Belgium From the Roman Invasion to the Present Day pdf

CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
CHAPTER XII
CHAPTER XIII
CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER XV
CHAPTER XVI
CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER XVIII
CHAPTER XIX
CHAPTER XX
CHAPTER XXI
CHAPTER XXII
CHAPTER XXIII
CHAPTER XXIV
CHAPTER XXV
CHAPTER XXVI
CHAPTER XXVII
CHAPTER XXVIII
CHAPTER XXIX
CHAPTER I
1

CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
CHAPTER X
CHAPTER XI
CHAPTER XII
CHAPTER XIII
CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER XV
CHAPTER XVI
CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER XVIII
CHAPTER XIX
CHAPTER XX
CHAPTER XXI
CHAPTER XXII
CHAPTER XXIII
CHAPTER XXIV
CHAPTER XXV
CHAPTER XXVI
CHAPTER XXVII
CHAPTER XXVIII
CHAPTER XXIX
Belgium, by Emile Cammaerts
The Project Gutenberg eBook, Belgium, by Emile Cammaerts

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may
copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Belgium From the Roman Invasion to the Present Day
Author: Emile Cammaerts
Release Date: December 7, 2008 [eBook #27442]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BELGIUM***
E-text prepared by Brownfox, Hélène de Mink, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading
Team ()
Belgium, by Emile Cammaerts 2
Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See
27442-h.htm or 27442-h.zip: ( or
( />Transcriber's note:
Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical
errors have been corrected.
Text that was printed in bold is enclosed by equal signs (=like this=).
The page advertising other books in the series has been removed to the end of this e-book.
The Latin number [i] in the text refers to a transcriber's note at the end of this e-book.
BELGIUM FROM THE ROMAN INVASION TO THE PRESENT DAY
Illustration: ALBERT I. Frontispiece. Photo Langfier.
BELGIUM
From the Roman Invasion to the Present Day
by
EMILE CAMMAERTS
With 36 Illustrations and 9 Maps
T. Fisher Unwin Ltd London: Adelphi Terrace
Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1921 (for Great Britain)
Copyright by G.P. Putnam's Sons (for the United States of America), 1921

First published 1921 Second Impression 1922
(All rights reserved)
PREFACE
We possess happily, nowadays, a few standard books, of great insight and impartiality, which allow us to
form a general idea of the development of the Belgian nation without breaking fresh ground. The four
volumes of Henri Pirenne's Histoire de Belgique carry us as far as the Peace of Münster, and, among others,
such works as Vanderlinen's Belgium, issued recently by the Oxford University Press, and a treatise on
Belgian history by F. Van Kalken (1920) supply a great deal of information on the modern period. To these
works the author has been chiefly indebted in writing the present volume. He felt the need for placing the
conclusions of modern Belgian historians within reach of British readers, and believed that, though he might
not claim any very special qualifications to deal with Belgian history, his knowledge of England would allow
him to present his material in the way most interesting to the English-speaking public.
Belgium, by Emile Cammaerts 3
Belgium is neither a series of essays nor a systematic text-book. Chronological sequence is preserved, and
practically all important events are recorded in their appointed time, but special stress has been laid on some
characteristic features of Belgian civilization and national development which are of general interest and bear
on the history of Europe as a whole.
The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to his friend, Professor Van der Essen, who has been good
enough to revise his work. He is also indebted to Messrs. Van Oest & Co. for allowing him to reproduce some
pictures belonging to l'Album Historique de la Belgique, and to the Phototypie Belge (Ph.B.), Sté anonyme,
Etterbeek, Bruxelles, and other holders of copyright for providing him with valuable illustrations.
CONTENTS PAGE
PREFACE 5
INTRODUCTION 15
Belgium, by Emile Cammaerts 4
CHAPTER I
THE COAL WOOD 29 Celts and Germans Roman conquest Roads of Roman civilization First
Christianization Germanic invasion Natural obstacle presented by the "Silva Carbonaria" Origins of racial
and linguistic division.
CHAPTER I 5

CHAPTER II
FROM SAINT AMAND TO CHARLEMAGNE 37 Frankish capital transferred from Tournai to
Paris Second Christianization St. Amand Restoration of the old bishoprics Romanization of the Franks
and germanization of the Walloons Unification under Charlemagne Aix-la-Chapelle, centre of the
Empire First period of economic and intellectual efflorescence.
CHAPTER II 6
CHAPTER III
LOTHARINGIA AND FLANDERS 47 Partition after Charlemagne Treaty of Verdun The frontier of the
Scheldt Struggle of feudal lords against the central power The Normans.
CHAPTER III 7
CHAPTER IV
RÉGNER LONG NECK 52 Policy of the Lotharingian princes Influence of the German bishops Alliance
with Flanders against the Emperor Decadence of the central power Religious reform of Gérard de
Brogne The Clunisians and the struggle for the investitures The first crusade.
CHAPTER IV 8
CHAPTER V
BALDWIN THE BEARDED 60 Policy of the counts of Flanders Imperial Flanders The English
alliance First prospect of unification Robert the Frisian.
CHAPTER V 9
CHAPTER VI
THE BELFRIES 66 Origin of the Communes; trade and industry Resistance of feudal lords;
Cambrai Protection given by the counts of Flanders and the dukes of Brabant Social transformation
extending to the country-side The meaning of the belfries.
CHAPTER VI 10
CHAPTER VII
THE GOLDEN SPURS 78 Attraction of Flanders on the rest of the country Attempts at maintaining
neutrality between France and England Thierry and Philippe d'Alsace Baldwin IX Ferrand of
Portugal Bouvines Increasing French influence Flemish reaction "Matines Brugeoises" Consequences of
the Battle of Courtrai Edward III and Van Artevelde.
CHAPTER VII 11

CHAPTER VIII
THE CATHEDRAL OF TOURNAI 88 Religious spirit of Belgium in the Middle Ages The Romanesque
churches Introduction of Gothic; Period of transition, early Gothic, secondary period, third period French
and Flemish languages during the Middle Ages Picard writers in Walloon Flanders First translations and
chronicles in French Origin of Flemish letters, Willem's Reinaert, Van Maerlant.
CHAPTER VIII 12
CHAPTER IX
THE GREAT DUKES OF THE WEST 102 Decline of the Communes Policy of the Burgundian dukes:
Philip the Bold, John the Fearless, Philip the Good Territorial unification and political centralization Philip's
external policy Charles the Bold Dream of a new central Empire.
CHAPTER IX 13
CHAPTER X
THE TOWN HALLS 112 The meaning of Belgium's Gothic Town Halls Result of a compromise between
centralization and local liberties Decline of the cloth industry Economic prosperity under the new
régime Transformation of trade Antwerp succeeds Bruges.
CHAPTER X 14
CHAPTER XI
THE ADORATION OF THE LAMB 124 Civilization under Burgundian rule French and Flemish;
bilingualism Flemish letters: Jean Boendaele, Ruysbroeck The Brothers of the Common Life Writers in
French: Jean Le Bel, Froissart, Chastellain Development of music: Dufay, Ockeghem, etc Life in
fifteenth-century Belgium The early "Flemish School of Painting" Its place in the history of Art The
brothers Van Eyck Origins of the school; sculpture, illuminating.
CHAPTER XI 15
CHAPTER XII
140 Reaction after the death of Charles the Bold The "Great Privilege" of Mary of Burgundy Her marriage
with Maximilian; its consequences Conflict between Burgundian and Hapsburgian policies Philip the
Handsome Margaret of Austria Accession of Charles to the Empire Projects of founding a separate
kingdom Margaret's second governorship.
CHAPTER XII 16
CHAPTER XIII

THE LAST STAGE OF CENTRALIZATION 154 Mary of Hungary Revolt of Ghent Complete
unification Augsburg transaction Pragmatic Sanction Abdication of Charles V.
CHAPTER XIII 17
CHAPTER XIV
ANTWERP 163 Development of modern trade Rural industry Humanism and Lutheranism The
placards Anabaptism Calvinism.
CHAPTER XIV 18
CHAPTER XV
THE BEGGARS 174 Philip II Marguerite of Parma and the Consulta Resistance of the Council of
State The "Compromise" The Iconoclasts Catholic reaction.
CHAPTER XV 19
CHAPTER XVI
SEPARATION 182 North and South The Duke of Alba and the Council of Blood Requesens "Spanish
Fury" Pacification of Ghent Don Juan Policy of Orange Archduke Matthias The Duke of Anjou The
"Malcontents" Confederation of Arras Union of Utrecht "French Fury" The fall of Antwerp.
CHAPTER XVI 20
CHAPTER XVII
DREAM OF INDEPENDENCE 204 Albert and Isabella Catholic reaction Siege of Ostend Policy of the
Spanish kings The Walloon League The States-General.
CHAPTER XVII 21
CHAPTER XVIII
THE TWELVE YEARS' TRUCE 213 Period of reconstruction Ruin of Antwerp Revival of industry and
agriculture Social conditions under Albert and Isabella Influence of the Church.
CHAPTER XVIII 22
CHAPTER XIX
RUBENS 221 Contrast between Flemish Art in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries Italian
influence Intellectual action of the Jesuits Neglect of Flemish Popular Art: Breughel, Jordaens.
CHAPTER XIX 23
CHAPTER XX
POLITICAL DECADENCE UNDER SPAIN 230 Situation of the Southern Netherlands between the United

Provinces and France Projects of Partition Münster Treaty Wars of the Spanish Succession The
Anglo-Batavian Conference Treaty of Utrecht The Barrier system.
CHAPTER XX 24
CHAPTER XXI
THE OSTEND COMPANY 245 Economic Renaissance under the Austrian régime Efforts to liberate
Belgian trade War of Austrian Succession Charles de Lorraine Intellectual decadence Popular
restlessness.
CHAPTER XXI 25