Nguyên tắc và phương pháp giáo dục kỹ năng sống cho học sinh tiểu học

NGUYEN TAG vA PHUONG PHAP
GlAO DUG KY N A N G SONG
CHO HOG SINH TIEU HOG
Nghien ciru nay difOc tai tro bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Quoc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong ie tai: 6/ao dijc ky nang song cho hoc sinh tieu hoc Viet Nam trortg
giai aoan hien nay, Ma so VI 2.4-2012.12; PGS.TS. Tran Thi Minh Hang lam chu nhiem.

PGS.TS. Tran Thi IMinh Hang
ThS. Li/u Thi Hoa
Hoc vien Qudn ly Gido due.

T O M TAT
Gido due ky ndng sdng Id Idm thay ddi Ihdi quen Iheo hu&ng lich ctfc, de co
thoi quen duac thay doi mdt cdch ben vUng. Do vdy, nhd Irudng khong chi sit dung
cdc phuong phdp gido due ky ndng song qua bdi hoc, hoat ddng ngodi gi& len Idp mil
con cdn phdi phoi hap v&i cong dong de td chuc cdc hogt ddng hoc lap Ihong qua
viec gidi quyet vdn de cita cong dong. Mpt trong nhitng nguyen ldc Ihay doi hdnh vi
(hay cdch icng xit) Id phdi tao ra moi tru&ng khuyen khich su thay doi. Su thay doi
thoi quen ciia con ngu&i se Ihudn len han neu Irong cpng ddng chdp nhdn vd iing ho
sir thay doi do.
Tir khoa: Nguyen tdc; Phuongphap,
Ngdynhdnbdi.

Gido due ky ndng sdng.

19110/2015; Ngay duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2015.

1. fiat v a n de
Giao due ky nang song la hinh thanh each song tieh cue trong xa hpi
hien tai, la xay dung nhilng hanh vi lanh manh va thay d6i nhilng hanh vi, thoi
quen tieu cue tren ccr so giup ngucri hoe co ca kiSn thiirc, gia tri, thai dp va cac

ky nang thich hop.
Giao due ky nang song co muc tieu ehinh la lam thay doi hanh vi cua
nguai hpe tir thoi quen thu dpng, co the gay riii ro, mang lai hau qua tieu cue
chuyen thanh nhu'ng hanh vi mang tinh xay dirng, tich cue va eo hieu qua de
nang eao chat lupng cupe s6ng ca nhan va gop phan phat triSn b6n vUng eho xa
hpi. Dong thoi, giao due ky nang s6ng cSn dupc thire hien th6ng nhSt trong

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nhiem vu giao due nhan each toan dien (theo cac linh virc van hoa xa hpi, theo
cac loai hinh hoat dong cua eon nguoi, theo ea 4 tru cot trong giao due the ky
XXI) thong qua qua trinh day hoe va giao due (theo nghia hep) vira huang tai
muc tieu hinh thanh kha nSng tam ly xa hoi ii nguai hoc co the vugt qua
nhiing thach thiic ciia cupc song, vira phat triin toan dien kien thiie, thai dp,
hanh dpng, phat triSn toan dien cac chi s6 thong minh va cae ITnh vue tri tue
xiic cam, tri tue xa hoi...
2. Nguyen tac giao due ky nang song cho hoc sinh tieu hpc
2.1. Cdc nguyen tdc coban
UNESCO da dua ra 3 nguyen tac eo ban {Ky ndng song - cdu noi tai
khd ndng cita con nguoi. Ban thao lan thii 13, dieu chinh ngay 16/6/2003, Tieu
ban Giao due ciia UNESCO Pari (ban tieng Anh) di dmh huang cho viee triSn
khai giao due ky nang song trong thuc tiln sau day;
a. Nguyen tdc 1; Quyen dupc hpc ky nang song.
UNESCO ung hp nguyen tac: Tat ca the he tre va nguoi lan eo quyen
huang Ipfi tir mpt nen giao due chiia dung cac hpp phan: hpc de biet, hpc de
lam, hpc dl chung song vol mpi nguoi va hoc de khang dinh minh.
b. Nguyen tdc 2: Phat trien ky nang song.

UNESCO ling hp nguyen tac; Giao due huang vao yeu eau boi duong
nang khilu, tiem nang va phat trien ca tinh ciia ngucri hpc can phai quan tam,
kit hpfp cac ky nang song thue hanh va cac kha nang tam ly xa hpi.
c. Nguyen tdc 3: Danh gia ky nang sing.
UNESCO iing ho nguyen tic: Danh gia chat lupng giao due phai bao
ham danh gia miic dp dat duoc cae ky nang song va tac dpng cua ky nang song
dii vai xa hpi va ca nhan.
2.2. Cac chi bdo ve gido due ky nang sdng
- Nguai hoat dpng: Hpe sinh co dpng ca, giao vien duac dao tao tot...
- Npi dung: Chuang trinh phu hop, tai lieu hoc tap dupe dam bao.
- Qua trinh; Cac ky nang dupc day va hpc tot.
- M6i truang hpc tap: Ket hpp dao tao ky nang song vai cac dilu kien
b l trp trong ehinh sach phat trien, moi truang tam ly xa hpi thuan lai va gin
vai eac dich vu ciia cpng dong.
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2.3. Cac nguyen tdc cu the giao due ky ndng sdng
a. Nguyen tdc thay doi hdnh vi
Giao due ky nang sing eo thi van dung cac nguyen tie thay doi hanh vi.
Vi giao due ky nang sing chu ylu huong vao thay doi hanh vi, thoi quen tieu
cue cua nguai hpe. Vien Han lam khoa hoc My (NAS) (Social learning and
deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory, American Sociological
Review, 44, 635 - 655, 1979) da nghien ciiu va giai thieu mo hinh mpt si
nguyen tic thay doi hanh vi ciia con nguoi nhu sau:
- Cung cip thong tin la dilm khoi dhx tit yeu ciia bat eil sir co gang
mong muln thay dii hanh vi nao. Thong tin can de hilu va phu hgp vai hpc
sinh tilu hpc - doi tupng ma chiing ta muon eac em thay doi hanh vi.

- Tap trung vao nhtrng thong diep tich cue, hinh thanh, duy tri va cung
CO nhtrng hanh vi lanh manh va huang toi cupc song tot hon cho eac em. Can
rat han che sii dung nhimg thong diep mang tinh de dpa de dpng vien sir thay
doi hanh vi.
- Giao due theo quy mo nho va can dp 13u ve thai gian. Giao due ky
nang song cung nhu giao due phat trien ben vUng chii dinh xay dung cac ky
nang de co hanh vi lanh manh.
- Khuyen khich tu duy phe phan trong cac tinh huong lira chpn. iVili ca
nhan thudng thich chap nhan nhilng hanh vi moi nlu hp dupc lua chpn no
trong so nhtrng phuang an co thi tren ca so tu phan tich, phe phan va tim ra
phuang an phU hpp vai minh. Cho nen phuong phap giao due ky nang sing
cin huong toi phat trien ky nang tu duy phe phan giup nguai tham gia hpc
duac rat nhieu sir lira chpn khi giai quylt nhQng tinh hulng kho khan.
- Tao ra moi trudng khuyin khich sir thay dii hanh vi. Vi su thay dii se
dl dang hon nlu moi trucmg cung khuyin khich su thay dii do doi voi ca nhan
nen eac chuang trinh giao due ky nang sing cin ehu trpng cong tac vai cpng
dong mpt each toan dien de tao ra moi truang khuyin khich su thay dii.
- Tang cuang sii dung giao due ding ding. Cpng ding co thi lam thiic
diy nhung thay dii nen phuong phap ding ding eo thi duoc bl sung vao cac
chuang trinh giao due ky nang sing dl tao co sa thuan lai cho su thay dii cung
nhu chap nhan hanh vi mlu cua nguoi khac. Tap huin cho nhOng nguoi eo tac
dpng anh huong dl hp co thi dong vai tro miu trong nhom ciia minh, co thi
giup tang dang kl tac dpng cua chuong trinh.
3. Cac phu-ong phap giao due ky nang sing cho hoc sinh tilu hoe
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3.1. Gido due ky ndng song trong qud trinh gido due & nhd trit&ng

Giao due ky nang s6ng cSn phai la mot phlin trong chuofng trinh dang
dien ra trong nha trirong. Dieu nay co nghia la giao due ky nang song truoc het
phai duoc giao due trong nha trucmg. Day ky nang s6ng con ein phai dugc
chua dung trong tat ca cac mon khoa hgc thong qua viec nhin manh moi quan
he giija hgc tap va cac hoat dgng song hang ngay. D6ng thai, can coi viec day
cac ky nang xa hgi vcri tu each la mgt khia canh cua ky nang s6ng.
Sau day la mgt vi du v^ "Giao due phong tranh lam dung tro chai dien
tu (game) cho hoc sinh tieu hgc" theo each ti6p can 4 tru cot (thuc chat la giao
due ky nang song cho hgc sinh).
1) Hpc de biet (cac ky nang nhan thiic)
- Biet dugc bieu hien ciia viec lam dung game.
- Nhan ra dugc nguyen nhan gay nghien game.
- Biet each khai thac mat tieh cue cua game.
- Biet each tranh mat tieu cue ciia game.
- Biet phan biet dugc mat tich cue va tieu cue cua viee choi game.
- Biet each ung pho, duang dau vai sure hap dan cua game.
- Biet dung viec chai game dung luc.
- Biet duge nhung quy dinh ciia Nha nuoc ve viee chai game.
2) Hpc de tu khdng dinh mlnh (cac ky nang ca nhan)
- Xac dinh he thong gia tri cua ban than, giiip cho minh dgc lap vai anh
huang sue hap dan cua game.
- Ton trgng gia tri ciia ban than.
- Khong xem the giai ao la le song.
- Lay the giai thuc lam le song.
- Tu chu, tu quyet dinh doi vol viec chai game.
- Tu tin vao kha nang kiem che vai sue hap dan eua game.
- Khong hai long voi viec lam dung game.
- Cuong quylt dung lam dung game.
- Ton trpng quy dinh eua Nha nuac vh viee choi game.

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3) Hoc di ciing chung sdng (cac ky nang xa hpi)
- Ngan chan va khong ung hp, khong khuyin khich nguai khac lam dung
game.
- Chia se nhilng hilu bilt va kinh nghiem cua ban than vl game voi
nhilng nguai xung quanh.
- Hpc hoi nguai khac kinh nghiem ilng pho voi viee lam dung game.
- Cuang quylt tir chli su loi keo, ru re, ep bupc ctia ban be doi voi sir
lam dung game.
- H5 trp, dpng vien nguoi khac tir bo viec lam dung game.
- Khuyin khich nguoi khac choi game tich cue.
- Giiip ngudi khac thuc hien diing quy dinh eiia Nha nude ve viec choi
game.
4) Hpc di ldm (cac ky nang thuc tien)
- Tranh dupc mat tieu cue ciia game.
- Khai thac mat tich cue ciia game.
- Khong lam dung game.
- Khdng song trong the gidi ao.
- Song trong the gidi thue.
- Su dung game hpp ly.
- Dung viec chai game diing liic.
- Thue hien dung quy dinh ciia Nha nudc ve viee choi game.
Dau ra hay ket qua mong dpi trong giao due ky nang sdng deu duac xet
tren 3 phuong dien, dd la; Kien thirc, thai dp va ky nang.
3.2. Gido due ky ndng song thdng qua hoat dpng ngodi gid len l&p
Muc tieu ciia giao due ky nang song la nham giiip ngudi hpc thay doi

each ling xii ciia minh theo hudng tich cue, hieu qua. Chi ed each hpc dua tren
tu Idiam pha biin than hoac tu ITnh hpi thi mdi giup con ngudi thay ddi can biin
hanh vi cua minh. Ban chat ciia nd chinh la sy trai nghiem (Carl Rogers). Hoat
dong ngoai gid len idp eo uu the la dieu kien thdi gian thoai mai han gid leii
idp nen van diing giao due trai nghiem thuan loi han. Chinh vi vay, khi thilt ke
npi dung va td chile giao due ky nang sdng qua hoat dpng ngoai gid len idp,

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can quan tam khai thae kien thirc, kinh nghiem va ky nang da cd ciia hpe sinh.
Qua trinh hpe ky nang sdng dupc phan tich nhu sau:
1) Buac 1: Kham pha
- Muc tieu: Khuyen khich ngudi hpc xac djnh nhOng khai niem, ky
nang lien quan din bai hpc.
- Tien trinh: Giao vien va ngudi hpc lap kl hoaeh dl tao ra trai nghiem.
Giao vien giiip ngudi hpe xu ly cac kiln thirc da ed dl tl chirc va phan loai cac
kien thiic dd.
2) Buac 2; Ket ndi
- Muc tieu: Gidi thieu nhihig thdng tin va ky nang mdi bang each xay
dung cau ndi de ket gin kinh nghiem trudc dd eiia ngudi hoe (cai da bilt) va
eai chua bilt (thdng tin mdi). Cay cau se kit ndi kinh nghiem cua ngudi hpc
vdi chli de bai hpe.
- Tien trinh: Giao vien gidi thieu muc tieu ciia bai hpc va lien he vdi
nhiing kien thirc thu thap dugc chia se trong bude kham pha. Giao vien tl chirc
gidi thipu nhOng thdng tin mdi va kiem tra sy nam bat thdng tin mdi, eung cip
vi du bd sung (neu cin) de ngudi hge cd thi hilu duge.
3) Buac 3: Thue hanh

- Mue tieu; Tao ca hpi cho ngudi hpc thyc hanh sii dung nhilng kien
thiic ve ky nang mdi trong ngS canh diy dil y nghia. Giao vien dua ra nhilng
hudng dan de ngudi hpe tranh dupc nhirng each thyc hien khdng dung do chua
hieu.
Tien trinh: Giao vien gidi thieu hoat ddng ma de thyc hien nd ngudi
hpc phai sii dung nhirng thdng tin hoae ky nang mdi. Ngudi hpc lam viee theo
nhdm, theo cap hoae ca nhan de hoan thanh nhiem vu.
4) Buoc 4; Van dung
- Muc tieu: Cung cap ca hgi cho ngudi hpc tich hgp, md rpng va van
dung thong tin, ky nang mdi vao tinh hudng mdi.
- Tien trinh: Ngudi day va ngudi hge lap ke hoaeh hoat dgng d cac lmh
vye ndi dung mdn hge khac nhau ma nd ddi hdi van dyng kien thirc va ky nang
mdi. Ngudi hge lam viec theo nhdm, theo cap hoac ca nhan de hoan thanh
nhiem vu. Ngudi day va ngudi hgc hdi va tra ldi cac cau hdi qua trinh de giup
danh gia ket qua hgc tap.

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3.3. Gido due ky ndng sing thdng qua dich vu tham van hoc du&ng
Trong hoat dgng giao due ky nang sing cho hpe sinh, vai trd cua ngudi
lam to vin hpc dudng la cung cip dich vu/h5 trg gian tiep, giiip giao vien giai
quyll vin dl ciia hpc sinh trong qua frinh giao due ky nang sdng cho cac em.
Nha tu vin hgc dudng ciing vdi giao vien giiip eac em hgc sinh nhan thiic vl
ky nang sing, thuc hanh ky nang sing cung nhu ciing ed ky nang sing.
4. Ket luan
Nguyen tic va con dudng giao due ky nang song la dieu tat yeu de nang
cao ehit lugng giao due va de ngudi hgc cd the dap img nhung thach thiic cOa

cudc sing. Nhirng ndi dung nao ham chiia ky nang sdng thi can xay dung
nhirng chii dl cd ndi dung va phuang phap hudng tdi hinh thanh/giao due
nhirng ky nang sdng chuyen biet do. Qua trinh dao tao trong nha trudng can
phai dugc tl chUe theo hudng tiep can ky nang song dam bao su tuang tac giiia
ngudi day - ngudi hgc va ngudi hpc vdi nhau theo phuang thire ciing tham gia,
dam bao dat duge ket qua tdng hpp, toan dien ciia ca kien thiic, thai dp, gia tri
va ky nang, dam bao cho ngudi hgc Hge de biet, Hpc de lam, Hgc de tu khang
dinh minh, Hgc de chung song vdi mpi ngudi...
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Chuang trinh ihuc nghiem gido due sdng khoe mgnh vd ky ndng sdng eho hpc sinh
THCS, Bp Giao due - Dao iao hgp tac vdi UNICEF, 2003.
2. Nguyen Thanh Binh, Gido due ky ndng song cho thanh nien trong cpng dong, Hgp
tac vdi tl chile CCF Australia, 2005.
3. Ky ndng sdng - cdu ndt tdi khd ndng cita con ngu&i. Ban thao lan thir 13, di^u
chinh ngay 16/6/2003, Tilu ban Giao due cua UNESCO Pari (Ban tilng Anh).
4. Department of Education and Science and the Welsh Office, Discipline m schools:
Report of the Committee of Enquiry Chaired by Lord Elton, London: HMSO, ISBN
0112706657, 1989.
5. Akers R.L., Krohn M.D., Lanza-Kaduce L. & Radosevich M., Social learning and
deviani behavior: A specific test of a general theory, American Sociological Review,
44,635-655, 1979.
6. Dodge K.A., Pettii G.S., Bates J.E. & Valente £., Social information processing
patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct
problems, Joumal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 632 - 643, 1995.

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