Thực nghiệm nâng cao nhận thức về áp lực tâm lý và cách ứng phó với áp lực tâm lý cho trẻ lao động sớm

Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

Sd 45 nam 2013

THlTC NGHIEM NANG CAO NHAN THUC VE AP LUC TAM Ll
VA CACH UNG PHO VOl AP LUC TAM LI
CHO TRE LAO DONG S O M
HU^NH VAN SON', N G U Y E N TH! NHUNG"

TOiVI TAT
Ifng pho vdi dp luc tdm li Id noi dimg rdi quan Irong trong gido due ki n^g s6ng
cho ire vi thdnh nien ndi chung vd ire em lao ddng sdm noi rieng. Cd the ndng cao nhgn
IhiFC cua Ire lao dong sdm vi vdn di ndy bdng mot so hien phdp, nhu: td chuc tap hudn
cho tre noi dung vi cdc tdc nhdn gdy dp luc tdm li, dac diem tdm li cua bdn thdn vd cdc
ngudn luc ciing nhu nhimg phuang'phdp cu the de hinh thdnh cdch ung phd tich cue, tdng
cudng tu vdn cd nhdn, cdng tdc ren luyen kT ndng song cho tre trong cdc budi truyen thdn
Tie khda: img phd vdi ap lire tam li, tre lao dpng stim.
ABSTRACT
Experimenting on enhancing the awareness ofpsychological pressure and ways to deal
with psychological pressure for children who work at young age
Dealing with psychological pressure is a significant content in educating life skills
for juveniles in general and for children who work at young age in particular. Increasing
these children's awareness of this issue is possible through some methods such as.
Organizing trainings aboiil factors of psychological pressure, children's psychological
features and resources and specific methods to form ways to deal with pressure positively
increasing individual consultation, increasing life skills training for children in events.
Keywords: deal with psychological pressure, children working at young age.
1. Dat van de
Tre lao dpng sdm la nhtrng tre dudi
15 tudi, dang true tilp tham gia lao dpng
de nudi sdng ban than va ddng gop vao

viec nudi sdng gia dinh. Khdi niem nay
tuong ddi gan vdi khdi niem lao ddng tre
em. Tuy nhien, chiing tdi khdng sir dung
khai niem lao ddng tre em, vi thilt nghi
khi sir dung khai niem lao dpng tre em la
mac nhien cdng nhan tre em la mdt luc
lupng lao ddng, dilu ndy khdng phii hpp
vdi nd lire ngan chan lao dpng tre em cua
Viet Nam va thi gidi.
• PGS TS, Trudng Oai hoc Su pham TPHCM
HVCH, Trirdng B?i hoc Su pham TPHCM
34

Ung phd tam li la qua trinh xay ra
thudng xuyen trong cupe sdng cua con
ngudi. Theo Lazarus, ngudi khdi xudng
trao luu chinh trong nghien cim su ing
phd thi "img phd la thudng xuyen thay
ddi cdc cd ging nhan thuc va ung xir
nhim xir li cdc ddi hdi dac biet ben ngoai
hoac ben trong dupe cho la de nang len
vd vupt qua tai xoay sd ciia con nguoi"
[3, tr.528].
Tilp can quan dilm ciia Lazarus va
Folkman (1984) vl img phd, cd thi nhan
thiy each irng phd ciia con ngudi phu
thudc rit Idn vao sir danh gia ciia cd nhan
vl tinh hudng khd khan cung nhu nhttng
ngudn lire img phd. Trude nhimg tdc

Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

nhan gdy ra dp luc va trude ban than
nhiing dp luc, cd nhan se tien hdnh hai
lan danh gia. Tren ca sd tri giae tinh
huong va tinh chat ciia dp luc, cd nhan se
tien hanh danh gia xem tinh huong gay dp
lue tam li do la thach thiic hay de dpa, co
hai. Sau do, hp tiep tuc danh gia ve khd
nang va cac nguon luc img phd ciia ban
than. Su ddnh gid nay phu thupc rat Idn
vao cac dae diem tdm sinh H, mdi trudng
song va cac moi quan he xa hpi cua ed
nhan.
Trong thuc te, khi doi mat vdi cac
cam xiic am tinh do dp luc tam Ii gay ra,
con ngudi sir dung kha nhieu each ling
phd khac nhau, cd each hieu qua hoac
khdng hieu qua, co each co lai hoac gay
tac hai cho con ngudi. Tir thuc tien
nghien ciiu ve nhiing each ung phd vdi
dp luc tam li ma tre lao dpng sdm thudng
sir dung, co the nhan thay van eon khd
nhieu tre sir dung cac each ling pho kem
thich nghi, mang tinh chat tieu cue, thy
dpng nhu: lang trdnh, dd loi eho bdn than,
bpe Id va giai toa cam xiie mpt cdch tieu
cue, ma tudng, su dyng cae ehat kich
thich... Vdi nhiing each img pho do, cac

dp luc ciia tre se khong suy giam ma cd
nguy ca chuyen sang nhiing roi loan cam
xiic va hdnh vi tuong ling nhu tram cam,
lo Idng, hanh vi xdm kich, gay hdn...; dac
biet, mpt sd em dd tu lam hai ban than
hoac ed y muon lam hai bdn than, tim den
cai chet de giai quyet van de ciia minh.
Da sd cac em giai tda dp luc tam li bang
ban nang hoac bdng nhiing kinh nghiem
non ndt ma minh cd dupe ehii chua he cd
nhiing hieu bilt, nhiing kT nang di vupt
qua ede vdn dl kho khdn trong cupe sdng.

Huynh Van San vd tgk

Cd the ndi, hinh thanh each irng
pho tich cue trude cae khd khan noi
chung, cac dp luc tam li noi rieng nhdm
ban chi cac roi loan ve sijc khde tam thdn
va giiip tre tu tin, dpc lap trong xa hdi la
nhiing muc tieu quan trpng ciia chuong
trinh giao due kT nang sdng cho tre lao
dpng sdm.
2.
Giai quyet van de
2.1. Khdch the, phuang phdp ddnh gid
vd mo hinh thuc nghiem
Khdch the thuc nghiem dupe chpn
ngdu nhien d nhom tre lao dpng sdm
trong dp tuoi tir 12 den 15 tuoi ciia quan

Tdn Binh.
Nhdm thuc nghiem: Gom 12 tre lao
dpng sdm tir 12 den 15 tuoi;
Nhdm ddi chung: Gdm 12 tre lao
dpng sdm tir 12 den 15 tuoi.
Thuc nghiem dupe tien hanh trong
eac buoi gap gd truyen thong giiia nhan
vien cdng tac xa hpi vd tre lao dpng sdm,
bdt ddu tir ngay 20-5-2012 din 20-82012.
Phuong phap chinh de ddnh gid
muc dp nhan thiie ciia tre lao dpng sdm
la phuong phap dieu tra bang bang hdi.
Bang hdi gdm 10 cau hdi dupe chia lam 4
phdn nhu sau:
Phan A: Cac bieu hien ciia ap luc
tdm li;
Phdn B: Nguyen nhdn gdy ra dp luc
tam li;
Phdn C: Anh hudng ciia ap luc tdm
H;
Phan D: Cdc each ling phd tich cue,
tieu cue vdi dp lue tam li.
Ddi vdi cdc cdu hoi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 9, 10, mdi cdu tra Idl dung dupe 1


S6 45 nam 2013

Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

diem, moi cdu sai dupe 2 diem. Cau hdi
s6 8 cho diem theo 5 mire dp: Rat tot: 1
diem, T6t: 2 diem, Ludng lu: 3 diem,

Mu-c do

Noi dung
Bieu hien ve mat cam xiic

Bieu hien ve mat hanh vi
Bieu hien ve mat sue khoe
Nguyen nhan gay ra ap luc
Anh hudng ve mat siic khde
Anh hudng ve mat cdm xuc

Cdch ung pho tich cue

Cach ung phd tieu cue

Khdng tdt: 4 diem va Rat khdng tot: 5
diem.
Cach tinh diem cy the nhu sau:

Nhan thiic cao
Nhdn thire trung binh
Nhdn thiie thap
Nhdn thire eao
Nhdn thiic trung binh
Nhan thiic thdp
Nhan thirc cao

Nhdn thiic trung binh
Nhan thiic thap
Nhdn thire eao
Nhdn thirc trung binh
Nhdn thiic thap
Nhan thiic cao
Nhan thirc trung binh
Nhan thiic thdp
Nhdn thuc cao
Nhdn thire trung binh
Nhdn thirc thap

Nhu vdy, ddi vdi edc phdn: bieu
hien, nguyen nhdn, anh hudng eiia dp luc
tdm ll va cae each ling phd tich cue vdi
dp lire tam li thi diem trung binh cang
thdp cang chung td tre ed nhdn thire t6t,
rieng vdi each irng pho tieu cue thi DTB
cdng cao edng chiing to tre co nhdn thiic
tdt ve nhom edc bien phap nay.

Diem trung binh
(DTB)
6,0 - 8,0 diem
9,0-10,0 diem
11,0-12,0 3iem
8,0-10,0 diem
11,0-13,0 diem
14,0-16,0 diem
4,0 - 4,5 diem

5,0 - 6,0 dilm
7,0 - 8,0 diem
1 - 1,3 diem
1,4 - 1,6 diem
1,7-2,0 diem
18-30 diem
31 - 4 2 diem
43 - 54 diem
51 - 70 diem
3 5 - 5 0 diem
1 4 - 3 4 diem

Ket qua thu dupe tir bang hdi se
dupe xii li bang phdn mem SPSS 13.0 de
tinh tan sd, ti le phan tram, DTB va dac
biet Id kiem nghiem T - Test.
Md hinh thuc nghiem dupe xdc
dinh dua tren ehudi nghien ciiu lua chpn
nhu sa dd sau day:


Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

Huynh Vdn San va tgk

NHOM
DOI
CHllMG

Test +

phong van

Test +
phong van
sau
thirc nghiem

NHOM

THirc
NGHIEM

Xic djnh
mile (I9
nhSn thiic

Xac dinh
mijcdp
nh^n thtic

-•

Lam viec vdi tre
va giao due vien
n h ^ thi][c

TiSn h ^ h dfing b^
cSc bi^n phdp

So do md hinh thuc nghiem ndng cao nhdn thuc ve dp luc tdm li

cdch img phd vai dp lytc tdm li a tre lao dpng sdm
2.2. Di xudt mpt s6 bi^n phdp thui.
nghiem
2.2.1. Nhdm bien phdp thay ddi nhdn
thuc cua tre vd nhung nguai xung quanh
Bi^n phap 1: Td chiic tap hudn cho
tre ndi dung ve cdc tdc nhdn gdy dp luc
tam li, ddc diSm tdm U cua ban than va
cdc ngudn lye ciing nhu nhiing phuang
phap cu the de hinh thanh each ling phd
tich cue.
Bifn phap 2: Phdi hpp vdi cdc
nhdn vien cdng tdc xa hpi quan triet tu
tudng vl phia eha me cac em (dac biet Id
nhimg phu huynh sdng cirng tre lao dpng
sdm) ve nhung ddc diem tdm sinh li,
nhung tam tu, tinh cdm, nhiing dnh
hudng cua ap lye tir phia cha me doi vdi
su phdt triln cua cac em bdng phuang

phdp trd chuyen true tiep va phat tdi lif u.
Bifn phap 3: H6 trp ede nhdn vien
edng tdc xa hpi, cdc giao dye vien, nhiing
ngudi tiep xiie true tiep vdi tre lao ddng
sdm nhiing kien thiic tdm H hpc ve dde
diem tam sinh li cua tre vd mpt sd kT nang
sdng edn thiet de cd the kip thdi giiip da
cdc em mdi khi cae em gap cdc van de
tdmli.
2.2.2. Nhdm bien phdp tdng cuong ki

ndng sdng cho tre lao dpng sdm
Bien phap 1: Kit hpp vdi cdc tinh
nguyen vien, nhdn vien edng tdc xd hpi
tang cudng cdng tac ren luyen kT nang
sdng cho cdc em, trong dd cd kT ndng img
phd vdi dp luc tdm li trong cae budi
truyen thdng.
Bien phap 2: Lien he vdi cdc td
37


Sd 45 ndm 201 Ji

Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

chiic, hd trg cdc em tham gia chuong
trinh "Hudng dao sinh Viet Nam", mdt
chuong trinh mien phi va bd ich ve ren
luyen kT nang sdng cho tre vi thanh nien
thong qua cdc budi sinh hoat hdi trai.
2.2.3. Nhdm cdc bien phdp khdc
Bien phap 1: Phdi hop vdi cdc c o
sd bao trg xa hdi vd cac nhdn vien cdng
tdc xa hoi tang cudng tu van ca nhdn cho
tre gap nhiing vdn de tam li.
Bien phap 2: Day tre cdch thu gian,
each sap xep cupe sdng mpt each khoa
hpc, ket hpp lam viec vd nghi ngoi, sdng
thanh than vd hdi long vdi cupe sdng.
Bien phap 3: KhuySn khich tre viet

nhat ki, choi the thao va doc them sach

vd nhiing khi ranh rdi.
2.3, Kit qud thtfc nghiem
Sau khi ti6n hdnh ddng bd cac bien
phap gido due k l tren, chiing tdi tijn
hanh cho tre tra Idi bang hdi ket hop voi
phuong phap phdng van sau de xac dinli
lai mire dp nhan thirc ciia tre d nhdm dS
chimg vd nhdm thuc nghiem. KSt qua
cho thay, co su khac biet Idn ve mire dp
nhdn thirc ve dp luc tam li cua tre lao
dpng sdm d nhdm ddi chirng vd nhom
thuc nghiem sau thirc nghiSm. Cd bdn noi
dung: bi Su hien, hdu qua, nguyen nhan va
cdc each ling phd vdi dp lire tam II deu co
sir khac biet cd y nghIa ve mat thong lie
the hien d bdng thdng ke sau day:

Bdng thdng ke so sdnh muc do nhdn thuc cita hoc sinh giiia nhdm doi chimg
vd nhdm thirc nghiem sau thuc nghiem

STT
1

3
4

Noi dung
Mot so bieu hien cua

ap lyc tam li

Trong cam xiic
Trong hanh vi
Trong sire khoe

Anh hu'dug cua dp lyc
tam ll

Ve mat sii'c khoe
Ve mait cam xiic

Nguyen nhan gay ap \ift tam li
Cach ihig pho vdi ap Tich circ
lire tam li
Tieu eye

Bang thdng ke so sanh mirc dp
nhan thire cua hoc sinh giOa nhdm ddi
chimg vd nhdm thuc nghiem sau thuc
nghiem cho thdy:
Ve bieu hien cua dp luc tdm li, chi
rieng bieu hien v'i mat cam xiic Id khdng
cd su khac biet y nghia giira hai nhdm.
Con lai, bieu hien dp lite tam li trong
hanh vi va sire khde ddu cd sir khdc biet y
nghia giua hai nhdm. Cu thS nhu bidu

38

Nhdm doi
chirng
8,83
12,00
5,75

Nhdm thirc
nghiem
6,67
8,83
4,33

5,92

4,33

0,016

1,83

1,08

0,002

6,67
29,58

4,00
18,58

0,000
0,003

51,33

64,00

0,000

Sig
0,133
0,006
0,016

hien d mat hanh vi, nhdm ddi chirng den
12,00 nhung nhdm thuc nghiem da giam
xudng edn 8,83, rd rang nhan thirc ciia
nhdm thuc nghiem da dupe tang len ddng
kS.
Ve dnh huong ciia dp li^c tdm li,
can chu y rdng trong phdn biSu hien ciia
dp luc tam li, chiing tdi xet tren ba khia
canh: bieu hien vi mat site khde, cdm xiic
vd hanh vi nhung trong phdn nhan thirc


Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM

ve anh hudng ciia aplyc tdm li, chiing tdi
chi trinh bay tren hai khia canh la siie

khoe vd cdm xiie, vi theo chiing toi, nh|n
thire vl dnh hudng ciia dp lye tam li tren
mdt hanh vi eiia tre lao dpng sdm Id khd
tot. Bdi hdnh vi la yeu td dupe the hien ra
ben ngodi nen tre cd the nhdn thuc rat rd
rdng ve su anh hudng ddn hdnh vi khi
gap nhung dp luc tdm H. Ddy Id mdt
trong nhiing ndi dung dupe chu trpng khi
tien hdnh thuc nghi?m, ket qua ciia nhdm
thuc nghiem cho thay chiing tdi da tien
hdnh rat hieu qua npi dung nay. Cy the,
hfiu qud tren cd hai phuong di?n siie khde
vd edm xiie deu cd sir khdc bipt y nghTa
giiia nhom doi chung vd thyc nghipm.
Dien hinh nhu, d dnh hudng ve m§t sOre
khoe ed su khdc bi^t rdt Idn giOa hai
nhom vdi DTB d nhom th\re nghipm la
4,33 strong khi nhom d6i chiing len tdi
5,91. Dilu ndy chiing td sau thyc nghiem,
nhdn thuc ciia ede em ndng eao len rd ret,
cdc em biet dupe khi gdp dp lye tam li,
hau qua khong chi dan gian la "buon bd,
chdn dn" nhu cdc em thudng de cap; Tir
dd, cdc em eo y thiic ngdn ngira va Ong
phd hpp li vdi nhOng dp lye tdm U.
Vi cdc bien phdp ung pho vai dp
luc tdm li, d ed 2 nhdm deu cd su khac
biet y nghia ddi vdi cdc bi?n phdp tieu
cue vd bien phdp tich eye. 6 nhdm cac
bien phdp tich eye, DTB da giam tir

29,58 xudng edn 18,58; vd ngupe lai, d

Huynh Van San vd tgk

nhdm bien phdp tieu eye, DTB da tang tir
51,33 len 64,0. Dieu ndy eho thdy cac em
dd CO nhiing nhdn thiic diing dan ve hieu
qua ciia cac nhdm bien phap nay.
3.
Ket luan
Ket qua nghien ciiu da gdp phan
chiing minh rdng co the dp dyng cac bien
nang cao nhdn thuc ciia tre lao dpng sdm
ve dp luc tam li vd each ling phd vdi ap
luc tam li thdng qua viec long ghep ndi
dung, chuyen de vdo cdc hoat ddng
truyen thdng cho tre. Ket qua thuc
nghiem eho thdy: Trude thuc nghiem,
miic dp nhdn thiie ve dp lire tdm li giiSa
nhdm ddi chimg vd nhdm thuc nghiem
tuong ddng nhau, deu d mire trung binh.
Sau khi thuc nghiem d nhdm doi chiing,
du DTB CO thay ddi so vdi trude thuc
nghiem, nhung khong dang ke vd khong
CO y nghTa ve mdt thdng ke. 6 nhom thuc
nghiem, ed su khdc biet y nghia gliia
trude va sau khi thue nghiem. Sau thuc
nghiem, miic dp nhan thirc cua tre lao
dpng sdm d nhdm thuc nghiem da tang
len d miie dp cao, nhdm ddi chung van d

miic dp nhan thiic trung binh. Nhin
chung, tre lao dpng sdm da nhan thiie r5
hon ve ede ndi dung bieu hien cua dp lue,
nguyen nhdn dan tdi ap luc, anh hudng
cua nd den ddi sdng ciing nhu nhimg bien
phap ling phd vdi dp luc tdm li, tir dd cd
y thiic trong viee phong ngira vd ling pho
hieu qud vdi dp luc tdm li.
(Xem tiep trang 70)

39


Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

4.

5.

6.

SS 45 nam 2013

Steve Higgins et al. (2005), 77ie Impact of School Environments: A literature review.
The Centre for Learning and Teaching School of Education, Communication and
Language Science, University of Newcastle.
Siobhan Bradley, Noirm Hayes (2007), Literature review on the support needs of
parents of children with behavioral problems, Centre for Social & Educational
Research Dublin Institute of Technology.
Virginia Schmied, Lucy Tully (2009), Effective strategies and interventions for

adolescents in a child protection context. Centre for Parenting & Research Service
System Development Division NSW Department of Community Services.

(Ngay Toa soan tihan duvc bit 26-7-2012: ngay phan bi4n dinh gii: 10-01-2013:
ngay cbSp nhSn asng. 10-4-2013)

THLt NGHIEM NANG CAO NftjJS THU'C VE AP LlTC TAM LI...
(Tiep theo trang 39)

1
2.
3.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Luu Song Ha (2005), "Mdt sd khd khan trong hpc tap ciia tre vi thanh nien va each
ling phd cua cac em", Tgp chi Tdm li hoc, (4), tr.45- 51.
Phan Thi Mai Huang (2007), Cdch ting phd cua tre vi thdnh nien voi hodn cdnh kho
khdn, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi.
Dinh Thi Hdng Van (2012), "U*ng dung tiep can nhan thiic - hanh vi trong viee hinh
thanh each irng phd tich cue vol earn xiic am tinh cho tre vi thanh nien", Kiyiu Ndi
thdo khoa hoc qudc te Tdm li hoc ducmg Idn thit 3, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM.

(Ngiy Tda soan nhSn duuc bii 08-9-2012: ngiiy phin bien dinh gii: 12-10-2012:
ngdy chip nhan ddng: 12-4-2013)

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