Thái độ của người dân về bình đẳng trong quan điểm phát triển con người

THAI D O

CUA NGUOI DAN VE

TINH BINH DANG TRONG
QUAN DIEM PHAT TRIEN CON NGUOI
GS.TS. Pham Thanh Nghj

Vien Tdm IY hoc.

TOM

TAT

Thdi d(~) ciia ngifdi ddn phu hap hay khdng so vdi chudn ddnh gid cd y nghTa
thue ddy hay cdn Ird vice thifc thi chinh sdch phdt trien con ngifdi (PTCN). Bdi viet
dd phdn lieh thifc trgng thdi do eiia ngifdi ddn ve tinh binh ddng vd cho thdy thdi do
ciia ngudi ddn iing hg binh ddng chifa cao, chifa dong deu tren cdc mat vd chUa rd
rdng trong mgi tinh hudng. Ngifdi tre tudi, ngifdi cd hgc vdn cao cd thdi do iing hg
binh ddng nhieu han. NgUdi mien Nam cd xu hudng iing hd binh dang cao hem ngudi
mien Bdc. Dd cd sif chuyen hda thdi do ve tinh binh ddng theo hifdng phii hgp hem,
nhitng nhin chung cdn cd sit cdi thien thdi do eho phii hgp han vdi yeu cdu PTCN.

Dat van de
Chfnh sach eua qudc gia cd dupe dua vao thue tidn hay khdng phu thudc
rdt nhieu vao thai dp cua ngudi dan va su tham gia cua hp vao thuc hidn cac
chfnh sach do. Nhiing bid'n ddi trong thd' gidi quan cua cdng chung cd thd' tac
ddng lam thay doi thuc tidn, thay ddi ddi sdng kinh td', chfnh tri va xa hdi thdng
qua chfnh hoat ddng cua hp. Cac nghidn cfiu gia tri cho thdy nhiing thay doi
trong he thdng niem tin ciia cdng chung dang ddn tdi nhfing kd't qua kinh te,
chfnh tri va xa hdi quan trpng. Trong cud'n sach cua mlnh, Inglehart (2008) da

ehfing minh rdng, cd mdi lidn ket manh me gifia cac hd thdng ni^m tin va cac
bid'n sd chfnh tri va kinh td' xa hdi nhu n^n dan chu hoac nhip dd tang trudng
kinh te. Cae bid'n ddi trong the gidi quan phan anh su bid'n ddi trong mdi trudng
kinh te va chfnh tri nhung chiing didn ra cham han v^ thdi gian va ddc lap dang
ke theo nhfing ddng thai ridng. Nhfing gi lidn quan dd'n PTCN, quan nidm cua
ngudi dan vd tfnh binh ding ed y nghTa quan trpng, do ngudi dan tham gia thue
thi chfnh sach, tac ddng hang ngay dd'n vide dat duac cac muc tidu binh dang
trong chfnh sach PTCN. Y kid'n cua hp phu hap hay khdng phu hap so vdi
chuan muc danh gia PTCN cd y nghia thuc ddy hay can trd vide thuc thi chfnh
14

TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012


sach dd, tac ddng day nhanh hay lam cham lai tid'n tnnh dat dupe cac muc tidu
PTCN. Bai vid't nay phan tfch thuc trang thai dp eua ngudi dan Viet Nam vd
tfnh binh dang trong quan diem PTCN, chi ra nhfing khoang each, nhfing bat
cap ve thai dp va xu hudng thay ddi thai dd trong qua trinh phat trien tien tdi
muc tidu PTCN.
1. Binh dang trong quan diem phat trien con ngudi
Mahbub ul Haq (1995), ngudi khdi thao Bao cao phat trien con ngudi
ddu tidn vao nam 1990 da dua ra 4 chieu canh ca ban de danh gia sir PTCN
trong an pham ''Bdn ve phdt trien con ngitcd" (Reflections on Human
Development). Do la tfnh cdng bdng, tfnh ben vfing, tfnh hidu qua va su trao
quyen, trong dd, tfnh binh ding dupe hi^u la sir tid'p can nhu nhau tdi cac ca hdi
phat trien cua tdt ca mpi ngudi. Phat trien ma thid'u binh dang cd nghTa la han
che su lua chpn cua rdt nhilu ngudi trong xa hdi. Tiiy thudc vao mfic dp bdt
binh dang dd'n mfic nao, qua trinh phat trien cd the se tude di quyen eiia mdt sd
nhdm ngudi nao dd trong xa hdi. Binh dang cdn dupe hieu la binh dang ve ca
hdi, khdng nhdt thid't phai binh ddng vi kd't qua, binh dang ve ca hdi khdng phai

lue nao cung ddn dd'n sir lua chpn gidng nhau hay kd't qua gidng nhau. Thuc ra,
su da dang hda ddu ra trong cudc sd'ng cho thdy, cac ca hdi binh dang thudng
ddn dd'n kd't qua khdng bdng nhau. Binh dang ve co hdi tid'p can chfnh tri va
kinh td' phai dupe xem nhu nhiing quyen co ban ciia con ngudi trong quan diem
phat trien. Su binh ddng cd the xem xet theo gidi, viing mien, tpc ngudi. Thai
dp cua ngudi dan ve binh ddng d day dupe xem la nhfing danh gia cua hp, ung
hd hay khdng ung hp nhiing ca hdi ciia cac nhdm ngudi khac nhau tdi cac hoat
ddng, dich vu cung nhu su phat trien.
2. Nhumg ke't qua phan tich thai do ngudi dan ve tinh binh ddng
trong PTCN
Nhiing phan tfch trong bai vid't nay su dung sd lieu thu dupe trong cudc
dieu tra gia tri thd' gidi (WVS) 2007 tai Viet Nam de lam ro thai dp cua ngudi
dan ve binh dang gidi, ve su edng bdng, binh dang trong thu nhap, binh dang
trong quan hd, giao tid'p, fing xfi gifia nhfing ngudi cd xudt thdn tfi eae nhdm xa
hdi khac nhau. Nhirng ngudi tra ldi dupe lua chpn theo quy trinh chpn mdu xac
sudt ngdu nhidn nhieu bude va dupe kiem dinh ve mat thdng kd de hp ed the dai
didn cho ngudi dan Vidt Nam dua ra y kid'n ve cae vdn de lidn quan. Nhiing
phan tfch dudi day tap trung vao lam rd (1) Thai dp ve binh ddng gidi trong
vide lam va thu nhap, (2) Thai dp ve binh dang gifia nhfing nhdm ngudi khac
nhau trong thu nhap va vide lam.
2.1. Thdi do ve binh ddng gidi trong viec ldm vd thu nhgp
Trong he gia tri truyen thdng, nam gidi dupe coi trpng hon nfi gidi, vl
vay CO hdi phat trien, ea hdi vide lam dd'i vdi nam gidi ludn cao han nfi gidi.
TAPCHfTAMLtHpC,Sdl(154), 1 2012

15


Thai dp trpng nam khinh nfi vdn dang tdn tai khd phd bid'n trong ngudi dan Vidt
Nam hien nay. Thai dd ndy dang ed ddu hidu thay ddi theo chidu hudng tfch

cue, ngay cang cd nhieu ngudi iing hd binh ddng gidi trong ca hdi vide lam, thu
nhap, nang cao hpc vdn.
Phan fing vdi tuyen bd "Khi cdng vide khan hidm, dan dng cd quyen ed
vide lam han", 40,3% ngudi trd Idi chpn phuang an ddng y, 37,2% ngudi tra ldi
chpn phuang an khdng ddng y va 21,2% khdng ed y kid'n gl. Khi phdn tfch theo
dp tudi, nhdm ngudi tren 50 ludi cd xu hudng iing hd quan di^m phan bidt gidi
cao han nhfing nhdm ngudi tni ldi ire tudi han, dac bidt, nhdm ngudi dudi 30
tudi. Diem trung binh eiia 2 nhdm nay tuong fing la 1,85 va 2,05; 1 di^m - ung
hd quan diem phan biet gidi, 3 dilm phdn dd'i quan diem nay. Nhfing ngudi cd
hpc vdn cao hPn cd quan diem tid'n bd han, ft iing hd quan did'm phan bidt gidi,
cu the la nhdm ngudi cd trinh dd dai hpc trd ldn phan ddi quan diem nay nhilu
han nhfing ngudi cd trinh dd tilu hpc (dilm trung binh tuang fing la 2,05 va
1,78). Mdt dilu thii vi dupe phat hidn d ddy la ngudi miln Bdc ung hd quan
diem phan biet gidi cao han ngudi sdng d miln Nam, vdi dilm trung binh
tuang fing la 1,85 va 1,99.

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70'
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30
20

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Viet Nam

Trung Qud'c

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19,8

Nhat Ban

D Dao d^ng

9.8 8.2

^

My

Canada

5 Khdng d6ng ^

Bieu dd 1: Khi cdng viec khan hiem, ddn dng co quyin co viec ldm han

16

TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012


So sanh qudc te dung sd lieu thu dupe tfi cae cudc dieu tra tuang tu didn
ra d cae nude cho thdy, thai dp cua ngudi dan Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban kha
gidng vdi thai dp eua ngudi dan Viet Nam ve vide uu tidn nam gidi cd vide lam
khi edng vide khan hiem vdi diem trung binh tuong fing la 1,84; 1,80 va 1,92;
trong khi dd ngudi dan My va Canada phan ddi tuydn bd nay kha manh me vdi
dilm trung binh tuang fing la 2,71 va 2,62 (bilu do 1). Didu nay cd thi ly giai
rdng, mac du Nhat Ban la nude cd trinh dd cao ve phat triln vd kinh te, xa hdi
va eon ngudi, nhung ngudi dan Nhat vdn cdn duy tri van hoa gia dinh truyen
thdng kha manh me. Nhieu phu nfi Nhat Ban vdn d nha lam ndi trp va chfnh
sach eiia chfnh phu efing nhu cae td chfic dan su vdn cdn khuyd'n khfch td chfic
gia dinh kilu nay. Trung Qudc va Viet Nam lai kha gidng nhau vl mat van hoa
va day la ea sd dl ngudi dan cd quan dilm gdn nhau vl van dl binh ddng gidi.
Trong khi dd, ngudi dan My va Canada cd thai dp binh dang gidi rat cao, cd tdi
81,9% ngudi tra ldi d My va 77,9% ngudi tra ldi d Canada phan dd'i vide uu tien
vide lam cho nam gidi khi cdng vide khan hiem.

Quan nidm nfi gidi phdi lam ndi trp, nam gidi dupe lam cdng vide xa hdi
vdn cdn tdn tai kha phd bid'n trong ngudi dan Vidt Nam. Theo quan nidm nay,
ngudi phu nfi phai coi vide lam ndi trp cung hfing thu nhu di lam co quan. Tra
ldi cau hdi "Lam ndi trp, phu nfi cung thay hai long nhu di lam hudng luong",
73,4% sd ngudi tra ldi Viet Nam ddng y, 22,4% ngudi tra ldi khdng ddng y
(bilu dd 2).

Cac loai y kiS'n
S D6ng y

B Kh6ng co y kie'n

ES Kh6ng ddng y

Bieu do 2: Ldm ndi tra cung hdi Idng nhudi Idm cdng dn Iitang

TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012

17


Khi phan tfch theo hpc vdn, cd thi phdt hidn thdy nhfing ngudi cd hpc
vdn tha'p cd xu hudng ddng y vdi y kid'n ndy nhilu han. Dilm trung binh cua
nhdm ehua ed hpc vdn tilu hpc Id 1,30; nhdm cd hpc vdn tilu hpc la 1,95;
nhdm cd hpc vdn trung hpc la 1,94 vd nhdm cd hpc vdn dai hpc trd ldn la 2,17.
Cd su khac bidt ed y nghTa vd y kid'n eua nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nam gidi va
nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nfi gidi. Nam gidi ddng y vdi quan dilm nay cao han nfi
gidi, dilm trung binh tuang fing la 1,82 vd 2,05.
Trong lich sfi Viet Nam, ddt nude theo trid't ly dao khdng, thi ca hdi lam
chfnh tri va quan ly dupe danh cho nam gidi. Chfnh thuc tidn dd da anh hudng

dd'n thai dd eiia ngudi dan vl vdn dl nay. Lua chpn phuang an tra ldi cho tuydn
bd "Ndi chung, nam gidi lanh dao chfnh tri tdt han nfi gidi", 12% ngudi tra ldi
"ung hd manh me", 43,5% "iing hd", 33% "khdng ung hd" va 9,3%) sd ngudi
tra ldi khdng ung hd manh me; sd edn lai (2,2%) khdng tra ldi (bilu dd 3). Ro
rang cd mdt ty Id cao ngudi trd ldi khdng eho rdng phu nfi cd kha nang lanh dao
chfnh tri, tuy nhidn da cd mdt ty Id khdng nhd ngudi tra ldi khdng ddng y vdi
quan dilm nay. Quan dilm phdn dd'i ndy chdc chdn se dupe cung cd khi ngay
cang ed nhilu phu nfi tham gia hoat ddng chfnh tri vd rd't nhilu ngudi trong sd
hp da thdnh cdng.

^

S Ling hd manh me
a iing hd
S Khdng iing hd
• Khdng ling hd manh me
in Khdng tra Icri

25

C6c phuang 6n tra Idi

Bieu dd 3: Nam gidi ldnh dgo chinh tri tdt han nit gidi

18

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012


So sanh thai dp ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam vdi thai dp ciia ngudi dan cac

nude Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, My va Canada ve kha nang lanh dao vuai trdi ciia
nam gidi so vdi nfi gidi cho thay, thai dp ngudi dan Vict Nam kha gan vdi thai
dp ngudi dan Trung Qudc ve van de nay vdi diem trung binh luxnig fing la 2,33
va 2,46 (1 la hoan toan img hd va 4 la hoan loan phan ddi), trong khi dd, ngudi
dan My va Canada cd thai dp khac nhieu vdi ngudi Viet Nam vdi diem trung
binh tuang fing la 2,92 va 2,98.
Phan fing vdi tuydn bd "Nam gidi lam kinh doanh tdt han nfi gidi", han
mpt nua sd ngudi tra ldi (57,1%) khdng ddng y, 41%. sd ngudi tra ldi ddng y va
2,9% sd ngudi khdng the hien thai dp dul khoat trong lira chpn phuang an tra
ldi. Da cd sir khac biet trong nhin nhan kha nang kinh doanh ciia phu nfi; da sd
ngudi tra ldi da cdng nhan kha nang nay cua chi em. Nhfing ngudi lie tudi va
nhfing ngudi cd hpc van cao cd xu hudng khdng ddng y vdi tuyen bd nay vdi ty
lc cao hon.
Tuong tir nhu \'ay. khi ndi rdng hpc van dai hpc quan trpng vdi nam gidi
hon nfi gidi, chi cd 22.4% sd ngudi tra Idi ddng y vdi y kien nay, trong khi dd
cd tdi 78.r;f sd ngudi tra ldi phan ddi. Rd rang, nhung ngudi tham gia tra Idi da
nhan thfic dupe tam quan trpng ciia giao due dai hpc ddi vdi phat trien con
ngudi ndi chung va vdi phu nfi ndi rieng. Nhung ngudi cd hpc van cang cao
cang cd xu hudng khdng ddng y vdi tuydn bd nay nhilu han.
So sanh thai dp cua ngudi dan Viet Nam vdi ngudi dan Trung Qudc,
Nh(it Ban. My va Canada vl vai trd cua giao due dai hpc ddi vdi phu nu cho
tha'y ed sir tuong ddng cao vl quan dilm ciia ngudi dan cac qudc gia khac nhau
nay. Ngudi dan Viet Nam, Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, My va Canada deu phan ddi
quan diem cho rdng, giao due dai hpc quan trpng han ddi vdi nam gidi so vdi
nfi gidi vdi dilm trung binh tuong ung la 2.95; 3,07; 2,88; 3,30 va 3,36. Thai dp
phan ddi quan dilm nay ciia ngudi dan My va Canada manh hon ba nude cdn
lai thi hidn mfic dp binh ddng gidi cao d hai qudc gia nay.
Tdm lai, sir phan bidt gidi trong thai dp ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam vdn cdn
kha nang nl, tuy nhidn trong mpt sd npi dung, ngudi dan cd thai dp tid'n bd. Sir
khac bidt vl thai dp nay cd thi thay d nhdm ngudi cd hpc van cao, d nhfing

ngudi trong nhdm tudi tre hon va d nhfing ngudi tra ldi sdng d nhung dia ban cd
thdi gian tid'p can thi trudng nhilu hon va cd van hoa cdi md hon. Khi so sanh
thai dp ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam vdi thai dp eiia ngudi dan cac qudc gia khac vl
chilu canh binh ddng gidi, chiing ta nhan thay ed sir khac bidt thai dp phu
thupc vao trinh dp phat triln. Thai dp ngudi dan cae nude kem phat triln cd xu
hudng ung hp phan bidt gidi nhieu hon, trong khi thai dp ngudi dan cac nude
phat triln ed xu hudng ung hd binh ddng gidi cao hon. Mat khac, sir gdn gui vl
van hod ed quan he true tid'p dd'n sir gid'ng nhau vl thai dp ciia ngudi dan vl
quan dilm binh ddng gidi.

TAPCHfTAMLyHpC,Sdl(154), 1 2012

19


2.2. Thdi do ve binh ddng giUa nhitng nhdm ngudi khde nhau trong
thu nhgp vd viec lain
Phan fing vdi quan dilm cho rdng, ngudi lam vide tdt han cd thu nhdp tdt
han, tuyet dai da sd (87,1%) ngudi tra ldi iing hd vide trd luong cao han cho
ngudi lam vice td't han va chi cd 7,4% sd ngudi trd ldi phdn dd'i vide nay, sd cdn
lai dao ddng trong lUa chpn phUPng an tra ldi. Nhu vay, ngudi Vidt Nam nhin
chung ling hd vice tra luong theo ket qua cdng vide, theo ddng gdp cua ngudi
lao ddng.
Theo nhdm tudi. nhfing ngudi ed dd tudi dudi 30 tudi va tfi 30 49 tudi
iing hd vice tra luong theo kct qua cdng vide cao hon nhdm ngudi ed dd tuoi
trdn 50 vdi diem trung binh tuang fing la 0,96; 0,95 va 0,84 (1 dilm la ung hd,
0 diem la phan ddi).
Phan lich theo trinh dd hpc vdn, nhfing ngudi ed hpc vdn cao han cd xu
hudng ung ho manh me vide tra luong cao han cho ngudi lam vide tdt han so
vdi nhdm ngudi tra ldi cd hpc vdn thdp hon. Mfic dd ung hd thi hidn d dilm

trung binh ciia cac nhdm chua cd hpc vdn tilu hpc, cd hoc vdn tilu hpc, cd hpc
vdn trung hpc, cd hpc vdn dai hpc trd ldn tuong fing la 0,53; 0,82; 0,98 vd 0,94.
Tuy nhidn, khi ducic ydu cdu the hidn quan diem vl viec lua chpn xay
dung xa hdi, nPi mpi ngudi cd thu nhap ngang nhau hay tao ra xa hpi cd su
khac bidt trong thu nhap dl tao ddng lue, ngudi trd ldi Viet Nam iing hd su
phan hod thu nhap ehua that r5 rang, vdi dilm trung binh la 5,79, trdn thang 10
dilm, 1 dilm ung hd su phan bd diu nhau va 10 dilm ung hd su phan hoa
trong thu nhap. Nhiing ngudi ed hpc vdn cao hon cd chilu hudng ung hd phan
hoa thu nhap cao hon. Dilm trung binh eua cac nhdm cd hpc van khdng chfnh
quy, tilu hpc, trung hpc va dai hpc tuang fing la 3,68; 4,88; 6,09 va 6,88. Ngudi
trd ldi miln Bdc ung hd phan hod thu nhap cao han ngudi miln Nam, dilm
trung binh cua hai nhdm ngudi trd ldi nay tuang fing la 6,23 va 5,34.
So sanh qudc te cho thdy, khdng cd su khac bidt ldn vl thai dd cua ngudi
dan eae nude vl quan dilm xay dung mdt xa hdi cd thu nhap deu nhau han hay
mpt xa hdi cd thu nhap khac bidt ldn han. Dilm trung binh vl thai dd eua ngudi
ddn Trung Qudc - 6,26; Nhat Ban - 5,71; My - 5,72; Canada 5,44. Ngudi dan
cac nude cd chung mong mudn tao ra mdt xa hdi cd thu nhdp khac nhau khdng
ldn di dam bdo tfnh cdng bdng va ca hpi phat triln cho mpi ngudi.
cau hdi: "Ong (Ba) cd ddng y rdng, phai danh thud' ngudi cd thu nhap
cao dl trp giup ngudi ngheo hay khdng?" dupe dua ra dl phat hidn thai dd eiia
ngudi dan vl tfnh cdng bdng thdng qua phan bd lai thu nhap. Trdn thang 10
dilm, 1 la khdng ndn va 10 la ndn danh thud' ngudi cd thu nhap cao, ngudi tra
ldi Viet Nam ed thai dd rdt ro rang vl vide cdn danh thud' thu nhap ngudi giau
dl giup da ngudi ngheo vdi diem trung binh la 7,46. Nhdm ngudi tra ldi ed dd
20

TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 2012


tudi dudi 30 cd xu hudng ung hd danh thue thu nhap nhilu hon so vdi nhdm

ngudi ed dp tudi 29 - 49 va trdn 50 vdi dilm trung binh tuong fing la 7,83; 7,35
va 7,28. Dilu dac bidt la cd su khac bidt y kid'n gifia nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nam
gidi va nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nfi gidi vdi dilm trung binh tuong fing la 7,68 va
7,22. Nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nfi gidi cd xu hudng ung hd phan hoa thu nhap
nhung ft quyd't lidt hon so vdi nhdm ngudi tra ldi la nam gidi. Khdng ed su khac
bidt cd y nghTa nao giua cac nhdm hpc van d cau tra ldi nay.
Tuong tu nhu cau hdi d tren, khi ngudi tra ldi dupe hdi lieu rdng nhfing
ngudi that nghiep cd can dupe trp cap that nghidp tfi Chfnh phii hay khdng?
Trdn thang 10 dilm, 1 dilm la khdng va 10 la cd, dilm trung binh ciia nhdm
ngudi tra ldi Viet Nam la 7,88 thi hidn sir iing hd rd rang ve trp cap that nghidp
cho ngudi mat vide lam. Nhfing ngudi cd hpc van cao ed xu hudng img hp
manh me hon.
Trd ldi tuyen bd: "Khi cdng vide khan hiem, ngudi tuyIn dung can uu
tidn ngudi Viet Nam hon ngudi nhap eu?", cd ldi 73% sd ngudi dupe hdi ddng
y vdi quan diem nay, 10,6% khdng ddng y va 16,4% dao dpng trong lua chpn
mdt trong hai phuang an tra ldi (bilu dd 2). Dilm trung binh chung la 1,32 thi
hidn su iing hd rdt cao (1 la iing hd, 3 la phan ddi). Theo trinh dp hpc van,
nhdm cd hpc van cao cd xu hudng khdng ddng y cao hon. Dilm trung binh ciia
nhdm chua ed hpc van tieu hpc, cd hpc van tilu hpc, cd hpc van trung hpc va
ed hpc vdn dai hpc trd ldn tuong fing la 1,06; 1,29; 1,31 va 1,52. Ngudi tra ldi
sdng d miln Bdc cd xu hudng ddng y vdi tuydn bd nay cao hon ngudi tra ldi
miln Nam.

80
70
60

H D6ng y
D Khong CO y kien
EaKh6ngd6ngy

50

^

40
30
20
10

0

Cac loai y kien
Bieu dd 4: Nhiing ngudi tuyen dung cdn itu tien cdng viec
cho ngudi Viet Nam han ngudi nhdp cu
TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012

21


So sanh qudc te vl thai dd eiia ngudi dan Vidt Nam vdi thai dd ngudi
dan Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, My va Canada eho thdy, dilm trung binh cua ngudi
Vidt Nam thdp nhdt (1,32), tiep den la Trung Qud'e (1,51), Nhat Ban (1,57), My
(1,91) va cao nhdt la Canada (2,03). Ro rdng ngudi dan cac nude phat triln, ed
van hod cdi md (My, Canada) cd chilu hudng dl chdp nhan lao ddng nhap cu
hon ngudi dan Vidt Nam vd Trung Qud'c, hp thi hidn thdi dd cdi md, binh dang
hon vl CO hdi ciia nhfing ngudi cd qudc tich khde vl cdng an vide ldm. Thai dd
cua ngudi trd ldi Nhat Ban khdng khac bidt la mdy so vdi thai dd cua ngudi dan
Trung Qudc.
Tdm lai, ngudi dan Vidt Nam cd xu hudng ung hd mdt xa hdi cdng bdng

hon, ft phan hod gidu ngheo, ung hd danh thud' ngudi gidu, giup dd ngudi
ngheo, iing hd cung cdp trp cdp thdt nghidp cho ngudi mdt vide. Su khac bidt
thai dd gifia cac nhdm theo dd tudi va nhdm hpc vdn la kha ro rang. Su khac
bidt cdn tim thdy trong thai dd cua ngudi dan miln Bdc va ngudi dan miln
Nam. Ngudi dan cac nude phdt triln cd xu hudng cdi md han dd'i vdi ngudi lao
ddng nhap cu, hp iing hd ngudi nhap cu cd ca hdi nhu ngudi ban xvi, trong khi
dd ngudi dan Vidt Nam khd nhay cdm vdi vdn dl nay. Dai da sd ngudi tra ldi
Vidt Nam iing hd uu tidn cdng vide cho ngudi dan sd tai khi cdng vide khan
hidm.
Ket lu$n
Cd thi ndi, nhfing phan tfch thai dd cua ngudi ddn vl tfnh binh ddng
trong quan dilm phat triln con ngudi cho tha'y thai dd ung hd binh ddng chua
cao, ehua ddng deu trdn cac mat va chua rd rang trong mpi tinh hudng. O dau
dd da cd su chuyin hda thai dd phu hop vdi ydu cdu vl tfnh binh ddng theo tidu
chf danh gia PTCN, nhung nhin chung cdn cd su cdi thidn thai dd vl tfnh binh
dang eho phu hop hon vdi ydu cdu PTCN. Cd xu hudng ngudi tre tudi, ngudi cd
hpc van cao cd thai dp ung hd binh dang nhilu han trong PTCN. Ngudi miln
Nam cd xu hudng ung hd binh dang cao han trong PTCN so vdi cu ddn mien
Bdc. Thai dp cua ngudi dan cae nude phat triln cdi md han trong chdp nhan su
binh dang trong PTCN. Cd thi di dd'n mdt kd't luan chung la xu hudng thay doi
thai dp cua ngudi dan dd'n muc tidu binh ddng dang didn ra mdt each tfi tfi qua
chuyin doi thd' he, qua tang cudng hpc vdn, qua thay ddi van hoa. Su chuydn
doi do theo quy luat tfi nhiing gia tri truyin thdng sang nhfing gia tri duy ly, tfi
nhiing gia tri sinh tdn sang nhung gia tri tu bilu dat. Phat triln con ngudi ddi
hdi khdng chi thay ddi cac chi sd danh gia khach quan nhu tang thu nhdp, cai
thidn cac dilu kidn cung cdp dich vu y td', giao due ma cdn hudng vao thay dli
nhan thfic, thai dd cua ngudi ddn vl su binh dang. Su thay ddi thai dd cua ngUdi
ddn vl binh ddng tu nd da la mdt ddu hidu cua su phat triln, nhung su thay dli
thai dp nay cdn cd tac ddng thuc ddy qua trinh PTCN didn ra nhanh han, hidu

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TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012


qud hon, bin vfing hon thdng qua vide cae cdp qudn ly trao quyIn cho ngudi
dan va chap nhan vai trd ehu thi eua ngudi dan trong qua tnnh phat triln.

Tai lieu t h a m khao
1. Haq M.U., Reflections on Human Development, How the focus of development
economics shifted from national income accounting to people-centered policies, told
by one of the chief architects of the new paradigm. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1995.
' ^
2. Inglehart R., Hien dgi hod vd hgu hien dgi, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, 2008.
3. United Nation Development Programme, Human Development Report 1990
UNDP, New York, 1990.

TAP CHf TAM Lt HOC, Sd 1 (154), 1 - 2012

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