Xây dựng và sử dụng bản mô tả nghề trong tư vấn hướng nghiệp cho học sinh phổ thông

XAY D U N G V A SQ DUNG

BAN MO TA NGHE TRONG
TU VAN HUONG NGHIEP
CHO HOC SINH PHO THONG
TS. Pham Van Son
Bg Gido due va Ddo tao.
T6M TAT

De giup hpc sinh phd' thdng cd du kie'n thdc vd tdm ly sdn sdng vdo hpc cdc
trudng day nghe, trung cd'p chuyin nghiep, cao ddng, dai hpc hodc tham gia lao ddng
xd hdi, ngdnh gido due cdn phdi gdn ke't chat che he thd'ng gido due phd thdng vd he
thd'ng gido due nghe nghiep. Cdn phdi ddy manh cdng tac hudng nghiep day nghe d
trudng phd' thdng. Xdy ditng vd sd dung Bdn md td nghe trong hoqt ddng tu vd'n hudng
nghiep nhdm tuyen truyen dinh hudng nghe cho hpc sinh pho thdng. Gido vien, cdn bd
tu vdn cdc nhd trudng phdi ndm duac y nghTa, phUPng phdp vd npi dung cua bdn md
td nghe. Ngodi cdc bdn md td nghe chung, cdc ca sd gido due cdn phdi xdy diflig bdn
md td cdc nghe cua dia phuang nham giup hpc sinh hieu bii't sdu rdng ve nghe, xu
hudng viec ldm de lua chpn nghe nghiip tuang laiphU hap vdi bdn thdn hpc sinh.
Tir khoa: Bdn md td nghe (hoa dS nghe); tu vdn hudng nghiep (tu vdn nghe);
hpc sinh phd thdng trung hpc.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 9/4/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 20/5/2012
I. Ban mo ta nghe
He thong giao due phd thOng chua thuc su gSn ket vdi he thO'ng day
nghe va he thS'ng giao due dai hpc d^ lam tC't chiic nang chu^n bi cho hpc sinh
ph6 thong CO diy 6u kien thiic va tam ly sSn sang di vao cac trudng day nghe,
trung cap chuyen nghiep, cao dang va dai hpc. Vi the', phan lu6ng hpc sinh sau
trung hpc vao he thong trucmg nghe dang gap rS'l nhi^u kho khan. D6 gdn ke't
giao due ph6 thong vdi giao due nghl nghiep c^n tang cucmg hudtig nghiep day ngh^ ph6 th6ng, gidi thieu cho hpc sinh cac nghe thong qua ban mo ta ngh^.
1. Khdi niem: Bdn mo td nghe (hay Hoa dd nghe) la mot ban m6 ta
khach quan nhung diem quan trpng nhS^t cua nghe. Trong hoa 66 ngh^ bao gom

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 6 (159), 6 - 2012

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cic ndi dung chi ydu cia lao d^ng nhu: ddi tupng lao ddng, miJC dich lao ddng,
cdng cu lao d^ng, didu kiftn lao d^ng, cic yftu ciu ddi vdi nghd... Nhttng dac
didm niy dupc thd hiftn mdt cich ngin gpn, cd dpng, nhttng chi tiftu vd ciu tnic
yftu ciu cia nghd, ciu tnic tim ly cia hoat dOng nghd d i dupc khii quit hda.
Bin md ti nghd vtta li can cd vtta li phucing tiftn dd ddi chidu vdi nang
luc cua hpc sinh trong tu vin hudng nghiftp (tu vin nghd - TVHN).
2. Muc dich sut dung cua bdn md td nghi tit rdng, vdi hinh thdc thdng
tin nghd, bin md ti nghd cung cip nhttng dac didm, tinh chit, chdc nang,
nhiftm vu nghd, tidn luong, tridn vpng cua nghd... ddng thdi, cung cip cic
thdng tin cin thiftt vd cic nghd vi nhdm nghd, xu hudng nghd nghiftp.
Vdi Hnh vuc tu vin nghd, bin md ti nghd cung cJp nhttng yftu ciu vd
phim chii, nang luc cin thidt gidp cin bd tu vin cd co sd ddi chidu vdi ting
hpc sinh dd xic djnh su phi hpp nghd.
Vdi linh vuc luydn chpn nghd, bin md ta nghd cung cSp cic thdng tin,
bao gdm cic yft'u td; Yftu ciu vd thd lire; Yftu ciu vd nang lire; Yftu ciu vd thii
dp nghd nghiftp; Thj trudng lao ddng v.v... dd cin bd nhin su tuydn chpn ngudi
lao ddng cho cic boat ddng nghd, cic vi trf cdng viftc.
Ban md ta nghd cdn li tii liftu hiiu fch gidp giio viftn, nha giio due, phu
huynh va hpc sinh mud'n tim hidu vd nghd nghidp phuc vu cho cdng tac tu vin,
lira chpn nghd tuong lai.
3. Yeu cdu ddi vdi bdn md td nghi: ban md ta nghd phai dim bao;
- Dft dang ddi chift'u vi so sinh vdi nhiing dac didm vd phim chit, nang
lire cia ngudi cd nhu ciu chpn nghd.
- Tii lieu cd diy d i cic thdng tin cin thifti dd'i vdi viftc lua chpn nghd.
- Tii liftu phii ngin gpn, mang linh khic hoa. Hpa dd nghd khdng phai

la mdt bai gidi ihiftu vd nghd, trinh biy dii ddng til ca cic yft'u td cd liftn quan
de'n nghd nhu: Qui trinh hinh thinh va phit tridn nghd; Nhtmg didu hip din, ly
thd cia nghd; Ndi dung ky thuat, md la thidt bj... Nhttng yft'u id trftn se dupc
trinh bay li mi trong bin phan tich vi md la cua mdi nghd.
II. Phuong phap xiy dung ban md ta nghe
1. Phuang phdp nghiin ctiu nghi vd chuyen mdn
De nghiftn cdu nghd vi chuyen mdn, trudc hftt cin xay dimg mdt tai liftu
long hop, trong dd, md ta vi phan tich tit ca cac thdng lin vd nghd. Day la cic
ngudn tu lieu lam co sd cho phuang phap nghien cdu nghd va chuyftn mdn.
a) Ngudn tu lieu de nghien cidi nghi vd chuyen mdn

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TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


- Cic van ban: danh muc nghd dio tao cua Nhi nudc, cia cic nginh da
ban hanh. Cic nghj djnh, thdng tu, hudng din cia Chi'nh phi, liftn Bd, Bd vd
cic mat: Kft hoach, chi tiftu dio tao, quy dinh vd cdng nghft, co sd vat chit, cic
djnh mdc lao ddng, tidn luong, vft sinh, an loin lao ddng, cjid dd bdi dudng ddc
hai, cic quy djnh vd vat tu. Cic tii liftu hd so sin xuit: hai nhi miy, xf nghiftp,
liftn doanh tu nhan vi cic tii liftu vd tuyftn Uuydn, thd'ng kft chi dao da luu trtt!
- Cic cdng trinh cia cic co quan nghiftn cdu, eic chuyftn gia, cic bin
ghi chdp cia cac nghft nhin da phan tich vi nhan xdt.
- Cic san phim lao ddng da dupc phin tich dinh gii d cic mdc dd khic nhau.
b) Mdt sd phuang phdp nghien ciiu nghi vd chuyin mdn
Di xay dung dupe ban md ti nghd, ngudi ta thudng s i dung cic phuong
phip thupc nhdm phuang phap thu nhan thdng tin, tu liftu vi nhdm phuong
phip phan tich md ti vd nghd. Thdng thudng, ngudi la phii kftt hpp mdt sd
phuong phip vi viftc s i dung kftt hpp nay liy thupe vao muc dich tim hidu cic

chi sd, cic yft'u td khac nhau cia mdi nghd. Dd li:
* Phucmg phdp phdn tich tu lieu. Bao gdm viftc phan tieh eic van ban,
cic cPng trinh nghiftn cdu, cic chuyftn khio, cic bio cio khoa hpc, cic bii bao,
cic bien ban, cac van ban cua cac co sd san xuit vd: cdng nghft, vat tu, thdi
gian, vd quan ly, id chdc, vd y le', vd an toin lao dpng...
* Phuang phdp thu thdp y kien vd cac npi dung nftu trftn cua: Cic cin bd
quin ly, chi dao cic cip; C3,c chuyftn gia vd cac linh vuc ky thuat, cdng nghft,
kinh te, y lft', xa hpi... Cic cdng nhan, nhan viftn true tift'p sin xuit; (lac ddi
lupng khic cd liftn quan tdi nghd vi chuyftn mPn dao tao. Khach hang, ngudi s i
dung, quin ly, cic co quan phip ly, y tft', hanh chinh... Hinh thdc thu thap y
kift'n bang dim thoai trao ddi tnic tid'p, bang cic phidu bdi.
* Phuang phdp Enquete - thu nhan thdng lin qua he thd'ng tri Idi cic
cau hdi trftn phieu didu tra.
* Phuang phdp quan sdt qud trinh Idm viic. Ngudi nghiftn cdu quan sat,
ghi chdp va nhan xel nhan viftn lim viftc theo mdt kd hoach da du kift'n vd cac
mat: s i dung cdng cu, vat tu, giao tie'p, dng xi. Ngoai viftc thu nhan thdng lin
cdn xac djnh dupc cac yft'u id tam ly, cac phim chit do nghd dal ra vdi con
ngudi. Phuong pliap quan sil yftu ciu cd nhttng phuang lien ky thuat, dung cu
de dinh gia chinh xac.
Ngoai phuang phip quan sil tu nhien, ngudi ta cdn tie'n hinh phuong
phap quan sit cd chd y qua trinh lao ddng, san xuit.
* Phuang phdp thttc nghiim dupc s i dung chi ye'u dd xac djnh cic nang
lue, cic phim chit do ngiid dat ra ddi vdi con ngudi bay xic djnh ci'u true lam

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ly cia boat d^ng nghd, Trong phuong phip thuc nghiftm, nguM ta sur dung cic

cdng cu, ngoii cic test, cic thidt bi dd do nSng luc chung c i a con ngudi, ngudi
ta cdn s i dttng cic thidt bj ky thuit chuyftn biftt, Cic thift't bi niy duoc sir dung
cho mQt nhdm nghd, thim chf cho mOt nghd, do cic chuyftn gia cd trinh dd
thuc hiftn.
2. Phdn loqi nghi vA chuyin mdn li mdt yftu ciu rit cin thidt dd phuc
vti cdng tic tu vin hudng nghiftp cho hpc sinh. Phin loai nghd vi chuyftn mdn
nhim sip dat hop ly danh muc nghd theo cic dac didm vd tfnh chit vi chdc
nang cia cdng viftc.
Phin loai nghd vi chuyftn mdn gidp hpc sinh cd khii niftm budc diu vd
djnh hudng nghd, gidp giio viftn, cin bft tu vin cd can cii dd ddi chidu gitta cic
yft'u td xu hudng nghd vi cic nhdm nghd tuong ihig.
Tdy theo muc dich, cd nhiiu cdch phdn loqi:
a) Theo tinh chit cia quan hft lao ddng, ngudi ta da chia cic chuyftn
mdn thinh 5 kidu chfnh: Ngudi - Tu nhiftn; Ngudi - Ky thuat; Ngudi - Nghft
thuat; Ngudi - Hft thd'ng ky hiftu; Ngudi - Ngudi (E.A.Klimov - Nga).
b) Theo chdc nang cia chuyftn mdn (Theo Hoa Ky) cd:
- Chdc nang x i ly sd liftu (t(5ng hpp, phdi hpp, phan tfch, suu tap ti'nh
toin, ghi chdp, so sinh, dpc don gian, khdng xu ly sd liftu).
- Chdc nang quan hft lift'p xdc (huin luyftn, trao ddi, hudng din quan sit,
giii trf, thuydt phtic, ra Iftnh, phuc ling, khdng cd quan hft tidp xuc).
- Chdc nang quan hft vdi cdng cu vi ddi tupng lao ddng (lap dat hiftu
chinh), s i dung dung cu chinh xic, kidm tra thao tic sin xuit, didu khidn cic
phuang liftn truydn tii, thao tic, quan sil thifti bi, dieu chinh mav, khdng s i dune
thifti bj).
J.
6
.B
Cdn cd tinh chdt cdng viec yd ddc diem cua hoqt ddng sdn xudt - kinh
doanh, cd cdc nhdm nghi:
- Nghd giao tift'p bang trf tuft.

- Cac nghd van phdng va giao djch thuong mai.
- Cac nghd djch vu.
- Cac nghd trong nginh ndng nghiftp, lam nghiftp, thiy san.
- Cac nghd x i ly cdng nghft.
- Cac nghd gia cdng kim loai va cic loai vat liftu khic.
- Cac nghd thi cdng.
- Cac nghd khic.

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TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012


Cac nhdm nghd lai dupc chia thanh cic nhdm nhd. Viftc phin loai cic
kidu nhdm nghd trftn thudng liy thudc vio muc dfch s i dung vi tiy thudc vio
he thd'ng tu liftu tra cdu kdm theo (Ttt didn nghd, sd lay nghd...).
Dd dip dng td't cdng tic tu vin hudng nghiftp cho hpc sinh, viftc phan
loai nghd thudng Itw y tdi cic dac didm:
- Hpc sinh cdn dang hpc van hda chua tham gia boat ddng nghd.
- Hpc sinh cdn han ehft vd kift'n thdc nghd nghiftp.
c) Phan loai theo nhdm rdng vi theo dac didm cia boat ddng nghd la
phi hpp, bao gdm 8 kidu:
- Nhdm nghd mang ti'nh chai giao lidp sir vu, giao tift'p vdi nhidu ngudi,
giao lift'p qua cPng vice. Bao gdm cac nghd trong doanh nghiftp, nhan viftn bin
hang, cic tift'p viftn trong giao djch budn bin tai nhi hing, khich san. Cic nhan
vien Bim diftn, Hai quan. Thud vu, Quang cio, Giao dich cdng cpng...
- Nhdm nghd mang U'nh chat giao liftp vd tri tuft, ttong dd cd giao lift'p bdi
dudng ni thdc cho ngudi khac. Gdm cac nghd: boat dpng trong quan ly kinh lft',
nghd day hpc, eae nhi giao diic, cic can bp, nhan viftn lam cPng tie ky thuat trong
cac nganh cPng nghiftp, ndng nghiep, xay dung giao thdng... Cac can bp, nhan

vien lim viec trong nganh phap ly, van hda, kinh Id. Cac ngudi lim nghd tu do,
nha bio, luat su, nhi van, djch thuat, bic si...
- Nhdm nghd bao gdm hoat dpng trong linh vtre khoa hpc, ky thuat.
Gdm cic nghd nghien cdu, thuc nghiem, quan ly, chi dao cac bp mon khoa hpc,
ky thuat, khoa hpc vi xa hdi (Cd the gdp nhdm nghe 2 vdi nhdm nghd 3, mang
Iftn nhdm nghd vd boat dpng trong linh vuc khoa hpc, ky thuat).
- Nhdm nghe mang tinh chai thuc binh vd ky thuat vi dieu khien eae co
ciu trong nginh co, diftn. Bao gdm: Can bd, nhan viftn lam nhiftm vu che tao,
sin xuat trong eae nganh ky thuat cdng nghiep, ndng nghiftp. Cic cin bp, nhan
viftn theo ddi, didu khidn hft thdng CO ca'u boat ddng cia cic cP sd nghiftn cdu,
san xuai, didu khidn ttt xa. Dieu khidn cac phuang tiftn giao thdng van tii de
chuyftn chd ngudi, Ihiei bj...
- Nhdm nghe mang tinh chit tu duy trttu lupng va lao dpng sang lao,
bao gdm cic nghd va chuyen mdn trong sang lac my thuat, nghe thuat, my
thuat dng dung, nghe thuat dng dung, kien true su, trong linh vuc trifti hpc, thin
hpc...
- Nhdm nghe lao dpng cd tfnh chit dPn diftu, nhung hoal dpng sin xuit
mang lai kfti qua cu thd. Bao gdm cic nlidm nghd nhu cdng nhan thi cdng cac
cdng trinh xay dung, cic cPng trinh vd giao thdng van lai, cdng nhan lim viftc

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trong cic diy truydn sin xuit. Cdng nhin didu khidn cic phuong tiftn bning ha.
- Nhdm nghd s i dung cic thidt bj, miy mdc dd gia cdng, chd bidn cic
loai nguyftn vit liftu. Die ilidm cia cic sin phim thu^c nhttng nhdm nghd niy
thudng phii thuin tiftn theo quy chu^n qutjc gia hoic tiftu chuin cua nginh.

Bao gdm cic nhdm nghd gia cdng, chd lao cic sin phfoi bing cic loai vit liftu
khic nhau (kim loai, i kim) trftn cic thidt bj miy mdc chuyftn ding. Chit lupng
sin phim dupc kidm tra, nghiftm thu chit chd.
Ddi vdi cdng tic tu vin nghd cho hpc sinh phd thdng, vdi cic dac didm
da nftu, cd thd kfti hpp nhdm 6 vi nhdm 7 thinh nhdm nghd s i diing thidt bj
miy mdc dd thuc hidn cic quy trinh cdng nghft
- Nhdm nghd thi cdng bao gdm cic chuyftn mdn vd lip rip chi tiftt nho
(trong cic linh vuc co, diftn, diftn ti, sinh hpc...) chd tao sin xuit sin phim vd
my nghft bing cic loai vat liftu da dang khic nhau.
3. Ndi dung bdn md td nghi
Ban md la nghd li lai liftu CO bin trong giio due hudng nghiftp, tiy theo
muc dieh s i dung nhu dd biftn soan giio trinh, dd day nghd, dd lim cic ehft dft
chi'nh sich, dd tu vin nghd, dd lim tii liftu hudng nghiftp cho hpc sinh THFT...
Mdt ban md la nghd Ihudng cd cac ndi dung sau:
- Tftn nghd vi iftn cic chuyftn mdn cia nghd hoac tftn nhiftm vti, chdc vu
cia nghd.
- Kidu quan hft cia nghft (ngudi - vat liftu, ngudi - miy, ngudi - ngudi,
ngudi-tu nhiftn...).
- Phin loai nghd: phan loai theo chdc nang, theo tinh chit lao ddng...
- Nhiftm vu cia nghd: chd lao san phim, thuc hiftn cic nhiftm vu djch
vu, hoin thanh cic cdng trinh...
- Chdc nang cua nghd: chi dao, thtta hinh, thanh u-a, kidm tra...
- Gii trj vat chit va gii trj tinh thin thu dupc sau khi hoin thanh nhiem
vti dio tao nghd.
- Ddi lupng lao ddng: vat lieu, nguyen lieu, ban thanh phim, cic ngudn
thdng lin, van ban, sd lieu.
- Qui trtnh lim viftc: cdng nghft, thao tic boat ddng...
- Phuang tiftn lao ddng: cac loai tii liftu, ban ve, cdng cu, diing cu, thift't
bj, miy mdc, cic phuang tiftn didu khie'n, kidm tra.

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- Hinh thdc td chdc lao d(5ng: thi cdng, nia tu ddng, tu ddng vi cic
hinh thdc id chdc khic lai noi lim viftc.
- Quan he phd'i hpp lao ddng: vdi cic thinh viftn, vdi nhdm hoac tap thd
dd hoin thinh sin phim.
- Cudng d(b lao ddng: khdi lupng vi dinh mdc cdng viftc phii dim
nhiftm: chi tiftu vd thdi gian; nhip dd, td'c dd phii thuc hiftn, nhttng khd khan
ein vupt qua.
- Dac didm vd linh chit cang thing cia cdng viftc vd cac mat linh thin,
tim ly (qui trinh lim viftc, phai tift'p xdc vdi nhidu ngudi hoac phii cich biftt;
thao tie lap di lap lai hoac cd chu ky; su cang thing thudng xuyftn hoac tldt
biftn...).
- Nhttng yftu ciu vd khuynh hudng, sd thfch, cic phim chit ddi vdi
ngudi lao ddng dd dam bio thinh dat khi boat dpng nghd.
- Nhttng yftu ciu vd thd chai vi cam nhan: mang vac, di chuyen; leo treo
vi thang bing; boat dpng cia ngdn lay, canh tay, tu thd lam viftc, ddng ngdi
hoaekhom lung... mdc dp cang thing cia co quan phat am, thinh giac...
Tiftu chuin dd danh gii sin phim lao ddng: cac liftu chuin, cic thang
do, eic quy djnh vd chit lupng, sd lupng, thdi gian... vd cic mat vat chit, kinh
IS', linh lliin, dao die.
- Nhttng su cd cd thd xay ra trong khi lim viec: hdng hoc dung cu, thifti
bj, hao ldn vat tu, thifti bj, hda hoan, nhidm ddc; cha'n thuong, lai nan... ddi vdi
ngudi lao dpng.
- Hoin canh vi mdi trudng noi lim viftc: ngoii trdi, trong nhi, tren cao,
dudi nudc, nudc bien... C^e didu kien vat ly (nhiftt dp, tieng dn, anh sang, dp
im, ip luc khdng khi, d nhidm...).

- Cac tie ddng cd anh hudng tdi ngudi lao dpng: nhttng lac ddng tfch
cue thu dupc trong qui trinh lim viftc: ve vat chit, chuyftn mPn, hdng thd, linh
thin, nhttng tic ddng cd the lim suy giim nang lue, thd chai...
- Didu khie'n tuyen chpn dd dao lao nghe: the luc, hpc vin, sd thfch, cac
pham chit vd tam ly, ky nang...
- Quydn Ipi dupc hudng: thang luong, cic loai tang Ihudng vd vat chit
vi tinh thin.
- Nhung chd'ng chi djnh ve lim ly, giai phiu sinh ly, ve sinh va y hpc
ddi vdi nghd dio tao.
- Nhttng ban chd vi rang budc ddi vtii nghe va vdi ngudi boat dpng nghe
vd cac mat: chuyftn mdn, phap ly, y hpc, xa hdi, lap quan...

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- NhQng noi cd thd tdi lim vide hoac hoat ddng nghd: co sd, tu nhin, co
sd tip thd, cic CO sd thuOc Nhi nudc vd cic ITnh viic sin xuit, quin ly, dich vti,
nghiftn cim...
- Nhttng khi nang nang cao tay nghd: su tidn bd vi sil phit tridn cia
nghd.
- Nftu tftn vi dia chi cic trudng, cic co sd dio tao nghd thudc cic cip
Trung utmg, dja phuong, tu nhan... Dio tao theo chinh quy, kdm cap.
- Tinh hinh dio tao vi tuydn chpn: nam tuydn chpn, sd lupng vi ty lft
trdng tuydn.
- Nhttng khi nang phii dio lao lidp tuc hoac chuydn ddi nghd: do sir tidn
bft cia khoa hpc ky thuit, thj trudng... ddi hdi phii thay ddi quy trinh cdng
nghft hoac cic yft'u id khic cia nghd da dupc dio tao.
Kft't lu^n: Thdi gian qua, cdng tic dio tao nhin luc cia nudc ta da cd

budc phat tridn vd sd lupng vi chit lupng. Tuy nhiftn, co cSu trinh dd, co ciu
nginh nghd, loai binh lao ddng cdn nhidu bit hpp ly. Di dat dupc muc tiftu
butSng nghiep lao ngudn dio tao nhan luc dip dng nhu ciu cic doanh nghiftp
trong cic linh vuc sin xuit kinh doanh, nginh nghd, ving midn, cin phai diy
manh cdng tie tu vin hudng nghiftp cho hpc sinh phd thdng. Xay dung vi s i
dung Ban md la nghd trong boat ddng tu vin hudng nghiftp li mdt trong cic
giai phip cin thiftt gdp phin diy manh tuyftn truydn djnh liudng nghd cho hpc
sinh phd thdng trung hpc. Ngoii cic ban md ta nghd chung cia qudc gia, cac
trudng cdn phai xiy dung bin md la nghd cia cic nghd dac trung d dia phuang
dang cd nhu ciu dd gidi Ihiftu giup hpc sinh phd thdng cd hidu bifti sau vd nghd,
xu hudng nghd nghiftp, viftc lam dd hpe sinh lua chpn nghd nghiftp tuong lai
phu hop vdi khi nang cia bin than, phi hpp vdi yftu ciu cia nghd vi nhu ciu
nhan luc cua dja phuang, dai nudc trong thdi ky cdng nghiftp hda, hiftn dai hda
va hdi nhap qudc td.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dang Danh Anh, Gido due hudng nghiip a Viit Nam, NXB Van hda Thflng tm. Ha
N6i, 2010.
2. Bp Giao due & Dao lao - Trung uim Lao dflng - Hudng nghiftp, Tu vdn nghi, NXB
Giao due, Hii Npi, 2005.
3. Pham Van Son. Cdc loqi thiet hi vd test trie nghiim dung trong tu vdn hudng
nghiep cho hpc sinh phd thdng. Tap chi Thiftt bi giao due, s6 70, thing 6/2011.

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TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd 6 (159), 6 - 2012