Tâm lý học chính trị một chuẩn ngành tâm lý tiềm năng

TAM LY HOC CHINH TR!

MOT CHUAN N G A N H TAM LY TIEM NANG
GS.TS. Nguyin Hihj Thu
Khoa Tdm ly hpc, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpc Qudc gia
Ha Ndi.
TOM TAT

Tdm ly hpc chinh trj nhu mpt khoa hpc lien ngdnh, giira Tdm ly hpc xa hdi vd
Chinh trj hpc. Tdm ly hpc chinh tri xem chinh tri nhu mpt dgng hogt dpng dgc biit cua
con ngudi, nghien ciru cdc quy lugt, ca che tdm ly ciia con ngudi (cd nhdn vd nhdm xa
hpi) trong hogi dpng chinh tri vdi muc lieu phdn tich cdc ca chi cua chinh tri vd dua ra
cdc kiin nghi thuc tiin nhdm tdi int hda hogt dpng chinh tri d mpi cdp dp. Ddi tugng
nghien ciru eda Tdm ly hpc chinh trf rdt da dgng vd ludn gdn liin vdi cdc nhiim vu cua
thifc tiin dgi ra. Bdi bdo se di sdu vdo phdn tich cu the bdn mirc dp ca bdn cua viic
nghien ciru cdc hiin tupng Idm ly trong ddi sdng chinh tri - xa hpi
Tir khoa: Tdm ly hpc: Tdm ly hpc chinh trj.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 19/9/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/10/2016,

Npi dung
d ckc nirdc phat trien, Tam ly hpc chinh trj phat trien tir khi lau va la kk
qua lit y6u cua qud trinh phat triin Hch sur, xa hdi. C) Viet Nam, do nhiing diSu
ki|n khich quan \k chii quan, Tam ly hpc chinh tri chua dupe quan tam diing
mirc, vi the nhiing s\r ki?n, bien ddng chinh trj - x3 hdi chua dupe ly giai mpt cdeh
khoa hpc, khich quan. Vi?c nghien ciiu v i phd bien cic kien thirc co ban, col ldi
nhal ve Tam ly hpc chinh tri vdi muc lieu giup cic nha quin ly, ngudi hpc vi ban
dpc hiiu di cd thi ip dung nhihig kien thiire eua Tam ly hpc chinh trj nhim ly giai,
dii bao cic hien lupng, s^r kien chinh trj trong ddi sdng xi hdi cd y nghia het siic
quan trpng.
Cd thi hieu Tdm ly hpc chinh tri Id mgt khgg hgc liin ngdnh giira
Chinh tri hpc vd Tdm ly hpe xa hgi Nd nghien cuu cdc quy lugt, co che tdm ly

eda eon ngirdi (ed nhdn vd nhdm xa hpi) trong hogt dpng chinh tri vdi muc tiiu
phdn tich cdc ea che van hdnh eua chinh trj vd dua ra ede kiin nghj thuc tiin
nhdm tdi uu hda hogt dpng chinh tri a mpi cdp dp.

T/!IPCH(TAM LV HOC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016


Theo cic nha nghien ciiu Hlecmonan E.E vd OjibUiaHCKuH fJ.B Tam Iy
hpc chinh Irj cd ba nhiem vu sau: phan lich, du bio sir anh hudng va djnh hudng
tam ly cho hoat dpng chinh tri - xa hdi. Di thuc hien tdt cic nhiem vu tren, ddi
hdi cac nha lam 1^ hpc chinh tri cin cd cic kinh nghiem, trii nghiem hoat dpng
chinh tri, cd dupe cac phim chit nghe nghiep cin thiit, dupe dao lao bai bin, am
hiiu vi Tam ly hpc xi hdi va Chinh tri hpc.
Ddi nrpng nghien ciiu cua Tam ly hpc chi'nh tri rit phong phii, da darig
nhung cd the khii quit thanh bdn ITnh vuc co bin sau: Tam ly hoc chinh tri ddi
ndi, Tam ly hpc chinh Ui ddi ngoai, Tim ly hpc quan he qudc ti va Tam ly hpc
chinh Ui quan su. Sau day, chiing tdi si trinh bay mpt sd net co ban ciia timg linh
vue nghien ciiu tren.
- Nghien cuu Tdm ly hpe chinh tri ddi ngi
vin di nghien ciiu chinh trong Tim ly hpc chinh Uj ddi npi la nhan cich
ciia con ngudi chinh tri, vin di xi hpi hda chinh tri, tam thi xa hpi cung nhu cic
die diim tam ly cua sir phit triin nhan cich Irong chinh tri. NghiSn cuu cic
dang quan he giifa cic chi ude tam ly ben trong vdi cic qui trinh chinh trj ben
ngoii thdng qua phan lich vin di thu ITnh, vin de khdng dong thuan chinh trj,
cic hoat dpng chdng lai Chinh phii, hinh vi bau cu vi cic lan sdng xung dpt sic
tpc. Tam ly nhan cich ciia ngudi chinh trj dupe xem x6t a hai khia canh: khia
canh thir nhit li nghien curu cic die diim tam ly nhan cich thu ITnh - cic nha ho?l
dpng chinh tri qudc gia cung nhu cic nha hoat ddng chinh trj - xi hpi. Trong
khudn khd hudng nghien ciiu nay thi van de cic dpng co ho?l dpng chinh trj,
cich thiic ra quyet djnh chinh trj, die diem cua lu duy chinh trj, cic co che lam

ly chinh trj inh hudng ldi cic nhdm, cic tang Idp xi hdi va d^ic diim giao tiep
eda cic thii ITnh chinh trj - x3 hpi cung dugc nghien ciiu. Khia canh thii hai, nhan
cich dupe xem xet nhu li thanh td ciia cic qui trinh chinh trj - thanh vien cua
nhdm \& hpi xic djnh. Nhu vay, mpt loai cic van di cin dupe quan tim nghien
ciiu d day nhu: miic dp eudn hut "con ngudi" vio chinh trj; tich cvrc/khdng tich
c\rc, s\r ddng ihuan/khdng dong thuan trong ho?l d^ng chinh tri. Cic kiiu cuon hut
cy thi trong chinh trj nhu thii ITnh, ngudi lien kit, ngudi ra quyit dinh, ngudi thyc
hi?n vi cic vin di khic nhu: chit lupng tham gia vio hoat dpng chinh trj, syr mim
ddo, tinh sing t^io, vai trd dinh hudng cua nhin cich frong chinh trj, cic co chi
lien kit vdi h? thdng chinh Ui nhu: lien kit tinh cim hoic Ii6n kit cdng cu.
Tim ly hpc chinh Ui xem lam thi, djnh khudn xi hdi nhu li cic co, chi
chinh ciia hanh vi chinh tri quy djnh su phu Ihu^c ciia nhan cich vao t6 chirc,
nhdm xi hpi va anh hudng Uuc tiip ldi qui trinh tri giic, dinh §ii tinh hu6ng vi
cic hinh vi tiip theo eiia hp. Tim thi xi hpi bao ghm ba thinh id: nh$n thiic, tinh
cim vi hinh ddng. Nd inh hudng true tiip tdi tinh lich cue ciia chu thi chinh trj

TAP CH( TAM LV HOC Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016


uong quan he vdi cac khach thi chinh trj nhu: cac dang phai, cac phong trio vi
cic nhi hoat ddng chinh trj khic. Dac diim tam thi chinh uj li d cho khi cic nha
tam ly hpc chinh trj nghioi ciru lam dii, hp khdng chi md ti mi cdn chi ro co che
hlnh thinh, xu hudng thay ddi ddng thdi dua ra cac bien phap tic ddng nhim thay
ddi tam the theo hudng nio dd.
- Nghien ciru Tdm ly hgc chinh tri ddi ngogi trong quan he qudc te cd y
nghTa hit sire quan trpng vi mil ly luan va thuc lien ddi vdi Tim ly hpc chinh
uj. Trong ITnh vue niy, cic nha tam ly hpc chinh tri nghien ciiu: vai trd ciia thii
ITnh chinh trj d cac qudc gia, du luan xa hdi trong qudc gia dd ve thii ITnh, lanh
dao cua hp, cic tinh hudng chinh trj cd the gay ra hau qui tam ly ning ne cho
qudc gia, khu vuc hoic ci viing lanh thd rdng ldn.

- Nghien euu Tdm ly hgc chinh tri quan IK qudc ti: Van de tnmg tam ciia
cic nghien ciiu trong ITnh vyc niy la nghien ciru mdi quan he giura cac chii the
chinh trj d cic qudc gia khic nhau nhu: nhan cich, nhdm xa hpi, cic dim ddng
vi tiim ning inh hudng ciia hp. Nghien cuu xun| dpi giiia cic qudc gia, co che
ra quyit djnh de giii quySt cic van de quan he qudc te, nghien ciiu sy inh hudng
hanh dpng ciia chii the chinh trj tdi du luan x3 hdi va ngupe lai anh hudng cua
du luSn xi hpi tdi quan diim ciia chu the chinh trj. Nghien cim cic co che tam ly
trong dim phin, thuong lupng nhim giii quyet cic van de mau thiiln quoc te.
Cd the ndi, ddi tupng nghien cihi chinh ciia IThh vue nay li "yeu td con ngudi
trong quan h? qudc te"
- Nghien euu Tdm ly hgc chinh tri iudt> sir. Trong ITnh vuc niy thi van
di dpc lap dan tdc vi bio v§ toin ven chu quyen lanh thd qudc gia di trd thinh
vin de CO bin. Ngoii ra, nghien ciru cic cupc chien tranh chdng lai sy xam ling
ciia quan dpi nude ngoii, diu Q-anh vdi cic phin tu chdng ddi tir ben trong nhu:
du kich vi nhOng ke ndi loan cd y nghTa die biet ddi vdi Tim ly hpc chinh trj.
Cic nghien cihi ve d$c diem nhan cich thii ITnh, tudng ITnh quan dpi, cic co che
lam ly hifn dien quan sy, cic bien phip vi cic thao tic tam ly hoin thien chien
diuat chien diu, co che tien hinh chien tranh tam ly trong cac tinh hudng cu thi
cung dupe cic nhi tam ly hpc chinh trj het sire quan tam.
Cic nguyen tie co bin eua Tam ly hpc chinh tri li: Cic vin di phuong
phip luin vi phuong phip nghien ciiu trong Tim ly hpc chinh trj, tinh chit lien
nginh va tinh chat da dang ddi tupng nghien curu ciia Tim ly hpc chinh trj. Tinh
chit da dang ddi lupng nghien ciiu cua nd dupe the hien: 1) Tim ly hpc nhan
cich chinh trj; 2) Tam ly hpc nhdm nhd chinh trj; 3) Tam ly hpc nhdm ldn chinh
tri: 4) Tim ly hpc dim ddng vi tim trang tam ly chinh trj dim ddng.
Cic nha nghien ciru lam Iy hpc chinh tri di liy nim 1968 li mde cho sy
ra ddi ciia Tim ly hpc chinh trj khi Hiep hpi Khoa hpc Chinh trj ciia My chinh
thuc thinh lap (trong dd cd Ban Tim ly hpc chinh tri) va ciing thdi gian niy, mpt
TAPCH(TAMLVHOC,Sd 11 (212), 11-2016

3


sd trudng dai hpc My da cho giing day mdn Tim Iy hpc chinh trj. Tam I> hpc
chinh trj li jjp mdn khoa hpc mdi nhung cd Ijch sir lau ddi. Cd die ndi. lir Uioi
ky Aristote (Hy Lap) cho tdi nay, cic nha chinh trj da quan tam den mit chu
quan cua qui trinh chinh trj (dd chinh la mat tam ly ciia nd) nhung tdi the ky
XX, ngudi ta mdi khing dinh Tim ly hpc chinh trj niy sinh tai diem giao iihau
giiia Chinh Uj hpc vaTam ly hpc. Theo Jame Knutson (1973), ddi lupng nghien
euu eiia Tim ly hpc chinh Uj li "cac dianh td hanh vi chinh Uj ciia con nguoi,
cic nhdm xa hpi, cac dan tdc va cic quy luat, co chi tam ly cd die giai duch cic
hien tupng chinh tri"
Tiip can hinh vi - hoat ddng la phuong phip luan ciia Tam ly hpc chinh
Uj. Ban chit ciia each tiip can hanh vi Uuyin thdng li xem chinh UJ nhu hinh vi
con ngudi. Ddng gdp quan trpng nhit ciia each tiep can hanh vi la da chii y tdi
cic khia canh chii quan ciia cic trang diii chinh trj va cic thanh td tam ly trong
ddi sdng chinh di xa hdi ma trude day di bj bd qua hoac khdng dupe dinh gii.
Cic cich tiip can Uudc dd chi quan tam tdi cac thanh td khich quan ciia ddi
sdng chinh Uj - xa hdi. Tuy nhien, cich tiip can hinh vi truyin thdng cd mpt sd
han chi nhu sau: Thir nhit, tiip can hanh vi chi phan dch hinh vi chinh tri ciia
con ngudi trong hoat ddng biu cir, tren thuc ti, diy chi la mpt trong cac ITnh vuc
ciia ddi sdng chinh trj con ngudi mi thdi; Thii hai, hudng nghidn ciiu niy chi
nghien ciiu hanh vi chinh trj Uong dieu kien he thdng chinh trj dn djnh ma khdng
phan tich dupe hinh vi chinh tri trong cic tinh hudng khdng dn djnh hoic khiing
hoing chinh Ui; Thir ba, mdt sd nghien ciiu theo hudng tiep can nay chi phin
lich, dinh gii hinh vi ngdn ngii (tri ldi cic cau hdi dieu tra bing "ddng y",
"khdng ddng y" hoic "khdng biel") mi khdng chii y tdi hanh vi phi ngdn ngii
ciia hp; Thii tu, hudng tiep can niy bj phe phin bdi cich hieu ve chii the hinh vi
chinh trj. Theo hp, chii the niy chi la ci nhan ma it chu y tdi cic nhdm xi hpi.
Cic nghien ciiu diu lien eiia cich tiep can niy chi quan tam tdi cic ci nhin

rieng le vi ddng co lham gia hoic khdng lham gia bau cu ciia hp ma it quan tam
ldi ddng CO xa hpi ciia ci nhin, nhdm xi hdi. De giai quyet dupe nhOng han che
Uen ciia tam ly hpc hanh vi truyin thdng, cin thay ddi, hoin thien cich nhin
trong nen ting Iy luin cua nd. Theo chiing tdi, Tam ly hpc chinh trj khdng chi
nghien ciai hinh vi chinh trj ciia con ngudi ma nghien cim hoat ddng chinh trj
ciia hp (ci nhin, nhdm xa hdi) vdi lu cich li chii the ciia hoat dpng niy vdi
nhiing dpng co, myc dich xic dinh. Quan diim niy cho phep bo sung nin ting
ly luin ciia lam ly hpe hanh vi truyin thong liy triel hpc thuc dyng [am phuong
phap luan ciia minh.
Tim ly hpc chinh ttj duong dai cd ba nin ting ly luan co bin: thii nhat li
Tam ly hpc chinh tti gin liin vdi cic luan diem co bin ciia C. Mac vi vai trd ciia
yiu Id con ngudi Uong ddi song chinh tri. Quan diim duy vat bi?n chimg vi duy

TAPCHlTAMLf HOC.Sd 11 (212). 11 - 2016


vit Ijch sii coi chinh uj khdng chi la hoat ddng mi cdn li v eu Id anh hirdng chii
quan tdi chu dii chinh ttj. Hoat ddng chinh trj se khdng cd y nghia vi hieu qui
niu khdng xac dinh dupe chii thi cua nd. Chinh trj li mdt dang hoat ddng die
biet ciia cac chii thi (con ngudi, cdng ddng, nhdm xa hpi) vdi nhung die diem
lim Iy xa hdi, die diim van hda, ldi sdng cy the. Nen tang thii hai ciia Tim ly
hpc chinh Ui li khoa hpc lien nginh giira Chinh trj hpc va Tim Iy hpc xa hpi. Hai
khoa hpc tren da ttang bj phuong phap luin. phuong phip nghien ciiu v a cic cich
dip can nghien ciru cic qua trinh tam Iy chinh trj - xa hdi. Nen tang phuong phip
luan thir ba cua Tim ly hpc chinh tti li coi chinh trj nhu mdt dang hoat ddng dac
biel ciia con ngudi, nhdm xa hdi.
Niu Tim ly hpc chinh tri xem chitih tri nhu li dang hoat ddng die biet
(hoat ddng chinh trj) ciia con ngudi thi khi nghien cuu, can lam rd chii the, cau
ttuc vi dpng lyc (ddng co) thiic diy vi phan tich hoat ddng chinh tri theo ly
thuyet hoat ddng xi hdi cd ddi lupng eua A.N. Leonchep. Cau tnic ciia hoat

d^ig chinh trj cd the phan chia ra thinh cac hinh ddng v a cac thao tic tuomg
irng. Tuomg ling vdi hoat ddng chinh tri li dpng co chinh tri, tuong irng vdi cic
hinh vi li myc dich chinh trj vi tuong iing vdi cic thao tic la cic dieu kien va
phuong lien cy the cho hoat ddng chinh tri. Nhu viy, ddng co hoat ddng chinh
trj luong irng vdi ddng co hoat ddng quin ly hinh vi xa hpi ciia con ngudi (ci
nhin, nhdm xi hpi). Myc dich ciia cic hinh ddng chinh tri li tao sy ddng thuin,
Ipi ich cua nhdm xi hdi vi ca nhan. Cudi cimg, cic thao tic chinh trj li cae each
Ihurc lien hinh giii quyet vin de chinh trj khic nhau tir chien tranh den dam phin
hoic dinh edng chinh trj.
Phin tich phuong phap luan cho thay: Thuc chit, mim mdng tiep can
hoat ddng da cd trong Tim ly hpc chinh trj tit rat lau va dieu niy hoin loan
khdng mau thuin vdi tiep can hanh vi ttong Tim Iv hpc My. Hon niia, chinh
tiep can hoat dpng phit trien d trinh dp cao da lien ket dupe hai hudng tiep can
tten V a dupe gpi li tiep can hinh vi - hoat ddng. Vin de tmng tam ciia tiip can
hinh vi - hoat dpng li cic co che lim ly chii quan bio dam cho sy thay ddi vi
dieu chinh hinh vi chinh trj theo myc lieu nio dd. Cach hieu niy da chi ra cic
khii niem co bin ciia Tim Iy hpc chinh trj li: y thiic chinh tri; vin hda chinh
tri; tiep thu, ITnh hdi chinh trj; xi hdi hda chinh trj vi cic yiu id tim ly ben
trong nhu: xiic cim, linh cam vi tim trang chinh trj ciia ci nhin vi nhdm xa
hpi cd y nghTa die biet quan trpng.
Cac nhi nghien ciru Tim ly hpc chinh trj da thdng nhit vdi nhau vin di
quan ttpng va Iy thii nhit ciia Tam Iv hpc chinh trj li cac vin di sau diy: Thir
nhit li van de phuong phip luin, phuong phap nghien cim va cic nguyen tic
nen ting ciia Tam Iy hpc chinh ttj; Thit hai la cic co che tam ly cua cic dang
hinh V i chinh tri cua ci nhan. nhdm xi hdi; Thur ba, nghien ciru tam ly nhdm
TAP CHl TAM LV HOC. Sd 11 (212). 11 - 2016


nhd nhu la thinh Id co ban ciia cic qui ttinh vi hien lupng chinh ttj; Thir tu la
nghien ciiu qui trinh hinh thanh nhan each chinh tri, lham gia chinh trj: cac

quy luit lim ly eudn hiil con ngudi vio hoat ddng chinh tri, cac co che, cac
giai doan vi cic yiu Id inh hudng tdi xa hdi hda chinh tri: Vi cudi ciing. thir
nam li cac vin di tam ly ttong quan he chinh tri qudc li thupe cae cap dp dan
tpc. khu vuc vi qudc te.
Tim Iy hpc chinh tti nghien cim chinh ttj nhu mdt hoat ddng theo bdn
mire dp tuong Omg vdi bdn chii thi co bin cua hoat ddng dd. Mirc dp thii nhal la
phin lich lim Iy nhin cich chinh trj. mdt mil phan tich nhin each nhu kieu nhin
each xa hdi cy thi vdi su nhin manh ldi kieu nhan each chinh trj ttong nhdm.
ling Idp xi hdi, giai cip vi xa hdi, nghien ciiu cac co che tam ly hinh thanh vi
phat triin kiiu nhan cich chinh trj, dy bio hanh vi ciia hp. Mat khic, phan tich
vin di tim Iy thu ITnh chinh tri thdng qua cic mil the hien tam ly cua thii ITnh dd
nhu tu duy chinh trj, y thirc chinh trj, phim chat chinh trj... ttong cic hoat ddng
chinh tri cu the. Mirc dp nay cdn nghien cim qui Irinh xi hdi hda ciia nhan cich
chinh trj nhu: ty y thiic chinh tti. tam the vi djnh khudn chinh ttj...
Mire dp thii hai phan lich lam ly nhdm nhd chinh trj. bao gdm cic kieu
vi cic each phin loai nhdm nhd chinh trj, cac giai doan hinh thanh nhdm nhd
chinh trj, cic co che ben ttong ciia viec hinh thinh nhdm nhd chinh tri, thii ITnh
chinh trj vi nhdm cic co che tim ly hoat ddng ciia cic nhdm nhd, cic lyc lupng
chinh tri vi ip lye nhdm nhd trong chinh trj. Phan tich quan he chinh thiic, quan
he khdng chinh thiic cua thii ITnh vdi ngudi dudi quyin, quan he giiia cic thanh
vien trong nhdm nhd chinh trj, quan he cua nhdm nhd chinh trj vdi cic nhdm
ben ngoii, tam ly ra quyet djnh chinh ttj va cudi ciing li hien tupng "Nghjch Iy
thu ITnh" trong chinh trj.
Mirc dp thur ba phan tich tam Iy cic nhdm xa hpi Idn trong chinh tri
(giai cip, tang Idp din eu) vi cic cdng ddng dan tpc - sic tpc (bp lac, din tpc
va din tdc thieu sd). Nghien ciru di siu phan tich trinh dp phat triin nhdm xi
hpi, y thirc nhdm xi hpi. y diufc he nhdm xa hpi, vd thirc lap thi trong chinh trj,
vin hda chinh trj vi cic co ehi tic ddng ciia nhdm Idn cd Ipi ich khae nhau tdi
quyet djnh giii quyit cic van di chinh trj nhu: dinh cdng va cac xung dpi sic
tpc... Mirc dp thii ba cdn di sau phan lich cic die diim tam Iy co bin cua nhdm

din toe - sic tpc nhu: linh cich dan tdc, y thiic dan tpc, ly y thirc dan tpc, hda
giii va ddng thuin dan tdc...
Mire dp thii tu, phin tich lam Iy quin chiing trong chinh trj, bao gdm:
tarn trang chung cua quin ehiing, tim trang quin chiing tron§ cic phong trio
chinh ttj. y ihiic quin chung. cic trang diii lam ly co bin ciia cjuan chung. Nghien
cim cic van di td chirc phong ttio chinh tti quin chiing. truyen didng dai chiing

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 11 (212). 11 - 2016


trong qui trinh van ddng biu cii, die biel quan trpng d day la cac hien tupng tim
Iy quan chiing nhu: hien lupng dim ddng cd td chirc. dim ddng khdng cd Id
chirc, cac hien tuong hoang sp quan chiing v i xam kich quan chiing. O miic dp
thii tu nay cdn bao gdm cic nghien cihi hinh vi ty phat ciia dam ddng nhu: co
chi tam ly ciia hinh vi tu phit, chii the ciia hinh v i tu phit va cic dang hinh vi
ly phit dam ddng ttong chinh trj.
Ngoai cic van de tren, Tim ly hpc chinh trj cdn nghien ciru cac van de
iing dung Tam ly hpc chinh tri ttong ddi sdng chinh trj - xa hdi nhu: cic phuomg
phap can Ihiep tim Iy vio chinh trj, cic phuong thirc hinh ddng tam ly trong
chinh trj.
Ket luan
Tam Iy hpc chinh trj la mdt ttong cic nginh Tam Iv hpc cdn mdi nhung
diy liem ning phit trien d Viet Nam. Nghien ciiu v a giing day Tim ly hpc
chinh tri trong cic co sd dao lao dai hpc, cic hpc vien chinh tri. hpc vien quin su
cd y nghTa het siic quan trpng. Viec giing day nav khdng chi dip irng nhu cau
ciia xa hpi - ngudn nhan lyc chit lupng cao ve chinh ttj - mi cdn giiip ngudi hpc,
cic nhi chinh ttj chuyen nghiep va cic nhi quan ly xa hdi hieu dupe cic hien
tupng, sy kien chinh tti, tinh hudng chinh trj dudi gdc dp Tim Iy hpc, giiip hp cd
the giai thich, dy bio dupe cic hien tupng, sy kien chinh trj, die biel ddi vdi cic
linh hudng khiing hoing, phiic lap trong ddi sdng chinh trj - xa hdi.

Tii lifu tham khao
1. G.N.Knutson, Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. San Francisco, pp. 438, 1973.
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TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, S6 II (212). II -2016