Đóng góp của mahatma gandhi đối với báo chí ấn độ

Nguyen Manh Cudng. Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi...
©2019 Vien Nghien cihj An Oo vi l a y Nam A
Tgp chi Nghien cihj An Dg va Chau A
So 8 (81), thang 8-2019
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ISSN: 086G-7314

Dong gop cua Mahatma Gandhi doi voi bao chi An Do
Nguyin Manh Cuotng*
Truang Dgi hgc Khoa hgcXa hpi vd Nhdn van, Hd Ngi
Ngdy nhdn bai: 18/6/2019, ngdy giri phdn bien: 01/7/2019, ngdy duyet ddng: 17/7/2019

J

rang cudc d&i M. Gandhi, mdt linh vuc cdn it dugc di cap Id su nghiep cua dng vai tu cdch
mdt nhd bdo. Ld mgt chinh tri gia, Gandhi da sit dung bdo chi nhu mdt cdng cu hiiu qud vl
ddc lap vd tu do ciia ddn tgc. Gandhi tiing Id nhd bdo vd Id chu but cho ndm t& bdo ndi tieng: Indian
Opinion (Quan diim An Do) & Nam Phi vd Young India (An Do tre), Navajivan (Cudc sdng m&i),
Salyagrahi (Chiin si Chdp tri chdn ly) vd Harijan (Nhiing dua con thdn thdnh). Ddy la nhiing vi du co
dien vi bdo chi dua tren nhiing gid tri dgo diic vd cdch mgng nhung v&i dng, muc dich cua bdo chi la
phuang lien cho nhiing tu tuong vd cudc ddu tranh vi ddn tdc ciia con nguai cd dnh huong nhdl An Do.
Bdi viel di cap din bdn ndi dung chinh: (i) Gandhi vai tu cdch nhd bdo; (ii) Nhung yeu td mai trong
cdch viit bdo cua Gandhi; (iii) Ddng gdp cua nhd bdo Gandhi cho phong trdo gidnh dpc Igp vd (iv) So
sdnh giua Gandhi vd Hd Chi Minh trong ITnh vuc bdo chi
Tu khda: Mahatma Gandhi, bdo chi. An Dp
Mffdau
Ddi vdi phan Idn ngudi dan tren the gidi ngay nay, Gandhi la mpt anh hung giai phdng An Dp bang
bat bao dpng thanh thien. Ong duge tdn siing la mpt trong nhftng nhd tu tudng vT dai nhat ve ehinh trj
vd tao lap hda binh ciia the ky XX.
Mahatma Gandhi la luat su vd ehinh tri gia nhung it ngudi biit rdng dng cung la nha bao vdi mpt
su nghiep bao chi dac biet ddng nguong mo. Ong bdt ddu viet bao d Nam Phi nham bao ve cdng dong

An Dp chdng lai su bdt cdng ciia nha nude Apartheid. De hd trg cho su nghiep do, dng phat hdnh va
bien tap mpt td tudn bao nham mye dich thdng tin va khuyen kln'eh tranh luan cho ngudi An Dp va Nam
Phi. Trong sudt eupc ddi, Gandhi gdn bd vdi nghe bao, tat ca cac bai viet eua dng deu nham ho trg cdc
y tudng chinh tri va dugc eiing cd bdi mpt cam ket khdng lay chuyen doi vdi thuc te dau tranh vi tu do
vd dpc lap ciia dat nude.

1. Mahatma Gandhi vol tir each nha bao
Trong eac hogt ddng da dang ciia minh, Gandhi timg la nha bao vd la chu biit cho bdn td bdo noi
tieng: Indian Opinion (Quan diem An Dp) a Nam Phi vd Young India (An Dp tre), Navajivan (Cudc
sdng m&i), Salyagrahi (Chien si Chdp tri chdn ly) vd Harijan (Nhiing dua con thdn thdnh) d An Dp. 19
*
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 8 - 2019, tr.70-77

70


Nguyin Manh Cudng. Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi...
tudi, Gandhi di London va lan dau tien dng dpc bdo. Ong viet trong tu truyen rdng: "OAn Dd, tdi chua
bao gia dgc mgt t& bdo tru&c dd" (M.K. Gandhi, VlOlS, pp.20-21). Ong rdt muon vigt bdo va bdt dau
ddng gdp cho Tgp chi Vegetarian Society of England (Hdi nhiing ngudi an chay d nude Anh). Ba ndm
d London, dng viet 9 bai cho tap chi nay ve am thue, phong tuc, le hpi, v.v... eiia An Dp. Biiu ndy cho
dng ca hdi de bdt ddu su nghiep ciia mpt nhd bdo.
Trong cupc ddu tranh gianh dpc lap tai An Dp, tieng ndi eua Mahatma Gandhi chinh Id tidng ndi
ciia An Dp. Cac td bao do dng sdng lap khdng phdi Id nhimg td bdo theo nghTa thdng thudng ciia thuat
ngu nay vi chung truyen dat den ddc gid vi nhiing gi Mahatma nghT doi vdi mgt loat cdc chii de vdi
pham vi rdt rgng, gan nhu Id nhimg cuon bach khoa loan thu. Gandhi cd nhung quan diem rieng vd
khdng do du trong viec bieu dat chung. Ong viet ve chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi hpe, tdn giao,... Ong khdng
ngai nhftng cdu hdi khd ma ludn doi mat vdi chiing, tinh trung thuc tri tue cua dng Id mot vii khi sdc
ben. Ddi khi, dng cung ggi ra nhung phan ling manh me kem theo nhiing binh luan hdm hinh.
Td Harijan (Nhiing diia con thdn thdnh) id nai Mahatma the hien tinh da dien trong su nghiep ciia

minh: mdt ngudi ban, triet gia, ngudi hudng dao, chinh tri gia, thanh nhan. Ong la tdt ed nhirng dieu dd
vd edn ban the niia. Ong la mdt bien tap vien hoan hdo. Thdi dai da lam nen con ngudi nhung con ngudi
cung ddng gdp cho thdi dai theo nhimg each ky dieu. Gid ddy, chiing ta doc eac bai viet ciia dng vdi sy
kinh ngae trudc sir dpc dao ciia Gandhi trong vai trd nha bao.

2. NhQng yeu to moi trong each viit bao cua Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi dd mang lai nhieu yen to mdi vao ITnh vuc bdo ehi tai An Dp. Chinh phuang phdp tiep can
con ngudi da tgo cho cdc bai viet eua dng mpt phong cdch dgc bipt. Tieng ndi ciia dng Id ti6ng ndi cua
nhdn loai - khdng phdi la tieng ndi ciia mpt td bao nhd. Ong muon mang din mpt su thay doi thuc su
trong dat nude dng vd the gidi.
Chuc ndng cua bdo chi vd tam quan trpng cua Su that
Gandhi tin rdng, "miic dich duy nhdt cua bdo chi Id phuc vu. Chiic ndng thuc su cua bdo chi la gido
due tdm tri cdng chiing vd dpc dugc suy nghT cua ddt nuac vd hiin ro rdng vd khdng sp hdi tdm tri vd
suy nghi dd" (D. G. Tendulkar, M. Chalapati Rau, Mridula Sarabhai, Vithalbhai K. Jhaveri, 1944,
p. 147). Theo dng, mpt nhd bdo cd the la mpt ngudi yeu nude, dang vien cua mdt chinh dang hodc mpt
nhdn vien trung thdnh, nhung Idng trung thanh ciia hp chu yeu phai danh cho ddc gid. Cdng ehiing ed
quyen biet su that. Hp phdi dugc thdng bao khach quan ve nhung gi dang xay ra. Neu bdo ehi Idm mat
niem tin ciia dpc gid, nd da mat tat cd nhirng gi cd gia tri trong bao chi. Trong td Young India ngdy
3/4/1924, Gandhi viet: "Tung tin sai l§ch Id tgi dc chdng Igi tinh nhdn vdn" (Laxmi Narain, 6/1965).
Cdc bai viet dugc thuc hi?n theo phong each ciia rieng dng. Cdu cua dng ngan gpn va dng ludn
nhanh chdng d6 cdp thdng vdo trpng tam van de. Ong viet de mgi ngudi ed th^ hieu dng dl ddng. Ong
khdng CO trd thdnh nha van nhung nhihig gi dng viet Id vdn hpc (M. V. Kamath, 1994, p.2). Dd la vi dng
da viet vdi ca trai tim chii khdng phdi chi vdi tri tue. Ong muon truyen dat npi dung chii khdng phdi cd
tinh tao ra phong each. Neu Mahatma ed phong each thi dd khdng phdi la mpt thii duge dao tao md do
la ban chat con ngudi dng. Ngudi ta choang vang vi s\r dan gian cua nd. Nd mang den niem tin vi tinh
trung thuc von cd.
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A. So 8 - 2019, tr.70-77


Nguyen Manh Cudng. Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi..

Chiing ta cd the nhin nhan mire dp anh hudng thdng qua bao chi ciia M. Gandhi theo hai each: (i)
vdi tu cdch mdt nha luan Iy hpc lam bao chi va (ii) Id nhd bao da thuc hien mpt cudc thdp tu chinh d^o
diic. Viec khang dinh M. Gandhi la mot dinh cao xuat chiing cua cupc thap tu ehinh ve nhan pham con
ngudi la dieu khdng the nghi ngd. Cd the ndi, dng dd tien hanh cupc thdp tu chinh vi dao diic trong chinh
tri vd trong ddi song cdng cpng. Theo Gandhi, bdo chi cd ba muc dich chinh: "mdt Id, di hieu cdm gidc
cua nguai ddn vd biiu hien nd; muc dich thii hai Id de khai day trong nhdn ddn nhUng tinh cdm ddng
mong mudn vd muc dich tha ba Id khdng sp hdi khi bdc trdn nhiing nhuac diem phd bien cua ddn chiing"
(Communist Party of Great Britain, 12/1927).
Sau khi dng qua ddi, hgc trd cua dng da co gdng giir cho td Harijan tiep tuc tdn tai nhung Harijan
ma khdng cd Gandhi thi gidng nhu mpt ca the khdng cd linh hon. Nhftng tin do trung thanh theo chii
thuyet ciia Gandhi da cd gdng duy tri td bdo nhung hp da khdng the lam dugc.
Gandhi la mgt ehien sT chien ddu hdng hdi cho tu do bao chi. Ong ndi, "Tu do bdo chi Id mpt dgc
dn quy gid md khdng mgt qudc gia ndo cd the chdi bd. Tudo bdo chi Id mgi dgc dn thiit yeu, nd cdn
dugc khuyin khich nhung khdng nen Id cdch thi hiin khdc cua su bdt tudn dan sif' (M. K. Gandhi,
1990, p.213). Chac chan bao chicd quyen I\rc nhung viec lam dyng quyen lue do la mgt tgi dc.
Nhd bdo vd ngu&i bien tap v&i phong cdch khdc biit
Gandhi da chimg minh rdng phong cdch bdo chi rdt quan trpng. Nhieu nha nghien ciiu nhan xet
rdng tieng Anh ciia dng rdt chudn muc. Thgm chi, mdt sd ngudi so sanh nd vdi tieng Anh cua cae bac
thdy nhu Ruskin hay Thoreau (M. K. Gandhi, 5/1922, p.216). Ong rat ti mi trong vi?c sii dyng tieng
Anh. Ong lira ehpn vd sii dyng tir rdt can than, cau cua dng rat gian di vd ro nghTa. Ong viet tir trdi tim
nen ai cung tiep thu duge.
Phong cdch nay Id mdt su khdi dau hoan todn mdi, khac hdn nhung gi thinh hanh d An Dp trudc
khi dng ve nude. Nhftng ngudi ndi tieng nhu Surendranath Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal, Balgangadhar
Tilak, Aurobindo Ghose deu viit theo phong cdch Maeaulay': Nhung tdc pham nay ngng ve hinh thiic,
cdu ddi bdt thudng, ngudi dpc cd trinh dp trung binh rat khd theo ddi. Cach vi6t kinh vi?n "kieu
Maeaulay" nay so vdi su phong phii ciia cdch diln dat, ngdn ngft true ti8p, ro rang vd ti?n dung ciia
Gandhi that Id khdc biet. Gandhi khdng chi each mang hda tu tudng ehinh tri eiia thdi dgi ma cdn viet
bdng thii tiSng Anh "mai" cho ddng bao dng: Nd khdng cd tieu di giat gan hay kieu chai chft ma thugt
ma dugc dpc gia ddn nhan rdng rai. Ddi khi, bdi viet kha hai hudc. Vdi dng, ve dep eua su biiu hi?n
phai la "mgt ngu&i giiip viec" khiem nhudng eho Su that.

Td Harijan dupe xuat bdn nam 1933, Jawaharlal Nehru dpc nd khi dang bi giam giu d Dehradun.
"Tdi rdt vui mim^\ Nehru viet cho Gandhi sau khi dpc hai sd dau tien cua Harijan, "khi thdy long tot
vd su kien nhdn vd tdn cd thi dap tat, hogc nhu anh ndi, trung hda dupe ddi phuang' (Millie Graham

' Thomas Babington Maeaulay (25/10/1800 - 28/12/1859) Id nha sii hpc va chinh trj gia ngudi Anh. Maeaulay
timglaBp trudng B6 Chiin tranh Anh 0839- 1841), T6ng thu ky (1846 - 1848). Ong dong vai tro quan trong
trong viec gidi thieu cac khai niem ve tieng Anh va phuong Tay vao giao due An Dp va cong b6 lap luan ciia ong
ve chu de nay trong '"Maeaulay Minute" ndm 1835. Ong ting hp viec thay thd tiing Ba Tu bdng tiing Anh nhu
ngon ngit chinh thirc, viec sir dyng tieng Anh nhu phuong tien gidng day d tdt ca cac tnrdng va dao tao ngudi An
Dp n6i tieng Anh ldm giao vien. Dieu nay ddn din chii nghTa Maeaulay 6 An DO, xoa bo cic he thfing giao due va
day nghe truyen thong va co dgi ciia An Dp.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.70-77
72


Nguyen Manh Cudng. Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi ...
Polak, George Allen, 1931, p.209). The he tre cdc nhd van, nhd bao da chiu dnh hudng manh me bdi
phong each ciia Gandhi. Khdng chi nhiing ngudi lam vi?c cho Young India hay Harijan ma cd nhiing td
bao va tap chi khdc ciing bdt dau viet bdng tieng Anh dan gian. Mdt the he mdi cac nha bao da ra ddi.
Vai Gandhi, quan trpng hem phong cdch Id npi dung bdi viit. Ddi tugng md dng ehpn Id tdng l&p
du&i. Gandhi da chuyen hudng su chu y ciia cdc nhd van, nhd bao tir thanh phd sang lang que. Ong nhan
manh rang trong thue te. An Dp sdng trong cdc ngdi Idng; rang cdng viec cua nha bao hodc tac gia la
viet ve Idng vd dan lang. Vi vay, dng da dua cdc ngdi Idng ciia An Dp vdo mpt biic tranh rpng Idn va
sdng ddng ciia van hpc va bao chi An Dp.
Chu tri hpi nghi van hgc Gujarat vao ngay 2/11/I936, Gandhi hdi, "Lpi ich cua nin vdn hpc cua
chiing ta Id gi vd ddnh cho ai? Chdc chdn khdng phdi ddnh cho nhiing nhd quy tgc viing Ahmedabad.
Hp cd thi thu hiit nhiing ngh? si trong vdn chuang nghi thuat vd cd thu vien l&n trong nhd. Nhung ndng
ddn ngheo thi cd gi vd cdn gi?... Khi tdi ndi v&i cdc bgn, tdi nghive Dean Farrar vd cudn sdch cita dng
ve cugc d&i Chiia Kitd. Tdi co the chdng lai sir cai tri cua Anh, nhung tdi khdng ghet tieng Anh hogc
vdn hpc nghe thuat cua hp. Vd cuon sdch cua Dean Farrar la mdt trong nhiing kho tdng quy hiem bdng

tiing Anh. Banco biit cdch dng lao dpng di viit ra cudn sdch khdng? Ong dgc tdt cd mpi thir ve Chiia
Giesu bang tieng Anh, din Palestine, xem xet mpi nai vd dpc Kinh thdnh. Sau dd, dng viet cudn sdch
trong dire tin vd cdu nguyen cho cdng chiing bdng tieng Anh v&i thu ngdn ngu md tdt cd hp deu hiiu
dupe. Nd khdng theo phong cdch cua Tiin sT Johnson md theo phong cdch di hiiu cita Dickens. O day
cd ai nhu Farrar, nhirng ngu&i se viet nen nen vdn hgc vT dgi cho ddn ldng khdng? " (M. K. Gandhi,
1922, p.67).
V&i tdm thi dd. Gandhi da gi&i thieu mot yeu td m&i vdo ITnh vuc bdo chi- dd Id cdch tiip can nhdn
vdn, ddc ddo. Ong khdng bao gid coi ngudi dgc nhu myc tieu tuyen truyen. 6ng eoi hp nhu mpt thue
the sdng cd sd thich vd sir ham mudn ma dng sdn sang hieu va chia se de mang lai su thay doi thirc su
trong nude va tren the gidi. Ong thupc ve mpi ngudi bdng each xac djnh minh ludn ddng hanh vdi hp
va viet ve cdm xuc vd nguyen vpng eua hp.
V&i Gandhi, ddc gid Id quan trpng nhdt (Mahadev Desai, 1927, p.258). Tien bp khoa hpc vd gido
dye lien tyc nang cao trinh dp tri thiie ciia cdng chung. Mpt so td bdo dugc truyen cdm hiing de trd thanh
kenh truySn thdng ly tudng. Dieu ndy dac biet diing trong thdi dai Victoria khi bao chi Anh bat dau gido
due con ngudi \k cac gid trj chinh tri vd dao diic. Gandhi bat ddu su nghiep bao ehi d Nam Phi va su
nghiep dd phdt trien trong bau khdng khi nay. Mgc dii nen van minh cdng nghipp sau do thong tri mpi
khia eanh eiia ddi song con ngudi, Gandhi van thuyet giang ve cac gia tri nhdn vdn qua cdc tac pham
cua minh. Sii menh giao dye ma bao chi cd khd ndng hodn thanh phy thupc vdo tdi ndng eiia cdc nha
bao. Tuyen truyen cho dpc gia v6 chinh tri cdng ddi hdi su kheo leo va kien nhan vi neu cdng chiing
khdng hilu dugc, hp se mat hiing thii vdi nhiing dien bien chinh tri - xa hdi phiic tap. Nhd bdo phai d vi
tri lien ket cdc su kien trong cupc sdng vdi eon ngudi. Ddy ehinh la phep thuat ciia Gandhi khien cho
dpc gia say me nhiing gi dng viet vd coi chung nhu chdn Iy, nhu su hiep thdng thanh thi?n vdi Thien
Chiia (Chandrashankar Shukla, 1949).
Anh hu&ng cua Gandhi ddi vai vdn hpc An Dp duang th&i rdt l&n. Cy thi nhu anh hudng cua
Gandhi d6n su lya ehpn ngdn ngii ciia cac nhd van la s\r uu tien cho tieng mp de hogc phucmg ngd'. Nhd
Nghien ciiu An DO vd Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.70-77

73

Nguyen Manh Cudng. Ddng gdp cua Mahalma Gandhi.,
su quan tam eua Gandhi, thien tai trong su dan gidn hda de dat dugc s6 lugng ngudi dpc Idn nhat, chat
nhan vdn day tinh thuyet phye trong cac boat dpng ciia dng, da cd mpt sir chuyin doi nhanh chdng trong
bao chi An Dp. Nhieu ngudi dd chuyen sang viet va xuat ban bang cae ngdn ngii An Dp, vd bdt chudc
phong each true tiep ciia Gandhi, hp viet vdn xudi dem gian. Bdo chi khu virc bat ddu cd dnh hudng vd
hau nhu khdng cd mpt khu vuc ndo eiia An Dp tu dd khdng ed bao chi (Mahadev Desai, 1927, p.54).
Gandhi la ngudi rat tu hdo khi ndi phuang ngft cua minh. Phong each ndi tieng Gujarati eua Gandhi
cung duge khen nggi nhu phong each tieng Anh ciia dng. Ong da thiet lap mdt phong each mdi trong
vdn hpc Gujarati. Ngdn ngft Gujarati da ed thdi hoang kim khi Gandhi chinh siia vd viet cho to Navajivan
va, sau nay, trong phien bdn bdng tieng Gujarati ciia td Harijan. Trudc do, dng ciing da tiing gdp cac
bdi bdo bang tieng Gujarati trong phdn Gujarati eua td Indian Opinion.
Ngoai van ban trong ban gde tieng Gujarati, Gandhi cdn dan dau trong viec dich cdc tdi li?u hihi
ich khac sang ngdn ngu Gujarati. Trong thue te, dng dd tao ra mpt nhdm cac dich gid trong tdA''crvfl/'/van.
Hp dich nhieu sdch vd xudt ban chiing thdng qua Navajivan.
Gandhi quan tdm din su thinh vuang cua tdt cd cdc ngdn nga An Dp. Den cuoi ddi, dng cdn co
gang hpe tieng Bengali. Cac bdn viet tay ciia dng bang tieng Bengali vdn dugc luu trii din ngdy nay.
Ngay trudc ngay bi am sat, dng da viit mdt doan van bang tiing Bengali vd dua nd cho giao vien - ba
Abba Gandhi. Tai Nam Phi, Gandhi cung hpe tieng Tamil de ed the de dang giao tiep vdi ngudi Tamil
eu tni d ddy. Trong biic thu giri Chhaganlal Gandhi ngdy 17/4/1905, Gandhi viet, "Tdi dang hpc tieng
Tamil rdt chdm chi vd neu dn, tdi cd the hieu khd ro cdc bdi bdo Tamil trong vdng hai thdng nua. Tdi
mudn cd nhiing cudn sdch bdng tieng Tamil" (Tendulkar, el at, 1944, p.82).
Gandhi eoi vi?c bien Hindustani thanh ngdn ngft chung cua nhan ddn Id sii menh ciia minh. La mpt
ngudi theo chCi nghTa dan tpc, dng mudn cd mdt ngdn ngft chung cho dat nude va dii nhan thiie dugc sir
phong phii cua van hgc Gujarati, dng khdng ngdn ngai ung hd vd tuyen bd danh vinh du nay eho
Hindustani. Ong nd luc lam cho ngdn ngft nay duge chap nhan tren khdp An Dp.
Gandhi Id mdt nhd bdo nhiet huyet. Tren dudng tu Anh den Nam Phi ndm 1909, dng bdt ddu ban
thdo cudn Hind Swaraj a dang 20 cupe ddi thogi ngan gifta "Ddc gid" va "Ngu&i Biin tap". Sdch "bao
gdm eac chu de nhu An Dp vd Anh, Nen van minh, Swaraj - Tir tri, Mdy mdc, su thdng nhdt gifta Hindu
- Islam gido, Bdt bgo ddng, Satyagraha - Chdp tri chan ly, v.v... Nhftng dieu Gandhi nghT, ndi vd da lam
trong sudt 40 ndm boat dpng tir 1908 - 1948, dugc thu nhd trong ban thao nay va tim thdy nguyen ven

sau nhieu ndm. Ong Prabhudas Gandhi ndi, "Qua cdc trang bdn thdo, ngu&i ta nhdn ra thiin tdi ciia
Gandhi vai tu cdch mdt nhd bdo. Trong 275 trang viet tay, chi cd ba ddng bi tdy xda v&i mdt vdi tit bi
thay ddi Neu Gandhi cdm thdy met mdi khi viet bdng lay phdi. dng ben viit bdng tay trdi"... Sau ndy,
khi dugc hdi lieu dng cd mudn thuc hiin bdt ky thay ddi ndo trong cudn sdch hay khdng, dng chi thay
ddi mdt ti^'' (Servants of Untouchables Society, 1933, p.237).

3. Bong gop cua nha bao Gandhi cho phong trao gianh doc lap
Ngodi viec trd thanh nhd Idnh dao qudc gia va cai each xa hdi, Gandhi Id mpt ngudi giao tilp tuy?t
vdi. Hon bat ky ai khac, dng nhan ra rdng giao tiep Id cdng cy hieu qua nhat de dinh hinh y kiln vd huy
dpng sir hd trg ciia nhdn ddn. Gandhi thanh cdng vi dng cd mot ky ndng giao tiep da dugc tdi luyen d
Nghien cihi An Dp vd Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.70-77

74


Nguyen Manh Cudng. Dong gdp cita Mahalma Gandhi.,
Nam Phi, eho phep dng tap hgp hang trieu ddng huang khi trd ve An Dp. Bdo ehi eiia Gandhi thudc vl
mdt thdi dai khi khdng ed dai phat thanh vd truyen hinh. Dd la siic manh cua "giao tiip linh hdn"\ Nhung
gi dng ndi vd viet rat nhanh chdng da cham din nhung gde xa nhat eua An Dp va the gidi.
Trong thdi gian ddu tranh cho tu do. Young India va Harijan la hai td bao da trd thdnh phuang tien
manh me truyen dat quan diem ciia Gandhi, nhdt la dl tuyen truyen quan diem va gido due cdng chiing
ve phong trao Chdp tri Chdn ly - Satyagraha.
Vdo dau nhung ndm 1900, lam bao chua duge coi la nghi nghiep d An Dp trir bdo eht An - Anh.
Quang cdo khdng cd vai trd gi va cae td bdo phai dua vao khuyin mai va hd trg tdi chinh tir cac ca nhdn.
Mac dii bao ehi An - Anh hien dai v6 mat ky thuat nhung nd khdng phd bien trong nhung ngudi An Dp.
Ngay cd khi bao chi An Do dd phd bien trong dan chiing An Dp nhung cdch tiep can khdng chuyen
nghiep vd chat lugng in dn kem. Cac chiln sT dau tranh cho ty do ndi tiing da su dung bao ehi nhu mpt
phuang tien dl phd bien quan diem va y tudng ciia hp: New India ciia bd Annie Besant, At Hilal cua
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Kesariet ciia Bai Gangadhar Tilak... Xu hudng nay dugc Gandhi phat triln
va cac bai viet ciia dng ed thi dugc eoi Id cau chuyen ve cudc dau tranh gianh ddc lap eua An Dp. Cae

td bao cua dng bat ddu phong trdo ehinh tri dua tren cdc gid tri dao diic.
Ddng gdp to Idn eiia Gandhi ciing duac ehiing minh bdng sd tdc pham trong sudt cupe ddi dng.
Dudi ap luc nang ne ciia cdng viec, dng van viet 3 den 4 bdi bao moi tudn. Khdng td bao nao do dng
dieu hdnh bi thua Id. Ca hai td bang tieng Anh va tiing An Dp ciia dng diu dat tdi 40.000 ban. Khi dng
hi bdtii, sd phat hanh bi giam xudng 3.000 ban (Tendulkar, el al 1944, p. 134). Ndm 1956, Chinh phii
An Dp khdi xudng mdt dy an chua timg ed nham cung cap mdt tdi lieu xac thuc vl tdt cd cdc tac phdm
eiia Gandhi, dugc in bdng ba ngdn ngu: Gujarati, tieng Anh vd tieng Hindi. Vd Quy Gandhi ra hai dn
bdn Id No Ashardaha (tieng Gujarati) vd Sampoorna Gandhi Vangmaya (tieng Hindi) ddnh eho
The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG- Tuyen tdp tdc phdm cua Mahatma Gandhi). Hien
taied 100 quyen CWMG, 82 quyen Gandhi No Akshardea va 91 quyen Sampoorna Gandhi Vangmaya.
Tdm Igi, Gandhi ddng vai trd quan trpng trong phong trdo dpc lap An Dp khdng ehi vdi tu cdch mpt
nha lanh dao, nha cdi each xa bdi md cdn Id mdt nhd bao xudt sac. Qua do, chiing ta ed the thay vai trd
eiia bao chi trong phong trao ty do ciia An Dp quan trpng nhu the nao.

4. So sanh giira Gandhi va Ho Chi Minh trong Ilnh vue bao chi
So vdi bdo chi An Dp, bdo chi Viet Nam ra ddi mudn han nhieu, Nd dugc sinh ra trong xa hpi bj
thuc dan Phap xam chiem. Do do, ed hai trudng phai bao chi tai thdi diem dd. Mdt la de hd trg ke xam
luge va hai la de hd trg cugc each mang vi dpc lap tu do dan tpc. Trong su nghiep hogt ddng each mang,
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ludn coi bao chi va nhung ngudi lam bdo Id mdt bp phan ciia su nghiep each
mang. Id vu khi sac ben trong cdng cudc dau tranh gidnh dpc lap cho dan tpc va xay dung cupc sdng
mdi cho nhan ddn. Cudc ddi boat dgng eua Ngudi khdng tdeh rdi hogt dpng bao ehi. Ngudi lam bao la
Idm each mang vd de lam each mgng. Tu tac phdm ddu tien Quyen cua cdc ddn tpc thudc dia dang tren
bao Nhdn dgo ngay 18/6/1919 den tac phdm cudi ciing Thu trd l&i Tong thdng My dang tren bao Nhdn
ddn ngdy 25/8/1969, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da lam bdo gdn nhu cd cupc ddi, de lai hon 2.000 bdi bao
eae loai... (Hd Chi Minh, 2006, tr.5), ve nhieu de tdi, the logi, ket cau va van phong cung nhu hinh thiic
the hien, vdi mot myc dich duy nhdt Id phuc vu nhan dan lao dpng, phye vy chii nghTa xd hpi, phuc vu
Nghien cuu An Dp vd Chdu A. S6 8 - 2019, tr.70-77
75

Nguyen Mgnh Cudng. Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi...
eho ddu tranh thdng nhdt nude nha, cho hda binh the gidi (Hd Chi Minh, 1959, tr.3, tr.423). Ngudi coi
bdo chi Id mpt vu khi chien dau trong trdn chien ciia tu tudng ma nhd bao can phdi chiem ITnh. Giong
nhu Gandhi, Hd Chi Minh la mdt nhd bdo xuat sac khdng ehi hieu qua trong eupc chien tai Vi^t Nam
ma cdn dau trudng qude te. Ngudi sir dung bdo ehi nhu mot chat kit dinh hieu qua de ket ndi cae quoc
gia thupc dia gidng nhu Viet Nam. Ngodi ra, Ngudi edn viet rat nhieu tap chi, tho ca de khuyen khich
vd ndng cao nhdn thiie eiia nhan dan.
Ld ngudi sang lap. Ho Chi Minh da true tiep thanh lap chin td bao cdch mang: Ngu&i Cimg Khd
(ndm 1922); "Qudc Ti Ndng Ddn" (n&m\924); Thanh Nien (nam 1925); Cdng Ndng (nam l925),"Linh
Kdch Menh" (nam 1927); Viet Nam Tien Phong (nam 1927); Thdn Ai (nam \928); Red (nam 1929),
Independence (nam 1941); Ciiu Qudc (nam 1942). Ngudi da ddng gdp hang ngan bai bao cho cdc td
bdo ndy vdi muc dich gidi phdng ddt nude. Theo thdng ke. Ho Chi Minh dd cd ban 170 biit danh vdi
2.000 bdi bao, 300 bdi tho va khoang 500 truyen ngan dang tren bao (NguyetHa, 17/1/2011).
Cd mpt sd diem tuong ddng giiia y tudng eiia Gandhi vd Hd Chi Minh ve bdo chi. Ca hai vT nhdn
deu nhgn thay vai tro quan trpng ciia bao chi vdi tu each la vu khi tu tudng chiln dau eho tu do dan tpc.
Cd hai deu la nhiing nhd bao xudt sac va cd nhieu ddng gdp cho Hch su bao chi dat nude, trd thanh tdm
guong cho nhftng ngudi khac noi theo. Cho den nay, eac chinh tri gia vdn hpc cdeh su dyng cdng cy nay
mpt each hieu qua de ket ndi mpi ngudi, lang nghe nhirng gi hp muon vd y tudng cua hp trong viec xay
dung ddt nude.
Ket luan
Tai sao Gandhi ehpn bao chi va bien tap nhu cdng eu ddu tranh chinh trj? Gandhi viet tren td Young
India ngay 2/7/1925 rang: "Tdi ldm bdo khdngphdi vi Igi ich cua chi'nh nd md vi nd la mdt su trpgiup cho
nhOng gi tdi coi Id sii menh cua tdi trong cupc sdn^W\ vdy, Gandhi tin chdc rang, myc dich cua bao chi
Id phuc vy. Ong khdng chi Id mdt nhd bdo, bien tap vien md edn la mdt nha vdn vT dai. Khdng ai su dyng
ngdn tu tren quy md Idn ban Gandhi. Su doc dao cua Gandhi vugt ra ngodi mpi ranh gidi, la trai nghiem
ed chu y de de dang hgp nhdt bdn than dng vdi nhdn ddn An Dp trong bdi canh xd hdi duong dgi.

Tai heu tham Idiao
1. M.V. Kamath- Former Editor of The Illustrated Weekly of India, Journalist Gandhi (Selected Writings
of Gandhi), Compiled by Sunil Sharma First Edition: August 1994, p.2.

2. Communist Party of Great Britain (12/1927), Is India Different? Being correspondence behveen
Shapurji Saklatwala and M.K. Gandhi, 16, King Street, London, W.C.2.
3. M. K. Gandhi (1990), Gandhiji's Correspondence with the Government 1942-44, Navajivan
Publishing House, Ahmedabad. Second Edition, p.2l3.
4. M. K. Gandhi (5/1922), Speeches and Writings ofMahatma Gandhi. Fourth Edition. G.A. Natesan &
Co. Madras, p.216.
5. Millie Graham Polak, George Allen (1931), Mr. Gandlii: The Man, Unwin Ltd. Museum Street,
London, p.29.
6. M. K. Gandhi (1922), Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Fourth Edition. G.A. Natesan &
Co. Madras, p.67.
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A. s6 8 - 2019, tr.70-77

76


Nguyen Manh Cudng. Ddng gdp cua Mahalma Gandhi...
7. Mahadev Desai (1927), Gant/Ai/j/n/ni^/an Villages, S. Ganesan, Triplicane, Madras, p.258.
8. Chandrashankar Shukla (1949, edited), Incidents in Gandhiji's life: Vora and Co. Bombay.
9. Mahadev Desai (1927), Gandhiji in Indian Villages, S. Ganesan, Triplicane, Madras, p.54.
10. G. Tendulkar, M. Chalapati Rau, Mridula Sarabhai, Vithalbhai K. Jhaveri (1944), Gandhiji: His Life
and Works, Edited, Kamataka Publishing House, Bombay, p.82.
11. Servants of Untouchables Society (\932), My Soul's Agony Being Gandhiji's statements issuedfi-om
Yeravda Prison on the Removal of Untouchability among Hindus. Bombay Provincial Board, The Recluse,
Marzban Road, Fort, Bombay, tr.237.
12. Ho Chi Minh (2006), Nhung bdi but chiin, Nxb. Thanh ni6n. Ha Ndi, tr.5.
13. Hd Chi Minh: Todn tap, Bai phdt biiu tai Dai hdi nhd bdo Viet Nam Idn thii 2, ngay 17/4/1959, Nxb.
Chinh tri qudc gia, Tdp 9, tr.423.
14. Nguyet Ha (17/1/2011), "Xuat ban Hd Chi Minh Todn tap vdi 800 tai lieu mdi", VGP News.

NghiSn ciiu An Dp vd Chau A. S6 8 - 2019, tr.70-77