Biểu hiện văn hóa công nghiệp ở học sinh trung học phổ thông hiện nay

BIEU HIEN VAN HOA CONG NGHIEP
6 HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
HIEN NAY
NghlSn ciru nay duoc tai trp bdi Quy Phat tri^n Khoa hoc v^ Cong ngh$ Qudc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong 66 t^i: Giao due van hoa cong nghiep cho hgc sinh trong nha
tnrdng pho thong; Ma sd: VI2.5-2011.13; PGS J S . Dao Thj banh l^m chii nhiSm.

PGS.TS. Dao Thj Oanh
Vien Nghiin cifu Suphgm, Trudng Dai hgc Suphgm Hd Ndi.
U Quang Hung
Tru&ng Dai hgc Suphgm Hd Ngi.

T O M TAT
Gido due vdn hda cong nghiep tie lau da Id mgt ngi dung quan trgng trong
nhd tru&ng phd thong & cdc nuac phdt trien, song cdn khd mdi me d nu&c ta. Hoc
sinh trung hgc phd thdng hdm nay se gia nhap vdo luc lugng lao dgng phuc vu cong
nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt nude trong nay mai. Vi the, tim hieu thuc trgng bieu
hien vdn hda cdng nghiep & hoc sinh trung hoc phd thdng Viet Nam hien nay ldm co
s& de xudt bien phdp gido due phu hcrp ve linh vuc ndy nhdm gdp phdn ndng cao chdl
lugng ngudn nhdn luc Id viec ldm cdn thiet Ddy cung Id ndi dung md bdi bdo ndy de
cap den
TCr khoa: Vdn hda; Vdn hda cong nghiep; Bieu hien vdn hda cdng nghiep.
Ngdy nhdn bdi 20/7/2015; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/3/2017.

ABSTRACT
Industrial culture education has long been an important element in high schools
in developed countries, but quite new in our country High school students today will Join
workforce in the near future Therefore, it is essential lo investigate the expressions of
industrial culture among high school students in Vietnam, which provides basis for
proposing educational measures in the right direction on this field in order lo improve
the quality of human resources This is also ihe content of this article

Key words: Culture; Industrial Culture; Expression of Industrial Culture.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So'4 (217), 4 - 2017


l.D^tvSnde
d nude ta, trong nhihig nam gdn ddy, mdt sd khia canh cila vdn hda cdng
nghiep vdi hr cdch Id nhimg phdm chdt nhdn each quan trgng cua ngudi lao ddng
trong xa hdi cdng nghiep hien dai da dugc nghidn cdru tren ddi ngii can bd cdng
chirc, cdng nhdn, ndng ddn, tri thiirc (Ngd Minh Khang, Nguyen Duy Bdc, Hodng
Chi Bdo, Cao 'Van Lugng, Vu Dflng, Dd Long, Ld Thi Thu Thiiy, Ld Thi Thanh
Huong...). Bdn canh nhiing phdm chdt tdt vdn cd d con ngudi Viet Nam, cac tac
gid cung chi ra mdt sd biSu hidn hdnh vi khdng phu hgp cdn khd phd bidn d
ngudi lao ddng trong khi ldm viec khidn ldm gidm chat lugng, hieu qua cdng
viec: tiiy tien; thidu ky luat; tinh tu chiu trach nhidm cd nhdn kem; khdng tinh
ddn hieu qua kinh td, siic luc, thdi gian; ngai thay ddi; "vao mudn ra sdm"; "cdu
gid"; trang phuc chua chudn muc... Nguyen nhdn eo bdn dugc chi ra la tdm Iy
tidu ndng, phuong thiic sdn xudt nhd cdn nang ne vd nhdt Id nen tang gido due
chua dap irng yeu cdu cua qud trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda.
Dd xay dung va phat trien dat nude trd nen vdn minh hien dai, nhdt thiet
phdi ed nhung con ngudi hien dai. Giao due vd ddo tao gdp phan quan trgng
trong viec cung cap ngudn nhan luc chat lugng cao cho xa hdi. Dd la nhirng
ngudi lao ddng cd tri thuc, chuyen nghiep, trach nhiem, ban ITnh, trung thyc, cd
tu duy phe phan, sang tao, khd ndng thich img cao... de cd thd lam viec hieu qud
trong mdi trudng toan cdu hda, vira hgp tdc vira canh tranh. Dieu ndy ddi hdi
nhung thay ddi can ban vc giao due trong bdi cdnh mdi, thd hien d ndi dung,
phuong phap, hinh thuc td chiic, mdi trudng gido due sao cho phdi gdp phan duy
tri, bdo tdn va phat trien eac gia trj van hda truyen thdng va hien dai nhu muc
tieu ciia Chuong trinh Giao diic phd thdng da dd ra.
2. Phuong phap, mau khach the nghien ciiu

* Phuang phdp dugc sd dung gom: Nghien ciru tdi lieu, diiu /ra viil,
phdng van sdu, ihdng Ice todn lioc. Cdng cu danh gid chu yeu la thang do bieu hien
van hda cdng nghiep danh cho hgc sinh THPT. Thang do gdm 126 menh de, la
dang thang do cau true hda, vdi cac chi sd ky thuat dugc kiem nghiem va danh gia
theo md hinh ii'ng dap cau hdi Rasch va phdn mdm ConQuest. He sd Alpha thu
dugc Ircn loan thang do la 0,94, cdn d tirng mat bieu hien van hda cdng nghiep la:
0,92 (Tu duy cdng nghiep - 32 menh dd); 0,97 (Trach nhiem xa hdi - 46 menh de);
0,92 (Tac phong cdng nghiep - 22 menh dd); 0,95 (l/ng xir va dao dtlc cdng
nghiep - 26 menh dd).
Bieu hien cac mat van hda cdng nghiep dugc danh gia theo 5 mtlc do: "kem".
"> cu . "trung binh", "kha", "tdt" vdi diem dinh lugng tucmg ling dugc quy udc la
I ,_"2 , " 3 ' , "4", "5". Nhu vay, dietu trung binh cdng tdi da cd the dat dugc la 5
va tdi thieu la I. Bieu hien van hda cdng nghiep ciia hgc sinh dugc danh gia dua
32

TAP CHI TAM l y HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017


trgn kk qua hoc sinh tir danh gia, co d6i chilu voi kk qua cua giao vien va ciia
phu huynh thu duac tir thang do.
* Khdch thi nghien ciiru: gdm 692 hpc sinh dang hoc lop 12 tail 4 tnrang
THPT thupc dia ban 7 tinh/thanh tren ca nuac la Son La, Quang Ninh, Ha Npi,
Hue, Bh Ning, Dik Lak, thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh. Ca ciu miu: 252 hgc sinh nam
va 440 no-; 159 em c6 hgc lire trung binh, 399 - kha, 134 - gioi; 365 hgc sinh a
khu vuc thdnh thj va 367 em or khu vuc nong thon.
Mlu khach thd nghien cuu con co 31 giao vien va 29 phu huynh hpc sinh.
3. Ket qua nghien cu'u
3.1, Kit qud nghien cu-u ly lugn
a/Khdi niem van hda
Trong nghiSn cim nay, vSn hoa dugc hieu la "todn bg gid tri vat chdt vd

tinh thdn da duac nhdn loai sdng tgo ra trong qud trinh hogt dgng thuc tien lich
sir - xd hoi, the hien moi quan he pho quat ciia con ngu&i doi v&i the gi&i, moi
quan he ma thong qua do con ngu&i sdng tgo ra the gi&i vd sdng tao ra chinh
ban thdn minh" [7].
b/ Khdi niem vdn hoa cong nghiep ("Industrial Culture")
Dua theo dinh nghia neu tren ve "Van hoa" va each hieu chung ve "Xa
hpi cong nghiep" [2], [7], [9], nhom nghien cuu dua ra mpt "dinh nghTa de lam
viec" ve van hoa cong nghiep nhu sau: Vdn hda cong nghiep Id todn bg nhimg
gid tri vat chdt vd tinh thdn duac con ngu&i sdng tao ra trong xd hoi cdng
nghiep, the hien & cdch suy nghT, cdch img xir cua con ngu&l trong moi quan he
v&i bdn thdn, v&i cong viec, v&i nhiing ngu&l khdc, v&i moi tru&ng tu nhien.
c/ Bieu hien vdn hoa cong nghiep
Theo each hieu tren, van hoa cong nghiep la mgt khai niem rat rgng, co
bieu hien phong phii, phat trien theo su phat trien cua xa hpi. Dd la nhung hdnh
vi, cir chi the hien suy nghT, thdi do cua con ngu&i cong nghiep trong moi quan
he v&i bdn thdn. v&i cong viec, v&i ngu&i khdc. Nghien ciiu nay tap trung lam ro
muc dp hien co va cac yeu to tac dgng tai bieu hien van hoa cong nghiep, thong
qua 4 ITnh virc: Tu- duy cong nghiep, Trdch nhiem xa hoi, Tdc phong cong nghiep,
Lfngxu vd dgo ditc cdng nghiep [\], {6], [8|.
d/Bieu hien van hda cong nghiep & hgc sinh THFTdxigc xac dinh dua tren
sir phan tich dac diem tam ly va tinh chat hoat dpng chu dao cua lua tuoi nay. Do
ta nhung hanh vi, cu chi the hien suy nghT, thai dp ciia hgc sinh THPT trong m6i
quan he vai ban than, vai cong viec, vai nguai khac. Npi dung cac mat bi6u hien
van hoa cong nghiep ciia hpc sinh THPT duac xac dinh d^ nghien cuu, gom: Ton
TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2017

33


trgng tri thiic vd lu hgc hoi, Tu duy phdn bien, Thich ung vai sif thay ddi, Tu chiu

trdch nhiem, Tdn trgng ky cuang, Tdn trgng su cam Icet, Ke hogch vd linh chuyen
nghiep, Coi trgng chdt lugng vd hieu qud, Trung thirc, Hgp Idc.
Bang 1: Ndi dung vd ddu hieu ca bdn trong bieu Men vdn hda cdng nghiep
a hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng
Mat
bieu hien

Tir duy
cong
nghiep

Noi dung
bieu hien

Dau hieu c c ban

(1) Ton trong tri
thiJc va tir hoc
hoi

(1) Cap nhat tri thuc va cong nghe mai
(2) Cach thiic hpc tap hieu qua
(3) Dinh hirong nghe nghiep (nghe doi hoi tri thirc hien d^i)

(2) Tir duy phan
bien

(4) Phan tich, danh gia van de dira tren minh chimg khoa hgc
(5) Phan tich, danh gia vin 6% mgt each da chilu
(6) Tir duy duy ly

(3) Thich ting
Vffi SU" thay doi

(7) ChSp nhan thirc t8
(8) Dam thay doi (dan than, trai nghiem)
(9) Lirong truoc nhung kho khan
(10) Tir quan, chu dong trong cong viec, trong quan he
(11) Dam nhan trach nhiem
(12) No luc hoan thanh nhiem vu (chii tam vao nhiem vu
duac giao)
(13) Ky luat tu giac
(14) Ky cuong
(15) Trong trach xa hoi
(16) Ton trong loi hiia
(17) Ton trpng doi tac
(18) Coi trong lai ich cac ben
(19) Lap ke hoach va thuc hien theo ke hoach
(20) Tinh chuyen nghiep

(4) Tu chiu trach
nhiem
Trach
nhiem
xa hoi

(5) Ton trong ky
CU'OTlg

(6) Ton trgng sir

cam ket

Tac phong
cong
nghiep

ling xif va
dao due
cong
nghiep

34

(7) Ke hoach va
chuyen nghiep
(8) Coi trong
chat lugng va
hieu qua
(9) Trung thirc

(10) Hgp tac

(21) Dat muc tieu hpc tap (trong lop, ngoai lap)
(22) Quan ly tot cac nguon lire cua ban than
(23) Hu Jng tai dap irng nhu ciu phat trien ban than
(24) That tha, ngay thang
(25) Khach quan, cong bang
(26) Giu chu tin
(27) Hieu biet. ton trong su khac biet
(28) Quan tam, chia se

(29) Cai mo. than thien

TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, So'4 (217), 4 - 2017


3.2. Kit qud nghien cu-u thitc tien
KSt qua thSng ke dugc tinh theo hai dai lugng: DiSm trung binh cong cua
moi mirc va ty le % hoc sinh dat d cac muc. Viec phto tich ket qua nghien ciiu
thirc tiln se dugc tiSn htoh theo cac tham s6 so sanh: giod tinh, hoc luc, dia ban
(noi - ngoai thanh; dia phuong).
Phan tfch kit qua thuc trang dugc bat dSu bSng viec danh gia chung ca 4
mat bieu hien van hoa cflng nghigp. Sau do xem xet cu th6 timg mSt biSu hien de
lam ro nhttng khia canh rifing.
3.2.1. Ddnh gid Idng hap ve bieu hien vdn hda cdng nghiep d hoc sinh
THPT
Bdng 2: Tdng hgp mirc dd bieu hien cdc mat vdn hda cdng nghiep
a hgc sinh THPT (N = 692)
STT

Mat bieu hien van hoa cong nghiep

BTB

Do lech chuan

1

TLT duy cons nghiep

2,19

0,34

2

Trach nhiem xa hoi

2,96

0,40

3

Tac phong'cong nghiep

3,05

0,42

4

Ung xir va dao dire cong nghiep

3,12

0,40

Ghi chit: Diem trung binh cao nhdt Id 5, thdp nhdt la 1.

De dang quan sat thay muc do dat dugc 6 tat ca cac mat bieu hien chu

yeu la "trung binh" va "yeu". Co su khac biet ve diem so giiia cac mat bieu hien.
Theo do, cao nhat la mat "LTng xur va dao diic cong nghiep", tiep do la "Tac
phong cong nghiep", roi den "Trach nhiem xa hpi", thap nhat la "Tu duy cong
nghiep". Phan tich thong ke cho thay, su khac biet la co y nghTa ro ret. Diiu nay
cang ro net khi so sanh miic do bieu hien van hoa cong nghiep ciia hpc sinh
THPT theo cac bien s6. Cu thJ:
* So sdnh theo gidi tinh. Sir khac biet co y nghia thong ke ct ca 4 mat bieu
hien vdi miic y nghia p = 0,003 a "Tu duy cong nghiep" (trong do kk qua cua nam
cao hon ciia nO) va p < 0,001 o "Trach nhiem xa hoi"; "Tac phong cong nghiep";
"ling xir va dao diic cong nghiep" (trong do kk qua ciia nu cao hon ciia nam).
* So sdnh theo dia bdn' Co sif lihac biet 6 tit ca cac mat biiu hien nhung
chi 6 "Tv: duy cong nghiep" la co y nghTa thdng ke voi p = 0,04. 6 tSt ca cac mat,
kit qua ciia hpc sinh ngoai thanh diu cao hon kit qua ciia hpc sinh npi thanh. Kit
TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2017

35


qua nay se la van dl can dugc xem xet sau hom trong nhiJng nghien ciiu sau nay.
Tuong tu, so sanh kit qua thu dugc giua cac tinh/thanh trong miu nghien cim cho
thjy su khac biet co y nghia thflng ke o "Trach nhiem xa hoi" (p = 0,001); "Tae phong
cong nghiep" (p = 0,017); "Ung xu va dao diic cong nghiep" (p = 0,001). Rieng a mat
"Tu duy cong n ^ e p " , sir khac biet khong co y nghTa thSng ke voi p = 0,21.
* So sdnh Iheo xip loai hoc luc: Su khac biet co y nghia thong ke a tSt ca
cac mat biiu hien voi p = 0,048 a "Tu duy cong nghiep"; p = 0,009 a "Trach
nhiem xa hpi"; p = 0,019 o "Tac phong cong nghiep" va p = 0,038 a "LTng xir va
dao ddc cong nghiep". Khuynh huong chung thu dugc trong nghien cim nay la:
Nhom hoc sinh hpc lire "Kha" co ket qua bieu hien van hoa cong nghiep cao hon
6 mat "Trach nhiem xa hpi", "Tac phong cong nghiep", "Cng xir va dao dire cong
nghiep". Trong khi do, nhom hpc lire "Gidi" co ket qua cao hon 6 mat "Tu duy

cdng nghiep".
Ket qua danh gia chung ve thuc trang bieu hien van hoa cdng nghiep ciia
hpc sinh THPT cdn dugc the hien d sd lugng hpc sinh trong timg mirc dp bieu
hien. Theo do, khdng cd hpc sinh nao dat mirc 5 d ea 4 mat; cd 7 hpc sinh (1,01%)
dat mirc 4 d ca 4 mat; 236 hpc sinh (34,1%) - dat mirc 3 d ca 4 mat; 2 hpc sinh
(0,28%) - dat mirc 2 d ca 4 mat; 3 hpc sinh (0,43%) - dat mirc 1 d ca 4 mat bieu
hien. Sd hpc sinh cdn lai cd mure dp dat dugc la rat khac nhau d cac mat bieu hien
cua van hda cdng nghiep (vi du, cd 1 mat dat mirc 5; 2 mat mirc 4; 1 mat mirc 3;...).
Ket qua nghien ciru eho thay:
- Sd lugng hpc sinh tu danh gia d mirc cao khdng nhieu; Khdng cd em nao
trong mau nghien cim dat ca 4 mat biiu hien d mirc 5 - "tdt" (0%); chi cd 7/692
em cd 4 mat bieu hien deu d mirc 4 - "kha" (1,01%);
- Da sd hpc sinh tu danh gia dat mirc 3 ("trung binh") d ca 4 mat biiu hien
(236/792. chiem 34.1%), trong dd cung cd mdt sd dang kl vuon len mirc 4 ("kha")
d mot ddi mat (85/792 -12,3%.) hoac vin cd mpt mat d mirc 2 - "jlu" (95/792 - 13,7%i);
- "Van cdn cd mot bp phan hpc sinh tu danh gia bieu hien van hda cdng
nghiep d miic thip - chi tir mirc 2 trd xudng - "yiu" va "kem" (27/792 - 3,87%).
Tu\ khdng phai la tat ca. song khi so sanh kct qua tu danh gia cua hpc
sinh \di ket qua danh gia cua giao vien thi thiy trong tirng mat khao sat diu cd
su chenh lech ve diem sd d mdt sd menh de ("Tiip nhan kiln thirc dua tren su
phan tich khoa hpc ciia ban than": "Lam viee ciia tap thi cung tdt nhu viec cua
chinh minh ...), Dieu na\ khien cho viec danh gia cSn mpt sir than trpng nhat
dinh.

36

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217). 4 - 2017


3.2.2. Bdnh gid timg mat biiu Men vdn hda cdng nghiep a hgc sinh

a/ Biiu hien van hda cdng nghiep ciia hoc sinh g mat "Tu diiv cdng nghiep"
Ddi voi hpc sinh THPT, tu duy cong nghiep dugc thi hien thong qua
mdt sd khia canh chu yiu, la dac trung cdt loi cua van hda cdng nghiep, nhu:
Thdi quen quan sat, tim hilu tri thiic khoa hpc; trao ddi vdi ban be,
thSy CO giao vl nhirng tri thu'c va qua trinh tiip thu tri thirc khoa hoc;
- Tham gia vao cac cau lac bd hpc tap ciia nha trudng, cac cupc thi khoa
hpc cdng nghe d trong va ngoai tardng;
-. Tuan thii nhirng nguyen tac khoa hpc, nang lire suy ngam, phan bien
trorig qua trinh tiep thu tri thitc khoa hoc;
- Chap nh&i y tudng ciia ngudi idiac, tinh than chap nhan thu thach,
dam tim tdi, dam thuc hien theo chii kidn cua ban than.
Ket qua tu danh gia ciia hpc sinh d mat "Tu duy cdng nghiep" cd diem
trung binh la 2,19 - d mirc "yen". Trong cae npi dung bieu hien eua "Tu duy cdng
nghiep" thi "Tdn trpng tri thirc va tu hpc hdi" cd diem trung binh thap nhat so vdi
3 ndi dung cdn lai la "Tu duy phan bien", "Dinh hudng nghe nghiep" va "Thich
irng vdi sir thay ddi". Ngugc lai, "Dinh hudng nghe nghiep" cd ket qua cao nhSt.
Khi ra soat cae bieu hien cu the, ta thay, nhttng bieu hien duge it hpc sinh lira
ehpn la nhung menh de lien quan den viec "Chii dpng tham gia vao cac hoat ddng
nghien cihi" (DTB = 1,23), sang tao "Lam dung cu phuc vu hpc tap cho ban than
tu cac phe heu" (DTB = 1,13) hay viec "Dam bdc Id suy nghT cua minh trude
nhung van de dang gay hanh luan" (DTB = 1,41), "Giai bai tap theo each khac
vdi each cua giao vien" (DTB = 1,81), "Van dung kien thirc da hpc vao giai thich
cac hien tugng tu nhien, xa hdi" (DTB = 1,45) hoac thdi quen "Ludng trude khd
khan cd the gap phai tnroc khi lam mpt vice gi dd" (DTB = 1,60). Tuong tu, d lira
tudi nay, hpc sinh dudng nhu it quan tam den cac su kien lien quan den ddi sdng
khoa hpe cdng nghe dien ra d trong nude ciing nhu qudc le (DTB lan lupt la 1,65
va 2,07). Sd hpc sinh cho rang sau nay se lira chon lam viec trong ITnh vuc khoa
hpc cdng nghe ciing rat khiem Idn (DTB = 1,64).
Cac bieu hien dugc nhieu hpc sinh lira chon hon lien quan den viec chap
nhan thuc te ban than (DTB = 3,44); chip nhan vugt qua khd khan, thach thiic

tir cdng viec (DTB = 3,05).
Ngudi cd tu duy cdng nghiep ciin cd thdi quen quan sat, y muon tim hilu,
giai thich cac hien tugng tu nhien, xa hpi xung quanh minh. Lien quan din vin
dl nay, chi cd 5/31 giao vien (16,1%) danh gia hpc sinh d mirc dp "thuc hien
nhiiu", cdn danh gia d miic dp "it thirc hien" Ta 16/31 giao vien (51,6%). Cd thi

TAP CHiTAM Lt HOC, Sa'4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7

37


ndi, chua nhiiu hpc smh cd pham chat nay. Nhu vay^ thdi quen, nang luc quan
sat, neu thSc mJc va khat vpng ly giai nhung diiu diin ra xung quanh minh rSt
eSti dugc ren luyfin cho hgc sinh THPT bdi dd la nhung phSm chit va nang lire
rit quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi lao dong dl phue vu va phat trien trong xa hpi cong
nghiep hien dai.
Khach quan ma ndi thi viec hpc sinh tham gia vao cac cau lac bg hgc tap
hay cac cugc thi khoa hpc cdng nghe d trong v i ngoai nha trudmg khdng phai la
diiu dl dang khi hien nay vin cdn kha nhieu trudng hpc chua thuc hien hoac cd
thyc hien nhung khdng thudng xuyen. Ngoai ra, cdn cd vin de vl chat lugng,
hieu qua td chiic cac boat ddng dd. Khi dugc hdi vl vin dl nay, y kiln ciia giao
vien la: "chua thuc hien"-6/31 (19,4%); "It thue hien" - 17/31 (54,8%); "thuc hien
theo dinh ky" - 6/31 (19,4%); "thuc Men thudng xuyen" - 2/31 (6,45%). Rit co thi
hpc sinh se thich tham gia neu nhu hinh thirc td chiic, ngi dung boat dpng ciia cac
cau lac bd khoa hpc la hap dan, loi cudn. Vai trd cita giao vien bd mdn, giao vien
chu nhiem va cac nhan td tich cue trong tap the idp, Doan Thanh nien, tinh linh
hoat trong phuong thirc boat dgng la cae yeu td quan trpng trong viec hinh thanh
va phat huy hieu qua cua cac cau lac bd khoa hpe trong nha truong phd thdng.
Ngudi cd tu duy cdng nghiep khdng the thieu thai dp nghiem tuc tuan
thu nhung nguyen tae, quy che la co sd cua tinh ky luat trpng suy nghT, hanh

ddng. Tat ca giao vien deu cho la "can" va "rat can" ddi vdi con ngudi hien
dai. Danh gia ciia giao vien ddi vdi hgc sinh ve bieu hien "Hanh ddng dua tren
nguyen tSc" phan anh rd sir thieu hut nay. Ching han, 16/31 giao vien dupe hdi
cho rang hpc sinh cdn "chua thuc hien" hoac "it thirc hien" (51,6%i). Sd cho
rang "thudng xuyen thyc hien" la 6/31 (19,4%)... Thai dp ton trpng ky cuong,
cam ket, hanh ddng theo nguyen tac khdng mau thuan vdi tu duy ddc lap, vdi
nang lyc phan bien d ngudi cd van hda cdng nghiep. Nin giao due phong kiln
khien ngudi hpc trd nen thu ddng, tiep thu mpt each may mdc va chua that dl
cao vai trd cua ngudi hpc. Ngay nay, hpc sinh dugc xem la trung tam ciia qua
trinh day hpc, nang lyc tu duy ddc lap va tinh thin chu dpng cua hpc sinh dugc
de cao. Song trong thyc te van cd khdng it hpc sinh lilp thu kiln thuc mpt each
thu ddng: chua cd thdi quen cung nhu nang lyc phan tich, giai thich; chua
nhieu em san sang tiep thu y tudng mdi cua cac ban hay cd ging tim tdi, cai
tien hinh ihirc hoat dpng xa hpi, dean thi.
b/ Bieu hien van hda cdng nghiep eua hoc sinh d mat "Trach nhiem xa
hdi"
Vc mat na\. cac khia canh cin phan tich chii yiu tap trung vao:
- 1 rach nhiem ciia hgc sinh ddi vdi ban than, ddi vdi cdng viec chung

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, S6'4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7


- Trach nhiem cua hpc sinh khi giao tiip, hgp tac vdi ban be, vdi ngudi
khac;
- Trach nhidm cua hpc sinh ddi vdi moi truong tu nhien xung quanh.
Nhin ehung, tu danh gia cua hpc sinh THPT vl trach nhiem xa hoi dat
miic 3 - mirc "trung binh" vdi diem trung binh la 2,96.
Ket qua tra loi cho thiy, phin Ion hgc sinh trong miu nghien ciiu da c6
gatig thyc hien cae nhiSm vu vdi kit qud tdt nhit cd fhl, nd luc khing dinh minh,
nhat la khi ed hiing thu hay khi dugc khuyin khieh kip thdi; dam chiu trach nhiem

tnrdc kit qua cdng viec chit khdng trdn tranh, khdng do Idi cho ngudi khac. Dd la
bieu hien cua y thirc khing dinh su trudng thanh, khing dinh nhan each ddc lap
eua lira tudi minh. Ben canh dd, vin cdn mpt bp phan hpc sinh hay ne tranh trach
nhiem, ehua thyc sy nd lyc dl hoan thanh tdt nhiem vu dugc giao (cd 9/31 - 29%p
sd giao vifin dugc hdi danh gia mat nay cua cae em d mite "it thyc hien" hoac
"chua thyc hien"). Dac biet, d m$nh de "Xiu hd khi that bira vdi nguoi khac", da
sd giao vien danh gia la hpc sinh cdn it cd biSu hien nay (17/31 - chiem 54,8%).
Khi tu danh gia ve diem nay, giua hpc sinh ngoai thanh va hpc sinh ngi thanh cd
sy phan hda rd rSt, ty le tra Idi "chua thyc hien" hoSe "thudng xuyen thyc hien" d
hpc sinh ngoai thanh la nhieu ban.
Trong trach nhiem xa hdi, thai dp giao tiep, trach nhiem khi hgp tae vdi
ban be, vdi nguiri khac cd y nghTa quan trpng. Phan Idn hpc sinh THPT san
sang nhan nhiem vy khi tSp the \6p, chi doan giao phd. Da so giao vien cho
rang, trong qua trinh hgp tac (hpc tap, boat ddng tap the...), hpe sinh da
nghiem tiic lam theo hudng dan, tuan thu quy dinh va khdng trdn tranh trach
nhiem. Dd la nhttng dieu tdt, dang khuyen khieh. Song, ban che cua kha nhieu
em d mat nay la chua biet lang nghe, ehua "chiu nghe het" y kien ciia ngudi
khac, cdn thieu tinh than dau tranh vdi cac hanh vi sai trai trong Idp hpc (12/31
- chiem 38,7% so giao vien dugc hdi danh gia d mire dp "it thyc hien").
Khuyen khieh tinh than, phuong phap phe binh, dau tranh mdt each hieu qua la
viin de ma cac giao vien cd trach nhiem giao due, hudng dan hpc sinh.
Ve trach nhiem ddi vdi mdi trudng xung quanh, ket qua ty danh gia ciia
hgc sinh va danh gia eda giao vien la kha quan va kha nhat quan. Y thirc "Gitt
gin, chain sdc cay cd, vudn trudng" dugc da sd hgc sinh thuc hien thudng
xuyen. Viec "Bao ve mdi trudng sdng, sach se cua trudng, lop" cung dugc cac
em chii y. Dac biet, da sd giao vien deu khiing dinh cac em da thyc hien tdt
viec "Bao ve tai san chung ciia lop, cua trudng". Cd mgt ban che d day la
khdng it hgc sinh cdn "Chua chi dgng tham gia" hoac "Chua nhac nhd ban be,
ngudi than cham sdc, giu gin mdi trudng sinh thai d noi cdng cdng" (vdi dilra
irung binh la 2.54 d hpc sinh va 2,68 d giao vien).

TAP CHi TAM Vi HOC, Sd4 (217), 4 - 2017

39


Ben canh dd, cdn mdt so biiu hien khac d mat "Trach nhifim xa hpi" cd
diim trung binh thip, la: "Bao ve y kiln, hanh vi dung ciia ban thSn" (DTB = 1,86);
"Bao ve hanh vi dung cua ngudi khac" (DTB = 2,73); "TSp ttung chii y trong
khi ndi chuyen vdi ngudi khac" (DTB = 2,21); "Ndi loi "Cam on"/"Xin Idi" khi
cin thiit" (D'TB = 2,78); "Hoan thanh bai i&p vl nha diing thdi ban" (DTB = 2,77).
Kit qua nay ggi nhiiu suy nghT ddi vdi cac nha giao due va cac bSc phy huynh.
c/ Biiu hien van hda cdng nghiep ciia hoe sinh d mat "Tae tihong cdng
nghiep"
Kit qua ty danh gia vl thyc hien cae yeu cau thupc "Tac phong cdng
nghiep" cua hpc sinh dat mirc "trung binh" (DTB = 3,05) va dimg thir 3 trong so
4 mat biiu hien eiia van hda cdng nghiep. Ciing voi "Tu duy cong nghiep", "Tac
phong cdng nghiep" dugc xem la mat bieu hien rat dac trung cua van hda cdng
nghiep, cua xa hdi cdng nghiep. Ca tac phong cdng nghiep lln tu duy cdng
nghiep diu dugc hinh thanh qua qua trinh trai nghiem lau dai trpng boat dpng
ciia ca nhan va dugc bieu hien thdng qua eac hoat ddng dd. Ddi vdi liia tudi hpc
sinh, tac phong cdng nghiep dugc bieu hien qua boat ddng hpe tap, tu duiJng va
qua tac phong sinh boat, giao tiep hang ngay.
Khia canh dau tien ciia tac phong cdng nghiep g hpc sinh la tinh ky luat
trong hpc tap: Gid giac, quy dinh ve thdi gian, quy dinh ve trang phuc, dd diing
hpc tap khi den trudng... Sd lugng hpe sinh den Idp mudn, mudn gid khi tham
gia eac sinh boat tap the la rat h, nhat la doi vdi nhttng trudng cd quy dinh chat
che ve gid ddng cdng. Da sd hpc sinh thyc hien tdt viee mac ddng phue, deo
phil hieu, mang day du tai lieu, dung eu hpe tap khi di hpc khien hau het giao
vien khi dugc hdi deu hai Idng. Chi mpt sd rat it em cdn qua ty do, "chuong la"

irong each tao dau tdc, giiy sir chii y, phan cam.
T'ac phong cdng nghiep cdn the hien qua thai dp, each thuc thyc hien
cdng viec. each irng xir trong qua trinh tuong tac. Ve su toan tam toan y hoan
thanh tdi cdng viec dugc giao. kct qua thu dugc cd khac nhau giira tu danh gia
ciia hgc sinh so vdi danh gia ciia giao vien. Theo dd, hpe sinh tu nhan mue eao
hon, cdn giao vien lai cho ring hgc sinh "it thuc hien" (7/31 - chiim 21,7%).
I uong lu. cd 13/31 (chiem 40,3%)) giao vien ndi rang, hpc sinh hay ndi chuyen
phicm irong khi lam viee, Thdi qu ;n nay anh hudng tdi dp lap trung tri lyc, tdi
khdng khi nghiem tiic ciia boat dgng lap thi.
Da sd giao vien nhan xet tdt ve Ihdi quen ciia hpc sinh trong viee sit
dung thiet bi. dd diing hpc tap theo dung quy trinh ky thuat cung nhu bao ve dd
diing. phuong tien hpc tap cita ca nhan va ciia Idp. Diiu nay ril dang dupe
khieh le bdi v'l tdn trgng qu\ trinh ky thuat lii phim chit quan trpng cita ngudi
CO tac phong cdng nghiep. Phan Idn hpc sinh ed ging hoan thanh diing Ihdi

TAP CHI TAM l y HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017


ban, diing yeu ciu va vdi kit qua tdt nhit cd thi nhttng cong viSc dugc giao.
E)4y eOng la uu diim rit dang khuyin khieh bdi d liia tudi nay hoc sinh da y
thiic kha cao vl danh dy, vl gia tri ban than (cd 12/31 = 37,2% so giao vien
danh gii cac em "thyc hien nhiiu"; 16/31 - 49,6% danh gia "ludn luon thyc hien";
3/31 - 9,3% danh gia "it thyc hien"). Thyc tl giao dye trong nha trudng da_chiing
to rang, niu hpe sinh thyc su hirng thu vdi cdng viec, niu boat ddng dugc td chirc,
dpng vien kip thdi thi hpc sinh se hoc Id nhirng nang lyc bit ngd ma thudng
ngay thay co giao chua thi nhan ra.
AI Biiu hien van hda cdng nghiep d mat "LTng xu va dao dire cong nghiep"
Tinh each, pham chat con ngudi bdc Id trong img xii qua hai chieu quan he
chii yeu: Vdi ngudi khac va vdi chinh ban than minh. "iTng xir va dao due cdng
nghiep" vua ke thira eac yiu Id img xir va dao dire Iruyen thdng vua mang yeu td

van minh, cdng nghiep. Ket qua la, mpt mat van gitt duge nhttng gia tri cdt loi,
quy bau trong van hda truyen thdng; mat khac, dugc bdc Id qua nhimg biiu hien
mang phong each cdng nghiep, ching ban, sin sang nhan va sua chtta loi lim cua
ban than; thua nhan thanh qua ciia ngudi khac; tdn trpng suy nghT, y kien, sd thich
c'ia ban/ngudi khac; hgp tac v.v... Ddi vdi hpc sinh THPT, "Ung xtt va dao due
cdng nghiep" chii yeu dugc the hien qua hoat dpng hpe tap va giao liep xa hdi.
Ket qua danh gia chung ve bieu hien cac mat bieu hien van hda cdng nghiep ciia
hpc sinh THPT cho thay, mat "ung xir va dao diic cdng nghiep" cd diem trung
binh cao nhat (DTB = 3,12 - dat mirc "trung binh").
Mdt khia canh quan trpng trong mdi quan he vdi ngudi khac ciia hpc
sinh THPT la sy tdn trpng y kien, khii nang, sd thich ciia ban be, biet chap
nhan sy khac biel. Khac vdi hgc sinh THCS la lua ludi Ihudng di irng vdi cac
khac biet, tham chi dd ki vdi nang lyc vugl trdi, sy thanh cdng ciia ban trong
lop, hpe sinh THPT dudng nhu biet chap nhan hon. Cae em mudn dupe Idn
trpng, dugc tu khang dinh, song eiing biel ton trpng sd trudng, nang luc eda
ngudi khae. Trong nen san xual cdng nghiep. mdt yeu td mang tinh ban chat la
sy hgp tac. Do phan cdng lao dgng chuyen mdn hda cao do va su lien ket day
chuyen nen mdi ea nhan trong san xuat cdng nghiep la mdt khiiu. mgi mat xich
cita ea he thdng. Vi vay, neu khdng cd su hgp lac se dan den hieu irng domino
trong san xuat. Biet tdn trgng. chap nhan su khae biet la co sd eua tinh than hpp
tac trong cdng viec chung. Tlau het giao vien duge nghien cuu cho rang, phan
Idn hpe sinh mudn phat huy the manh cua mgi ngudi vi loi ich chung, biel Iran
trpng diem tot ciia ban, thudng cimg ban bac vdi cae ban de tim ra giai phap tdt
nhit, tdn trpng 5 kien diing dan cua tap Ihl.
Cam thdng, chia se la mpt khia canh quan trpng duoc the hien trong
quan he vdi ngudi khac. 0 diem niiy. danh gi;i ciia giao vien ve hgc sinh kha

TAP CH i TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017

tdt, qua d6 cho thiy, phin Idn hgc sinh nhift tinh; sin sing chia se, giup do b|n
bi cimg trudng, 16p ma khong chut din do, tham chi, co nhOng em con sta
sang chip nhan mgt chiit thiet thdi cho ban thta.
Ben canh nhiing mi diim ndu h-en, hpc sinh THPT c6n c6 mpt so nhngc
diim cin khjc phuc: Cac em ton trpng, chip nhin sd thich, nSng luc, y kifin
cua ban nhung lai ngai ngin khi chi ra sai sdt cia ban (DTB ty dinh gia cua
hoc sinh la 2,97; co 20/31 giao vien (60,2%) danh gia hpc sinh "it thuc hien"),
Hoac vin cd mdt s6 it hpc sinh khdng chju thiet thdi, khong ddng long trude
bit hanh ciia ban. Cau chuyen d trudmg THPT Luong Thi Vinh (Hii Npi) da
ndi len sy thuc do. Khi bd cua mpt ban trong lop qua ddi, honi 10 thanh viSn td
ra khdng mu6n cung giao vien ehu nhiem Idp den chia buon ciing gia dinh
ban... Ly do chinh la vi mpt s6 phu huynh khdng mudn con mtah vl muon,
M l hudng den budi di hpc them.
Trong quan he vdi ban than, diiu co ban la ty y thiic diing dSn ve nang
luc, trach nhiem, long tu trpng, tu dd din din kha ning tu dieu chinh hanh vi,
hanh ddng. Song, d nhieu hpe sinh, long tu trong bj lim thanh ty ai, din din
biiu hien la phan irng thai qua khi bj phS binh. Cd 14/31 giao vien (45,1%) cho
rang hpc sinh hay mac nhugc diem nay. Ngoai ra, vin cdn mdt sd hpc sinh
khdng cam thiy Sn ban, nudi tile vi hanh ddng sai lim cila minh, sin sang tra
dua khi hi ngudi khac phd binh, gdp ^. Hpc sinh "khdng thich hi phd binh" va
cQng "khdng thich phe binh ngudi khac" la lam ban chi sy tiln bd, la nguyen
nhan din din sy mat eong bang, thiiu minh bach, "bing mSt mii khdng bSng
long", la diiu ma "Dao dire cdng nghiep" khdng thi chip nhSn d thi hd xSy
dyng xa hpi van minh, cdng nghiep hien dai tuong lai.
e/ Mdi tugng quan gitta cac mat biiu hien van hda cdng nghidp d hoc
sinh THPT
Ket qua nghien cuu cho thiy cd mdi tuong quan thuan, chit, cd y nghia
thdng ke gitta "Tu duy cdng nghiep" vdi "Trach nhiem xS hdi", "Tac phong
cdng nghidp" va "LTng xu va dao dire cdng nghiep" (p = 0,01). Diiu n4y cho
thay, Idii giao due van hda cdng nghiep cho hpc sinh THPT cin quan tSm giao

due ddng thdi eac pham chat nhan each tuong ung d hpc sinh.
4. Ket luan chung
- Biiu Men van hda cdng nghidp d hpc sinh THPT trong miu nghidn
cuu ehii yiu dat miic "trung binh". Cu thi la d mat "Trach nhidm xa hpi", "Tac
phong cdng nghiep", "tfug xir va dao dire cdng nghidp";
- Trong 4 mat, muc dp biiu hien eua "Tu duy cdng nghidp" la thip nhit
- muc "ydu" va kha tap ming, thi hien kha nhit quan d ca diim so tu danh gia

42

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, S6'4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7


cua hpc sinh iin danh gia cua giao vidn. Bieu hien d mSt "Ung xir va dao diic
cdng nghidp" la cao nhit, song vin nam d miic "trung binh";
- Cd su khac biet ro ret trong bidu hien van hda cdng nghiep d hpc sinh
THPT khi xem xet theo gidi tinh, hpe lyc, dia ban sinh sdng. Dieu nay cung cd
nghTa rang, cac yeu td dd deu cd anh hudng nhat djnh ddn mire dp bieu hidn
van hda cdng nghiep d hpc sinh trpng miu nghidn cim. Trong sd dd, ydu td hpe
luc cd tugng quan ro hon eae yeu td khac.
- Cd mdi tuong quan thuan va chat gitta cae ket qua thu dugc eua cac
mat bieu hidn van hda cdng nghiep d hpe sinh THPT. Diiu nay ggi y ve ndi
dung, phuang phap giao dye van hda cdng nghiep cho hpc sinh phd thdng can
duge tien hanh toan dien, ddng bd va ddi hdi thdi gian.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Hoang Chi Bao, Vdn hoa vd con ngudi Viet Nam trong tiin trinh cdng nghiep hda.
Men dai hda theo tu tudng H6 Chi Minh, NXB Chfnh tri Qu6c gia. Ha Noi, 2006.
2. Vien Qudc Chin, Ludn vi cdi cdch gido due, NXB Giao due (Ban dich cua Biii
Minh Hiin), 200L
3. Chiin luac phdt trien gido due 2011 - 2020 (Ban hanh kem theo Quyit dinh s6

711/QD-TTg ngay 13 thang 6 nam 2012 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phu).
4. Nguyen Van Dam, Tir dien lieng Viet, tuang gidi vd lien tuang, NXB Van hoa Thong
tin, 1999.
5. Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Vdn iden Dai hoi Dai hieu todn qudc Idn thie XI, NXB
Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2011.
6. Nguyen Dinh Gam, Nhiing vdn de tdm ly xd hoi irong su nghiep cong nghiep hoa.
hien dai hoa ddt nude, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2003.
7. Pham Minh Hac (Chii bien). Van hoa vd gido due. Giao due vd vdn hoa, NXB
Giao due. Ha Ngi, 1998.
8. Pham Minh Hac, Mot s6 vdn di gido due Viet Nam ddu the ky XXI, NXB Giao due
VielNam, HaNoi, 2010.
9. Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University
Press, USA, 1991.

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017

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