Quá trình sáng tạo của tổ chức trong các doanh nghiệp việt nam

QUA TRINH SANG TAO CUA TO CHLfC
TRONG CAC DOANH NGHIEP VIET NAMVien Tdm ly hgc.
ThS. Nguyen Thanh Doan
Cong ty New

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Way.

T O M TAT
Tren cd sd phdn tich ke't qua nghien ciht qud Irinh sdng tgo ciia to chifc trong
cdc cong trinh nghien cim ciia cdc bgc gid nu&c ngodi, tdc giu bdi vie't dd ldm rd qud
trinh sdng tao ciia to chifc trong cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam gom cdc bifdc xudt bien
y itfdng, chdp nhdn y tifang vd hien thifc hoa y tifdng vd chi ra mdi cpian he ciia cdc
bifac ndy vai cdc ye'u to' cd nhdn. nhom vd td chifc citng nhif mdi quan he ciia qua
trinh sdng tgo vdi cdc lhanh to' cdn tgi cdu ihdnh linh sdng tao ciia id chifc.
Td khoa: Qud (rinh sdng tgo cila id chifc; Tinh sdng lao ciia td chifc; Cdc
bifdc ciia qud trinh sdng tgo ciia td chifc; Ididl hien y tifdng; Chdp nhgn y tifdng, Hien
ihifc hda y tifdng.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 28/;/2013; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/2/2013.

1. Nghien ciiu qua trinh sang tao cua to chirc a nu6c ngoai
Co th^ nhan dinh ring sang tao cua t6 chiic la qua trinh tuang tac phiic
tap, phi tuyen linh. Cac nha nghien cihi Brown (1989), Harrington (1990),
Woodman va ddng nghidp (1993) deu nha't tri rang sang tao la hien tuong co
mat 6 ba cap khac nhau: cap do ca nhan, cap do nhom va cap dp to chiic va
chiu tac dong cua cac yeu to tinh hu6'ng va cac yS'u t6' vi the. Ngoai nhung dac
diem ca nhan, cac nha nghi6n ciiu nay con nhan manh cac dac diem nhom, t6
chiic nhu chuyin mirc nhom va to chirc, sir cO' ke't nhdm, kich co nhom, vai tro
cac bo phan, tmh da dang cua nhom, each tiep can nhiem vu va giai quydt van

de trong nhom, t6 chiic. Nhung dac diem nhom, t6 chiic dugc xem xet trong
cac nghien ciiu nay la van hoa to chiic, ngu6n lire, Ihuong phat, chie'n luae hoat
d6ng va nhung dac di^m ke trSn dugc coi la nhiing dau vao co tac d6ng toi qua
trinh sang tao va lao ra cac tinh huong va anh huong toi dau ra tiem nang,
nhiing san ph^m sang tao.

TAPCH[TAMLtHpC,S6'3 (168), 3 - 2 0 1 3


Sang tao a cSp ca nhan pliu thupc vao cac yS'u to nlian each, nhan thirc
(ki^u nhan thiic va kie'n thilc) va dac biet la dOng ca noi sinh. Dac diem nhom
noi ma ca nhan s6ng va lam viec cOng anh huong de'n .sang lao ca nhan. Qua
trmh 6 nhom c6 thd xay ra tren co sd cac ky thuat giai quyet va'n de, nhu
phuong phiip cong nao chang han, duoc xay dung tren cO so cac quy tac va
chuan muc nhfim han che su danh gia tdi mile cao nha't co the de t^o CO hpi cho
nhidu y tuong mdi ra ddi. Hackman va Morris (1975) tuyen bd rang, sang tao
nhom giam silt do thie'u viing sU phdi hop, thieu tinh qua trinh va ddng co, hay
ndi each khiic, thieu cac hoat ddng chung ii giai quydt cac va'n de sang tao.
Cac ky nang giai quye't va'n de nS'u duoc dao tao cd the lam tang kel qua giai
quyet va'n de nhdm. Dac biet, sang tao nhdm phu thudc nhieu vao nhOng thanh
vien cd kha nang sang tao tren mite trung binh, vdi cac ky nang chuyen nganh,
ky nang sang tao phu hop va ddng co npi sinh cao (Amabile, 1996).
Xet ve mat qua trinh, cSn chia sang tao thanh 3 budc: budc tao ra y
tudng, budc danh gia y tudng (cha'p nhan y tudng) va budc ap dung y tudng
sang tao. Roffe (1999) nha'n manh ring, san phaim sang tao duoc ra ddi lit
nhiing y tudng sang tao ciia ca nhan, duoc chap nhan d nhdm va duoc dua vao
ap dung. Roffe nhan manh cac ky nang cua ca nhan va ciia td chirc trong viec
dua cac y tudng sang tao vao ap dung nhu ky nang lam viec nhdm, giao tie'p
nhdm, kha nang kem cap, quan ly du an, kha nang hpc tap, cd tam nhin, quan
ly su thay ddi va lanh dao. Mac du da cd nhidu con dudng, each thirc hay ky

thuat nang cao kha nang sang lao trong tirng ca nhan, nhung cdn rat it thdng tin
ve viec liim the' nao dd duy tri tinh sang lao trong moi trudng cua td chirc.
Qua trinh ddi mdi theo Brunner & Voigt (2007) bao gdm hai chieu canh:
(1) tao ra va trao ddi kidn thirc trong cac hoat ddng Id chtic va (2) ap dung
nhung giai phap tim duoc vao thuc tidn dd tao ra san pham mdi trong Id chile.
Lien quan de'n ddi mdi san xua't kinh doanh. Brown & Eisenhardt (1995) da dua
ra ba con dudng phat tridn san pham mdi: xay dung ke' hoach duy ly vd san
phaim, trao ddi vd san pham va phat trien san phaim hay giai quyet van dd theo
nganh nghe chuyen mdn. Hau he't cac md hinh qua trinh ddi mdi deu bao gom
3 phan: hinh thanh, chap nhiin va thuc thi y tudng (Thom, 1992). Day la qua
trinh tuye'n tinh, xuat phat tir viec hinh thanh md hinh san phaim de'n chap nhan
nd va dua vao thuc thi. Tuy nhien, qua trinh ddi mdi khdng phai liic nao cung
di theo dudng thiing ma cd thd theo dudng mdt xich, quay trd lai hoac di dudng
vdng trong nhidu trudng hop.
Brunner & Voigt (2007) da tim thay vai trd khac nhau cua cac thanh
vien trong td hop, cd nhirng thanh vien la cdi ngudn ciia ddi mdi, mat khac, cd
nhiing thanh vien cd thd ddng vai trd liep nhan su ddi mdi va ap dung chiing
vao dia hill cua minh. Mdi lhanh vien tham gia trong td hop san xua't, kinh

TAP CHI' TAM L? HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3-2013


doanh co phan h6i irdn ca scf kinh nghidm cua minh va trao doi kien thiic m6i
xuat hien vcri thanh vien khac.
Sff do 1: Qud trinh ddi mdi duac y tudng hod
(Theo Brunner & Voigt, 2007)
Tieu chuan 1 cua
phdn tich: lieu
chuan moi me

MOi trudng kinh doanh nhir
ngu6n gdc cua .sang tao

Phat tri^n y tudng

Cha'p nhan y tudng

Thirc thi trong
Tieu chuan thiir 2 ciia
phan t i c h : pho bien

kien thuc
hue

Cac buoc:
1 - Thi tru&ng
4 - Thiet ke san phaim

L^^

I ^

Thirc thi y tuong

Thuc thi ngoai

Moi tru&ng kinh doanh nhu
nai tie'p nhan sang tao

2 - Xac dmh

3 - Y tu&ng
5 - Thidt k€ quan mem 6 - Dua ra thj tru&ng

Qua trinh ma Brunner & Voigl (2007) dua ra gom 6 buoc va bat dau tii
viec quan sat thj trudng, xac djnh Ihi tru5ng, xuat hien y tuong ve san pham
m6i, thiel ke san pham, ihiet kd' quan nidm va dua san phaim ra thi trucfng (So
do 1). Ci budc 1 (quan sal thi trudng), cac thanh vien tien hanh cac nghien ciiu
thj trudng, ihu thap so lieu va su dung cac cong cu de phan tfch. O budc 2 (xac
djnh), cac sd Ueu dugc phan tich va cac ket qua phan tfch dugc lien hanh trudc
dd cho phep phat hidn ra nhieu kien thiic, chidu hudng va xu the mdi. O budc 3.
y ludng ve mdt san pham mdi xua't- hien. O budc 4 (ihid't ke san pham), cac
thanh vien tfch cue tham gia thie't ke san pham mdi tren co sd trao ddi y tudng,
kidn thiic. Budc 4 bat d^u vdi qua trinh thiet ke quan nidm ve cdng cu quang
ba, gia ca va ke hoach tai chfnh.,. Budc cudi ciing (budc 6) ciia qua irinh ddi
mdi la dua san pham mdi ra thi trudng. Nhu vay, cd Ihe nhdm budc 1, 2 va 3

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3 - 2 0 1 3


vao thanh td xay dung y tudng, budc 4 va 5 la cha'p nhan y tudng va budc 6 la
thuc thi. Ciic budc ciia ca qua trinh khdng tach rdi ma duoc kdt ndi. lien ke't vdi
quan he phu thupc liin nhau giua mdi trudng kinh doanh va mdi Irudng td chirc.
Ngudn ddng luc thiic diiy qua trinh sang tao cd thd den lir td chiic, cung
cd the de'n tir tirng thanh vien. Trong trudng hop trao ddi kien thilc, cac thanh
vien ti'ch cue ddng vai trd dinh hudng, trong khi dd cac lhanh vidn thu ddng cd
the ddng vai trd nhu nhttng ngudi thu nhan thdng lin vd sang tao, ddi mdi.
Trong trudng hop nay, ddi mdi nhiln duoc dpng lire ttr sir hop tac trong nhdm
nhung nd duoc thiic dfiy va dupe quydt dmh bdi cac thiinh vien. Ne'u ddng luc
thuc dfiy ddi mdi cung nhu truydn bii tri thtic duoc bat ngudn tir td chirc, luc nay
td chirc da dat ra chdc nang (nhiem vu) xiic lien ddi mdi. Cd gang cua td chiic

thuyet phuc ciic lhanh vien tie'n hanh ddi mdi .se cd ket quii hon khi ma thanh
phin ciia td chuc tuong dd'i ddng nha't va ngudi lanh dao cd uy tin, quydn lire va
mong mudn ddi mdi, Khi cac thanh vien khac nhau hanh ddng cung mdt liic
tiio ddng lire cho siing tiio va tiep nhan sang tao th! qua trinh phan hdi xay ra.
Qua trinh phan hdi nay chi xay ra khi thanh phSn cac thanh vidn ciia td chirc d
mpt miic dp da diing nha't dinh.
Cd thd tdng quan liii qua trinh sang tao trong td chirc mpt each don gian
nhu sau. Khi ngudi lao ddng cd y tudng sang tao, cai tie'n chat lupng san phaim
nhung khdng cd phuang phap hay qua trinh chinh thirc dd truydn ba, hp dua y
tudng cua minh den ngudi quan ly, y tudng se dupe nam bat va danh gia. Khi
ngudi quan ly thi'ch y tudng dd va tao didu kien de ngudi lao ddng trinh bay y
tudng trong cupc hop cua gidi quiin ly. Gidi quan ly ciing thich y tudng nay
nhung can them y kien chuyen gia va thdi gian nghien ciru, thu thap sd lieu va
cap nhat thdng tin d ea'p td chirc. Nhirng thach thuc ciia qua trinh nay la can
nhieu thdi gian, can su tham gia cua chuyen gia, cd nhidu cdng viec phiii lam
de chat Ipc y tudng, trong khi dd td chiJc khdng cd dii phuong phap dua y tudng
ra cdng khai rdng rai va chua thd khuyen khich nhirng ngudi dua ra y tudng khi
chua cd ke't qua thu dupe lu' y tudng mdi dd.
Cdng ty Microsoft da giiip cac khach hang tiep can va'n dd qua trinh
quan ly sang tao thdng qua nhidu budc, mat xich. Cd thd xem xet qua trinh nay
theo cac budc; dinh hudng chien lupc, nam bat y tudng, hinh lhanh y tudng,
danh gia y ludng, xac dinh du an va lira chpn.
(i) Dinh hudng chie'n luoc: D6 nuPi dudng y tudng ddi mdi, td chiic can
thie't lap va xe'p uu tidn dinh hudng va giai phap kinh doanh.
(ii) Nam bat y tudng: Y tudng dupe nam bat thPng qua trao ddi va hop
tac. Ngudi lao dpng cd the tim ra chuyen gia ca ben trong va ben ngoai va hp
cd the tim kiem he thd'ng sd lifu vd ke't qua kinh doanh. (Jua trinh lam viec va
hpp tac se tiio ra cac nhdm lidn ke't va khdng gian cho phat trien y tudng.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3 - 2013

(iii) Hinh thanh: Cac y tudng duac trinh bay theo ttrng trudng hgp bao
gom tac dgng, tiem nang thj trudng, phan tich tai chfnh, phan tfch SWOT va
sau dd cd the cdng bd de danh gia. Cac thanh vien khac cd th^ xem xet, danh
gia va dua ra phan hdi giiip xac djnh cac y ludng uu tidn va gia tri ciia chiing.
(iv) Danh gia: Lira chgn y tudng theo cac tham sd kinh doanh, phan tfch
ho so va danh gia cac y tudng mdt each khach quan. 6 giai doan nay, cac y
tudng duac danh gia cao se dugc chap nhan.
(v) Xac dinh dir an: Xay dung nhdm du an va tien hanh du an cung vdi
viec xem xel thiel ke. t\6m nang thj trudng va danh gia phap ly. Sau khi danh
gia kdt thiic, mol lai lieu thiet kd' du an dugc thdng qua dam bao co sd cho su
hgp lac ciia cac nhdm, dam bao ngudn nhan luc va tai chfnh de thuc hidn du an
theo tien dd.
(vi) Lira chgn: Thdng qua quydt dinh cud'i cung cho du an da lira chgn va
lien hanh cac qua irinh phat trien du an bao dam thirc hien du an den cung.
T()m Igi. nghien ciiu d nude ngoai cho thay sang tao cua td chiic la mdt
qua trinh nhieu budc, trong mdi budc nay cd sir tham gia ciia nhieu cap, qua diJ
san pham sang tao la diiu ra quan trgng nhat ctia cac hoat ddng hay qua trinh
sang tao da dugc tien hanh.
2. Phan tich qua trinh sang tao ciia to chirc trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam
Qua khao sat 30 doanh nghidp Viet Nam tai 4 dja ban Ha Ndi, Vinh
Phiic, thanh phd Hd Chf Minh va Ddng Nai, sii dung bang hdi, phdng van ca
nhan, phdng van nhdm va phan tfch san pham, nhdm nghien ciiu nhan thay
nhung kd't qua quan sal dugc vd qua trinh sang tao ciia td chiic irong doanh
nghiep Viet Nam hoan loan phii hgp vdi nhung phat hien ve qua irinh sang tao
cua td chiic trong nghien ctiu ciia cac hoc gia nude ngoai. Qua trinh sang tao
Irong cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cung bao gdm budc xay dung y tudng. chap
nhan y tudng va thuc thi y tudng. Sir da dang ctia qua trinh nay thd hidn d chd
cd sir tham gia ctia cac ca nhan, nhdm va td chiic d cac miic do khac nhau. O

cap ca nhan, ngoai ngudi lao dgng nhu nhiing thanh vidn ciia cac nhdm, ngUdi
lanh dao, ngudi quan Iy vdi tu each la ngudi khdi xudng sang tao cung cd the
dua ra y tudng sang tao va tac dgng vao qua trinh xua't hidn y tudng sang tao,
chap nhan hay dua y ludng vao ap dung de lao ra san pham sang lao, doi mdi.
Tfnh da dang nay dugc ghi nhan d lat ca cac id chtic cd chi sd tinh sang tao cao.
Cd the xem qua trinh sang tao ciia id chiic bat diu tix nhiing mong mudn,
y djnh lang cudng tfnh sang tao hay gia In coi trgng sang tao, ddi mdi, thdng
qua vide thuc hidn qua trinh sang tao lii vide lao dung y tudng va ap dung y
ludng sang tao vao thuc tidn de tao ra san ph^m sang lao. Danh gia ve qua trinh
sang tao ctia to chiic trong doanh nghidp, ngudi tra ldi cho y kid'n ve miic do

TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3-2013


thuc hien cac hoiil dpng nhdm nham tiio ra y tudng mdi va dua cac y tudrig mdi
vao ap dung de tao ra san phsim mdi. (jua trinh nay dupe danh gia dat miic tren
trung binh (3,49/5 didm) (bieu dd 1).

Bieu do I: Mi(c do hoa! dgng sang lao ciia id chile
Tuy nhien, khi so sanh ba thanh phan cau thanh tinh sang tao cua td
chile trong doanh nghiep (dpng co, hoiit ddng va san phaim) thi thanh phSn hoat
ddng bi danh gia thap nhat (3,49/5 didm) so vdi dpng co sang tao (3,92/5 didm)
va san phaim sang tao (3,53/5 didm). Hoat dpng sang tiio cua td chirc, do dd,
dupe kie'n nghi tang cudng dd lam phong phii them san phiim sang tao, dpi mdi
eua doanh nghidp.
Thdng qua quan sat, phdng va'n cii nhan, phdng van nhdm. nhdm nghien
cihi phat hien thay mdi quan he 3 Cii'p: ca nhan, nhdm va to chirc trong hoat
ddng sang tao. Ta't ca cac doanh nghiep cd chi so sang tao to chiic cao ddu cd
CO quan quan ly hoat dpng sang tao thupc phdng ky thuat, phdng kinh doanh
hay mpt phdng chirc nang nao khac, nhidu doanh nghiep id chiic ra don vi ridng

true thudc ban giam ddc. Khi da cd y tudng sang tiio dupe cha'p nhan hay dd
dap ling cac nhu cau ben ngoai vd san phiim mdi, cac du an vdi cac nhdm lam
viec cu the dupe thanh lap. Trong mpt sd trudng hop ngudi dirng dau cac nhdm
nay la giam ddc hay phd giam ddc doanh nghiep. Hoiit ddng cila cac nhdm du
an cd y nghTa quyet dinh den viec doanh nghiep cd cho ra ddi cac san pham
sang tao hay cac qua trinh mdi hay khdng.

TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3-2013


Vai trd eua ngudi lanh dao rat quan trpng trong qua trinh sang tao cia td
chiic, dac biet khi ngudi ddng dSu cd tam nhin, danh gia cao tSm quan trong
cia tinh sang tao, ed dudng ldi phu hop dd khuyen khieh ti'nh sang tao, tao nhu
cSu sil dung san pham sang tao. Ti'nh sang tao cia doanh nghidp la ke't qua cua
su ke't hpp hai hda giOa tam nhin, muc tidu vd sang tao cia td chiic va .sang kien
cua ngudi lao dpng. Su ke't ndi nay didn ra thdng qua nhdm. Ca nhan dua ra
sang kie'n, y ludng mdi trong hoiit ddng nhdm thuc hien ldi kdu gpi hay don dat
hang cia ngudi quan ly. Tim nhin va mue tieu sang tao duoc truydn ba de'n
tirng nhan vien trong td chile thdng qua dao tao, hua'n luyen, phan cdng, phan
nhiem. Nhidu cdng ty phat ddng thi dua, xay dung eac phong trao sang kie'n,
cai tie'n ky thuat. Tir nhung viec don gian nhu lam the nao dd xe'p hang hda ldn
xe eho khdi ban, khdi hu hdng de'n nhirng vide phic tiip nhu lam the' nao dd cai
tie'n cdng nghe, nang cao cdng sua't cac day chuyen san xuat, cai tie'n quan ly..
Sang tao cia td chiic dupe tien hanh theo quy trinh nhidu budc. Cac y
tudng cd thd dupe dua ra trong cac cudc hop, sinh hoiit (y kie'n ea nhan), sau dd
dupe thao luan va neu nhan dupe sir ung hp eua ngudi quan ly se dupe dua vao
nghien ciru va lip dung. Trong cac cupc thao luan, ngudi chi tri nam bat, gpi y
va cho thao luan ky va sau hon nhirng van dd can thie't va giao eho nhdm
chuydn mdn nghien euu ky hon... Khdng phai mpi y tudng deu dupe thi
nghiem, chi nhirng y tudng da qua dupe vdng tham dinh mdi dupe thu nghiem

va ap dung. Nhdm la noi cac y tudng dupe thao luan va dupe lira chpn dd dua
len ea'p cao hon ban bac va dua vao thir nghiem. Hai budc cia qua trinh sang
lao (true giac va Idgic) dupe the hien khdng chi d sang tao cap ea nhan ma cung
thd hien trong sang tao nhdm, td chic. NhUng y tudng sang tao cia timg ca
nhan dupe dua ra thao luan trong hoiil ddng nhdm (giai doan true giac), dupe
danh gia trong nhdm hay thao luan cua nhdm chuydn gia (giai doan logic) va
khi dupe chap nhan, y tudng dupe dua vao ap dung va giai doan ap dung thuc
cha't ehi la giai doan hien thuc hda y tudng sang tiio ndn chu ye'u mang dac
trung Idgi'c. Nhu vay, cd thd thay mat xich quan trpng nha't trong qua trinh sang
lao cia td chic la mdi quan he ea nhan vdi nhdm, sang lao ca nhan vdi muc
tieu hay tam nhin sang tao cua Id chiic ma ngudi lanh diio la dai dien.
Khuye'n khich nidm dam me cdng viec duoc xac dinh la didm ma'u chdt
hinh thanh y tudng sang tiio d ea'p ca nhan, dau vao cho lam viec nhdm d giai
doan Idgi'c. 6 Cdng ty Bkav, dam me dupe dat len hang dau va la didu kien dd
mdt ca nhan cd the lam viec lau dai d cdng ty. Khaiu hieu "Do you best, the rest
will come" (Hay lam td't nha't cdng viec cia ban, mpi thi khac se de'n) da phat
huy hieu qua manh me. Ngudi lao ddng tha'u hieu y nghia sau xa cia lam vide
theo nidm dam me. Cdng ty ludn tao ra mdi trudng ehia se dd thai dp nay ngam
dan vao ting can bp, nhan vien va d hp hinh thanh niem dam md va nidm tin
vao ngudi lanh diio. Thdng qua nhung eau chuyen ma lanh dao ehia se vdi mpi

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3 - 2013


ngudi eung nhu thuc tidn giai quydt cdng viec hang ngay, trid't ly dd tha'm vao
tu duy, van hoa ing xir cia mpi ngudi. Thdng tin hoc tap dupe chia se trong
nhdm. Mdi ngay hpc mdt it, dSn dSn mpi ngudi se nghT gid'ng nhau, lam yiec
nghiem tiic va ehat che nhu nhau. Den lie dd thi hpp, lam viec dua ra cac y
tudng mdi .se rat hieu quii.
Tai Cdng ty Tdn PhUPng Nam, mpi cai lien ldn ddu thuc hien qua nhdm

lam vide. Vice ddi mdi day chuydn cdng nghe t i 70.000 ta'n/nam len day
chuyen 100.000 ta'n/nam dupe thuc hii:n trong nhdm dac nhiem do Phong Ky
thuat lam dSu mdi, Tdng giam ddc la ngudi ding dSu. Sang tao cia nhdm dupe
khuye'n khieh bdi nhu cSu cai tie'n edng nghd va di kem theo dd la co che
khuydn khich lien luong, tidn thudng. NhOng ciii tie'n nhd trong hpp ly hoa san
xua't dupe tie'n hanh trong eac nhdm nhd vdi 2, 3 thanh vien do Phong Ky thuat
chi dao va thuc hien tuong ddi ddc lap. Cdng ty cd Hdi ddng sang kie'n, nhihig
y tudng ldn dupe Hdi ddng danh gia, nhOng y tudng nhd thi do quan ddc chi
dpng td chie va eho tridn khai thuc hidn. Cung vdi viec dn dinh thu nhSp, viec
xay dung va dua vao boat ddng cac nhdm ddi mdi ky thuat cua Cdng ty Tdn
Phuong Nam da tao ra mdi trudng lam viec chuydn nghiep, tang cudng dpng co
ndi sinh, hing thu va niem dam md edng viec cia ngudi lao ddng.
Tai Vikyno, hang nam edng ty cd kd hoach cai tien, ddi mdi rat cu the.
Cdng ty phat ddng cac bd phan san xuat, ca nhan dang ky sang kie'n va dua ra
ke hoiieh khuyen khich cac ca nhan, don vi ed sang kie'n mang lai hieu qua cao
bang cac phan thudng vat chat va tinh than thda dang. Cdng ty cd tidu chi cai
tie'n, ddi mdi nhung long ghdp vao tieu chi cua td san xua't tien tie'n. Td san xuft
lien tie'n phai cd sang kie'n dupe hdi ddng sang kien cia cdng ty edng nhan.
Ne'u td nao dat duoc tidu ehuan td san xuat tien tie'n se dupe thucmg 20% lien
luong. Co che rd rang nay da tao ra sir ddng thuan eao trong edng viec: Cd sang
kie'n se tang thu nhap, len luong trude ky han...
Vikyno thanh lap Ban cai tien, sang che chuyen theo ddi ve viec phat
huy sang kie'n cai tie'n ky thuat. Ban chuyen trach nay cd trach nhiem nhan
dang ky, xem xet td chirc, danh gia cac y kie'n, bao cao tinh kha thi vdi Ban
giam ddc va dd nghi khen thudng. Neu ngudi cd y tudng cai tie'n td't nhung
khdng du kha nang dua y tudng vao thuc hien thi cdng ty cil ky su hd trp, lap
nhdm lam vide va cap kinh phi. Vdi each lam nhu vay, Vikyno da phat huy
dupe sic manh cia can bp, cdng nhan vidn. Mpi ngudi ddu cd quydn tham gia
phat kie'n, chi khdng chi nhdm chuydn trach ( 1 5 - 2 0 ngudi). Khi ea'p dudi dd
xua't cac cai tien. ddi mdi, lanh dao edng ty ung hd ca ve vat chat va tinh than.

Nam 2009, Phdng Ky thuat dd xuat sang kien san xuat dng thep ma kem (p65,
dap ing nhu c^u thi trudng, lanh dao cdng ty sSn sang chi ra hang tram trieu
ddng dd mua thie't bj, mao hidm thi nghiem sang kien va edng ty da thanh
edng. Trong eac ke hoach cdng tac, lanh diio cdng ty ra't quan tam khuye'n
8

TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3 - 2013


khich vide phat huy sang kidn, cai tien nang cao nang suft lao ddng; khen
thudng thoa dang eho ca nhan va td chic cd sang kie'n dupe ap dung hieu qua.
Tai mdt cdng ty khae d Ddng Nai, mac du y tudng eai lien, ddi mdi xua't
hien d mdt ca nhan, qua trinh thuydt phuc ii dupe cha'p nhan ddi mdi phai trai
qua nhieu budc gian nan. Viec ap dung chuong trinh "Lean" dupe mdt can bp
ky thuat (anh D.) de xua't. Lic dau ban giam ddc khdng ung hd va eho rang y
tudng nay qua mao hidm, can bp cdng ty chua du kinh nghiem va nang luc tie'n
hanh eai tien dd. Anh D. da kien tri trinh bay y tudng cua minh vdi lanh dao vdi
ly le rang: "Chucmg trinh cai tie'n "Lean" da dupe thuc hien thanh edng d nhieu
edng ty tren the' gidi va didu kien Cdng ty eho phep thuc hien chuong trinh, tai
sao lai khdng lam?" Anh D., ddng thdi td ro thai dp: "Neu cdng ty khdng cha'p
nhan ap dung chucmg trinh "Lean" anh se chuyen sang cdng ty khac lam viec,
noi ma chuong trinh "Lean" do anh dd xuat dupe cam ket ap dung. Vdi thai dp
kien quye't cia anh D. va vdi ban dd an ehi tie't da san sang. Ban Giam ddc Cdng ly
sau khi tie'n hanh danh gia kha nang thanh cdng cia du an da ddng y ap dung y
tudng ciii ndn Anh D. dupe de bat phd phdng ky thuat phu trach nhdm chuydn
vien nghien ciu cai lien theo chuong trinh "Lean" va duoc eung cap dieu kien ve
thdi gian va tai chinh dd tham quan, hpc hdi kinh nghiem va dupe cung ea'p dau tu
phuc vu ap dung ehuang trinh. Cdng nghe "Lean" ddi hdi ngudn nhan lire ed
trinh dp va lam viec nang ddng. De chuan bi ngudn nhan lire, edng ty da tuyen
chpn t i cac xi nghiep va phdng ban nhing nhan vidn uu tu dd gii di dao tao,

ddng thdi diiu tu co sd vat chat ky thuat eho viec thuc hien "Lean". Sau khi dd
an dupe thuc hien, nang sua't lao ddng tang 15% - 20%, chat lupng san pham
chuydn bien dang kd, cac san pham bi ldi do va'n de ky thuat khdng cdn. Ty le
hang hu tai dau day chuyen dudi 10%. Lupng ban thanh thanh phaim tdn tren
day chuyen giam 60%. Anh D. cho bidt, cd dupe thanh cdng trdn la do ed niem
dam me cong viec, nhu cdu lit khdng dinh vd dp luc lit phia idnh dao, tidn la
quan trpng nhung khdng cd nhu cin tu khang dinh nang luc cua minh, khdng
tam huye't vdi edng viec, khdng Iran trd vdi nhirng yd'u kdm cua cdng ty thi
khdng the vupt qua khd khan can trd, trong dd cd nhung can trd ttr phia quan
ly, dd dua y tudng eai lien, ddi mdi vao thuc hien thanh cdng.
Ke't luan
NhChig nghien ciu qua trinh sang tao td chic cia eac hpc gia nude ngoai
va ke't qua khao sat trong cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cho tha'y qua trinh sang
tao cia td chie gdm 3 budc: xua't hien y tudng sang tao, chip nhan y tudng
sang tao va hidn thue hda y tudng hay ap dung y tudng sang tao vao thuc tidn.
Trong qua trinh sang tao nay ed su tham gia cia ca nhan ngudi lao dpng, cia
nhdm va td chie. Cd nhiing ca nhan trong nhdm ddng vai trd phat kie'n, dd xuat
y tudng va cac ca nhan khac trong nhdm va cac bd phan chie nang cia td chic
tham gia danh gia, thao luan, phan bien va khi y ludng sang tao dupe chap
TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3 - 2013

9


nhan, lanh dao cho phep dua vao tridn khai ap dung. Thdng thuong qua trmh
sang tao ea nhan duoc tao ddng luc miinh me nha't bdi cac yeu td bdn trong (ndi
sinh); ddi vdi sang tao cia id chic, su tie ddng giua cac thanh vidn nhom va su
thic diiy tit nhung gia tri. tiim nhin, muc lieu dupe lanh dao dua ra va cac dieu
kien thuc thi y tudng sang tao la nhOng ddng luc eho qua trinh sang tao do.
Tinh da dang cua nhdm vii die biei, kha nang thuc thi cac chic nang lanh dao

cd thd tac ddng ddn kdt qua qua trinh sang tiio cia td chic. Cd the not, qua
trinh Siing tao cia td chic khdng phai la qui trinh Wydn ti'nh ma cd nhung mat
xich mang tinh Idgic nhung cung cd mat xich mang tinh phi Idgic; cd mat xich
cd the didn ra nhidu Mn, lap di lap bi. Sir ndi kd't cac mat xich duoc tao ra boi
ddng CO ndi sinh ma chi yd'u la Idng dam md, hing thi vdi cai mdi, hung thu
kham pha va dieu dd ludn di lidn vdi thai dp xa than, he't minh vi edng viec.
Day la dac trung rat ridng biet cia qua trinh sang tiio ndi chung eOng nhu qua
trinh sang tao cua td chic ndi ridng.
Chu thich
'• ' Bai vie't la siin pham cua dd tai ''Nghien ciiu linh sdng lao ciia id chirc trong
doanh ngliiep Viet Nam" do Quy Phat tridn Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Qudc gia tai
iro.
Tai lieu tham khiio
1. Amabile T.M.. Creativity in context: Update lo the social psychology of
creativity. Boulder, CO: Weslview, 1996.
2. Brown R.T., Creativity: What are to measure? Trong Glover J.A., Ronning
R.R. & Reynolds CR. (Eds.). Handbook of Cieaiiviiy. tr. 3 - 32, New York:
Plenum Press. 1989.
3. Brown S. & Eisenhardt K.. Product development: Past research, present
findings, and ftilure directimis. The Academy of Management Review. Vol. 20
(no.2): lr. 343 - 378, 1995.
4. Brunner D. & Voigt T.. Innovation process in Cooperative Organisalions:
Results from a Case Study. Paper presented at the EMN 2007 - Conference RSM,
Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands, June 28 - 30. 2007.
5. Hackman J.R. & Morris C.G.. Gioup tasks, group interaction processes, and
group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration, Trong L.
Berlowitz (Chu bidn). Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 8, tr. 47 99, New York: Academic Press. 1975.
6. Harrington D.M.. The ecology of human crealiviiy: A psychological perspective,
Trong Runco M.A. & Albert R.S. (Eds.). Theories of Creativity, tr. 143 - 169,
1990.

10

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7. Roffe I., Innovation and creativity in organisations: a review of the
implications for training and development. Journal of European Industrial
Training, vol. 23. iss: 4/5, tr. 224 - 241, 1999.
8. Thom N., Innovationsmanagement, Schweizerische Volksbank, Bern, 1992.
9. Woodman R.W., Sawyer J.E. & Griffin R.W., Toward a theory of
organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, vol. 18, No 2, tr. 291
- 321, 1993.

TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3-2013