Hành vi giúp đỡ giữa những người hàng xóm ở hà nội

HANH VI GIUP DO GIOA
NHONG NGUOI H A N G X O M

O

HA

NOI

B^l vi^t la mdt phan cua ket qua nghien ciru de tai cap co sd: Hanh w giup dd giifa
nhOng ngu& hang x6m tai Ha Noi do Vifn Tam ly hoc chQ tri, ThS. Td Thuy Hanh Idm
chQ nhiem.
PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Hoa
Trudng phong Phdng Tdm ly hpc img dung, Vien Tdm ly hpc.
TOM TAT
Hdnh vi giiip dd Id hdnh vi mang lgi lpi ich cho ngudi khde. Ket qud nghien cim
thuc tiin tren 155 khach thi d hai cum ddn cu cua Hd Npi cho ihdy hdnh yi giiip da
giua nhiing ngudi hdng xdm diin ra a mde Irung binh. Trong cdc tinh huong cd mirc
dp khd khdn khde nhau. khi ngudi co nhu cdu giup da gap khd khdn han. hdnh vi giiip
dd dupe thuc hien thudng xuyen han. Cd su khde biel vi muc dp ihudng xuyen thuc
hi?n hdnh vi giiip da giira cdc nhdm khdeh thi theo dp ludi muc sdng. ngudn gdc gia
dinh vd ddc diem khu ddn cu.
Tir kh6a: Hdnh vi giup dd: Ngudi hdng xdm.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 17/8/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/11/2016.
1, DSt van de
Hanh \ i giup dd la mdt dang hanh vi lich eye, mdt dang hanh vi ung hp
xa hpi, hanh \ i cd dao dire. Hanh vi dd cd tac ddng tich eye true tiep den cupc
sdng ciia nhihig ngudi dugc giiip dd, giiip hp giam bdt hoac khic phye khd
khan, bat lgi trong eugc sdng. Dd cung la hanh vi dem lai sy ty hao vg ban than
va nigm vui cho chii thg ciia hanh \i va gdp phan lam cho xa hdi tdt dep hon.
Hanh vi giup dd la mgt hanh vi phd bign trong cude sdng xa hpi. Duomg

nhu ai ciing da timg cd nhiing Ian thyc hien hanh vi dd. Hanh vi dd bao gid
ciing xuat phat tir nhiing chu the nhit djnh (cd thg la ca nhan, la nhdm) va dugc
hudng tdi nhiing chu the cu thg (ca nhan hoac nhdm). Cac chu thg ciia hanh vi
giiip dd cd thg cd cae mdi quan he xa hgi khae nhau, cd thg la ngudi than cung
huygt thdng, la ban. la ddng nghiep, la ngudi quen bigt nhung ciing cd the la
nhiing ngudi chua timg quen bidt... Vdi quan niem xem hanh vi giiip dd dugc
xem la hanh vi mang lai lgi ich cho ngudi khae (Igi ich vat chil/Igi ieh tinh
than) vdi bat cir ddng co nao, trong nghien cim nay, chung tdi tim higu hanh vi

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TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016


giup dd giira nhiing ngudi hang xdm. tire la hanh vi mang lai Igi ich cho nhiing
ngudi quen bidt. cung sdng trong cdng ddng hep: ttong ciing Id dan phd, cimg
nha chung eu...
Trong cude sdng. nhiing ngudi hang xdm cd \ ai ttd rat quan ttpng vdi
moi chung ta. Trong dan gian cd cau thanh ngii: "Ban anh em xa, mua lang
gidng gan" nham ndi rang, nhiing ngudi hang xdm lang gidng d mdt gdc dp nao
dd cd y nghTa vdi chung la hom ngudi hp hang, rudt ihjL Hinh mgng "hang xdm
lang gidng tdi liia. tit den cd nhau" la mdt bidu hien sinh ddng vg y nghTa dd.
Trong cupc sdng hang ngay, du gia dinh giau hay ngheo; dii gia dinh ddng ngudi
hay neo ngudi, khd tranh dugc nhiing tinh hudng khd khan, can dugc giiip do,
hd ttg kip thai cua nhiing ngudi sdng gan gui. Vi vay, hanh vi giiip dd giiia
nhiing ngudi hang xdm rat can thigt va quan ttgng vdi mdi ngudi. mdi gia dinh.
Quan he hang xdm lang gidng ndi chung va hanh vi giup dd nhau ndi
ridng ciia ngudi dan d dd thj d nude ta chii ydu dugc phan anh qua ca dao. tuc
ngQ:, thanh ngii va cac nghidn cuu tir gdc do xa hdi hgc. nhan hgc, cdn it cdc
nghign eiiu tir gdc dp Tam ly hpc vg van dg nay.

2. Mpt so ly thuyet ve hanh vi giiip 6&
2.1. Thuyet ehuan muc xa hoi vd hdnh vi giiip dd
Trong hau hgt cac ngn van hda, hanh vi giiip dd ngudi khae dugc xem la
trach nhi^m ciia mdi ngudi, dugc khuygn khich thyc hien (David Clarke, 2003).
Trai lai, ngu ai dd khdng thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd ttong trudng hgp gap ngudi
cd nhu cau thi ngudi dd dugc xem la thigu su quan tam dgn ngudi khae, thigu
trach nhi^m, thidu d ^ dire, hg dd bj phd phan, chi trich. He qua, vg ban than hp,
hp sd chju cam giac ay nay. an han. cd ldi; vg phia xa hpi, nhumg ngudi bigt
dugc digu dd sd danh gia, phg phan, Ign an hp (lily theo miic dp khd khan cua
ngudi can giup dd). Cd mpt sd ly thuydt ehuan myc xa hdi vd hanh vi giiip dd
sau day:
Thuyet chudn muc "ed di ed lgi"
Thuygi ehuan myc "cd di cd lai" do Gouldner dg xuat (David Clarke, 2003).
Nha lam ly hpc nay cho rang, chiing la giiip dd Ian nhau vi chiing la man theo
nhiing quy djnh eiia ehuan myc 'cd di cd lai". nhiing quy djnh ciia chuin myc
d^o dire con ngudi ttong xa hdi phai giiip dd lan nhau. NhOmg quy djnh nhu vay
rat phd bidn d nhidu ndn van hda.
Tu> nhidn, theo Gouldner. hanh vi giiip dd lin nhau theo chuin myc "cd di
cd lai" khdng ehi dugc higu don gian, vdi nghTa hep theo kigu "ngudi nao giiip la
thi la giiip lai ngudi dd hoac ta chi giiip dd nhiing ngudi cd thg giiip ta" Chuin
myc nay cin dugc higu rpng hon: mdt mjt, chiing ta cd thg giup dd nhiing ngudi
TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016

51


quen bigt cd kha nana sd giiip lai ta nhung mat khae, chiing la cung nen thyc hien
hanh vi giup dd nhima ngudi dudng nhu chiing ta khdng bao gid co the g^p lai v^
ho khdng cd kha nang giup lai chiing ta. "Digu dd ndi Ign rang ehuan myc "co di
cd lai" hoan loan dung v di lit ca mpi ngudi ttong xa hpi, neu mg. nguoi deu tham

thiu chuin muc dd thi chiing la sin sang giiip dd nhiing ngudi cd nhu cau va khi
chiing ta cd nhu ciu se dugc ngudi nao dd giiip dd va lat ca mgi nguoi chung ta
giiip dd lan nhau" (David Clarice, 2003, tt. 25).
Quan digm v g hanh si giup dd theo thuygi "cd di cd lai" theo nghTa rpng
nhu trgn nhit quan vdi xu hudng quan niem vg hanh vi giiip dd trong xa hpi
nude ta hign nay. Quan sal ngiu nhign cho thay, da sd dng ba. cha me, nguoi Ion
ndi Chung'thudng giao due. khuygn khich con trg thyc hien hanh vi giup do:
giiip dd ngudi khae la \ iec lam cin thigt, la hanh vi cd dao due, khong nen dan
do hp cd thg giup lai minh ha> khdng, ngu minh giiip ngudi khae thi khi minh
gap khd khan se cd ngudi giiip minh...
Thuyil chudn muc trdeh nhiem xd hpi
l.y ihuygt nav do Berkowitz va Dainelas dua ra vao nam 1963 (David
Clarke, 2003). Cac tac gia cho ring, chuin myc trach nhiem xa hdi quy djnh
chiing ta phai giup dd nhiing ngudi gap khd khan, cd nhu ciu giup dd vi hp phu
Ihupc vao ehiing la, vi dg dem lai Igi ich chung cho xa hpi. Chuan myc trach
nhiem xa hdi cung quy dinh nhimg ngudi cd quan he gin gui nhau phai cd ttach
nhigm quan lam, giiip dd nhau. Thanh nign nhudng cho cho nhihig ngudi Um
mdi, phu nil cd thai, ngudi khuygt lat... trgn xe buyt vi hp dugc thim nhuan
ring, tt^ch nhiem cua hp - nhiing ngudi ttg, khde phai nhudng ehd cho nhihig
ngudi ygu the va vi nhimg ddi lugng trgn phu thudc v_ao hp. Nhumg ngudi quen
bidt, nhimg ngudi hang xdm lang gigng phai giiip dd lin nhau vi hp cd mdi quan
he gin bd vdi nhau. phu thudc lin nhau. Trong gia dinh, cha me phai cd trach
nhiem quan tam, eham sdc con. Trong cac ngn van hda phuong Ddng, chuan
myc trach nhiem xa hpi cdn nhin manh chigu ngugc lai, cac con phai cd trach
nhiem giup dd cha m? khi hg cin, dac biel, khi hp dau dm. gia ca. Nhflmg chuan
myc nhu \a\ thim vao mdi ca nhan thdng qua qua trinh \k hdi hda, cd tac dpng
rit ldn dgn hanh \ i cua mdi ngudi.
2.2. Thuyit trao doi xa hgi vi hdnh vi gidp d&
Cac nha lam iy hpc xa hdi giai thich hanh vi giup da dya ttdn thuydt trao
ddi cho ring, \igc thyc hien hanh \i giup dd ngudi khae la kgt qua cua sy can

nhie Igi ich va chi phi ma hanh vi dd dem lai. Lgi ich va chi phi d day cd thg
\c mat v?t chat, quan sat dugc; cd thg vg mat linh than, mang linh chat chii
quan. trim tugng. Thdng thucmg, trong nhihig trudng hgp, ngu viec thyc hi?n
hanh vi dem lai Igi ich Idn hon chi phi thi xac suat hanh vi dd dugc thyc hi?n

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TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016


se Idn, trai lai, ngu chi phi Idn hon Igi ich thi xac suat hanh \ i dd duge thyc
hien se thip.
Trgn thyc tg, trong nhigu trudng hgp, lgi ich va chi phi ciia hanh vi giiip
dd khdng thyc sy rd rang. Vi du. mpt ngudi khi gap ngudi khd khan, tiing
thigu, ngu anh ta khdng giiip dd ngudi dd. anh ta sd cam thay ay nay, cd ldi \ i
thigu trach nhiem, vi khdng luan theo nghTa vu dao diic xa hdi. Vi \a\. dg ttanh
cam giac ligu eye do. ngudi la cd gang thyc hien hanh \ i giiip dd dc vira dem
lai Igi ich cho ngudi khae. vira lam cho minh cd tinh than thoai mai.
O mdt gdc dp nao dd, nhigu ngudi khdng ddng tinh vdi each giai thich
hanh vi giiip dd theo thuygi trao ddi trgn. Tuy nhign, trgn thyc tg, khi thuc hidn
hanh vi, con ngudi Ihudng nghT ddn lgi ich cua ban than, dac bidt la Igi ich
trude mat (Philip C. Megravv, 2007). Vide can nhac giira Igi ieh va chi phi khi
thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd ngudi khae khdng phai la ngoai le.
Nhu vay, hanh vi giiip dd cd thg dugc higu \ a dugc giai thich tir nhiing
quan didm khae nhau. Tuy nhidn, hanh vi cua con ngudi ndi chung. hanh vi
giiip dd ndi ridng la mdt hidn tugng lam ly phire tap, la kdt qua lac ddng ciia
nhidu ydu Id, trong dd. ydu Id van hda, tap quan dja phuong cd lac ddng dang
kd. Vi vay, trong nghidn curu nay, nhOmg ydu id dd rat dugc quan lam.
3. Dia ban, khach the va phirorng phap nghien ciru
3.1. Dja bdn vd khdeh the nghien eiru

Nghidn ciiu thyc dja dugc lidn hanh vao thang 6 - 7 nam 2016, trdn hai
khu dan cu thudc phudng Budi (quan Tay 1 Id) va phuomg VTnh Phiic (quan Ba
Dinh), thanh phd Ha Ndi.
Khu dan cu thir nhat la khu nha tai djnh eu danh cho cac hd gia dinh bj
thu hdi dat (thupe ciing mdt dja ban) cho muc tidu md rdng trudng hpc. Khu
dan cu dd da dugc khanh thanh each day 25 nam. Tu\ nhidn. hidn nay, cac hd
dan sdng d dd cd ngudn gdc khae nhau: ed ngudi la cha me cua chu hd ddn
sdng d nha con, con hp chuydn ddn d noi khae; trai lai. cd ngudi la con dgn
sdng d nha cha me, cha me hp sdng d noi khae; mdt sd can hd da dugc chuygn
nhugng cho cac gia dinh khdng thudc tigu ehuan tai djnh cu. Hd dgn mudn
nhat each day 5 nam. Nhu \'ay. cac hd dan da cd thdi gian nhat djnh dg trd
thanh hang xdm cua nhau.
Khu dan eu thii hai la mdt to dan phd gdm cac hd gia dinh sdng ttong cac
ngdi nharigngbiel. Td dan phd nay vdn la mdt lang d viing ven dd Ha Ndi. duge
thanh lap each day hon 20 nam trong lign ttinh md rdng thanh phd Ha Ndi.
Trude khi ttd thanh id dan phd, nghg nghiep chinh ciia ngudi dan la lam rudng.
Sau khi trd thanh ngudi dan eiia td dan phd, hp khdng cdn dat lam rudng ngn
TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016

53


chu) dn sang lam dich vu va budn ban nhd. Gidng nhu cac khu dan cu khae d dd
thj, d da> cung cd sy di dan dgn va di, luy nhign, sd dd khdng nhigu. Nhu va\.
da sd cac hd gia dinh d khu dan cu nay deu da timg la ngudi cimg lang, la hang
xdm lau nam.
Mau khach thd dugc chgn la miu thuan lien, gdm 150 ngudi dan. Dp tudi
ttung binh ciia mau la 42. Ty le nam nhigu hom nu' (tuomg img la 55.5% va
44,5%). Ty le nhimg ngudi dang sdng d khu lai djnh cu la 50,3%, nha rigng biet
la 49.7%. trong dd nhdm ngudi thudc dan thd cu, dan gdc chidm 31.8%. dan

sdng lau nam (tir 10 ddn 15 nam) la 52,3%, sd cdn lai la tir noi khae chu>dn ddn.
Khach thg tham gia phdng vin sau gdm 7 ngudi khdng thudc miu khach the tra
ldi bang hdi.
3.2. Phuffng phdp nghien eiru
Phuong phap nghign cilu chu >eu dugc su dung la bang hdi (bao gdm
thang do) va dg cuong phdng vin sau. Cac du; lieu thu dugc lir khao sal thuc
tien dugc xii Iy bang phan mgm SPSS 22.0.
Thang do lim higu mirc do Ihudng xuygn cua hanh \ i giiip dd nhau giiia
nhiing ngudi hang xdm gdm 10 menh dg vg nhiing tinh hudng hang xdm gap
khd khan cd nhu cau giup dd. Moi menh dd ed 3 phuong an tra ldi, luong irng
vdi ba mirc thudng xuyen ed thd cd hanh vi giup dd:
1 didm luong img vdi "Thudng khdng giup" tire la trong nhiing trudng
hgp hang xdm gap khd khan, dd nghj duge giiip dd, sd trudng hgp khdng thyc
hidn hanh vi giiip dd nhidu hon sd trudng hgp thyc hi^n hanh vi dd.
2 didm - "Thinh thoang giiip" - ttong nhiing trudng hgp hang xdm gap kho
khan, dg nghi dugc giiip dd thi cd trudng hgp giup, cd trudng hgp khdng giup.
3 digm - "Thudng giup" - ttong nhiing ttudng hgp hang xdm gap khd khan,
dg nghj dugc giup dd, sd truomg hgp thyc hien hanh vi giup dd nhigu hon sd imdng
hgp khdng giup.
cac menh dg dugc chia thanh 2 ygu Id tuomg iing vdi hai loai linh hudng
cd nhu cau giiip dd: 1) Hang xdm gap khd khan khdng dang kg (vi du, hang xdm
thigu, hdng dd diing sinh hoat hang ngay, mudn xin, mugn), 2) Hang xdm g$p
khd khan dang kg (hang xdm cd chuygn budn: ngudi nha dau dm, gap nii ro).
Do tin ca\ ciia lhang do dat 0.60.
4. Ket qua nghien ciru
4.1. Hdnh vi giup dd eda nhOng ngudi hdng xdm
Theo kgt qua thu dugc tir bang hdi, hanh vi giup dd giira nhimg ngudi
hang xdm ttong mau nghidn cim (theo muc do Ihudng xuydn) cd DIB = 2,08/3.

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TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213). 12-2016


Kdt qua nay cho thiy. hanh vi giup dd ciia mau nghien ciru nam d quanh muc
"Thinh thoang giiip". Nhu vay. quan he hang xdm lang gidng d day chua dugc
hidu theo kidu "Hang xdm lang gigng. ldi lira, tit dgn cd nhau" nhung quan he
dd khdng ddn miic bi quan nhu each nhin tidu eye cua mdt sd ca nhan: "0 phd,
nha nao ciing kin cdng cao mdng, dd cao canh giac. Mdi nha la mdi the gidi
ridng. Hp sdng sat vach nhau nhung khdng bidt gi ve nhau. Phai chang do la mdt
"dac tnmg" cua ddi sdng phd thj?" (7).
Bdng 1: Muc dp thuong xuyen giiip da trong cdc tinh hudng khde nhau
giira nhiing ngudi hdng xdm
TT

Dac diem nhu cau dirac giiip iSi

DTB

DLC

1

Kho khan khong Ion

2,00

0,41

2

Kho khin dang ke

2,13

0,37

3

Danh gia chung

2,08

0,33

Sy am ap trong tinh hang xdm lang gidng ciia ngudi dan Ha Ndi hidn nay
cd sy ddng gdp khdng nhd ciia hoat ddng xay dyng ddi sdng van hda d khu dan
cu theo linh than ciia Nghj quydt Trung uong 5. khda VIII. Dd la mdt hoat ddng
cd muc tidu mong ddi loan di^n va da dat dugc nhumg thanh lyu dang ghi nhan,
trong dd khdng thd khdng ndi ddn thanh luu ciing cd va phat huy tinh than doan
kdt, tuong ttg lan nhau ciia ngudi dan trong cupc sdng hang ngay, ciing nhu
trong nhiing hoan canh khd khan, hoan nan. Neu nhu trude day, hanh vi giiip dd
nhau trong nhan dan chu ydu mang tinh ly phat, nd phu thudc vao mirc dp tham
thau chuan myc xa hdi, vao Idng trdc an cua timg ngudi thi ttong hoat ddng xay
dyng ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu, vide ciing cd tinh than tuong trg, giup dd
nhau ttong mpi hoan canh ttd thanh muc tidu phan dau cua cac td dan phd va loan
xa hdi. Dpi ngii can bd chinh quydn, doan thd d cac cap thudng xuydn luydn
Imydn, nhie nhd, ddn ddc ngudi dan thyc hien hanh \ i giup dd phii hgp vdi cac
tinh hudng cu thg. Ching han, khi gia dinh nao cd sy kien budn: cd ngudi dm
dau di vien, ed viec higu cua bd me hai bdn (kd ca bd me dang sdng d qud), can

bd Id dan phd thdng bao cho cac hd dan trong td. ben canh nghTa cir chia budn
ciia dai didn td dan phd, da sd cac gia dinh ddu chia se sy khd khan va budn dau
vdi than chii theo each ciia minh. Trong cac budi hpp, can bd Id dan phd Ihudng
nhie nhd cac gia dinh nang cao canh giac, giup dd nhau, ngan ngira hidn mgng
ttdm cap tai san... (Nguyen Thj Hoa, 2015).
Xem xet hanh \ i giiip dd giu'a nhiing ngudi hang xdm (theo miic dp
thudng xuydn) ttong nhiing linh hudng khae nhau cho thiy. trong linh hudng
TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213). 12-2016

55


hang xdm gap khd khan dang kc. hanh \ i giiip dd dugc thyc hien ihudng xu\cn
hon so vdi trong tinh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan khdng dang kc (DIB va
D i e lin lugt ia-^2.13 va 0.37: 2,00 va 0.41) (bang 1).
Su khae biel vd hanh \ i giup dd trong cac linh hudng co miic dp kho
khan khae nhau nhit quan vdi ly thuydt chuin myc trach nhiem xa hpi. Hoan
canh cang khd khan, tinh huong cang cip thigt, mirc dp de dpa dgn sy an loan
cua ngudi cd nhu ciu giiip dd cang ldn thi ngudi chiing kien cang dg nhan biet
nhu ciu cua hp. thiy trach nhiem ciia minh cang Idn, do dd hanh \ i giup dd
dugc thyc hien Ihudng xuygn hon.
Ndi chung. trong nhumg linh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan, can giiip do.
da sd nhumg ngudi xung quanh cd khi giup. cd khi khdng. Trong cac tinh hudng
ed mirc do khd khan khae nhau thi trong nhiing tinh hudng khd khan hon, hanh
\ i giup dd dugc thyc hien ihudng xuygn hon so vdi linh hudng it khd khan.
4.2. Hdnh vi giup dd trong tinh huong cd khd khan khong ddng ke
Bdng 2: Mirc dp ihirang xuyen giiip da trong tinh huong
cd khd khdn khdng ddng ke

TT

Tinh huong
can giup d&

Mirc do thucrng xuvcn giup dd'
Thu'6'ng
Thuong
Thinh
thoang giup
giiip
khonc i^iup

.,,
thong tin

DTB

DLC

%

N

%

IN

%

N

%

12.7

71

47,3

15

10

0

0.00

1.67

0.65

20

13.6

75

51.0

52

35.4

3

0.02

2 22

0.67

39

26.2

69

46.3

41

27,5

1

0,006

2.01

0.73

1 lang \6m nho dua di 44
dau do

29.5

75

50.3

30

20.2

1

0.006

2.00

0.78

2,00

0,41

N
1

1 \ing \om muAn mugn

64
do diing sinh ho^ h^g
ngiy (bj hong, h^ chua
kip mua)

2

Khach cua h^g \6m
nhir chi diR'mg

3

njingx6m hoi dO nh6
\c mav

4

Dinh gii chung

Ghi chu: Ty If % mirc dg ihmrng .xuyen giiip ddt la ty le phdn trim cii hieu lire (chi linh Iri'n nhOng
nginii cd phmrng tin tra lai)

Trong cac tinh hudng cu ihd. linh hudng hdi mugn dd diing hang ngay,
hanh vi giup dd it dugc thyc hidn nhit (DTB = 1,67; Dl.C = 0,65), trai lai, trong
tinh hudng cd ngudi hdi nha hang xdm, hanh vi giiip dd dugc thuc hi?n thucmg

56

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213), 12-2016

xuydn hom ea (DTB = 2,22/3; DLC = 0,67). nhimg hanh \ i giup dd trong cac
tinh hudng khae cd DTB khoang 2.0/3. Nhu nhimg loai hanh \i khae cua con
ngudi. hanh vi giup dd la kdt qua lac ddng ciia nhidu \eu td. Trong sinh hoat
hang nga\ eiia ngudi dan nude la, khi thidu (hoac hdt) dd dung sinh hoat, mdt
gia dinh cd thg mugn hoac xin chut it d nhiing gia dinh hang xdm. Cach irng xur
nhu vay dugc xem la binh Ihudng ngu dien ra mpt \ai lan va trong linh hudng
nhu \'ay thi nhirng ngudi hang xdm san sang giup dd nhau. Tuy nhign, ngu hien
• mgng dd lap di lap lai thi ngudi dugc dg nghj giiip dd cd thg nghT khdng tich eye
vg ngudi mudn xin, mudn mugn, khign hg tir chdi giiip dd. Mat khae, hanh vi
giup dd cd duge thyc hien hay khdng cdn tiiy thudc vao linh each ngudi dugc dg
nghi giup dd. Nhirng ngudi "kT tinh" cd thg it thyc hien hanh \ i nay \ i hg cho
rang, hp khdng dang bi lam phign bdi nhimg chuygn nhd nhat ciia ngudi khae.
Trong trudng hgp hang xdm cd khach dgn tham hdi duomg. \ iec chi nha
hang xdm la mdt viec qua don gian, hau nhu khdng anh hudng gi. Dung theo
thuygi trao ddi xa hdi, chi phi cua sy giiip dd cang thap. kha nang cd hanh vi
giup dd cang cao.
4.3. Hdnh vi gidp dd trong tinh huong cd khd khan ddng ke
Trong cac tinh hudng cd khd khan dang kg, khi gia dinh hang xdm cd
chuydn budn (cd ngudi dm dau, gia dinh gap hoan nan hoac cd vide hidu), hanh vi
giup dd duge thyc hien thudng xuygn nhat (DTB = 2,36). Ngugc lai, trong nhiing
trudng hgp hang xdm ban, nhd ttdng con hoac nhd dua con hp di hpc/ddn vg,
hanh vi giiip do it dugc thyc hi?n nhat (DTB = 2,00 - xem bang 3). Khi bat cii gia
dinh nao cd ngudi mac benh higm ngheo hoac bj lai nan thi cugc sdng ciia gia
dinh dd dudng nhu bi dao ldn, hp khdng nhumg gap khd khan \ c lai chinh, ma cdn
gap khd khan vg linh than (mpi ngudi ttong gia dinh dgu bat an \ c siic khde cua
ngudi benh, lo ling cho luong lai eiia hp). La nhirng gia dinh sdng kg can nhau,
nhirng ngudi hang xdm khdng khd nhan ra digu dd. Hon thg. kinh nghiem sdng
ciing giup hp nhan thirc rang, sy ddng \ ign, an ui nhirng gia dinh dd vg mat linh
than \a sy hd trg nhat djnh vg mat \at chat la hgt siic can thigt va cd y nghia to

ldn. Dd la ddng lyc Idn thuc daj' hp tich eye, ty nguygn thyc hien hanh vi giup
dd nhumg gia dinh cd ngudi bj benh hidm ngheo hoac gap lai nan. Dac biel, ddi
vdi nhflmg gia dinh cd vice higu. cung vdi ngudi than, ban be eiia gia chii, hau
hgt nhiimg ngudi hang xdm dgu chia se bang nhigu each, nhigu hinh thirc khae
nhau, \i hp cd quan niem: "NghTa tu la nghTa tan", tire vice chia budn vdi ngudi
nha cua ngudi da mat, viec lien dua ngudi da mat la viec lam hgt sire cin thigt,
khdng thg khdng thyc hien.
Cd the ndi rang, miic dp thudng xuygn dign ra hanh vi giiip dd trong cac
tinh hudng cu thg nhu trgn khdng chi phan anh thyc trang hanh v i giiip dd giu'a

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016

57


nhiing ngudi hang xdm ciia mau nghign curu, ma cQng la thyc trang hanh vi giup
dd giiia cae thanh v ign cua cac nhdm xa hdi khae d nude la (nhdm cac co
quan dan \i hoat ddng nghg nghigp, nhdm hpc tap, nhdm sinh hoat giai tri...).
Quan lam. ddng vign tham hdi \ a hottgvat chit cho nhirng gia dinh cd ngucri dm
dau. bj nii ro tai nan hoac bj mit ngudi than ttong cdng ddng \a nhiing gia dinh
gap hoan nan do thign tai gay ra ttgn pham vi ca nude la net dep van hda ttuygn
thdng cua dan tdc ta, dung nhu cau thanh ngu: "La lanh diim la rach. la rach it
diim la rach nhigu". Ngay nay, trong digu kien truygn thdng thuan Igi, digu kien
kinh lg phat trign, tmygn thong dd vin dugc duy tri va phat huy y nghTa ciia nd.
Bdng 3: Muc dp thudng xuyen ciia hdnh vi giiip da trong
tinh hudng ed khd khdn ddng ke

TT

1

2

3
4

6

7

Tinh hu6ng
can giijp dd*

Mang xAm \ u \ lien
1 ling x6m di ving dii
nga\ nhd trdng nhi (cho
ch(>, mto in. tuoi ca\ .)
Hing x6m c6 chu\cn
hu6n (c6 nguifri niii dau
6m. cd v i ^ hieu)
I ling x6m c6 con nho.
bin v i ^ m u ^ nhd trong
con ho
Hing \om ^:6 v i ^ Idn
(\i>' dyng, sira chihi nhi.
Inchirctijc .),munndut;«;
U^i dicii kicn thuan l(;n
Hing \om khtVig the
dua con di hgc/ddn con
di hoc vc. muon nhd du^
ddn giup

Mirc d( thu6"ng xuyen giup dd'
Thinh
Thu-d'ng
Thi
thoing giup
Riip
khon ERiup

Thieu
thong tin

DTB

DLC

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

18

12.0

88

58.7

44

29.3

0

0.00

2,17

0.61

30

20,0

63

42.0

57

38.0

0

0.00

2.18

0.74

23

16.0

46

31.9

75

52.1

6

0.04

2.36

0,74

31

22,9

82

60.8

22

16,3

15

0.10

2,00

0.75

24

16.0

80

53.3

46

30.7

0

0.00

2,15

0.67

46

30.7

58

38.7

46

30,7

0

0.00

2,00

0,79

2.13

0,37

Dinh gii chung

Ghi chii: Ty If % miic dO thucmg .xuyen giup dor la ly l( phdn tram co hieu l\rc (chi linh tren nhung
ngudi CO phmrng an tra lai).

Tuy nhign, trudng hgp hang xdm nhd trdng eon. nhd dua/ddn con it
dugc thyc hien hom ca xuit phat tir mdt sd Iy do dSc thii. Ngay nay. trong cac
gia dinh dgu cd it con (hiu hgt cac gia dinh d thanh phd chi cd tir I ddn 2 con).
Quan nidm ring, cac eon la thir quy gia nhit cua mdi gia dinh van la quan ni?m
phd bidn trong xa hdi hidn nay. Trong khi dd, vi?c trdng Ire nhd la vide rit vit
58

TAP CHI TAM l y HQCSd 12 (213). 12 - 2016


va va ddi khi nii ro ddn vdi cac em (nga, bj xay xat da thjl) rat khd ludng. Bdn
canh dd, ttong tinh hinh giao thdng cd nhidu bit cap nhu d Ha Ndi, \ an dd bao
dam an loan tuyel ddi cho cac em la didu chua thd khang djnh chae chan. Vi
vay, dua/ddn con hd ngudi khae la vide dang ngai ddi vdi khdng it ngudi. Cd Id
dd la nhiing ly do ca ban khidn hanh \ i giup dd trong nhiing tinh hudng dd it
dugc thyc hidn.
4.4. Hdnh vi gidp d& giua nhung ngudi hang xdm: So sdnh theo cdc
nhdm ngudi trd ldi
Bang 4: Mirc dp thuong xuyen eiia hdnh vi giup da giira nhihig ngirdi

hdng xdm - so sdnh theo cdc nhdm nguai trd ldi

Tieu chi
doc lap

Hanh vi giiip do'
Tinh huong kho khan Tinh huong kho khan
dang kc
khong dang ke
Chenh
Mirc y
Mijc y
Chcnh
nghia
lech D T B
lech DTB
nghTa

Cac nhom

I

J

l-J

P

I-J

P

F^iic song

Trung binh

Kha gia

0,25

0,00

0,15

0,05

Kieu nha

Nha rieng

Nh^ tang

0,14

0,02

Gia dinh
chuyen den
chira lau

0,28

0.00

0,14

0,03

Gia dinh
chuyen den
lau nam

0,23

0,00

Trung nien

0,18

0.01

Nguon goc
gia dinh

Tuoi

Dan goc

Thanh

nien

Ghi chu: Trong bdng chi the hifn nhiing sd lieu khde biet cd y nghia giira cdc nhdm.

So sanh theo miic sdng, kel qua phan tich so sanh cho thay, nhdm ed mirc
sdng trung binh Ihudng xuydn giiip dd hang xdm hon nhdm cd miic sdng kha
gia. Chung ldi nhan thay rang, nhiing gia dinh cd mire sdng trung binh thudng
gap nhidu khd khan trong cac ITnh vyc cd lidn quan nhidu ddn phuomg didn vat
chat hom nhirng gia dinh kha gia. Do dd, hg dd thau hidu, dg thdng cam vdi
nhimg ngudi cd khd khan, can dugc giiip dd han nhung ngudi sdng trong gia
dinh cd miic sdng kha gia. Mat khae, tim higu cac dac digm than nhan cua cac
nhdm theo miic sdng, chiing tdi phat hien ra ring, ttong nhdm cd mirc sdng

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016

59


ttung binh. da sd (93.9% sd ngudi ttong nhdm) la nhifng ngudi tte tudi (tir 40
ttidi ttd xudng), trai lai, d nhdm kia, sd ngudi Idn tudi chidm t> Ic dang kd (trdn
30° 0 sd naudi ttong nhdm tir 41 ludi ttd Idn). Theo kinh nghiem thyc te. nhiing
neucri tre tudi Ihudng nana ddng. nhiel tinh, it ngai khd khan, hp cd the it quan
lim dgn ngudi khae, tuy nhign, khi dugc dg nghi giup dd, hp ihuimg mudn
khing djnh Idng tdt cua ban than, sin sang giiip dd ngudi cd nhu cau.
Xet theo dp ludi. ttong linh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan dang kg,
khdng cd sy khae biet rd ret \g hanh \ i giup dd gitta cac nhdm (sy khae biet
DTB khdng cd y nghTa thdng kg). Rigng, trong linh hudng hang xdm cd khd
khan khdng dang kg, hanh \i giiip dd eda nhdm tre tudi nhat (dudi 30 ludi)
diin ra thudng xu_\ en hon nhdm cd dp ludi lir 31 - 40 (bang 4).
Trong cac nhdm cd ngudn gdc gia dinh khae nhau, DTB hanh \ i giiip dd

cua nhdm gia dinh gdc I la Ndi cao hom DTB ciia nhdm gia dinh mdi chuygn
dgn trong cac loai tinh hudng va cao hon DTB ciia nhdm chuygn dgn lau nam
trong tinh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan khdng dang kg (bang 4). Theo dac
digm khach thg ttong mau nghign cim, trong nhdm gia dinh gdc Ha Ndi, da sd
hp vdn la dan cung mdt lang (62,0% sd ngudi thudc nhdm sdng d kigu nha dpc
lap (nha mat dat) trude khi lang ciia hp trd thanh td dan phd trong qua trinh dd
thj hda). Trong khi dd, nhdm gia dinh chuygn den lau nam va nhdm mdi
chuygn dgn Ha Ndi cd the cd ngudn gdc xuat xu khae nhau (do Ha Ndi la thanh
phd Idn, la trung tam chinh trj, \ an hda, khoa hpc ky thuat, vi vay nhifng ngudi
dan chuygn dgn djnh cu d Ha Ndi cd ngudn gdc tir khip noi trgn ca nude). Do
la ly do CO ban khign cho nhdm dan cu Ha Ndi gdc thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd
hang xdm Ihudng xuygn hon ngudi dan d cac noi khae chuygn dgn. Hon thg,
trgn thyc lg, quan he hang xdm cua ngudi Ha Npi khdng theo kigu "Den nha ai,
nha ay rang" nhu suy nghT eiia nhigu ngudi. Khdng it ngudi Ha Ndi gdc, trong
dd ed cac ban tre sinh ra \ a ldn Ign d Ha Ndi cho ring, linh lang nghTa xdm cua
ngudi dan Ha Npi gdc "khdng nhu ngudi ta ndi"
Giiia nhdm dan cu d nha rigng va nhdm dan cu d khu tai djnh cu, mirc dp
Ihudng xuygn giup dd cua nhdm d nha rigng ldn han cd y nghTa so vdi nhdm d
khu tai djnh eu (bang 4). Digu nay, vg co ban, xuit phat lir dac digm khu dan eu.
Da sd cac hp dan cua nhdm dan cu d nha rigng vdn la dan ciing mdt lang trude
khi thanh lap id dan phd (nhu da ttinh bay d ttgn) trong khi dd, cac hd dan d khu
tai djnh cu cd ngudn gdc khae nhau va thdi gian sdng d khu dan eu cung khae
nhau. Dd la ly do co ban tao ngn sy khae biet vg hanh vi giup dd giiia hai nhdm.
Nhin chung. hanh \i giiip dd giiia nh&ng ngudi hang xdm d cae dja ban
dugc khao sat d Ha Npi dien ra d mire vira phai (trong nhirng tinh hudng dugc
de nghj giup dd, khi giup dd, khi khdng giup dd). Hanh vi giiip dd cua ngudi
dan d da> nhat quan vdi ly thuygi ehuin muc xa hpi vg trach nhiem xa hpi ciia

60

TAP CHf TAM l y HQCSd 12 (213), 12-2016


ca nhan. Xet \ e linh chit tinh hudng cua ngudi cd nhu cau giiip dd, ttong linh
hudng khd khan dang kg. hanh vi giup dd dien ra Ihudng xuygn hon trong tinh
hudng cd khd khan khdng dang kd.
Giaa cac nhdm theo miic sdng, theo dp tuoi. theo ngudn gdc gia dinh va
dac diem khu dan cu, hanh vi giup dd giira nhihig ngudi hang xdm dien ra d
miic thudng xu> en khae nhau.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Knud Larsen va Le Van Hao, Tdm ly hpc xd hpi, NXB Tir dien Bach khoa. 2010.
2. Nguyen Thi Hoa, Hogt dpng xdy dung ddi sdng vdn hda d khu ddn cu, NXB Khoa
hoc xahdi, 2015.
3. Trinh Duy Luan, Tim hieu mdn Xa hpi hpc do ihi. NXB Khoa hoc xa hpi, 1996.
4. David Clarke, Pro-Social and anil - social behaviour. Printed and bound in Great
Bitain b\' TJ International Ltd. Padstow, Cornwall. 2003.
5. Eliot R. Smith and Diane M. Mackie, Social Psychology, Worth Publishers, 1995.
B p h i l i p C. Megravv, Chiin lupc sdng, NXB Van hda - Thdng tin. Ha Ndi, 2007.
7. Huy Tuan, Hdng xdm a phd. .

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