoc thuc hidn phil hpp vdi quy trinh. NghTa li nha tam ly can eanh
bio cho ddng nghidp vl nhiJng sai pham, niu ddng nghiep khdng siia chua thi
nha tam ly mdi bao Idn td chirc. Tuy nhidn, trude khi bao cho td ehire, hp vin
phai ndi vdi ddng nghiep vd vice minh se lim. Nhu vay, each lang le thdng bao
nhiSng sai sdt cua ddng nghidp cho thiy, nhi tam ly chua nam vOng vd quy chuin
dao dire nghe.
CJ cip dp ddi vdi td chirc, ty Id khach thd cd nhan thirc dting trong vide dd
xuat sira quy tie hanh nghd eua td chuc cho phii hiDp vdi thue td nghe nghiep la
70,8% va ty Id nhan thire diing trong tinh hudng cho lanh dao thay nhiing didu
khdng phil hpp trong ndi quy ctia co sd so vdi quy didu dao dire nghd, sau dd
tuan Iheo quy didu dao dire nghe la 78,4%). Vdi vai trd la thanh vidn ciia mdt td
chirc lao ddng, triich nhidm tdn trpng xa hdi cua nha tam ly dupe the hien Irudc

het thdng qua vide tdn trpng eac quy dinh ciia td chirc lao ddng ma hp thudc ve.
Neu nhu mpt sd bd quy dieu nhac nhd rang: Nha tam ly cd kien thire day dii ve
viin hda, can true xa hdi va phong tue ciia mpl cdng ddng trude khi bat dau bat
ky cdng vide nao d edng ddng ay (Canada, didu IV.15; New Zealand, dieu 4.3.4)
thi md rdng ra, chiing ta cd the hieu la nha tam ly lam vide eho td chirc lao
ddng nao can hidu va tuan theo nhtrng quy dinh cua td chirc dd. Chinh vice tuan
thu cac nguyen lac ay giup bao vc ngudi lao ddng mdi khi cd tranh chap, kien
lung. Tuy nhien, thirc Id Ihire hanh nghd Tam Iy hpe eho thay, cd thd tdn lai nhirng
mau thuiin giira quy dinh cua to chirc vdi quy dieu dao dire nghe nghidp. Vice
nha tiim Iy ndi vdi liinh dao nhCrng didu khdng phu hpp trong ndi quy ctia co sd
so vdi quy didu dao dire nghd, sau dd tuiin theo quy didu dao dire nghi nghiep
cd the nhin nhan nhu mdt sir nhay cam ve van dc dao dire trong hanh nghe vi
nd cd the khien nha tiim Iy phai ddi dien vdi xung dot giira quy djnh nghe
nghiep vdi quy dinh id chuc. Tren thirc te, ehiing la cd quyen nghi ngd vao
vide nha tiim Iy thirc su hanh ddng theo quy diiu dao dire nghd, dii ly Id khach
the cho rang hp se liim Ihco quy dieu dao dire nghi lit khdng he thiip. Trong bdi
ciinh bi rang budc btri ciic thiel chc cua id chirc. nha tam ly khdng tranh duoc

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TAPCH[TAMLyHpC,Sd-3(216),3-20l7


viec "nhim mit lam ngo" vdi nhiing sai pham diti tir td chiirc vi luc bit tdng
tam va eung vi ehinh td chile eung cd nhOng vin dl m i hp khong tu giii tquydt
dupe: "Ca quan em cdn nhdn cd nhung em tdt nghiep ngdnh Sinh hgc di ldm
tri lieu cho tre. Em dd rdt nhiiu Idn ndi vdi lanh dgg Id eae em dy khdng dii
ndng luc di ldm viec vd em dii dugc giag h-dch nhiim hd trg cdc bandy vi
chuyen mon cUng khong giup cho cdc bgn dy lien bd han dugc do hg thieu kiin
thuc nen tdng. Tuy nhien, cdc sip bdg em cir giag eg cho bgn dy ldm vi chinh

sip ciing bi dp luc tir tren trong viec tuyin nguai Em cUng ddnh phdi de cdc
bgn dy ldm ca" (nhi thuc hanh tri lieu tre em). N I U bd quy diiu eiia Canada vi
New Zealand nhic nhd ring: Nha tim ly nim rd cac luat v i quy dinh ciia xa
hdi mi ho lam vide, die bidt nhirng quy djnh ed lidn quan din cae boat dpng
eda hp vdi tu cieh la nha tam ly v i tuan theo nhirng quy dinh ay. Neu nhOng
luat hoac quy dinh mau thuan nghidm trpng vdi cac nguyen tic iao dire, nhi
tam 1;^ se lim bit cu diiu gi hp cd thd de duy tri eac nguydn tac dao dire
(Canada, didu IV.17; New Zealand, didu 4.2.3) thi dudng nhu didu nay la khd
kha thi trong bdi canh hoat ddng nghe nghiep hidn nay d Viet Nam.
4. Kct luan va ban luan
Tdm lai, kit qui nghidn ciru cho thiy, trong ba bidu hidn eua sir phat trien
chuydn mdn nganh, eac khach the trong nghien ciru thd hien nhan thirc dung
eao nhat d vide thiic day tieu chuan cao cua nganh bang each danh thdi gian
cung cap dieh vu mien phi va san sang trp giiip neu than chu ed khd khan vd
kinh phi. Tiep dd la sir phat trien kidn thirc chuyen mdn cua ban than va ngudi
khac. Thap nhat ia vide ehi ra nhu'ng hanh vi chua phii hpp vdi dao dire. 'l>ong
ba bidu hien nay, ehiing loi dac biet chu trpng den cac kct qua lien quan den
vide chi ra nhu'ng hanh vi chua phit hpp vdi dao dire. Ndu hai bidu hidn dau
lien quan chit yeu den nha tiim ly va la nhiing bieu hien ma nha tam iy hoan
loan cd quycn dua ra quyet dinh thue hien thi bieu hidn thir ba giin vdi nhirng
cdng bd ve hanh vi chua phu hop dao dire ciia ngudi khae. Kdt qua nghien cuu
cho thiiy, vice dau tranh vdi sai pham dao dire nghd eiia ngudi khac la > eu td
khd khiin cho nhii tiim ly. Dieu nay mdt phiin cd the dupe ly giai bdi van hda
ngai va cham. so lam phat y ngudi khiie va mot phiin do viin de quyen Ipi cita
chinh nha liim Iy trong vice duy tri cac mdi quan he ddng nghidp va vi tri d td
chirc. Neu vide thang than trao ddi vdi ddng nghiep vc sai pham nghd nghiep
ctia hp lit khdng dc dang thi vide chi ra cho td chirc thiy nhung diiu khdng phii
hgp ciia td chirc so vdi quy didu nghi nghidp va tuan theo quy diiu nghi
nghiep lai ciing khd khan hon. Nd ddi hoi nhit tam Iy thuc sir cd tiim lire khdng
ehi la chuyen mdn, ma cdn la kha nang duong dau vdi nhirng xung dpi giira

nhirng gi ndn lam va nhirng gi phai Iam. Diiu niiy, theo Lecomte va Perron
(1980). dru ra nhirng ciiu hdi lien quan din su ddng nhit nghi nghiep d gdc dp

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So 3 (216). 3-2017

55


xa hgi cua cac nha tam ly. dan nh&ng nang lire nghe nghiep ma nha tam 1^ co,
ddn viec quy gan tim quan trpng vao cac hoal dpng vi Igi ich xa hpi ndi chung
cua nha tam ly va ddn nhiing dinh hudng gia tri cua nha tam ly. Nhu vay. cac
nghien ciiu tidp theo co the tap trung vao phan tich nhirng dieu kien xa hpi co
kha nang thiic dky hoac ngan can nha tam iy thuc hien trach nhiem xa hpi trong
nganh ciia minh.

Tai lieu tham khao
1. American Psychological Association, Ethical Principles of psychologists and Code
of Conduct, 20\0.
2. Campos L.P., Should the CPA have an ethical code for .social action, California
Psychologisl, Feb., 31, 1995.
3. Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists, Third Edition,'2000.
4. Code of Ethics and Conduct, Guidance published by Ihc Ethics Commiltee of Ihe
British Psychological Society, 2009.
5. Code of Ethics for Psychologists Working in Aolearoa/New Zealand, 2012
6. Cowcn E.l,., Social and community interventions. Annual Review of Psychology,
24, pp. 423 - 472, 1973.
7. Davidson G.R., Exploration of Psychologist's Social Responsibilities: How Does
the 2007 APS Code of Ethics Mesure Up?, In Allan, A. and Love A.. Ethical Practice
in Psychology. Relleclions from the creators of the APS Code of Elhics. Wiley
Publication, pp. 103- 122.2010.

8. Lecomlc C , Perron J.. Analyse miiUidimensionnelle de la re.spon.sabilile sociale de
/i//?Ayc/7o/o^'/e. Canadian Counsellor, Vol. 14. No. 3, pp. 186- 190, 1980.
9.1'sychological a.ssociation ofthc Philippines, Code of Ethics for Philippine psychologi.sts.
2009.
10. The Psychological Society of Ireland. Code of Professional

Ehics.lQW.

11. Turkish Psychological Association Ethics Code, 2004.

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TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 3(216), 3 - 2017