Quyền con người trong đại dịch covid 19

QUYEN CON NGirdi TRONG DAI DICH COVID-19
Nguyin Thi Thu Trang
Tom tit: Dai dich Covid-19 diin ra keo theo nhung bdt dn vi kinh te - xd hpi & ri?l
Nam vd tren todn thi gi&i. Bdi viit ndy ngkiin cdu quyin con ngu&i trong dgi dich
Covid -19. Tdc gid bdi viit tiip can ly lugn vi quyen con ngu&i - quyen tu nhien mang
tinh xd hgi vd ly gidi quyen cd nhdn phdi hdi hoa vai quyen tgp the. Dua trin eg sg ty^
ludn do, tdc gid phdn tich nhung chinh sdch cua Viet Nam trong dgi dich Covid-19 de
thdy dugc Viet Nam tdn trgng quyen con ngu&i nhu the ndo.

Abstract: The emergence of Covid-19 pandemic has brought about socio-economic
instabilities in Viet Nam and around the world. The article examines human rights in the
face of Covid-19 pandemic. The author approaches a theory of human rights - social
aspects of natural rights - and contends that individual rights shall be placed in
harmony with collective rights. On this theoretical basis, the author analyzes Vietnam s
policies during the Covid-19 pandemic to highlight Vietnam's respect of human rights.
1. Quyen ca nhan va quyen taip the
cua con ngudi
1.1. Quyen con ngu&i Quyen tu
nhien mang tinh xa hpi
Quyen con ngudi bdn thdn nd Id quyen
ty nhien. Tuy vdy, quyen con ngudi khdng
phai la quyen cd nhan tdn tai sieu hinh md dd
la quyin mang tinh xa hdi. Dieu nay dugc
chiing minh thdng qua cdc lap luan sau;
Thii nhat, con ngudi la thue the ty
nhien nen nhiing nhu cau, mong mudn, ddi
sdng tinh than... ciia con ngudi Id tu nhien.
Con ngudi ve ty nhien ludn muu cau mgt
cuge sdng vien man. Dieu ndy cung dugc
dgt ra trong nguyen tac co bdn cua triet hgc
Aristotle, dng da dat ra eau hdi: "Dieu gi tao

ra mdt cudc sdng dang sdng, cd gia tri ddng
them mudn?"'. Mdt ly thuyet gia duong dgi
' TS., Khoa Luat Kinh tl, Tnrtrag Dai hpc Kinh te Luat.
' Xem Raymond Wacks (2011), Trie! hpc phdp ludt
(Phgm Kieu Tiing dich), Nxb. Tri thuc, Tp. H6 Chi
Minh, tr. 36.

50

Id John Fmnis (Trudng Dgi hgc Oxford)
ngudi theo trudng phai ludt ty nhien ke thira
quan diem Uen ciia Aristotle da dua ra danh
mue nhimg logi hinh co bdn ciia sy phat
triln con ngudi. Theo dd, cd bay logi hinh
gdp phan lam cuge sdng cua con ngudi vien
man: Ddi sdng, kien thiic, vui choi, cdm
nghipm tham my, tinh cgng ddng, cd Iy le
thyc tien vd tin ngudng^. Nhimg loai hinh
ea bdn Uen Id nhiing gia tri mang tinh pho
qudt vi nd chi phdi mgi xa hdi loai ngudi d
mgi thdi dai vi con ngudi ludn deo dudi
nhiing Igi ich co bdn ndy.
Tdc gid hodn todn ddng y vdi quan
diem eiia John Fiimis ve viec con ngudi
cin nhimg Igi ich ca ban neu tren dl phdt
trien. Them vdo do, tac gia ciing ddng y
vdi John Finnis khi cho ring, nhiing igi ich
CO ban dd cdn cd sy kit hgp vdi chin (09)
"Ddi hdi ve sy phii hgp vdi thyc tien". Cy
^ Xem John M. Finnis (2011), Nahiral law and

natural rights, Oxford University Press Inc., New
York,p.59-366.


QVYiN CON NGVdi..

the: (1) Quyen con ngu&i khdng dugc co su
thiin Vf. tuy tien giSra nhimg con ngu&i:
Con ngudi hay lam cho ngudi khac nhirng
gi md minh se lam cho hg hogc cho ban
than minh. Con ngudi phdi dgt vj tri cua
minh vao vi tri ciia ngudi khdc. iChdng len
dn ngudi khac vi nhiing vipc ma ngay ban
than mmh ciing mudn lam cho minh.
Khdng ngan ngudi khdc khi hg ldm nhiing
dieu md ngay cd bdn than mmh ciing mong
mudn dieu dd. Day chinh la nln tdng dl
xdc djnh quyen con ngudi khdng dugc
thien vj, tiiy tipn giiia nhimg con ngudi. (2)
Quyen con ngu&i phdi phu hgp v&i doi hdi
cua Igi ich chung: Lgi ich chung Id nhiing
gid tri ehimg ciia cgng ddng hodc cua todn
nhan logi. Nhiing gid trj nhu hieu biet, vui
choi, ty do, phdt triln... deu la nhimg lgi
ich chung md nhan logi hudng tdi. Vi vdy,
quyen ciia mdi con ngudi khdng dugc di
ngugc lgi vdi lgi ich chung. Vi du, mgt
ngudi khdng the tii chdi su phdt trien md
vi sy phdt trien chung cua nhdn logi mdi
ngudi phdi hgc tap. (3) Quyen con ngu&i

id su deo dudi tich cue vi nhiing lgi ich:
Con ngudi cd thi deo dudi nhiing lgi ich
cho ban than, nhung khdng dugc trai vdi
dao diic. Vi dy, con ngudi ludn hudng tdi
cuge sdng tdt dep ban ve vdt chat. De dgt
dugc dieu ndy, con ngudi khdng dugc
thyc hipn nhung viec lam phi dao diic nhu
trgm cdp, cudp dogt ciia ngudi khdc. Ben
cgnh dd, cdn nhiing yeu cau khdc vdi
quyin con ngudi nhu: (4) Mdt ke hogch
nhit qudn vl cudc sdng; (5) Khdng cd sy
thien vj, tuy tien giua cdc gid tri; (6) Tinh
dpc igp va tan tdm; (7) Sy thich ling (cd
gidi hgn) vdi nhiing hgu qud: Hieu qud
trong phgm vi hgp ly; (8) Tdn trgng mgi

gid tri CO ban Uong mgi hdnh vi; (9) Theo
luong tdm cua minh^.
Nhiing Igi ich co ban cho sy phdt trien
cua con ngudi vd nhung ddi hdi ve sy phu
hgp vdi thuc tien hgp thdnh nguyen tdc phd
bien vd khdng the thay ddi cua lugt ty
nhien. Bdi vi, Igi ich va ddi hdi Uen cua
eon ngudi la "hiin nhiin" vd chiing khdng
phdi dugc suy dien tii bat cii md ta nao ve
bdn chdt ciia con ngudi"*. Quan diem nay
phu hgp vdi quan diem ciia Thomas
Aqumas (1225-1274) cho rdng, lugt ty
nhien Id ludt vTnh cuu, noi nhimg sinh vat
duy ly (con ngudi) cd the phdt hipn dugc

bang ly tri vd ludt ty nhien phdi phii hgp
vdi ty nhien, thieng lieng*.
Thii hai, quyen con ngudi la dilu "hgp
ly" chii khdng phdi Id dieu gi phd hgp vdi
ban chat ciia eon ngudi. Quyin con ngudi
khdng phdi dugc suy ra hodc suy doan tir
bdn chdt ciia con ngudi hay bdn chdt ciia sy
vat, hipn tugng. Bdi vi, Uong moi eon ngudi
chung ta, 'Tjang cam nghipm ve bdn chdt
cua minh, tir ben Uong con ngudi cua minh"
nim bit dugc "bang mgt hdnh dgng don
gidn cua sy hieu biet khdng do suy lugn"
ring "ddi tugng ciia sd thich md con ngudi
cam nghiem la vi du ve hinh thiic tdng qudt
cua cdi tdt cho chinh minh (va cho nhiing
ngudi khdc gidng minh")^.
' Raymond Wacks (2011), Triet hgc phdp ludt
(Phgm Kiiu Tiing dich), Nxb. Tri thiic, Tp. H6 Chi
Mmh, tr. 38.
* Raymond Wacks (2011), Triet hgc phdp lugl
(Phgm Kieu Tiing dich), Nxb. Tn thiic, Tp. Ho Chi
Minh. tr. 38.
' Xem Leo Strauss (1953), Natural right and hislor,
Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, p.90.
^ Day la quan diem cua Aquinas ve vi^c hinh thanh
quyfin t\r nhien va luat t\r nhien: Xem Raymond

51

NHA XL ^dC VA PHAP L UA T sd 7/2020

Thu ba, mgt trong nhiing thugc tmh ty
nhien cua con ngudi dd Id tinh xd hgi. Vl
mat ty nhien, dl thiet lap nhung dilu tdt dpp
cho con ngudi thi mdi ca nhdn cd nhu cdu
hda minh vdo cgng ddng loai ngudi. Chung
ta khdng the muu cau lgi ich cho con ngudi
cho den khi chiuig ta cd mdt cgng ddng.
Nhu cdu hda nhgp vao cgng ddng la nhu ciu
ty nhien, tat yeu ciia con ngudi. Vi vdy,
chiing ta nen hiiu ludt ty nhien la mdt tap
hgp ede nguyen tic, tir bdn chit cd nhan vd
xa hgi cua con ngudi vd theo dudi sy hanh
phiic eua eon ngudi, dugc the hien qua ly tri
con ngudi'.
Chinh vi le dd, can cir vdo chu the
quyen, quyen con ngudi cd the phdn thdnh
cdc loai sau^: (1) Quyin cd nhdn: Ld quyen
thugc ve mdi con ngudi cho du hg cd hay
khdng thugc nhdm xa hdi nao. Vipc thy
hudng quyen nay phy thugc vao y chi cua
cd nhan dd. Vi du: Quyen ty do di lgi, ty do
cu tni, ty do ngdn luan, quyen lao dgng,
quyen ty do kinh doanh... (2) Quyin nhdm:
Trong xa hgi cd hinh thanh cdc nhdm
ngudi tuong ddng ve mgt hogc mdt sd
dilm. D I dugc hudng thy cac quyen thi ca
nhdn phdi Id thanh vien cua nhdm. Vi du:

Quyen eua Ue em, quyen cua ngudi tan tat,
quyen eua ngucri cao tudi, quyen cua phu
nii...(3) Quyin tap the: Ld quyen ciia con
ngudi dugc tham gia va the hien quyen ciia
minh nham bdo ve quySn Igi chung ciia tap

the ndi chung vd quyen ciia ca nhdn noi
rieng. Tuy vay, quyen ciia cd nhdn moi
ngudi la mgt phan, hai hda trong quyen cua
tap thi. Vi dy: Quyin dan tdc ty quyet,
quyen bdo vp mdi trudng, quyen khai thdc
vd bdo vp riing, quyen phdng chong dich
benh...
Thu tir, quyin con ngudi - quyen ty
nhien dugc nit ra tir lugt ty nhien (tii ly tri) .
Trudc khi xuit hipn Nhd nudc, da tdn tgi
lugt ty nhien. Quyin eon ngudi - nhimg
dilu tdt dpp dl con ngudi cd cuge sdng
"vien man" da tdn tgi vd phit hgp vdi Iuat ty
nhien. Nhung quyin nhu quyin sdng, quyen
muu cau hgnh phuc, quyen lien quan tdi tin
ngudng, quyen dugc hgc hdi... la nhung
quyin ludn tdn tgi Uong xa hgi lodi ngudi tu
thud so khai cho den nay. Quyen ty nhien
ndy tin tai bdi vi nd hgp ly vd phii hgp vdi
lugt ty nhien, md khdng can sy thiia nhgn
cua bat ky nhdm ngudi, td chiic hogc nha
nudc nao. Dieu ndy chiing td rang, quyfin
con ngudi xuat hien va tdn tgi trude khi cd
sy xuat hipn ludt thye djnh - luat do con

ngudi ban hdnh.
1.2. Moi quan Af giira quyen cd nhdn
vd quyen nhdm, quyen tap thi
Trong cdc xa hdi dan chu, ca sd tu do
dya Uen y tudng rdng, khdng quyin ndo cd
thi dugc eoi Id tuyet ddi'** Vi vgy, quyin
con ngudi khdng phdi Id quyin tuyet ddi vd

Wacks (2011), Triit hoc phdp lugl (Phgm Kieu Tiing
dich), Nxb. Tri thiic, Tp. H6 Chi Minh, tr. 41.
^ Rheaume, J. (1997), "Human Rights and Human
Nature", Revue generale de droit, 28(4), p.523 -534.
* Xem Nguyin Thi Thu Trang (2019), Phd qudl hoa
quyin con nguai trong phdp lugl kinh le Viet Nam,
L\i$n an tiln si Luat hpc, Dai hpc Kinh te - Luat, D^i
hgc Qu6c gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh, tr. 39.

' Day la quan diem cua John Locke th£ hi^n moi
quan he giiia quyen ty nhien va lulit ty nhien: Xem
Raymond Wacks (2011), Triet hgc phdp lugl (Phgm
Kiiu Tiing dfch), Nxb. Tri thiic, Tp. H6 Chi Minh,
tr. 28.
'" Nguyen Van Quan (2019), "Tiiu chi hgn che
quyin con nguai vi ly do IrgI tif cong cgng trong
phdp lugl mpi sd nuac". Tap chi Nghien c ^ lgp
phap, so 14 (390), tr. 58.

52

QVY&N CONNGi'dl...

quyen ndy cd the hi gidi hgn de ddm bdo
trat ty xa hgi. "Gidi han cua quyen nhdm
bag ddm sy hai hda giiia cdc quyen cua cd
nhdn vd cac quyen cua tap the (edng ddng,
qude gia, dan tde), ciing nhu viec thy
hudng quyfin giua cdc cd nhdn vdi nhau.
Ludt nhdn quyfin qude tfi quy djnh gidi hgn
dp dyng cua mgt sd quyen (limitation of
rights) Uong mgt sd dieu udc qude te ve
quyfin con ngudi. Ban chat cua cde quy
djnh ndy Id cho phep cac qude gia thdnh
vien dp dat mdt so dieu kifin vdi vific thyc
hi§n/hudng thy mdt sd quyen con ngudi
nhit dinh nham cdc muc dich nhu thiic ddy
phuc lgi chung cua cdng ddng, bdo vp an
ninh qude gia (national security), dfi bdo
ddm an todn eho cgng dong (public safety),
dl bdo vp siic khde hay dgo diic cua cdng
ding (public health or moral) vd de bao ve
cdc quyin, ty do hgp phdp cua ngudi khdc
(rights and freedoms of others)"". Ndi
cdch khde, quyfin cd nhdn cd mdi quan he
chgt che vdi quyfin nhdm va quyfin tap the.
Dilu ndy dugc ldm ro thdng qua cdc luan
cii sau ddy:
Thir nhat, quyin cd nhan dugc ddm
bdo khi quyin nhdm va quyfin tap the dugc
dam bdo: Nhu phan tich d muc 1.1, quyfin

con ngudi id quyin mang tinh xa hdi. Mdi
cd nhdn - con ngudi chi cd day dii quyen
cua con ngudi khi dgt hg frong xa hgi loai
ngudi. Con ngudi thy hudng vd thuc hifin
quyin con ngudi cua minh thdng qua hanh

vi ciia ca nhan, thdng qua nhdm ngudi ma
cd nhan dd tham gia vd thdng qua cdng
ddng ma cd nhdn dd sinh sdng. Cy thfi:
(i) Quyin cd nhdn dugc dam bdo khi
quyin nhdm dugc ddm bdo: Cd nhan la
thdnh vien cua cdc nhdm ngudi nhu Ue em,
ngudi cao tudi, ngudi tan tat, phy nii,
ngudi ddn tgc thifiu sd... quyfin ca nhan
cua hg dugc dam bdo khi quyin ciia nhdm
dugc dam bao. Theo dd, phdp lugt qude gia
eiing nhu phdp luat quoc te deu ghi nhgn
quyin cua nhdm ngudi ndy. Vi dy: (1)
Quyin cua tre em gom cd: Quyen khdng
phdn bipt ddi xii; quyen dugc cham sdc,
bdo vfi; quyen dugc song vd phdt trien;
quyfin dugc giu gin bdn sic... '^; (2) Quyen
cua phu nic gdm cdc quyin: Quyen dugc
gido dge; quyin dugc hudng cdc djch vy
cham sdc siic khde day du, bao gdm cd
dich vy kl hogch hda gia dinh; quyen dugc
tham gia vdo cdc hogt dgng gidi tri, thfi
thao vd cac mat ciia ddi sdng van hda;
quyin dugc chia se nghTa vy ldm cha
me...'-'; (3) Quyen cua ddn tpc thiiu sd:

"Mgi ngu&i sinh ra deu dugc hu&ng tdt cd
cdc quyen vd tu do khdng cd bdt ky su
phdn bi^t ddi xic ndo vi chung tgc, mdu da,
gi&i tinh, ngdn ngU, tdn gido, ngudn gdc
ddn tgc hodc xa Ap/"''*; "Tgi nhirng nu&c
cd nhiiu nhom ddn tdc thiiu sd, tdn gido
vd ngdn ngic ciing chung sdng, thi nhimg
cd nhdn thupc cdc ddn tgc, tdn gido, ngdn

'^ Xem: Khoan 2 Dieu 2, khoan 2 Dieu 3, Dieu 6,
Dilu 8 Cong uoc ciia Lien hgp quoc ve quyen tre em
nam
1989.
" Nguyen Thanh Tuin, Vu Cong Giao (2013), "Mgt
sd so sdnh quyen con ngudi vd quyin cong ddn". Tap '^ Xem: Dilu 10-14 va 16 Cong uoc ciia Lien hgp
qu6c v6 xoa bo tit ca cac hinh thuc phan bi?t doi xii
chi C$ng san, lai phy nir nam 1979.
y-du-thao-sua-oi-hien-phap-nam-1992/-/2018/19892/
'•" Dieu 2 Tuyen ngon toan the gi6i ve quyen con
mot-so-so-sanh-quyen-con-nguoi-voi-quyen-cong-da
ngucri cua Lien hpp quoc nam 1948.
n.aspx, truy c^p ngky 24/4/2020.

53


NHA NU&C VA PHAPLVATSd 7a020
ngir thieu sd do, cdng v&i nhimg thdnh viin
khdc cua cgng ddng minh, khong thi bi
tu&c bd quyin dugc thu hu&ng nin vdn hoa

rieng, quyen dugc thi hien vd thuc hdnh
tdn gido riing hogc quyin dugc su diing
tieng ndi riing cua Ap"'^; ...Rd rang,
quyfin ciia cdc nhdm ngudi Uen dugc tdn
trgng thi timg cd nhan rifing le Uong nhdm
ngudi do ciing dugc ddm bdo quyfin con
ngudi nhu quyfin sdng, quyfin gido dye,
quyfin phdt trifin, quyfin thy hudng van hda,
quyfin dugc cham sdc, bdo vp...
(ii) Quyen cd nhdn dugc bdo ddm khi
quyen tgp the dugc bdo ddm: Cd nhan la
nhan td, Id te bdo Uong cgng ddng ngudi
tap thi. Quyin cua tap thfi dugc dam bdo
thi tit yiu quyfin ciia tung cd nhdn se dugc
ddm bdo. Theo dd, phdp lugt quoc gia va
phdp ludt qude tfi ghi nhgn vd ddm bdo
quyen tap thfi. Vi dy: (1) Quyin ddn tdc tu
quyet: Cac qude gia phdt trifin quan hp hiru
nghj trfin co sd tdn Ugng nguyfin tac ve
quyin binh ding vd ty quyet dan tdc'^.
"Tdt cd cdc ddn tgc diu cd quyin tu quyet;
dua tren quyen do, cdc ddn tdc tu do quyet
dinh chi dp chinh tri cua minh vd tu do
muu cdu phdt trien kinh ti, xd hdi vd vdn
hda"^^. Mdi cd nhan trong cgng ddng dan
tgc diu cd quyfin the hien chinh kifin vd ty
do quyet djnh che do chinh tri, phat trien
kinh tl, van hda, chinh tri cho dan tdc
minh. Quyin ddn tdc la quyfin tap the dugc
dam bdo thdng qua quyen ciia cdc cd nhdn

trong cgng ddng do. (2) Quyin bdo v? f"^'
tru&ng cua cpng ddng: "Con nguon co
quyen ca bdn dugc tu do, binh dang vd day
du cdc dieu ki?n sdng, trong mdt moi
tru&ng chdt lugng cho phep cudc sdng co
phdm gid vd phuc lgi md con ngucri co
trdch nhiim trong bdo ve vd cdi thiin cho
cdc the h4 hdm nay vd mai sau" • Cgng
ddng dan cu dfiu cd quyen sdng Uong moi
Uudng Uong lanh. Vin dl bdo vp mdi
trudng khdng phdi Id vin dl cua mgt ngudi
hogc mgt nhdm ngudi cd thi thyc hipn. Vi
vgy, cgng ddng dan cu ciia tung quoc gia
hay cgng dong nhan logi cd quyin bdo vp
mdi trudng dl cgng dong dugc sdng Uong
mdi trudng Uong lanh. Cgng ddng nhan
logi cd quyin bdo vp mdi trudng nen mdi
cd nhdn ciing cd quyfin ndy. (3) Quyen bdo
V? sue khde cpng dong: Ai ciing cd quyfin
dugc hudng mgt mire sdng khd quan ve
phuang dipn sire khde vd an lgc cho bdn
than'^. Cdng udc ve cdc quyfin kinh tfi, van
hda vd xa hgi nam 1966 ghi nhgn: "Quyen
cua mpi ngu&i dugc hu&ng mgt tieu chuan
sice khoi ve thi chdt vd tinh thdn & muc
cao nhat cd the dugc" vd "ngdn ngita, xic
ly vd hgn che cdc dich binh, binh ngodi
da, b^nh nghe nghiep vd cdc logi b^nh
khdc" vd "tgo cdc diiu kiin de bdo ddm

mpi dich vu vd su chdm sdc y ti khi dau
yeu"^'^. Cgng ddng ddn cu cd quyen ngan
ngira, xii ly, han chl djch benh vd dugc
ddm bdo cham sdc y tfi nfin mdi ca nhan

'^ Dilu 3 Cong uac quic tfi ve cac quyen dan sy va
chinh tri nam 1966.
'* Xem: Khoan 2 Difiu 1 Hiln chucmg Lien hpp quoc
nam 1945.
'^ Nghi quyet 1514 (XV) nam I960 cua Dai hpi dong
Lien hpp quoc ve Tuyen bo trao dgc lap cho cdc
quoc gia vd ddn tgc thugc dia.

'^ Nguyen tic 1, Hpi nghj Lien hpp quoc ve Moi
tmong con nguoi Stockholm nam 1972.
'^ Xem: Khoan 1 DiSu 25 Tuyen ngon toan the gi6i
vk quyin con ngucri ciia Lien hpp quoc nam 1948.
^^ Xem: Dieu 12 Cong udc vh cic quyfin kinh tfi, xa
hpi va van hoa nam 1966.

54


QVY^N CON NGVdn..

cung dugc thy hudng quyen neu Ufin. D I
ddm bao sdc khde cua mdi cd nhan thi
quyin tap thi ciing phdi dugc ddm bao. Bdi
vi, mdi cd nhdn chi an toan vl siic khde khi
tap the an todn.

Thu hai, quyen nhdm, quyen tap thfi
dugc ddm bdo khi quyfin cd nhan dugc dam
bdo: Mdi cd nhdn la thanh td eiu thdnh nfin
nhdm (Ue em, phy nir, ngudi tan tat...) vd
tgp thi (cgng ddng, dan tdc, nhan loai), nen
quyen cd nhdn dugc tdn trgng thi tit yiu,
quyen cua nhdm vd tap the ciing dugc tdn
Ugng. Mdi cd nhdn deu cd: (1) Quyin ddn
su, chinh tri: Quyfin sdng; khdng bj Ua tin;
quyfin ty do va an toan cd nhan; quyfin cu
tni; quyfin ty do tu tudng, ty do tin
ngudng, tdn gido...^' (2) Quyin kinh ti,
vdn hoa, xa hpi: Quyen cd vipc lam; quyfin
dugc hudng an sinh xa hgi; quyfin cd mirc
sfing thich ddng; quyen hudng siic khde,
the chat vd tinh than d miic cao nhdt; ngan
ngiia, xii ly vd hgn chfi cdc djch bfinh...^
Cdc cd nhdn dugc dam bao cac quyen neu
Uen thi cdc nhdm se dugc ddm bdo quyfin
ty do tin ngudng, quyen hgc tap, quyen
hudng djch vy cham sdc siic khde, tham
gia vdo ddi sdng van hda...; tap the se
dugc dam bdo quyen bdo ve mdi trudng,
ngdn ngira vd phdng chong djch benh, ty
quyet van dfi ve kinh te - chinh tri - van
h6a cua ddn tgc...
ThiT ba, hai hda giiia quyen ca nhdn vd
quyen tap thi Id can thiet de quyen con
ngudi dugc bdo ve toan dien: Luat Nhdn
quyen quoc tfi thua nhdn, quyfin con ngudi

^' Xem: Cong udc ve cac quyen dan sy va chinh tri
nfim 1966.
" Xem C6ng uoc vfi cac quyfin kinh tfi, xa hpi va van
h6an3ml966.

khdng phdi Id mdt khai nipm tuyet ddi va
Uong mdt sd trudng hgp can phdi dugc hgn
che nham ddm bdo trat ty xa hgi^^. Ndi each
khdc, quyfin cd nhdn ciia con ngudi phdi hdi
hda vdi quyfin ciia tap the. Theo dd, dl ddm
bdo quyen ciia cdng ddng dan cu - quyen
tap thfi, Uong mdt sd trudng hgp quyin ciia
cd nhdn bj hgn che. Dieu nay dugc ghi nhdn
rd Uong Tuyfin ngdn the gidi vfi quyfin con
ngudi nam 1948: "Mdi ngu&i trong khi tht^c
hi4n cdc quyen vd tu do cho cd nhdn chi
phdi chiu nhdng hgn che do lugt dinh nhdm
mgc dich duy nhdt la bdo ddm vi^c thua
nhdn vd su tdn trpng ddi v&i cdc quyin vd
tu do cua nhimg ngu&i khdc vd phit hgp v&i
nhimg doi hdi chinh ddng vi dgo due, trdt
tu cdng cpng vd su phdn vinh chung trong
mgt xd hgi ddn chu " (khodn 2 Dieu 29). Vi
dy: Trong khi cd thien tai, cd nhan cd thfi bj
hgn che quyfin ty do di lai, ty do cu trii;
Uong chifin tranh, cd nhan cd the bj hgn che
ty do thu tin, ty do cu tni; Uong dgi djch, cd
nhan cd thfi bj hgn chfi quyfin ty do di lgi, bi
mat cd nhdn, ty do cu tni vd ty do kinh
doanh. Vific han chfi quyfin cd nhdn khdng

phdi la xam phgm dfin quyen con ngudi ma
vific lam nay nham hudng tdi ddm bao hai
hda vdi quyfin tap the. Suy rgng ra, cd nhan
"hy sinh" mdt sd quyen cd nhdn, nhung ddm
bdo quyen lgi Idn hon cua tap the md Uong
do ban than cd nhdn ciing dugc thu hudng
lgi ich. Con ngudi Id mgt thyc the mang
tinh xa hdi, con ngudi chi thuc sy ed ddy dii
quyen con ngudi khi con ngudi "hda mmh"
vao cdng ddng. Vi vgy, tat yeu, mdi cd nhan
cd thfi bj hgn chfi quyfin cd nhdn dfi hdi hda
vdi quyen cua tap the. Cd nhu vgy, quyfin

' Nguyen Van Quan (2019), tldd, tr, 58.

55


NHA NUdc vA PHAPLVATSd 7/2020
con ngudi (quyin cd nhan, quyin nhdm,
quyen tgp thfi) mdi dugc bdo ve mgt each
toan dipn.

Bfin canh dd, Bg Thdng tin vd Truyfin thdng
cdn dat ra nhiem vy bag ddm thdng tin lifin
lgc, ket ndi cdc bpnh vipn, cdc ca sd y te,
kip thdi chia se thdng tin; bdo dam an todn,
2. Dam bao quyen con ngudi trong
an ninh mgng, kjp thdi xu Iy thdng tin sai sy
dai dich Covid-19 tai Vift Nam

that, lgi dyng gay hoang mang du lugn^'.
2.1. Quyen con ngu&i trong chinh
Quy djnh va nhipm vy cy thi dugc de ra kha
sdch ve phong vd chdng dich Covid-19
sdm nen ngudi dan cd thfi ufip egn cdc
Cac chmh sdch ciia Viet Nam vl phdng
thdng tin tin egy ve dich bpnh thdng qua
vd chdng dich Covid-19 diu liy quyin con
nhieu kenh khdc nhau tir ede co quan nhd
ngudi lam trung tdm. Cu thfi:
nudc (Bg Y te, Bg ngogi giao; Uy ban nhdn
Thu nhdt, ngu&i ddn cd quyin tiip can dan cdc tinh, thdnh phd...). Cdc thdng tin
thdng tin ve dich b^nh: Mgi ngudi deu dugc gdm: Thdng tin ve virus Corona; cdch
tiep can vdi thdng tin, giao dye, truyin
phdng Uanh virus; tinh hinh djch bpnh Uong
thdng vl phdng, chong bpnh truyin nhifim^^
nudc va Ufin thfi gidi; cdc ca nhifim virus vd
Vao ngdy 2/2/2020, Bg Thdng tin va Truyin
cdc thdng tin huu ich khdc vl dich Covidthdng da ra Chi thi sd 05/CT~BTTTT vl
19. Dieu ndy cho thay, ngudi dan dugc ddm
vipc thyc hien cdng tdc, phdng chdng dich
bdo quyen con ngudi quan Ugng - quyfin
bpnh viem dudng hd hap cip do chung mdi
tifip can thdng tin ve djch bpnh.
cua vi nit (virus) Corona gdy ra. Theo dd,
Thu" hai, ngu&i ddn cd quyen phdng,
Bg Thdng tin va Truyen thdng "xdc dinh
cdng tdc thdng tin, tuyin truyen ve phdng, khdm vd chUa benh: Thii tudng Chinh phu
ban hdnh hdng loat Chi thi vl phdng va
chdng dich Id nhiim vu quan trgng, bdo

dam thuc hien sdu rgng, cd hieu qud nham chdng djch Covid-19 nhu: Chi thj so
gdp phdn bdo vi sue khde, tinh mgng cho
05/CT-TTg ngdy 28/1/2020; 06/CT-TTg
nhdn ddn, hgn chi mdc thiet hgi thap nhdt ngdy 31/1/2020, sd 15/CT-TTg ngay
do dich binh gdy ra"^^. Cac thdng tin vfi 27/3/2020, sd 16/CT-TTg ngdy 31/3/2020.
virus Corona (nCoV hay Covid-19) dugc
Vdo ngay 1/4/2020, Thii tudng Chinh phu
tuyfin truyfin Uen nfin tdng edng nghfi thdng
ky Quylt djnh 447/QD-TTg vl vific cdng
tin; qua bdo chi, hp thdng phdt thanh, truyfin
bd djch Covid-19 Id djch truyen nhiem tgi
hinh, thdng tin ca sd, thdng tin ddi ngoai^^.
Viet Nam. Quylt dinh 447/QD-TTg da dua
ra cae bien phdp phdng, chdng djch dugc
thuc hifin theo Ludt Phdng, chdng bpnh
^* Khoan 1 Dieu 10 Luat Phong chong b?nh truyen
truyen nhifim Viet Nam. Theo dd, ca nhdn,
nhiem nam 2007.
^^ Myc 1(a), Phan yeu cau chung Chi thi so 05/CTtd chlic cd quyfin khai bao dich; dugc cap
BTTTT vfi vi^c thuc hien cong tac, phong chong
cim, khdm benh va chira bpnh; dugc cdch

dich b?nh viem duong ho hap cap do chiing moi cua
vi nit Corona gay ra.
" Xem Myc I, 2 PhSn nhiem vu Chi thi s6 05/CTBTTTT vfi vi|c thyc hien cong tac, phong chong
djch benh viem duong ho hap cap do chiing moi ciia
vi nit Corona gay ra.

56

" Xem Myc 3, 4 Phan nhifra vy Chi thj s6 05/CTBTTTT ve vi$c thyc hi?n con^ tac, ph6ng ch6ng
djch benh vifim duong ho hap cap do chiing moi ciia
vi nit Corona gay ra.


QVYEN CONNGUdl..

y y tfi'^. Cac ca sd khdm benh, chiia benh
hyc hipn vipc tifip nhdn, cdch ly, theo ddi,
lieu trj ngudi mac bpnh^^. Trfin thye tfi, tgi
/ipt Nam, ngudi dan cd thfi khai bao y tl
y nguypn thdng qua img dyng (App)
•JCOVI do Bg Thdng tin va Truyin thdng
/d Bg Y tfi phdi hgp cho xay dyng. Mgi
igudi ddn dfiu cd quyen cung cap thdng tin
/I tinh hinh siic khde ciia minh. Ngudi ddn
;d the dugc tu van vd khdm tryc tuyen qua
>o dipn thoai hotline hogc qua mang
intemet. Bfin cgnh dd, ngudi dan cd quyen
luge xet nghipm, kham khi nghi nhifim
VITUS va chua benh khi duang tinh vdi
;hiing mdi cua virus Corona. Cho den nay,
lgi Vipt Nam cd hdng tram ngudi duang
tinh vdi virus Corona, nhieu ngudi da binh
phgc vd chua cd trudng hgp nao tti vong.
Trong so nhimg ngudi nhiem bpnh vd dugc
lieu trj khdi bpnh tgi Viet Nam cd cdng
dan Vipt Nam vd ngudf nudc ngodi (mang
quoc tjch Anh, Hoa Ky, Trung Quoc, Nam
Phi, Sec, Latvia, Phdp, Thyy Difin...)^°.

Dilu ndy cho thiy, mgi cd nhan deu cd
quyfin phdng, khdm vd chira benh tgi Viet
Nam.

tdm va tdn ugng quyen ciia nhdm yfiu thfi.
Vi dy: Ngdy 07/04/2020, Bd Y tl ban hanh
Quylt dinh s6 1588/QD-BYT vl vipc ban
hdnh tdi lipu chuyen mdn "Hudng ddn tgm
thdi qudn ly siic khde ngudi cao tudi, ngudi
mac bpnh mgn tinh tai tuyfin y tfi co sd Uong
bdi cdnh djch Covid-19" vd "Hudng ddn
cham sdc sire khde phdng chdng djch
Covid-19 cho ngudi cao tudi tai cgng
ddng". Cdc bdn hudng ddn vdi hinh ve vd
thdng tin chi tiet cho ngudi cao tudi vd
ngudi cao tudi mac bpnh man tinh vfi
Covid-19; cung cap thdng tin siic khde bdn
than; kiem sodt cdc bpnh man tinh; dam
bdo chl dg dinh duong... Ngdy 20/4/2020,
Bg y tfi ban hanh Quyet djnh sd 1773/QDBYT vl vipc ban hanh "Sd tay hudng dan
mgt sd bien phap phdng chdng dich Viem
dudng hd hip cip do SARS-COV-2
(Covid-19) ddi vdi ngudi khuyfit tat tgi
cgng ddng". Sd tay hudng dan cung cdp
thdng tin ro rang vdi hinh ve chi tifit ve
Covid-19; hudng dan ngudi khuyet tgt
phdng, chdng Covid-19; hudng ddn cho
ngudi cham sdc, td chiic ngudi khuyfit tdt
vd vi ngudi khuyfit tdt. Sd tay hudng ddn Id
tu lieu hiiu ich ddi vdi nhdm ngudi khuyfit

Thu- ba, quyen phong, chdng dich binh tat, ngudi cao tudi, ngudi cao tudi mac
cua nhdm nguai yiu the: Trong xa hdi cd bpnh man tinh. Dieu ndy cho thay, phdp
nhieu nhdm ngudi yfiu the nhu Ue em,
lugt, chinh sach eiia Viet Nam thuc sy quan
ngudi khuyit tdt, ngudi gia... Trong djch
tam tdi quyfin con ngudi ciia nhdm yeu thfi
bpnh, nhdm ngudi nay la nhdm de bi tdn
Uong dgi djch Covid-19.
thuong nhit. Quy djnh phap ludt va cdc
Thu tu, hgn che mgt sd quyen cd nhdn
chinh sdch ciia Vipt Nam da thuc sy quan
de dam bdo quyin cua cdng ddng: Dfi dam
'" Xem Myc 7, Quy^t dinh 447/QD-TTg ve vi?c
bao quyfin lgi ciia cdng ddng khi dich benh
:ongbi djch Covid-19.
xdy ra, moi ca nhdn hi hgn chfi quyfin con
-" Xem Myc 8, Quyfit dinh 447/QD-TTg vfi vi?c
ngudi ciia minh. Ndi each khac, cd nhdn hgn
:6ngbl djch Covid-19.
'° Ngu6n tii Bp Y tfi Viet Nam, https.//ncov.moh.
chfi mdt sd quyfin con ngudi ciia minh nham
?ov.vn/web/guest/trang-chu.
truy
c4p
ngay
ddm bdo quyen ciia cdng ddng vugt qua
15/4/2020.

57

NHA NUdc VA PHAPLVATSd 7/2020
dich benh - Uong dd cd cd quyen lgi cua cd
nhan do. Difiu ndy &fi hipn rit rd Uong cdc
quy djnh ciia Vipt Nam va thyc tifin phdng,
chdng dich Covid-19 tgi Viet Nam. Cy thi:
(i) Cd nhdn bi hgn chi quyen tti do cd
nhdn nhu tu do di lgi, tudocutruvd
mdt sd
quyen tu do cd nhdn khdc: Vdo ngay
31/3/2020, Thii tudng Chmh phu ra Chi thj
sd 16/CT-TTg ve thyc hifin cdc bien phdp
cap bdch phdng, chong djch Covid-19. Theo
dd, "thuc hi^n cdch ly todn xd hdi trong
vdng 15 ngdy ki tie 0 gi& ngdy OJ thdng 4
ndm 2020 trin phgm vi todn qude theo
nguyen tdc gia dinh cdch ly v&i gia dinh,
thdn bdn cdch ly v&i thdn bdn, xd cdch ly
v&i xd, huyen cdch ly v&i huyen, tinh cdch ly
v&i tinh, phdn xu&ng, nhd mdy sdn xudt
phdi bdo ddm khodng cdch an todn, deo
khdu trang, thuc hiin khu trung, diet khudn
theo quy dinh. Yeu cdu mpi ngu&i ddn & tgi
nhd, chi ra ngodi trong tru&ng hgp that su
cdn thiet nhu mua luang thuc, thuc phdm,
thude men, cdp cuu, ldm viic tgi nhd mdy,
ca s& sdn xudt, ca s& kinh doanh dich vu,
hdng hda thiit yiu khdng bi ddng cira, dimg
hogt ddng vd cdc truang hgp khdn cdp
khdc; thuc hien nghiem viic giir khodng

cdch tdi thieu 2m khi giao tiep; khdng tap
trung qud 2 ngu&i ngodi phgm vi cdng s&,
tru&ng hgc, binh viin vd tgi nai cdng
cdng"^^. Sau khi trifin khai thyc hifin Chi thj
16/CT-TTg, sd ca nhifim virus giam ro ret,
ttong vdng 07 ngay lien tifip khdng cd ca
nhiem mdi^^. Cd the thay, Uong trudng hgp

'' Myc I Chi thj so 16/CT-TTg vfi thyc hi?n cac bien
phip cap bach phong, chong dich Covid-19.
*^ Nguon: Bp Y te Viet Nam, .
gov.vn/web/guest/trang-chu,
truy
cap ngay
25/4/2020.

58

nay, quyfin cua cd nhdn bj hgn che la can
thilt vi lgi ich cgng dong Uong dgi djch
Covid-19.
(ii) Cd nhdn bf hgn che quyin bi mgt
thdng tin cd nhdn: Bdo vfi quyen bi mgt cd
nhan Id quyen co bdn cua con ngudi. Tuy
vgy, Uong tinh hinh dich bpnh biing phdt
Uen phgm vi qude gia va tren todn cau, cd
nhan bj hgn chl quyfin bi mat thong tin cd
nhdn. Theo Lugt Phdng chdng bpnh truyin
nhiem nam 2007, tit cd nhiing ngudi mic
benh truyin nhiem, ngudi nhgp cdnh tir

vung cd djch dfiu phdi khai bdo y tfi. Theo
dd, CO quan cd thdm quyfin cd quyen: "gidm
sdt cdc tru&ng hgp mdc binh, bf nghi ng&
mac binh vd mang mdm binh truyen nhiem
bao gdm thdng tin ve dja diem, th&i gian,
cdc tru&ng hgp mdc b$nh, tu vong; tinh
trgng benh; tinh trgng miin dich; ddc diem
chu yeu vi ddn so vd cdc thdng tin cdn thiet
khdc. Trong tru&ng hgp cdn thiet, ca quan y
te cd tham quyin dugc lay mdu xet nghiim
& ngu&i bi nghi ng& mdc b^nh truyen nhiim
di gidm sdt"^^. Trong dgi djch Covid-19,
nhiing ngudi nghi ngd mac bpnh hogc vfi tir
vung cd dich dfiu phdi cung cdp thdng tin ve
tinh Uang siic khde, Ig trinh di lgi, ngudi
gap gd. Nhiing thdng tin ndy hiiu ich de
Viet Nam xdc dinh cdc ddi tugng Id FO, F l ,
F2, F3 va F4^'' dfi cd bipn phdp giam sdt vd

^^ Khoan 1 Dieu 21 Lugt Phong ch6ng b?nh truyen
nhifim nam 2007.
" FO la b^nh nhan duong tinh ho3c dupe xii Ij" nhu
duong tinh vdi Covid-19; Fl 1^ nguoi tifip xiic tryc
tifip viji ca duong tinh; F2 la nguoi tifip xiic tryc tilp
voi Fl; F3 la ngucri tiep xiic tryc tifip vdi F2; Xem
thong tm tai website ciia Benh vifn Bach Mai, Hi
Npi: 02-cach-phan-loai-cachly-ngua-Iay-dich-covid-19-ai-cung-can-biet.html,
truy cap ngay 25/4/2020.

QVYEN CON NGUdl..

cdch ly phii hgp. Nhiing thdng tm thugc vl
"bi mat cd nhan" cua cd nhan frong tmh
huong djch bpnh phdi cung eip cho ca quan
cd thim quyin. Quyin cd nhan ndy bj hgn
che, nhung nhimg thdng tin cd dugc sfi giup
ich rat Idn Uong vific khoanh vung, gidm
sdt, xu ly phii hgp ddi vdi nhimg cd nhan cd
nguy CO lay nhiem ttdnh Idy nhifim sang
cpng ddng. Quyfin lgi ciia cgng ddng dugc
ddm bdo khi cd nhdn hgn chfi quyin bi mat
cd nhdn Uong dgi djch.
(iii) Hgn che quyin tu do kinh doanh:
Quyfin ty do kinh doanh Id quyfin kinh tl
ciia con ngudi, nhung trong dgi djch Covid19 quyen nay ciia con ngudi bj ban chl dl
ddm bao quyfin ciia cgng ddng Uong hogt
dgng phdng vd chdng dich. Dien hinh, van
bdn so 153/TB-VPCF ngdy 10/4/2020 cua
Vdn phdng Chinh phii thdng bdo kit lugn
ciia Thii tudng Chinh phii Nguyfin Xuan
Phuc tgi cuge hgp Thudng tryc Chinh phii
vl phdng, chong Covid-19, Uong do giao
Bg Y te: "Tru&c mdt, tgm dimg xudt khdu
cdc logi thude su dung trong dieu tri
C0VID19". Ngay 15/4/2020, Cue Qudn Iy
Dugc, Bg Y te ban hdnh Cdng van sd
4162/QLD-KD vl vipc tam dung xuat khau
thude phdng, chdng Covid-19 vdi ndi dung:
"Be ddm bdo ngudn cung, co du trie thude

phong, chira benh cho nhdn ddn, Cue Qudn
ly Dugc yeu cdu cdc dan vi sdn xudt, xudt
khdu, nhgp khdu thude tgm dimg viec xudt
khdu thude theo Danh muc thude su dung
trong diiu tri Covid-19 ban hdnh kem theo
Cdng vdn ndy tir ngdy 16/4/2020 den khi cd
thdng bdo m&i cua Cue Qudn ly Dugc". Ro
rdng, de ddm bdo quyfin lgi cua ngudi dan
Vi^t Nam - quyin tap thi, cac chii the kinh
doanh thude da bi hgn che quyfin ty do kinh

doanh ciia cd nhan. Vific ban che quyfin ty
do kinh doanh ctia cac chii the nay frong
tinh hmh dgi dich la can thiet dfi ddm bdo
kha nang kifim sodt dich frong nudc ciia
Viet Nam.
2.2. Quyen con ngu&i trong chinh
sdch ve kinh te
Trong dgi djch Covid-19, cdc cd nhan
td chlic thyc hipn hogt ddng kinh doanh tgi
Vipt Nam gap khd khan rat Idn. De quyin
ty do kinh doanh ciia con ngudi dugc ddm
bao, Vipt Nam da cd hdng logt nhung
chinh sach phu hgp de hd trg cdc chii the
kinh doanh vugt qua khd khan ciia dgi
djch. Cy the:
Thu nhat, uong ITnh vyc thue: Thii
tudng Chinh phii cd Cdng van sd 197/TTgKTTH ngdy 07/02/2020 vl vipc miln thul
nhgp khau ddi vdi mat hdng khdu trang y te,
nudc nia tay sdt tning; nguyfin lieu dl sdn

xuat khdu Uang, nudc sdt tning, cde vat tu,
thiet bj can thiet phuc vy vific phdng, chong
dich vifim dudng hd hdp cap do virus
Corona gay ra. Cung ngdy 07/02/2020, Bg
Tdi chinh ban hanh Quyfit djnh so 155/QDBTC vfi vipc Ban hdnh danh muc cdc mat
hang dugc mifin thufi nhdp khdu phuc vy
phdng, chdng djch vifim dudng hd hap cap
do chiing mdi ciia virus Corona gay ra.
Theo dd, cdc mat hang nhu khau Uang y tl,
nudc nia tay sdt trimg, nudc sat tning (chl
pham diet khudn dgng dung djch), nguyfin
lipu dfi sdn xudt khau ttang y tfi, bd Uang
phyc phdng chdng djch dugc dugc mifin
thul nhdp khiu". Ngay 27/3/2020, Bg Tdi
" Xem danh myc cac m^lt himg dupe mien thue nh^p
khau phyc vu phong, chong dich viem ducmg ho hip
cap do chung mdi ciia virus Corona gay ra tai Quyfit
djnhs6 155/QD-BTC.

59


NHA NUdc VA PHAPLVATSd 7/2020

chinh ban hanh Quylt djnh sd 436/QD-BTC
ve vific bd sung mat hang dugc mifin thul
nhap khau tgi danh muc cdc mat hdng dugc
mifin thufi nhdp khau phuc vy phdng, chdng
dich viem dudng hd hap cap do chung mdi
cua virus Corona gay ra, ban hdnh kem theo

Quylt dinh sd 155/QD-BTC. Cde chu thi
kinh doanh nhung mat hang nfiu Ufin dugc
uu dai rat Idn vfi thue, nfin quyfin ty do kinh
doanh cua ehii the frong linh vyc nay dugc
md rdng.

gid trj gia tang: Thdi gian gia hgn la 05
thdng, kfi tir ngdy ket thiic thdi hgn ngp thue
gia trj gia tang theo quy djnh cua phdp lugt
vfi qudn Iy thul; (2) Doi vdi thul thu nhgp
doanh nghipp: Thdi gian gia ban la 05
thdng, kl tir ngdy kit thiic thdi ban ngp thue
thu nhdp doanh nghipp theo quy djnh cua
phap luat vfi qudn ly thufi; (3) Ddi vdi thue
gid trj gia tang, thue thu nhgp cd nhan ciia
hd gia dinh, cd nhan kinh doanh: Thyc hipn
nop sd tiln thul dugc gia hgn tgi khodn ndy
chdm nhit Id ngdy 31/12/2020; (4) Doi vdi
Ben egnh dd, cac chii thfi kinh doanh
tiln thue dit: Thdi gian gia ban Id 05 thdng
cdn duge Nha nudc hd Xrq vfi gia hgn ngp kl tir ngdy 31/5/2010. Ddy la chinh sdch
thue; mien tien nop ehgm thufi; gia ban tifin kip thdi de thao gd nhiing khd khan cho cdc
thufi dit. Ngdy 03/3/2020, Tdng cyc thul
chii the kinh doanh. Qua do cho thay,
ban hanh Cdng van sd 897/TCT-QLN vl
nhung chinh sach hd ttg ve thue da gdp
gia hgn ngp thue, mien tien cham nop do
phan thiic day hogt dgng kinh doanh ndi
dnh hudng bdi djch bpnh Covid-19. Cdng
rifing va dam bdo quyfin ty do kinh doanh

van sd 897/TCT-QLN ghi nhdn: "Di kip
cua chu thfi kinh doanh ndi chung Uong dai
th&i thdo ga khd khdn cho ngu&i npp thui djch Covid-19.
bi thiet hgi b&i dich binh Covid-19 gdy ra,
Thu hai, trong linh vuc ngdn hdng:
gdp phdn giup cho ngu&i nop thue dn dinh
Ngay tir ngdy 04/2/2020, Ngan hang Nhd
sdn xuat kinh doanh, vugt qua khd khdn;
nudc da ban hanh Cdng van so
Tdng cue Thue di nghi ddng chi Cue
tru&ng Cue Thui cdc tinh, thdnh phd true 541/NHNN-TD ve viec trien khai cdc gidi
phdp hd ttg khac phuc thiet hgi do dnh
thupc Trung uang chi dgo trien khai viic
thuc hien gia hgn nop thui, miin tien chdm hudng cua djch do virus Corona (nCoV).
nop eho ngu&i nop thui theo cdc quy dinh Ngan hang Nhd nudc chi dgo cac chi
cua Ludt Qudn ly thue hien hdnh vd cdc
nhdnh, phdng giao djch, chii dgng nam bit
vdn bdn hu&ng ddn thi hdnh". Ngoai ra, tinh hinh sdn xuat kinh doanh, miic dg thipt
Chinh phu cdn ban hanh Nghj djnh sd
hai ciia khdeh hdng dang vay von do dnh
41/2020/ND-CP ngay 08/4/2020 vl gia hgn
hudng cua djch nCoV, nhdt Id nhung
thdi hgn nop thue vd tien thue dat. Nghj
ngdnh, ITnh vuc cd thfi bj anh hudng nhieu
dinh ndy quy djnh viec gia hgn thdi hgn nop
nhu du Ijch, ndng nghiep, xuat khdu... kip
thufi gid trj gia tang, thufi thu nhdp doanh
thdi dp dyng cdc bien phdp ho trg, thao gd
nghipp, thue thu nhdp cd nhdn vd tifin thue
khd khan cho khdeh hang nhu ca ciu lai

dit (Dilu 1). Theo dd^^: (1) Ddi vdi thul
thdi ban tra ng, xem xet mien gidm lai
vay... theo quy djnh phdp Iuat hipn hdnh.
^ Xem khoan 1-4 Difiu 3 Nghj dinh so 41/2020/NDChii ddng hudng din, ho \ja ngudi dan
CP cua Chinh phii ve gia han thoi han npp thue va
tifin thufi dat.

60


QUYtN CON NGUdl..

trong qud trinh xii ly cdc dl nghj thdo gd
khd khan ve hogt dgng vay vdn^'
Ngay 13/3/2020, Ngdn hang Nhd nudc
tiep tyc ban hdnh Thdng tu sd 01/2020/TTNHNN quy djnh vfi td chiic tin dyng, chi
nhdnh ngan hang nudc ngodi co cau lai thdi
hgn frd ng, mifin, giam lai, phi, giir nguyfin
nhdm ng nham hd frg khach hdng chju dnh
hudng do djch Covid-19. Tifip din, ngay
31/3/2020, Ngdn hdng Nha nudc Vipt Nam
ban hdnh Chi thi sd 02/CT-NHNN vl gidi
phdp cap bdch cita ngdnh ngan hang nhdm
tang cudng phdng, chdng va khae phyc khd
khdn do tac dgng eiia djch bpnh Covid-19.
Ngdn hdng Nha nudc Vipt Nam da trien
khai kjp thdi cdc gidi phdp chinh sach nhu:
Dieu hdnh linh hoat cdc cdng cy chinh sdch
tiln tp, ty gid, co cdu lgi thdi hgn ttd ng,
mien, gidm lai, giir nguyen nhdm ng, gidm

dong thdi cdc miic lai suat difiu hanh dfi ho
frg sdn xuat, kinh doanh, mien, gidm phi
thanh todn. Nhimg gidi phap ciia ngdnh
Ngan hdng da va dang dugc trien khai
quyet lipt, budc ddu thdo go khd khan cho
khdeh hang vay vdn^^. Ben cgnh dd, Ngan
hdng Nha nudc chi dgo cdc td chiic tin
dyng tgp trung tin dyng eho cdc ITnh vyc
uu tifin, ITnh vyc sdn xudt kinh doanh;
thudng xuyfin theo ddi, ddnh gid difin bien
vd tdc dgng ciia dich bpnh ddi vdi kha nang
tang trudng tin dyng toan ngdnh dfi xem
xfit dilu chinh chi tifiu tin dyng ddi vdi cac
td chlic tin dyng nham ddp ling ddy dii kjp
" Xem Myc 1.2 Cong van so 541 /NHNN-TD vfi vi?c
tnfin khai cic giai phap h6 trp khac phuc thi?t hai do
inh hiring ciia djch do virus corona (nCoV).
^* Xem phin ma diu ciia Chi thj s6 02/CT-NHNN vfi
giai phip cap bach ciia nganh ngan hang nham tang
cu6ng ph6ng, chong va khac phyc kho khan do tac
dpng cua djch b?nh Covid-19.

thdi vdn phyc vy sdn xuat kinh doanh, nhdt
la cac nganh, ilnh vuc bj anh hudng bdi
djch benh, tgo difiu kifin cho khdeh hdng
vay vdn tifip tyc vay mdi khdi phyc sdn
xuat; tiep tye kiem sodt chat che tin dyng
vao cac ITnh vyc tifim an nii ro'^'.
Chinh sach hd Ug Uong ITnh vyc ngan
hang rdt kjp thdi Uong dgi dich da gdp phan

thao gd nhiing khd khan ddi vdi eae chii the
kinh doanh. Theo dd, chu the kinh doanh cd
thfi dugc tiep can cdc ngudn vdn. Ngodi ra,
nhimg chu the dang cd khodn vay tgi cdc td
chlic tin dyng gap khd khan bdi dai dich
Covid-19 cd ca hdi duge ca ciu Igi thdi hgn
trd ng, mifin, gidm lai, giii nguyfin nhdm ng,
gidm ddng thdi cdc miic lai suat dieu hanh
de hd frg sdn xuat, kinh doanh, mien, gidm
phi thanh todn. Nhiing chinh sdch nay thyc
sy ddm bdo quyfin ty do kinh doanh ciia chu
the kinh doanh.
Thu ba, hgn chfi quyfin ty do kinh
doanh nham ddm bdo quyen ciia cgng ddng
- quyen tap the: Dgi djch Covid-19 xdy ra
keo theo nhiing khd khan vfi luang thyc,
dugc pham vd nhu yfiu pham khdc. Vi vdy,
dfi dam bdo ngudn cung Uong nudc, Viet
Nam da dua ra hang loat eae quy djnh nham
hgn che xudt khdu cdc mat hang nhu: Ggo,
dugc pham va mfit sd mat hang khac.
Ngdy 25/3/2020, Bg Cdng Thuang ban
hanh Quylt djnh sd 987/QD-BCT vl viec
thanh lap Dodn kiem tta hen ngdnh di lam
viec vdi cdc dja phuang va doanh nghiep
xuat khau ggo ehii chdt de rd soat, kiem tta,
ddnh gid vfi ngudn cxmg thde ggo, tinh hinh
" Xem n.5 Chi thi so 02/CT-NHNN ve giai phap
cap bach ciia nganh ngan hang nham tang cuong
phong, chong va khac phyc kho khan do tac dgng

cua dich b?nh Covid-19.

61


NHA NUdc VA PHAPLVATSd 7/2020
xudt khau ggo, thuc hien dy trii luu thdng
va tinh hinh thyc liien hgp ddng xuat khau
ggo. Dodn kifim tra cd nhiem vy lam vipc
vdi eac dia phucmg, cdc doanh nghipp xudt
khau ggo chu chdt, ra soat, kiem tra, ddnh
gia vfi ngudn cung thdc ggo, tinh hinh xuat
khdu ggo vd thyc hifin dy tru luu thdng,
tinh hinh thyc hipn hgp ddng xudt khdu
gao, Ufin CO sd dd, xay dyng bdo cdo Thii
tudng Chinh phii xem xet, quyet dinh vfi
dieu ehinh hogt dgng xuat khau ggo theo
diing quy dinh (Difiu 2 Quyet djnh sd
987/QD-BCT). Ngay 28/3/2020, Bg Cdng
Thucmg ban hdnh Cdng van sd 2237/BCTXNK vl vipc xuit khdu gao ttong bdi cdnh
djch bpnh vd hgn ban, xam nhap man. Bg
Cdng Thuang da bdo cdo Thii tudng Chinh
phii vdi ngi dung vd de xudt nhu sau: (1)
Nguyin tac: Trong bdi cdnh djch benh
Covid-19 dang difin bien hfit siic phiic tgp,
cin bdo ddm myfit ddi an ninh luong thyc
qude gia, khdng dfi xdy ra tinh Ugng thieu
luang thye trong bat ky hoan cdnh nao;
bdo ddm an ninh luang thyc qude gia, ed
bipn phap hgp Iy dfi duy tri chudi sdn xudt

lua ggo; hd ttg tieu thu thdc, ggo eho
ngudi ndng dan vdi gia tdt; bdo dam muc
tieu "kep" Id chiln thang djch bpnh vd duy
tri san xuit, tang trudng kinh tfi. (2)
Phuang dn: Cd thi cho phep tilp tyc xudt
khiu ggo, nhung phai kifim soat chat sd
lugng xuit khdu theo timg thang, Uudc
mit Id thdng 4 vd thdng 5 nam 2020. Difiu
ndy cho thay, vipc xuat khdu gao ttong dgi
dich bi hgn chfi.

62

Ben cgnh vipc hgn che xudt khau ggo,
Viet Nam cdn tgm dimg xuit khdu cdc logi
thude sir dyng trong difiu trj Covid-19 (da
dugc phdn tich d myc 2.1). Qua dd cho
thiy, dl ddm bdo quyin lgi ciia cgng ddng
ngudi Vipt Nam, Nhd nudc da dua ra
nhung quy dinh nhdm ban che quyfin ty do
kinh doanh eiia chu the kinh doanh. Tuy
vay, quy djnh hgn che quyin ndy khdng vi
phgm quyfin con ngudi. Day Id quy djnh
lam hdi hda quyen ciia cd nhan vdi quyen
cua tap the.
3. Kit lu3n
D I ddnh gia mgt edch toan dipn vfi
nhimg chinh sdch cua Vipt Nam ddi vdi
ngudi dan ttong dai dich Covid-19 edn phdi
cd thdi gian dfi tdng kit, danh gid. Tuy v^y,

xem xet dudi gdc nhin ve quyin con ngudi
thi nhimg chinh sdch md Vipt Nam dua ra
Uong dgi djch Covid-19 da thyc sy tdn
ttgng vd bao vfi quyen con ngudi. Nhiing
chinh sdch eua Nhd nudc da bdo ddm quyfin
phdng, chdng vd khdm, chiia bpnh ciia con
ngudi - quyen xa hdi. Ngodi ra, Uong giai
dogn khd khan cua djch benh, Nhd nudc da
dua ra nhimg chinh sdch nhat djnh kjp thdi
nham bdo ddm quyfin ty do kinh doanh eiia
con ngudi - quyfin kinh tfi. Dii la quyfin kmh
te hay xa hdi thi nhirng chinh sdch ciia Vipt
Nam dgc bipt quan tdm tdi ede nhdm ngudi
yfiu thfi Uong xa hgi nhu ngudi khuyet tat,
Ue em, ngudi cao tudi... Nhiing quy dinh
phap lugt dua ra ludn dam bdo hdi hda giiia
quyfin ca nhan va quyen tap the.