Chaos and structures in geophysics and astrophysics provenzale & balmforth

X
t+dt
X
t
X
n+1
X
nXXX
1
a1
a3
a2
(1)
1
(2) (3)
000
0
ρ(z)
ρ(C)= ρ
p
Z
ρ
C
V

Z
V
Z
V
Z
V
Z
Z
α
Z0
Z1
Z0
Z2
>
<
Z
V
−20
−15
−10
−5
0
5
10
15
20
−30

−20
−10
0
10
20
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
y
x
z
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42

44
46
Z
n
Z
n+1
(b) Map of z−maxima
heat flux
Rout
Rin
EQNS
northward heat transport
EQNS
T
heat flux
Rin
Rout
stable
stable
unstable
1
2
3
LT
accumulation
ablation
passive
0 C isotherm
Ice sheet

Ocean
L
to pole to equator
h=0
T1
T2
D
g
z=D
z=0
z
x