Xây dựng khái niệm làm việc trong công trình luận án tiến sĩ tâm lý học

XAY DLJNG KHAI NIEM LAM VIEC
TRONG CONG TRINH
LUAN AN TIEN SI TAM LY HOC
GS.TS. Tran Hifu Luyen
Trttimfi Dai hpc Ngogi n^ir • Dai hpc Qud'c gia Hd Xdi.

Trong cdng trinh ludn dn lien u Tdm ly hpc. khdi niem ldm viec dang a linh
irang duac xdy dung nhu ihe ndo. khdi niem ndy cd vai trd the ndo ddi vdi cdc npi
dung khiiL trong lugn dn. ihuc chdt no Id gi vd duac hieu ihe ndo khi xdy dung nd. nd
cd quan h^ the ndo Uong he thong khdi niem cdng cu vd dieu idi quan upng Id cdch
Ihuc xdy dung nd nhu ihe ndo? Dd Id nhung cdu hoi lan ve xdy dung khdi niem ldm
vi?c. phdn noi dung khoa hpc quan irpng nhdl trong ndi Jung ca \cuu d^ ldi ludn dn md idc gia mudn duac ldm rd trong hdi viel ndy nhu mdt trao doi
khoa hpc nhdm ndng cao chdt luang ludn dn lien sT Tdm ly hoc
Tir khoa: Khdi ni^m: Khdi niem ldm viec Hieu khdi niem. .\'dy dung khdi niem
lum viC'c
\gd\

nhdnbdi-

13/9'2016; \'gdy duyei ddng bdi-25

12/2016.

ABSTRACT
In a pwchology Ph D thesis, how ihe working concept is buili. how il is related
lo other content in the thesis, essentially, what il is and htm- it is imJersiood. how ii ties
in ihe concept system and very importantly, how to build it' Those are the big questions
about building working concepts; this is the most important scientific content in a
research lhe\is thai the author want lo clarify in this article as an scientific exchange
lo improve the quality of psychology Ph D theses

Kc\«or(is: Concept
oJ working concept.

Working concept: I'mlerstanding

of concepts:

Building

1. Tinh trang xay dung khai niem lam viec trong luan an tien sTTam
l> hoc

6 nuac ta hi^n na\ co kha nhieu ca sa dao tao tien sT lam ly hpc, nhu
Tnrang Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi. Vien Khoa hpc Giao due Viet Nam. Hpc vicn
Khoa hpc xa hpi thupc Vicn Han lain Khoa hpc x3 hpi Viet Nam. Truang Dai hpc

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, S6' I (214), 1 -2017


Khoa hgc Xa hpi \ a Nhan vSn. Tnicmg Dai hoc Giao due thupc Dai hoc Quoc gia
Ha Npi \a Hpc vien Chinh tri Bp Quoc phong. Cac co scr dao tao na\' deu cr phia
Bic Viet Nam. SSp loi se co them mot so co so khac o mien Tmng \ a mien Nam
nude ta dii dicu kien duoc tham gia dao tao ticn si Tam ly hpc.
Nhimg nam qua. cong \icc tham gia dao tao trinh dp Tien si lam l\ hpe
nhu huong din nghien cuu sinh lam de tai luan an, xet chpn de lai nghien ciru.
giang day. danh gia cac chuy en de. tu van. nhan xc't. phan bien luan an a cac ctT
scr da \a dang dao tao cac ehuyen nganh Tam ly hpc. Noi each khac. nha nhan
biet, quan sat thuc te. xem \ei san pham eiia hoat dpng va phan tieh. khai quat.
\.v.... ehiing toi thay. o luan an thuang co mpt so thieu xot \ c xa\ dung khai
niem cong cu. nhat la khai niem lam viec. Tiiy timg luan an cu the eo the co tir

mpt. mpt \ai hay tat ca cac thieu sot duoi day:
1) Khai niem dua ra khong gSn voi nhung trich dan dupc neu. tuc la cac
dinh nghla. khai ni?m cua cae tac gia di truoc dupc vicn dan. phan tich. danh gia.
2) Lay mot trong so cae khai niem lien quan ciia miit trong .so cac tac
gia di truoc lam khai niem ciia luan an. Khai niem do thuong la cua mpt nha
khoa hpc di truac. noi tieng. rat diing nhung khong phii hap vai dc tai luan an.
3) Khiing rO nguon goc dupc trich dan dc dua ra khai niem. tire la eac
npi dung trong khai niem do. khong rfl phan nao dupc kc thira tir cac tae gia di
truac. phan nao la ciia rieng. mai de xuat ciia tac gia luan an.
4) Khai niem duac trinh ba\. dicn dat thieu chuan xac. logic, npi dung
can neu truac lai noi sau va ngupe lai.
5) Khai niem neu ra thieu chuan xac. khai niem sau khong ke thira duac
khai niem truac. dac hici. khai niem lam viec khong the- thao tac hoa thanh npi
dung nghien ciru. Truimg hpp nay. khai niem neu mpt dang, npi dung nghien ciru
mpt neo. Tu\ nhien. co kha nhieu truimg birp. eac npi dung na\ \an dung. Di^u
na\ cho thay. ly luan. tire he thdng khai niem da khong tlit} giir dirac vai tro dua ra
npi dung nghien ciru. 6 da\. co tha thSy, tac gia luan an da cam nlian duac vdn di
nghien ciru qua vice tim hieu cac tac gia di trude nhung ehua biit cacti dua cac
npi dung do vao cac khiii niem lien quan. nhat la vao khai niem lam \ icc.
De khac phuc eac ton tai. thiiu sdt dupc neu. r§t cSn nhan thirc tiiy du
vai tro eua he thdng khai niem cdng cu. nhjt la khai niem lam vice, hieu rd
khai mem trong qua trinh xa> dung nd. quan be giOa khai niem lam vice vdi
cac khai nipm cdng cu khac vii sau nira. each thue xav dung khai niem lam vice
that su khoa hpc. phu hop vdi dc tai luan an. dam bao lam khung Iv luan du de
dua ra cac npi dung nghien ciru cua di tai luan an. Dudi day sc ISn luat lam rd
nhirng dieu dd.

TAPCH(TAMLyHOC,Sa'l (214). I -2017

2. Vai tro ciia khai niem lam viec trong luan an tien si T a m l\ hoc

Trong cac edng trinh nghien cuu khoa hoc ndi chung. trong luan an lien si
Tam ly hpc ndi rieng. npi dung ly luan mang dam tinh ban lam ciia cdng trinh.
ciia vSn de dupe nghien cim (de tai nghien cim) la quy dinh bat bude phai cd.
khdng the bd qua. Trong luan an tiin sT Tam ly hpc. ndi dung ly luan nay dupc
dat sau ndi dung tdng quan tinh hinh nghien ciru \ an de cua de tai. trudc cac npi
dung \ c pbuong phap va ket qua nghien cim. Trong luan an. mdi ndi dung dd
dupe trinh bay thanh mdt chuang. Cd the ndi. chuong nao cung quan trpng
nhung xet chp ciing thi chuang IV luan la quan trpng nhat. \ i nd qu\ ct djnh tryc
tiep ndi dung nghien cim triing ddi tupng den dau. ndng sau the nao. ed tinh
khoa hpc nhieu ha\ it \ a tir day quyet dinh ndi dung cdng cu tai lieu dd \a tiep
dd lai quyet djnh kcl qua nghien cira. \1di ^ach hinh anh. xa\ dyng ca sd ly luan
eho cdng trinh nghien cira la lam chiec cbia khda de md cira di vao kham pha.
phat hicn \e ddi tupng nghien cim. giai quyet van dc eua dc tai. Khdng ed I;
luan soi duimg sc khdng tim ra dupc ndi dung nghien cira. se md mam. rat de lac
huiVng. khdng the dat duac muc dich. Dicu nay cho tba\ vai trd to Idn cua npi
dung ly luan trong liim luan an.
Xa\ dyng ca sd ly luan. thyc chat la xa\ dyng he thdng khai niem cdng
cu. (ipi til be thong khai niem cong cu \ i nhirng khai niem nay khdng cd muc
dich tu nd ma chimg dupc diing lam eong cu de tim ra, phat hien ra ndi dung
nghien ciru. tire khai niem cdng cu ludn \ i muc dich khac. Khdng xay dyng khai
niem cdng cu khdng cd each nao de tim ra ndi dung nghien cira. Trong luan an,
Xii) dyng he thdng khai niem cdng cu dupe chdt lai d khai niem lam viec. Can
cir \'ao khai niem lam \ iec de thao lac hda thanh cac ndi dung nghien cira ciia
luan an. Khai niem lam \ ice ed vai Ud rat to Idn ddi vdi luan an. Khai niem lam
\iee khdng chuan xac. thiitu rd rang, khdng hap 1\'. khdng khoa hpc .si; khdng
chp ndi dung nghien ciru dung vc ddi tuong can tim. Khdng xa\ dyng dupc khai
niem lam % ice .se khd tranh dupc nhiing thieu sdt \ e npi dung nghien cira. vc tai
lieu nghien cira \ ii .sau niia la vc ket qua nghien eira. Nhirng dieu nay sc tryc tiep

lam giam tinh khoa bpc ciia nghien cuu. cd khi lam cho luan an khdng the bao
\ c dupe.
Nhu va)'. \ iec x:i\ dung he thdng khai niem edng cu. nhat la khai niem
liim vice la rat quan irpng trong giai quyet dc tai nghien ciru. Dc cd the lam tdt
dupc dicu nay. rat eiin ed eai nhin khoa hpc \'e khai niem va hieu diing nd.
,^. \'an de khai niem va hicu khai niem
Dc hicu va xay dung dupc he thdng khai niem edng cu. khai niem lam
vice trong luan an, khdng the khdng bieu khai niem. Khai niem la gi? Khai niem
cd liC-n quan the nao vdi nhirng ket qua dupc con ngudi nhan biet d hinh thirc

TAP CHI T A M L V HOC, S

tien khai niem? Nhiing dieu nav rat quan trpng vi cung dien ra khi xav dimg h?
thdng khai niem cdng cu. khai niem lam v iec ciia de tai luan an.
Tir "khai niem" trong tieng Anh la "'notion", trong tiing Nga la "ponhiatic".
trong tieng Phap la "notion". Trong Tir dicn ngdn ngOtieng Viet 111 hay lir dicn
Tam Iv hpc tiing Viet [2] hoac cac tir dien tieng Anh, tiing Nga. tiing Phap. tir
"khai niem" cd mpt nghia kha thdng nhat va chiia khai niem dupc mpi nguoi
hieu la hinh thirc phan anh hien thyc dudi dang khai quat sy vat, hien tuong vii
nhirng mdi lien he giiia chiing. Dd la nhiJng kien thiic chung nhat vc khai niem.
Dc thuan tien hon cho viec van dung vao xay dimg he thdng khai niem
cdng cu cua luan an. dudi dav se trinh bay "khai niem" dudi gde dp Tam Iv
hpc. tir ticp can Tam Iv hpc hoat dpng.
Khai niem trong Tam Iv hpc duoc hieu la eai ban chat dich thyc cua sy
vat, hicn tupng, cai dc khang dinb sy viit. hien tupng la chinh nd [3], Ndi khac
di. khai niem la cau tnic Idgic tuimg minh ciia sy vat. hien luong (4|. Cai ban
chai nay. eai cau tnic Idgic ludng minh nay cua su vat. hien tupng khdng the
thav bang quan sat (ui giac) hav tu duy ndi quan, ma phai bang hanh dpng tac
ddng vao sy vai. hicn tuong thi mdi nJm dupe. Dieu nay da duoc cac nha khoa

hpe J. Piaget | 5 | . A.N. l.eonchiev |6|. V.V. Davydov [7]. 116 Ngpc Dai |4| va
nhimg ngudi khac ndi den rai rd rang. Nhu vay. di xay dyng ceic khai niem cdng
cu. rat cin phiii tac ddng vao cac sy vat. hicn tupng ma khai niem phan 4nh. Thi
du. \;lv dung khai niem "ky nang" phai ed nhiJng banh dpng cu the. ca vat chjt
lan tinb thiin. nhu thay ddi lai vj tri. sip xip trudc sau. phan loai. he thdng, phan
tich, tdng hop, khai quat cae thudc tinh va mdi quan be ciia hien tuong ky nSng,
phai "sd nam" duoe hicn lupng ky nang, phai lam di cd ky nSng, tir day sC nim
dupe ban chat tam Iv. ciu true Idgic tudng minh ciia hicn tupng ky nang. rdi neu
ra khai niem "kv nang" can xay dyng. Ndi ngin gpn, khai niem duac xay dyng
khdng chi de hieu dupc. ma cdn chira dyng mdt each lam. phai van dung di iam
dupc. Nhirng nghien ciru vc kv nang thudng di din khai niem ky nang la sy van
dung tri thirc. kinh nghiem harih dpng/hoat dpng da cd vao thyc hien cd hiqu qua
hanh ddng^oat ddng trong diiu kien cu thi xac djnh. Nhu vay. bjn chat tam ly
eua kv nSng la lam. chu khdng phai la nghi. Cau tnic Idgic iudne minh cua kj
nang la In thirc. kinh ngbiC-m. lire nhan thire da dupc kit tinh valval trd ciia tri
tuc (tu duv) trong van dung nhan Ihirc dupc kit tinh dd di thuc bien hanh dpng/
hoat dpng thanh cdng da tan bien vao trong nhiing linh chit khaiquat, diy du
dung dan, thuan thuc, linh hoat v a hieu qua ciia ky nang d diiu kien cu thi xae djnh.
Khdng phai ngay lap tire con ngudi phat hicn duoc ban chit su vat hicn
lupng. Do la mdt qua trinh. Trong qua trinh nhan Ihiic Ihuc ti dd. nhiJng phat
hicn ve ban chat cua sy vai. hicn tmmg cd thi chua dat din hinh thirc/trinh dp

TAPCHfTAMLVHOC.Sdl (214), I -2017


khai niem. ma chi la nhirng hinh thirc/trinh dp tien khai niem (pre-notion), tire la
nhiing hinh thirc/trinh dp cua nghia (meaning). NghTa trong Tam ly hpe dupc
diing de phan biel vdi y (sence). Nghia ciing phan anh cau tnic ciia sy v at. hicn
tupng va die hien d nhirng hinh thirc/Uinh dp khac nhau. Thi du nhu d hinh thiic
ky nang, tire la cd nhirng hiiu biit nhat djnh ve sy vat, hien tupng va sii dung

dupe nd. Nghia the hien d hinh thCre hanh vi la nhflng khudn mau ve thai dp va
chuin muc cua hanh vi. Nghia thi hien d hinh thire hinh anh nhu hinh tupng. la
tri thirc ve nhirng thudc tinh ben ngoai cua sy vat. hien tupng. Nghia d hinh thirc
biiu tuong la nhirng tri thirc cua nhan thirc v e sy vat. hien tupng nhung da dupc
cai tao lai, tire la it nhieu da dupe khai quat. Thi du. bieu tupng ddng sdng la
hinh anh dai nude chay gitta ddi bd. Dai nudc dd khdng rd la to hay nhd, Irong
hay due, ndng hay sau, rdng hay hep v.v.. ma chi don gian la mdt ddng nude.
Ddi bd ciing khdng rd la cao hay thap, cong uon lugn hay thang tap, dat hay da,
dung dimg hay thoai thoai. cd cay ed hay chi sdi cat. v .v... ma chi don gian la hai
bd d hai ben. Chi cd nghia dat den hinh thirc tudng minh nhat nhd tu duv ly luan
mdi dat den hinh Ihirc/lrinh dp khai niem. khi nav nghia triing vdi khai niem.
Nghia va khai niem dupe cd dinh lai (khach quan hda) bing vat lieu ngdn ngur
(de luu giii ehiing vii dc chd ehiing vao trong dau dc con ngudi). Nghia d trong
lir ngir. trong ngdn ngit gpi la ngir nghia. Khai niem d trong lir ngir. trong ngdn
ngir thi tir dd dupe gpi la thuat ngir [3. tr. 320]. Cho nen. khi ndi vc mdt sy vat.
hien tuong nao dd. do nhan thirc chi mdi dimg lai d nhflng hinh thire/lrinh dp
nghia khae nhau nhung da ngd nhan la d trinh dp khai niem nen thudng cd
nhirng tranh cai bat tan bat phan thang bai. Cupc tranh cai nav chi cd the ket
thuc, neu nhu dupc dimg lai dc thdng nhat vdi nhau ve hinh thirc tdn tai ciia
nghTa hay ve khai niem phan anh su vat, hien tupng.
Mdt diiim nira can chii v trong nhan thirc. tim kiem, phat hien ban chat
hay cau tnic Idgic tudng minh cua sy vat, hien tupng dupc xem xet la gde dp
ticp can, Mdi su vat, hien tupng cd rat nhieu thudc tinh va mdi quan he. d mdt
gde dp nhat djnh sS khd ma phat hien dupe tat ca. Thyc ti cho thiy, tiiy thudc
vao gde dp tiep can ma phat hicn ra dupe nhirng thudc tinh hay mdi quan he cu
the cua sy vat. hien tugng. Thi du, hire anh Hd Guam chup tir dudng Le Thai
Td sfi khdng gidng biic anh Hd Guam chup tu- phia Hang Trdng, birc anh nha
ga Ha Npi chup tir dudng Tran Hung Dao se khdng gidng khi chup tir pho Trin
Quy Cap. Tuy nhien. dii nhin tir phia nao thi vin la anh Hd Guam, van la anh
nha ga Ha Npi, du chung cd nhfl:ng chd kha khac nhau. Dieu nay cung cin tinh

den khi xay dung he thdng khai niem ciia luan an. Chung ta can phai chip nhan
ed nhiing khac biet ve hieu biet mpt khai niem, tire ve mot sy vat, hien tuong,
khi tiep can tir nhirng gde dp khoa hpc va ddi sdng khae nhau. Thi du, khai
niem "giap tiep" van dupe luu truyen trong giao trinh Tam ly hpc dai cuang la
"xac lap V a V an hanh cac mdi quan he ngudi - ngudi. hien thuc hda cac quan he
TAP CHi TAM l y HOC. S61 (214), 1-2017

5


xa hdi giiia chu the nay vdi chu the khac" [8]. Nhung d di tai "Nhu ciu giaa
tiip cua ngudi dan d viing tai djnh cu tinh Ha Tinh" lai neu khai niem giao tiep
la "thiet lap cac mdi quan he xa hpi, trao ddi tinh cam, hiiu biit lln nhau va sir
dung phuang tien giao tiep" [9|, Co su khac nhau nay vi khai niem giao tiep
trudc dupc tiep can tii gde do giao tiep ndi chung, cdn khai niem giao liep sau
dupc tiep can tii goc dp nhu cau ciia cae chu the d mdt dia ban sdng tai djnh cu
cu the.
Nhu vay. khi xay dimg he thdng khai niem cdng cu rat can cd ging dat
den trinh dp khai niem va ehu y den quan diem hay phuong phap tiep can cu
the dupe lya chpn de xem xet.
4. He thong khai niem cong eu eiia de tai luan an tien si Tam ly hoc
He thdng khai niem cdng cu khdng phai ngau himg, tiiy tien nghi ra, gan
eho hay ty y them vao (nhu cd luan an timg mac), ma bi rang bupc bdi ten de tai
eiia luan an. Chinh ten de tai luan an quyet djnh he thdng khai niem cdng cu cua
luan an. Ten dc tai khoa hpc nao thi he thdng khai niem cdng cu dd. Thi du, de tai
la "Kv nang tu van phap luat eua luat su" [10] thi he thdng khai niem cdng cu
gdm cac khai niem: "ky n5ng", "tu van", "ky nang tu van", "phap luat", "ky nang lu
V an phap lual", "luat su" va "ky nSng lu vin phap luat ciia luat su". Khai niem cuoi
la khai niem lam vice.
Vice xac djnh he thdng khai niem cdng cy trong luan an rat quan trgng

ve mat khoa hpc de khdng thu-a. khdng thiiu. ma cdn di tiit kiem cdng sire bd
vao nhirng dicu khdng can thiit. Luan an khdng phai la chd d i trien lam kiin
thirc, hieu biet, ma la mpt cdng trinh hpc thuat cd co sd khoa hpc va minh
chimg day du ve giai quyit mdt vin di khoa hpe mdi, cu thi.
Cac khai nigm cdng cu dupe gpi la he thdng vi mpi khai niem trpng
chiing dupe sap xep d mdt vj tri ey thi trudc sau xac djnh, dam bao eao linh
logic, sy phu thupc rd rang va hpp ly vdi nhau. Khi di tai da cd tii hai khai
niem trd len thi vc mat khpa hpc xuit hicn khai niem he thdng. Cho nen khdng
the lay thu ly xuat hien ciia chimg trong ten dc tai di cu thi neu chung ra. Moi
de tai thudng cd kha nhieu khai niem cdng cy, niu theo nhiing tieu chi xem xet
khac nhau ed the cd nhiing he thing khac nhau, vay cin chon lieu ehi cd tinh
logic nhat de the hien tinh he thdng cua cae khai niem edng cu.
Khai niem cdng cu cd kha nhiiu nhung xem xet that ki sc thiy chung
khong dong nhat v e tinh chat, chirc nang va vai trd dam nhiem trong di tai luan
an. Theo do. ta eo the chia chung thanh cac loai khai niem cy Ihi sau:
_ - Loai khai niem cdng cu thu nhit: Khdi niem vdn dk. Day la nhiJng khai
mem ve van de cdt ldi cua de tai nghien cira, nhu ky n5ng hay nhu ciu thich

TAPCH(TAMLyH0C,S6'l (214), I -2017


umg hay cam xiic v.v... Thudc loai nay, d de tai neu tren la "ky nang", "kv nang
tu vin", "ky nSng tu vin phap luat", "ky nang tu v an phap luat cua luat su"
Vi khai niem vin di khdng chi cd mdt nen de de theo ddi, can phan biel
them la khai niem vin di ihir nhil, thii hai, thii ba v v.. Ci thi du dang ndi, "kv
nSng" la khai niem vin di thii nhit, "ky nang tu van" la khai niem van de thii
hai, "ky nSng tu van phap luat" la khai niem van de thu ba v .v...
Khai niem vin di cudi ciing ("ky nang lu van phap lual eiia luat su") cd
ten rieng va dupe gpi xua nay la khai niem lam viec.
- Loai khai niem cdng cy thu hai: Khdi niem bo tra. Khai niem bd tro

khdng lien quan tryc tiip din vin de edl Idi cua nghien cum (la ky nang hay
nhu cau, la ihich img hay cam xuc...) ma chi lien quan cu the den ndi dung
nghien ciiu. Q thi du dupc dan, cac khai niem thudc loai nay la "tu van", "phap
luat" va "luat su"
Can cCi vao tinh chat, khai niem bd trp lai cd 2 loai: loai khdi niim bo tra
van de, tiic khai niem bd trp cu the ndi dung van de dupc nghien cira (d thi du
tren la "tu van", "phap luaf) va loai khdi niem bo trg khach the, nic khai niem
bd tro cu the ndi dung ve khach the nghien cira ("luat su"),
Khai niem bd trp van de cung cd nhieu nen can cu vao thii ty xual hien
ciia chiing dc gpi la khai nigm bd Up van de Ihii nhat, thii hai, thir ba v.v... (3 Ihi
du dupc dan, "lu van" la khai niem bd tip van de thir nhat, "phap luat" la khai
niem bd tra van de thir hai. Khdi niem bd trp dau tien bd trp cho khai niem van
de thir hai. edn cae khai niem bd Up sau thi khai niem bd trp sau bp trp chp khai
niem bd trp trudc.
Cac Ipai khai niem viia neu tren cd ban chat, chirc nSng va vai trd khac
nhau trong xiiy dung khai niem lam viec. Cac khai niem van de la de lam rd
cac ndi dung ban chat, d^c diem va cau tnic tam ly cua ddi tuong nghien ciru,
cdn cac khai nic-m bd trp la de lam rd npi dun^ tam ly ddi tupng, tuy nhien loai
khai niem bd tro van de cung cd khi lam rd cau tnic tam ly cua ddi lupng. Ndi
each khac. cite khai niem van de tao ra bd xuong khung cd ban chat, dac diem
va cau tnic tam ly ciia ddi tupng. cdn cac khai niem bd tro dap vao phan thjt da
va sic mau sdng ddng cho ndi dung tam ly cua ddi tuong.
Cau tnic tam ly cua ddi tuong, nhu cac de tai luan an cho den nay
thudng cd 2 loai: 1) Loai cau tnic 3 mat nhan thirc, thai dp va hanh vi va 2)
Loai cau tnic thanh phan tao thanh (d de lai ky nSng dan tren la nhdm ky nang
1, nhdm ky nSng 2 va nhdm ky nang 3...). NhOng dieu tren s5 dupc ndi cu thi
ban d muc sau.

TAP CHf TAM l y HOC, Sd 1 (214), I - 2017

Viec phan loai cac kha. niem cong cu cua de ta. iuan an nhu tren co l.nh
ch4t tuong d6i va co muc dich chinh la de dc lam vice (tnnh bay a dua,). Xm
tom tat V i i phan loai he th6ng khai njem cong cu cua de ta. luan an t.en s. 1 am
!>' hpc vira trinh bay a tren trong sa do 1 (xe.Ti so do 1).

Khai ni?m bo trg
khach the
Khai niem
bo trp van
de ihir hai...
(_cu6i cung)

Sadd I: He thong khdi ni^m cong cti cua ludn dn tien s7 Tdm ly hpc
Nhu \ a>. khdi niem ldm viec Id ket linh cua tdt cd cdc khdi niem vdn de.
chinh xdc la cua tdt cd hai loai klidi niem vdn de va khdi niem bo trg tron^ de
tdi ludn dn. Cac npi dung ca ban. quan trpng nhat ciia cac khai niem van dc \ a
cac khai nicin bo tra deu dupc chat Ipc dc lao thanh npi dung cua khai ni?m
lam viec. Chinh dicu do da lam cho khai niem lam \icc chira dung day du cac
npi dung can nghien ciru va do do c6 the thao tac hoa no thanh npi dung nghien
ciru nhu ta thuang noi.

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, S6 1 (214). 1 - 2017


Din day, thiv rit rd viee trinh bav cae khai niem cdng cu ciia dc tai
nghien ciru trong luan an phai dam bao tinh he thdng.
Mdt diim nfl-a cung cin linh den trong v icc cau tnic cac khai niem cdng
cu thanh he thdng la viec lam ndi bat van de nghien ciru cua de tai (la kv nang.
hay nhu ciu. hay thich irng, hay cam xiic v.v...). Nhu \av. each tdt nhdl la nen

cau Inic he thdng khai niem cdng cu ciia luan an nhu sau:
1) Dat cac muc ldn cho cae khai niem vin di. theo thir tu khai niem van
de thir nhai, ihii hai, thu ba...
2) Khai niem bd trp dat trong cac muc ldn lien quan. lire khdng dSt
thanh muc ldn ngang bing vdi muc Idn khai niem van de.
3) Khai niem lam viec dat eudi ciing.
Xav dung he thing khai niem cdng cy cua de tai luan an la ea mdt edng
viec phuc tap, ddi hdi mdt qua trinh lao ddng tri dc vat va, cdng phu, hoan toan
ching dl dang gi. Dudi day chi xin trinh bay each lam cu the v e xay dyng khai
niem lam vigc Irong luan an nhu mdt each lam khoa hpc cu the.
5. Cach xay dung khai niem lam viee trong luan an
Xav dung khai niem la til nhiJng quan niem, djnh nghla hay khai nigm
lien quan da cd trong cdng tiinh khoa hgc eua cac tae gia di trudc, qua phan
tich, danh gia va chi ra nhiJng ndi dung, khia canh khoa hpc cd the ke thira va
can bd sung them nhiJng khia canh khoa hpe mdi khac de cd the dua ra khai
niem chinh thirc ciia luan an va trinh bay mpt vai npi dung ly luan can thiet lien
quan khac. Cd 3 npi dung tam Iv can phai dua vao npi ham khai niem, dd la
ban chat, dae diem va eau true tam ly cua ddi tupng nghien ciru. Dicu quan
trpng trpng xay dyng mpt khai niem la ehi ra khai nigm dd can phai cd ndi
dung tam ly eu the nao trong 3 ndi dung tam ly dupe neu.
Xay dyng khai niem lam vige cung tuong ty nhu vav nhung ndi len la
sy kc thira ndi dung lam ly tu: cae loai khai nigm dupe xav dyng trudc dd. Nhu
da neu d tren. khai nigm lam v ice la ket linh tryc tiep eac ndi dung cua loai
khai nigm van dc, ma eac khai niem van de (thir hai, thur ba) lai dupc cac khai
niem bd trp vin dc (thu- nhai, thir hai) va khai niem bd tra khach thi gdp vao,
thanh ra khai nigm lam v icc la ket tinh ndi dung ciia tat ca cac khai niem khac
cua luan an. Nhu vay. khai niem lam vice cd lien quan den ndi dung eiia tit ca
cac khai nigm khac cua luan an va phai cd ndi ham chira day du tit ca cac npi
dung, ban chat, dac diem va cau Iriic tam ly eua ddi tupng nghien ciru. Diiu
quan trpng trong xav dimg khai nigm lam viec la phai chi ra dupc nhu:ng ndi

dung tam ly nao eiia nd dupc kc thu:a tir khai nigm nap trude dd hay ndi khac
di. timg khai niem trudc dd phai xav dyng ndi dung tam 1> nao de chuin bj cho
TAP CHl TAM l y HOC. Sd' 1 (214). 1-2017

9


ndi duna cua khai niem lam vice. Trong khoa hpe cung nhu trong cupc sdnj
bii. phi! lam gi vdi cdng vice cu the la rat quan trpng, tranh phai mo mam, tiet
kicm dupc cdng siic.
each xav dmiu khai niem la v in di cila phuang phap ( h ^ h ddng) nhmig
khi bit tay thyc hign phai chii v hai dicu lien quan den nhan thuc:
/) Xac dtnh vd hiiu ro vdn di nghien ciru cua di tdi (la kv nang cy the
gi hay Ihich img eu ihi gi v.v...). Day la dieu phai thau suo. loan bp qua tnnh
f m lu n an. dac biet iipng xay dyng khai nigm cdng cu. kha, mem lam vigc
Cin lua chon quan diim khoa hpc sal gan nhat vdi de ta. luan an de xay dyng
n ' d u n g khai'niem. lire khdng chi chu y tdi tinh khoa hpc. ^ phai quan tam
ca tinh kha thi. Cd khi tinh khpa hpc rat cap nhung lai khong co tmh kha thi.
V Vdn dung plitrong phdp ludn nghien cm da xdc dinh a ma ddu vdo xdy
dimg ngav lit khdi niem vdn dhdu tien 6 md dau da xac dinh dung phuang
phap tilp can nao thi ngay ti. xav dyng khai nigm dau ticn cua luan an phai
irict di van dung phuang phap ticp can dd.
Dudi day la each cy thi \iv dyng cac khai nigm tiong de tai de cd ndi
ham khai nigm lam vigc thyc sy khoa hpc. du di thao tac hda thanh ndi dung
nghii:n ciru cua luan an.
Thir nhdl: Xdy dimg cac npi dung bdn chdt vd dgc diem tdm ly ciia ddi
tupng nghien ciru.
Hai npi dung nay dupc xav dyng ddng thdi va dupe bit dau ngay d khai
nigm vin di thir nhat cua de tai luan an.
Di tai nao cung cd khai niem vin di thir nhit. Bit luan cac loai khai niem

khac cd day dii hav khdng, song d mpi di tai deu phai xay dyng khai nigm nay
uudc ticn bang each lam rd 2 ndi dung ban chat va dac diem tam ly eiia doi
tupng nghien cira. Thi du. d di lai dupc dan tren (ky nang tu vin phap luat ciia
luat su) da xav dung khai niem vin di diu lien "ky nan^" la sy van dyng tri
thirc. kinh nghiem da cd vao cac thao tac phii hpp vdi dieu kien thyc lien ciia
hoat ddng di thyc hign hieu qua hoai ddng dd [10]. Rd rang khai nigm "ky nang"
n.iv cd ban chit tam ly la lam (boat ddng) va cd dae diem tam ly quan Irpng 14
tinh hicu qua.
Sau khi xay dung xong khai niem van de dau lien, 2 npi dung ban chat
V a dac diim tam ly nay cua ddi tupng nghien ciiu sc dupc mang sang tat ca cac
khai niem van de tiep sau cho den lan khai nigm lam vigc. Nhu vay, npi h^m
til ca cac khai nigm van de. ke ca khai nigm lam vigc deu cd 2 npi dung ban

10

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd I (214), I -2017


chit va dac diem lam ly ciia ddi lupng nghien ciru, ma khdi dau xiiv dyng cac
npi dung nay ngay tir khai niem van de thii nhat.
Thir hai: Xay dtmg npi dung cdu Irdc tdm ly cia doi tircmg nghien ciru.
Cd 2 loai npi dung eiu tnic tam Iv ciia ddi tupng nghien ciiu: Loai cau
tnic tam 1> ciia ddi tupng nghien ciiu the hign qua 3 mat nhan thiic. thai dp.
hanh vi va loai cau tnic tam Iv ciia ddi tupng nghien ciiu the hign theo thanh
phan tap thanh (ching ban nhu de tiii ky nSng thi gdm nhdm ky nang I, nhdm
ky nang 2, nhdm ky nang 3 v.v...). Nhin chung de tai nao cung cd the nghien
ciiu theo 2 loai cau tnic tam IV nay nhung de tai nhu kv nang thi khdng nen
chpn loai eau tnic the hign qua 3 mSt. Viec xav dyng cau tnic lam ly dupe bat
dau d khai nigm nao trong de tai viia phu thudc vao sd lupng va loai khai nigm.
Vila phu thudc vao loai cau triic tam ly ciia ddi tupng nghien cuu dupe chpn dc

xay dimg. Cd 3 tnicmg hop cu the ndi bat sau:
Tnrang hap 1: De lai chi co khdi niem vdn de thir nhdt, khong co khdi
niem bd trg vdn de.
Tiudng hop nay thi dii chpn xay dyng cau triic tam ly cua ddi tupng theo
loai nao thi bit budc vln phai thyc hien a ngay khai nigm van dc thu' nhat. TTii
du de lai "Tiam cam eua sinh vien dai hpc". 0 day, chi cd khai nigm van de thir
nhat (tiam cam), khai nigm bd Up khaeh the (sinh vien dai hpc) va khai nigm
lam viec (tiam cam ciia sinh v ien dai hpc). khdng cd khai nigm bd tip van de
nao. Vige xav' dimg ndi dung cau tnic tam ly ciia ddi tupng nghien cuu can duoc
thuc hien ngay tir khai niem van de thir nhat (tram cam), ciing vdi xay dyng cac
npi dung ban chat \a dac diem tam ly cua ddi lupng nghien cim. (^ dc tai dang
dan nay. da xay dyng kh^i niem tiam cam la "trang thai suy giam tam ly keo dai.
de lai higu qua lieu cyc cho boat ddng va dupc bieu hien qua nhan thiic. thai dp
va hanh vi" [11]. Nhu vay, d khai nigm nay da lam rd ca 3 ndi dung tam ly cua
ddi tupng nghien ciru: ban chat tam Iv cua tram cam (ddi tupng nghien ciru) la
Uang thii suy giam lam ly; djc diem ciia trim cam la tinh suy giam, tinh keo dai
va tinh kem hicu qua; edn cau tnic tam ly la tram cam bieu hien qua nhan thirc,
iram cam bieu hien qua thai dp va trim cam bieu hign qua hanh v i. Ciu tnic biiu
hign qua 3 mat nay ve sau se dupc khai niem lam v icc (tram cam ciia sinh vien
dai hpc) ke thiia.
Hay chang ban nhu de lai "Dac diem giao tiep eiia can bd nghi huu".
ciing cd sd lupng va loai khai nigm nhu d de tai neu tien. O di tai nay, khai
niem "dac diem" chi la khai nigm bd trp, xac djnh tinh chat ciia vin di (giao
ticp); chinh "giao tiep" mdi la khai nigm van de ihii nhil. Khai nigm "giao
liep" da xay dyng la dupe nhu cau kich thich. do cac chu thi thyc hicn vdi npi
dung va phuong lien cy the xae djnh [12]. tiic cd ciu true lain ly theo thanh

TAP CHl TAM ly HOC. Sd 1 (214), 1 - 2017

phin tao thanh (nhu ciu giao tiep. chu the giao tiep, ndi dung giao Hep va
phuang lien giao tiip). Ndi dung ciu true tam Iv nay cting vdi ndi dung khai
nigm bd trp "dac diim" se dupe ki thira trong khai nigm lam v icc ("dac diem
giao liep cua can bd nghi huu").
Nhu vay. khi di tai chi cd khai nigm van di thii nhat. khdng ed khai
nigm bd up vin di thi dii xav dyng ihco ciu true tam l\' nao (bieu hien qua
nhan thiie. thai dp. hanh vi hay biiu hien theo thanh phan tao thanh I. 2. 3....)
cung diu dupe thyc hign d khai nigm vin dc Ihii nhat, ciing vdi x;iv dyng ban
chit va dac diim tam ly ciia doi tupng nghien ciru di sau dd chuven sang cho
khai nigm lam vigc.
Tnrang hap 2 .\'iiv dirng cdu tnic tdm ly cua doi tumig nghien ciru the
hien qua 3 mat nhdn thirc. thdi dp, lidnh vi.
Vice xav dyng cau Inic tam ly eua ddi tupng nghien cira the hien qua 3
mat nhan thue. thai dp. hanh vi thi dii de tai cd du cac loai khai nigm di nifa. van
phai xay dyng cau tnic nav d khai nigm van de dau lien. Thi dy, de tai "Thich
img vdi boat ddng hpc tap... ciia sinh vien dai hpc". De tai nav cd kha nhicu loai
khai nigm. nhu "thich img" la khai nigm van de thir nhat, "hpc tap" la khai niem
bd tro van de thir nhat, do dd cd khai nigm van de thu- hai (thich img vdi ho?t
dpng hpc tap) va v.v... thi viec xiiv dung cau Inic tam ly cila ddi tugng nghien
cira bieu hign qua nhan thiic. thai dp va hanh vi van thuc hign d khai nigm van
de thir nhat. cy the. khai niem "Ihich img" dupe xay dyng la "sy thay doi lam ly
ciia chil the de thyc hien cd higu qua boat ddng trong dieu kign xac djnh". Nhu
vav. phan lich cai gpi la "tam ly" d day sc din den thay dpi nhan thirc, thay doi
thai dp va thay ddi hanh vi. Ciing cd the ndi id ngay nhu'ng thay doi do vao cho
til "tam ly" Uong khai nigm "thich u-ng".
Nhu vav. rieng loai cau liiic tam ly cua ddi lupng nghien ciru biiu hign
qua nhan thiic. thai dp. hanh v i thi dil loai di tai ed du cac loai khai nigm vin
de va bd trp van de vin cin thyc hien ngay lii khai nigm vin di diu lien ciia di
tai nghien ciiu v a sau dp dupc chuyen sang cho cac khai nigm vin di tiip theo
va cho khai nigm lam viec cuoi ciing ciia di tai luan an.

Tnrdng Itap 3: Xdy dtrng cdu true Idm ly cua ddi ttrgng nghien ciru Iheo
thdnh plidn lao Ihdnh.
Tiudng hpp nay, chpn xa> dyng theo ciu true thanh phin lao thanh thi
V ICC xay dyng eau tnic tam ly ciia ddi lupng nghien cira cho khai niem lam
vice bat bupc phai thyc hien d khai nigm bo trp vin di thii nhit. Thi du. d di
lai "K^ nang tu van phap lual cila luat su" dugc din, khai niem bd trp vin de
thil nhat la "tu van". Chinh d khai nigm nay cin xay dung ciu triic lam ly ciia
dpi tupng nghien cira di chuin bi cho nhfl-ng khai nigm vin di tiip theo (kv
TAPCHlTAMLyHOCSd 1 (214), 1 -2017


nang lu vin. kv nang tu vin phap luat) \ a cho khai niem lam viee (kv nang tu
vin phap luat eiia lual su). 6 day. da ehung minh id timg thanh phan tao thanh
cua khai niem bd tip van de thi. nhat "tu van" nhu sau:
- Tu vin la hinh thirc Up giiip lam Iv. la mdi quan he tu nguyen, binh dang.
- Tu vin la qua trinh tiao ddi thdng tin gifl-a nguiri tu van v di khach hang.
- Tu vin la qua trinh dua ra giai phap giup khach hang giai quyit van de.
Sau khi chimg minh rd nhu vav. tac gia luan an da xav dung khai nigm
bd trp vin di thir nhit "lu vin" (la su tro giiip. Uong dd ngucri tu van thdng qua
mdi quan he tin cav. tu nguygn. trao ddi thdng tin de cung cap giai phap nham
giiip khach hang tim ra phucmg an tdt nhat de giai quyet van de ciia hp) (10].
Chinh ciu true tam ly nay cua khai nigm hd trp van de thii nhat "tu van" da
chuan bi chp cau tnic tam Iv cua khai nigm van de thii hai "kv nang tu van" (la
sy van dung kien thiic, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep cua ngucri tu van vap vigc
xiiy dung moi quan he tin cav. binh dang vdi khach hang, trao ddi thdng tin de
cung cip giai phap, giup hp dua ra dupc quyet djnh tdt nhat eho van de) v a cho
ciu tnic tam ly cua khai nigm lam vice "kv nang tu van phap luat cua luat su"
(la su van dyng kinh nghigm, kien thiic ciia dich vu tu van phap lual chuyen
nghiep vao vigc xiiv dyng mdi quan he tin cay, ehuan muc \ a tiao ddi thdng tin
dc dua la giai phap, giup khach hang quvci dinh dupe phuang an hanh ddng tdt

nhat irudc van de phap Iv ciia hp) [10]. lai nhien. de ed ndi ham khai nigm lam
vige eu the nhu the. trudc dd edn phai \av dyng ndi ham cac khai nigm bd trp
"phap luat" V a "lual su"
Til ndi ham khai nigm lam viec nhu neu uen. cd the cd du co sd de di dang
Ihao tac hda thanh cac ndi dung nghien eira cho de tai luan an nhu dudi dav:
- Nhdm ky nang xay dyng mdi quan he vdi khach hang.
- Nhdm ky nang thu thap thdng tin trong tu van phap luat ciia luat su.
- Nhdm kv nang cung cap giai phap ciia luat su trong tu van phap lual.
Nhu vay. vice tim kiem v a xav dimg cau tnic tam ly cila ddi lupng nghien
cira theo thanh phan tao thanh cho khai niem lam viec dupc bit dau d khai
nigm bd trp van de thir nhat cua de tai nghien cira.
Cach xav dung khai nigm lam v iec Irinh bav d tren dupc the hign rat rd
trong nhiJng luan an do chimg ldi hudng dan va d cae luan an do chitng tdi lu
van. T"al nhien. d nhung luan an nav. trong vice xav dyng khai nigm lam vice
cdn cd chd chua dupc nhu mong mudn nhung nhin chung da thyc hicn theo
each xay dyng khai nigm lam vice dupc trinh bay d tren.

TAP CHl TAM Ly HOC, Sd 1 (214), 1 -2017


D i n dav xin d u a c kit luan, xav dung khai nigm lam viec ciia lujn an
tiin si Tam I v h o c la mdt v i n d i khoa hpc khdng d a n gian, ddi hdi can dupe
xem xet nghiem tile, cdng phu. Nhung d i i u chiing tdi trinh bay chl la mpt each
lam. hoan loan chua t h i hoan chinh va cang khdng phai la each lam duy nhat.
song da dupe img dung Irong qua trinh dao tao lien si Tam Iv hpe.

T a i lieu t h a m k h a o
1. Nguven Nhu V (Chii bien). Tir diin tiing Viet. NXB Van hda Thdng tin. Ha \ d i .
1999.
2. \'u Dung (Chil bien), Tir diin Tdm ly hoc. NXB Tir diin Bach khoa. Ha Noi. 2008.

3. Tran Hiru Luvin. .yhung hinh dien Tdm ly Xgim ngir hiic. NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia
Ha Nin. 2010.
4. Ho Nuoc Dai. Bdt hpc Idgi?, NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi. 1985.
5. Piaget J.. Tdm ly hpc Iri khim. NXB Oiao due. Ha Npi. 1997.
6. l.eonchiev .\ N . lioat dpng. Ythirc. Midn cdch, NXB Giao due. lla Npi. 1989.
7. Davvdov V.V.. Cac dgng khdi iiiidl hda trong day hpc, NXB Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha
Ndi. 2000.
8. NgLiNcn Quang Uan (Chu bien). Tran Hiru Luyen, Tran Qudc Thanh, Tdm ly hpc
dat cuong. NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, 1998.
9. Nguyen Viin Hda. Xhu cdu giao tiep cua ngtrdi ddn d viing tdi dinh cu tinh Hd
Ttnh. I .uan an Ticn sT Tam l\ hpc. 1 loc vicn Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2016.
10. Chu Lien Anh. Ky ndng lu van phdp ludt ciia lugt sir. Luan an Tien sT Tam ly hgc.
1 loe vicn Khoa hoc xa hpi. 2011.
11. Le Mmh Thuan. Trdm cam cua sinh vien dgi hpc, Luan an Tien sT Tam ly hgc.
Hoc vicn Khoa hgc \ 5 hpi. 2015.
12 Biii Thj Van Anh. Ddc diem giao tiep ciig cdn bd nghi hint, Luan an Tiin si Tam
ly hgc. Hpc vien Khoa hpc \a hoi.

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TAPCHlTAMiynOCSd 1 (214), 1 -2017