Giá trị của dòng họ người hmông trong bảo tồn và phát triển văn hóa tộc người

GIA TRI CUA DONG HO NGl/dl HMONG TRONG
BAO TON VA PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA TOC NGU^dl
SAM THI DUONG"
Tom tdu Dong hg Id thie't che cdn bdn cua ngUdi Hmong, ditdc hinh thdnh, duy tri, vun ddp suoi
qud trinh lich sii. Ciing vdi cdc gid tri ve co'ke't cong ddng, thie't che dong hg ngUdi Hmdng con Id cong cu
deqidnlyxd hgi, trong do noi bat len Id he thong quy Udc/lugt tuc; Ben canh do dong ho toe ngUdi ndy
con hdm chUa cdc gid tri vi van hoa, lich sii, tin ngUdng, ton gido, bdo ve moi trUdng... cdc gid tri ndy
cdn duac nghien cOu mot cdch he thong de van dung trong cdng tdc qudn ly vd bdo ton phdt trien vdn
hoa toe ngUdi Hmdng. Tit do gop phdn xdy ditng nen vdn hoa cdc ddn tgc Viet Nam theo hUdng phdt
trien bin viing.
Tit khoa: Dbng hg; ddn tgc Hmdng; dong ho tgc ngUdi Hmdng; gid tri dong hg.
Abstract: Family is the core element of Hmong culture, its position is developed throughout
history. Family plays an important role m community bonding and social m-anagement: family rules
align with community regulation. Hmong families are also safeguards of cultural, historical, religious
and environmental protection values, all of which need careful consideration in management and
preservation of Hmong culture towards sustainability.
Keywords: Family; Hmong ethnic minority; Hmong family; family value.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 12/12/2018;Ngdy sud bdi: 08/01/2019;Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 27/02/2019.
Khi nghien cQu ve v a n h d a ngUdi
Hmdng, thi ddng hp la mdt t r o n g nhQng
va'n de cd't ldi. Mdi ddng hp ngQdi H m d n g
la mpt cdng ddng v a n hda vdi sae t h a i
rieng, nhUng v l n m a n g t r o n g m i n h
nhQng ye'u to' v a n hda dac trUng ciia tdc
ngUPi. Ngay nay, k h i xem xet cae ngudn
liic phat trien xa hdi, t h i v a n h d a dUdc coi
la ngudn lUc "mem". TQ q u a n d i e m nay,
thi ddng hp chinh la mpt n g u d n vd'n xa
hpi. Ban t h a n ddng hp cac toe ngUdi ndi
chung, trong do cd tpc ngUdi H m d n g ludn
ham chQa nhQng gia tri k i n h te, v a n hda,

xa hpi nha't dinh. Do vay, can ed nhQng
nghien cQu ve ddng hp, i a m rd n g u d n vd'n
xa hpi va gia tri ngudn iQe n a y . Ke't q u a
nghien cQu la m i n h chQng v a ed sd k h o a
hoc, thuc d l y cac ea'p q u a n ly doi mdi tQ
duy trong viee h u y ddng va xa hpi h d a cac
Sfi3-2D19

ngudn ndi luc, de p h a t t r i e n KT-XH cua
dia phUdng v u n g ddng bao Hmdng ngay
eang hieu qua.
Nghien cQu ve ddng hp ciia ngudi
Hmdng, tac gia t a p t r u n g l a m rd cac m a t
gia tri ed b a n sau:
Gid tri cdket cong ddng
Trong ddi sd'ng sinh hoat, ddng hp
ngUdi Hmdng ludn n e u cao t i n h t h a n
tUdng trd giup dd l l n n h a u , k h i gia dinh
ed cdng viec ldn nhU: eUdi xin, t a n g ma,
n g h i l l t i n ngUdng, l a m nha... thi ngUdi
eQng ddng hp, du d xa cQng cd' g I n g de'n
ehia se budn/vui, giup dd v a t eha't, t i n h
t h a n . Trong thdn ngUdi H m d n g cd quy udc

'*' NCS. Khoa Dan toe hoc va Nhan hoc, Hoc '
Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ban Dan tgc tinh Ha Giang;
Email:

NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [^

GIA TRI CUA DONG HO N G U O I H M 6 N G . .

chung, mpi ngUdi deu tdn trpng va t u a n q u y e n m a quyen k h a c h ; ba cd; dng cau, dd
t h u thuc hien, tren tinh t h i n doan ke't, cd' la nhQng ngUdi theo ddi, de xua't, giai
ke't kha b i n chat. Ngoai quy udc thdn, cdng quye't nhQng va'n d l h e n q u a n de'n ddi
ddng cac ddng ngUdi Hmdng cdn cd quy udc sd'ng vat chat, t i n h t h i n v a t a m l i n h cua
rieng dUdc thdng qua, to chQc thQc hien va ddng hp cung n h u cae cdng viee cd lien
d a n h gia tdng ke't h a n g n a m tai le a n Hpi q u a n tdi cpng ddng xa hdi c h u n g . Cu t h e :
(ndo phui). Tam ly cd' ke't cdn la cha't keo
Trudng hg (ud thOUx): thUdng do ngudi
m a n h bet, giup edng ddng ngUdi Hmdng dan dng nhieu tuoi (trung nien hoac ngUdi
sinh tdn va p h a t trien. Trong lieh sii, mac gia) dam nhiem. Day la ngQdi cd p h a m cha't
du trai qua bao t h a n g t r i m , n h a t la cupc dao dQe td't, gia dinh m l u mQc, k i n h te k h a
truy sat keo dai ciia ngUdi Han trong nhieu gia ed the giup dUPc a n h em; a m hieu
the ky trQdc kia, sU p h a n Iy tdc ngUdi de'n phong tuc t a p quan, hieu ly le, giai quye't
mpi mien t r e n the gidi, nhUng nho cd chat mpi edng viec cdng b l n g , vi quyen Idi chung
keo cd' ket m a ngudi Hmdng vQdt qua mpi ndi mpi ngUdi deu k i n h n e v a n g h e theo.
khd k h a n gian khd trong cudc da'u t r a n h Trudng hp cd t r a c h nhiem lo toan nhQng
sinh tdn. NgQdi Hmdng quan niem, da la vide chung cua ddng hp va dai dien trong
a n h em ddng hp, da la ddng tpc, thi di bat dd'i npi, dd'i ngoai. Khi t r o n g ddng hp ed cac
ky dau cQng deu n h a n dUdc sQ tUdng trd, viec ldn nhQ m a ehay, cQdi xin, l a m nha,
giup dd. Ne'u la cung dng td, du chUa mdt cac le cung, m a u t h u a n giQa eac t h a n h vien
lan gap mat, quen biet, nhUng k h i xac trong ddng hp hoac m a u t h u a n vdi ddng hp
dinh dUdc cd q u a n h e ciing hg, cung ma thi khac,... trudng hp p h a i chii dpng b a n bac
ngudi Hmdng cd the chet trong n h a n h a u vdi nhQng ngQdi cao tuoi t r o n g hp de thd'ng
va sdng phdi bdo ve nhau, chit phdi chdn nha't each giai quyet.
cdi cho nhau, day la nhQng gia tri dang
Ngudi "cdm quyen ma, quyin
khdch"

t r a n trpng va c I n dUdc bao tdn va p h a t h u y
(cho dar khud), la ngUdi a m h i e u tudng
trong ddi sd'ng.
t a n n g h i l l , each thUc l a m m a c u a ddng
Ben eanh do, dd'i vdi nghi l l t i n n g u d n g hp va t r u e tie'p p h u t r a c h nhQng p h i n
ciia ngudi Hmdng, ddng hp cd tdi s a u l l viec lien q u a n de'n tin ngUdng eua ddng
thQc chung gom: m a td tien, m a budng, hp m i n h . Cho dar khud edn dUpc coi nhQ
m a ciia, cac nghi le t a n g ma, thi su (gidi mdt "cd' va'n" c u a trUdng hp t r o n g viec
hgn), le dat ten gia (le t h a n h dinh d n a m quyet d i n h nhQng h a n h ddng lien q u a n
gidi). Cdn ddi vdi cdng ddng t h i ehi cd rapt de'n dd'i ngoai. Cho dar khud k h d n g do
l l thQc dd la l l cung t h i n rQng/thd t h a n b a u ban, c u n g k h d n g bi p h e bd v a cd t h e
va an hdi (an udc), dieu nay cho tha'y su cha t r u y e n con nd'i. Cd t h e ndi, ne'u coi
cd' ke't ddng hp ciia tpc ngudi Hmdng ludn t r u d n g hp la ngQdi d a m n h a n chQc n a n g
" h a n h chinh" t h i cho dar khud chinh la
dupe de cao.
ngUdi d a m n h a n chQc n a n g t i n ngUdng
Gid tri qudn ly xa hgi
Td chQc ddng hp cua ngUdi Hmdng ciia ddng hp'''.
dupe q u a n ly b l n g l u a t tuc tpc hp va dUdc
dieu h a n h bdi nhQng ngudi dQng d a u
ddng hp, bao gdm trudng ho; ngUdi e l m
Q]

"^ Viiong ftiy Quang (2005), Vdn h^ tam linh cua ngUdi
Hmong a Vwt Nam- truyen th^ng va hien dai Nxb Van
hoa - Thong tin & Vien Van hoa, Ha Noi, tr.77..78

NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
sd 3-2019

SAM THI DUONG
Bd CO (FduxIPiL nhdng), la chi hoac e m
gai cua t h e h$ c h a c h u t r o n g hp (thupc
canh tren), t h a o v a t , gidi giao t i e p , cd ddi
sdng gia dinh h a n h phiic, k h a gia. Ba cd
cung khdng do b l u chpn, dUa v a o to' cha't
ndi troi hdn eiia cac chi em b e n bd' m a hpi
ddng ngQdi gia t r o n g dong hp suy tdn. Ba
CO ed trach n h i e m giam s a t mpi t h a n h
vien trong viec thQc h i e n cac quy d i n h
lien quan de'n l u a t tuc cua ddng hp. Ddng
thdi, ba cd q u y l n quyet d i n h ta't ca cac
va'n de lien q u a n de'n p h o n g tuc t a p q u a n
cua ddng hp, mpi t a p tuc mud'n "eai" (vdi
nghia la bd t a p tue cQ) hoae "md" (vdi
nghia la thiet lap hoac hpc theo t a p tuc
mdi) deu phai radi b a cd ve "cbQi q u a "
(tsOUv dud) (ki§u ndi to nhU ehtti), ngUdi
trong ddng hp vi p h a m , l a m sai p h o n g tue
mud'n sc(a lai deu p h a i nhd de'n b a cd.
Ngoai ba t h a n h vidn c h i n h cua ddng
ho, edn phai kd den vai trd eua mdt sd'
thanh p h i n q u a n t r p n g s a u day:
Bgc cha chd (tri Id tri zd), la hpi ddng
nhQng ngUdi cad tudi t r o n g ddng hp,
thQdng la nhQng ngQdi cd dp tudi n g o a i
50 trd di (phai la nhQng ngUdi d a dupc
dat ten gia - cdn dUdc h i e u la da t r a i q u a
nghi le t h a n h d i n h - trUdng t h a n h ) , a m

hieu phong tuc t a p q u a n . H i u h e t cae
cong viee ldn t r o n g d d n g hp trUdc k h i
trudng hp dUa r a q u y e t d i n h deu p h a i
thdng qua y kie'n cua hpi ddng ngUdi cao
tuoi, d i l u n a y t h e h i e n t i n h cpng ddng
r§^t ben c h a t cua ddng hp ngUdi. Y k i e n
cua hpi ddng ngUdi cad tuoi la y chi c u a
ca hp, trudng hp p h a i n g h e t h e o va d a i
di§n thQc hien.
Ong cdu (dd Idu/Tsd
tldng), la a n h
hoac em t r a i eua me, ong cau c u n g dUdc
chpn tren cd sd nhQ b a cd, dd p h a i la
ngudi cd p h a m cha't dao dQc td't, biet giao
sd 3-2019

tiep, a m h i e u p h o n g tuc t a p q u a n v a
dupc hdi ddng n g u d i gia t r o n g ddng hp
nha't t r i chpn lUa. Ong cau chu yeu ed vai
trd t r o n g d a m cUdi c h a u gai, tQ k h i c h a u
gai dQpc ngudi t a hdi rdi cudi, dng cau
d e u dupc mdi t h a r a gia t r o n g t h a n h p h i n
c h i n h ciia n h a gai de b a n ve s i n h l l
t h a c h cUdi, thdi gian cudi, td chQc cQdi
n h u t h e nao... deu p h a i cd y kien t h a r a
gia cua dng cau.
Ong eau cung la ngudi t h a m gia t r o n g
viec day bao cac c h a u t r a i trd t h a n h ngUdi
cd n h a n each theo phong tuc de chau trd
t h a n h e h a n g r e td't. Ong la ngudi d a n dd

c h a u gai mpi d i l u trUde k h i ve n h a chdng.
T r o n g d a m cudi cau ludn ed qua t a n g
c h a u gai, lara c h u tri dam cUdi va t h a y
m a t n h a gai d u a c h a u ve n h a chdng. Vi cd
t r a c h n h i e m nhU vay, n e n khi cQdi chau
gai dng cau se dQpc n h a n mdt p h a n q u a
cua n h a t r a i bieu t a n g . TQ vai trd t r e n m a
ngUdi Hradng ed can ndi: Bdn hd sa dng
cdu, ddn dng sa bd cd (tri ninh say phdu,
pb liia say dd Idu).
Thdy cung, bao gdm: t h a y cung bdi va
trQ m a td, chQa b e n h (txir nenhz) va t h l y
cung n g h i le t a n g m a (txir dangz, ehinh la
eho daz khud).
Txir nenhz la ngUdi h a n h nghe h o a t
ddng tin ngUdng, tdn giao, ddi k h i l a m ea
t h l y thudc, cung ehQa b e n h . NgQdi l a m
Txir nenhz p h a i cd b a n thd ma Txir nenhz
rieng, trQdc k h i di l a m l l cung d ba't cQ
dau, Txir nenhz p h a i t h I p hUdng xin
p h e p . Dd n g h e ciia Txir nenhz gdm mot
vdng trdn s i t (de l a m phep), c l y sao va
mdt quay tdu hoac chiec tiii vai dai dQng
dd cung, q u a n h n h a Txir nenhz t r d n g
n h i e u eay m a n (tsir khai), cay dao (tsir
duox) de x u a dudi m a t a v a l a m t a n g
t h e m quyen p h e p . Dd'i vdi t h l y cung
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl

Q]

GIA TRI CUA DONG HO N G U C J I HMONG...
ngUdi Hradng, hp khdng ddi hdi tien edng,
khi giup chQa b e n h thi ngUdi b e n h s a u
k h i dupc chUa den dip t e t m a n g mpt con
ga trd'ng de'n ta le.
Trong bd may td ehQc ddng hp ngQdi
Hradng, mdi ngudi deu cd mdt vi tri, vai
trd khde n h a u , cac ca'p q u a n ly can t r a n h
t h u p h a t h u y tieng ndi eua hp de q u a n ly
cdng ddng ngUdi Hmdng. Vdi mdi ngudi cd
uy tin t r o n g ddng hp ngUdi Hmdng, c h u n g
t a cd t h e t r a n h t h u theo mdi linh vUc
nha't dinh.
Ve quy Udc/lugt
tuc: Trong t r u y e n
thd'ng va hien tai, quy udc/luat tuc ddng
hp ngUdi H m d n g ludn h a m chQa gia tri
q u a n ly xa hdi ra't hieu qua. Quy ude mdi
thdn ngudi Hmdng dUdc dai dien eac hd
gia dinh b a n bac va thdng nha't t a i le
cung rQng va a n hpi/ a n t h e {naox phuev /
ndo song). H i n h thQc sinh b o a t cdng ddng
nay phd bien d nhieu v u n g ngUdi H m d n g
nUdc ta. NgUdi ta t h u d n g b a n bac bd'n npi
dung sau: (1) Bao ve tri an, phdng va
ehd'ng trdm eUdp; (2) C h a n dat gia sue bao
ve mQa mang; (3) Bao ve rUng va t r d n g
rQng; (4). Giup dd n h a u t r o n g ddi sd'ng'^'.

Khi nghien cQu ve nhQng quy Udc cua
ngUdi Hmdng, Nguyen Ngpe T h a n h da
n h a n dinh: "Xa hdi ngUdi Hmdng tQ bao
ddi nay da tdn t a i quy Udc lien q u a n den
ddi sd'ng cdng ddng, raac dQ chi t h d n g q u a
t r u y e n raieng nhUng quy Ude a'y da dUpc
radi t h a n h vien t r o n g lang t u a n t h u va
duy tri de'n hien nay"*^'.
Hien nay quy udc t h d n dUdc xay d u n g
diia t r e n cd sd h u d n g d i n cua ed q u a n
q u a n ly n h a nUdc (Thdng tU sd'
04/2011/TT-BVHTTDL ngay 21/01/2011
cua Bp Van hda. The thao va Du lich quy
dinh v l viec thUe hien n e p sd'ng v a n m i n h
t r o n g viec cudi, viec t a n g va le hpi). Ndi
Q]

NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI

d u n g quy Ude bao t r u m d l y d u cae l i n h
vUc ddi sd'ng gdm: p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - x a
hpi, ve n e p sd'ng v a n hda, quy d i n h v§ viec
eUdi, viee t a n g , viec l l , hdi; v e a n n i n h ,
t r a t tU; ve bao ve eac cdng t r i n h cdng
cdng, ve sinh mdi t r u d n g v a b a o ve p h a t
t r i e n rQng... Tuy eac h n h viic t r o n g quy
udc cua eac t h d n deu gid'ng n h a u , nhUng
chi tiet quy d i n h lai cd sU k h a c n h a u .
Trong cdng ddng ngUdi H m d n g , viec xt(
ly cac vi p h a m dQde xQ ly theo q u y dinh

cua quy Udc v a do nhQng ngUdi cd u y t i n
t r o n g ddng hp d a m n h i e m . Cd t h e ndi dpi
ngu nhUng ngudi g i a m s a t , thQc t h i quy
Qdc ddng hp cQng cd vai trd g i n gid'ng nhQ
To hda giai cd sd b i e n n a y . NhQ vdy, dd'i
vdi t h d n ngQdi Hradng dpi n g u q u a n ly
l u a t tuc ddng hp va To h d a giai ed sd eung
tdn t a i song song, ddi k h i mpt ngQdi
H m d n g vQa Id t h a n h vien c u a dpi ngu
q u a n ly l u a t tuc ddng hp vQa la t h a n h
vien ciia To h d a giai cd sd.
Gid tri tin ngUdng truyen thdng cda
dbng hg
Tpc ngQdi H m d n g t h e o t i n ngUdng thd
cung td t i e n . Mdi ddng hp deu cd t r u y e n
t h u y e t , cau t r u y e n ve td t i e n m i n h . Du
k h d n g lap gia p h a nhU eae d a n tpc khae,
nhUng hp ludn y thQc n h l c nhd cho con
c h a u nhd ve cac t h e h e td t i e n , h i u h e t
cac t h a n h vien n a r a t r o n g ddng hp deu
nhd t e n eae bac t i e n bd'i tQ 5 den 9 ddi.
Trong ngdi n h a eua ngudi H m d n g p h a i cd
ndi thd cung td t i e n {Xii Ca), radi ddng hp
cd each bai t r i k h a c n h a u va n h i n vao Xit

•" Pham Quang Hoan (1994), 'Vai tro cua cac thiet chi
xa hoi truyen thong trong viec quan ly nguon tai
nguyen cong d6ng cila ngUdi Hmong", Tap chi Bdn toe
hgc, so 2, Ha Npi, tr.45- 46.
f^' Nguyin Ngoc Thanh (2002), "NhQng quy udc cua

nguoi Hmong", Tap chiDdn tpc hpc, so 6, Ha Noi
so 3-2019


SAM THI DUONG
Ca cung n h a n r a dUdc a n h e m cung hg,
ciing ma. H a n g n a m , n g u d i H m d n g td
chQc cung td tien vao cac dip n h u : t e t a m
lich, tuy tQng ddng hp n g h i l l e u n g td t i e n
dUdc t i l n h a n h vao n g a y 30 t e t hoac eac
ngay tQ mQng 1 de'n m u n g 3 t e t a m lich;
Ram t h a n g rieng; T h a n h m i n h ; R i m
thang bay. Khi gia d i n h td chQc eac n g h i
ll tin nguong, trUde t i e n p h a i c u n g hao
cao ma to tien. Dieu n a y cho tha'y, ddng
bao rat t r a n trpng v a t i n vao sU linh
thidng cua viec thd c u n g to tien. Trong
ddi sd'ng ngUdi H m d n g ed ra't n h i e u k i e n g
ky, lien q u a n den thd c u n g to tien. P h u
nQ khdng bao gid dUdc dpng de'n XU Ca v a
lam cac cdng viec cung te...
Cung vdi thd cung td t i e n mdi gia d i n h
ngudi Hmdng cdn lap ma cda, ma buong
trong ngdi n h a eua m i n h , n g h i l l e u n g cac
ma nay cua mdi ddng hp cQng k h a c n h a u
vl nghi thQc va thdi gian. Ma ciia dUde
lap thd khi l a m xong n h a mdi va dUdc
Cling vao dip t e t a m lieh, vdi y n g h i a de
canh giQ, bao ve ngdi n h a . Ma budng dUdc
lap khi vd chdng e h u n h a s i n h eon d a u

long vdi y n g h i a cau m o n g sU s i n h sdi,
phat tridn s a n xua't.
Tin ngUdng thd eung td t i e n ndi e h u n g
va cac sinh hoat t i n ngUdng t r u y i n thd'ng,
khdng chi la n e t dep v a n hda m a cdn t a o
nen bQe tQdng t h a n h vQng c h i c , n g a n sQ
xam nhap ciia nhQng ye'u to' t i n ngUdng,
t6n giao ngoai sinh, k h d n g phQ hdp, giup
toe ngQdi giQ gin, p h a t h u y gia tri v a n
hoa truyen thd'ng. Ddng thdi d a p Qng n h u
cau sinh boat t a m l i n h ciia dai bp p h a n
ngUdi Hmdng, tao eho dQa, n i e m t i n tdn
giao eho moi ca n h a n . T r o n g cac loai m a
ma ngQdi H m d n g thd cung, t h i m a td tien
la quan trpng n h a t , con c h a u p h a i sd'ng cd
"Jao dQc, eham sdc t h d e u n g td t i e n c h u
Sif 3-2919

dao, can t h a n t h e hien long biet dn, se
dupc phQ hd, ngUdc lai n e u sd'ng khdng td't,
k h d n g q u a n t a m de'n viec thd cung thi se
hi qud trach, gay d'm dau, cude sd'ng gap
n h i e u khd k h a n , t r i e trd. Do vay, tin
ngudng thd cung td tien cdn cd gia tri giao
due n h a n each, dao dQe, dieu chinh h a n h
vi cua con ngudi, k h i lam nhQng dieu sai
trai, t h a t dQc, ba't hie'u, ngQdi Hmdng t i n
r i n g se hi raa td tien trQng phat. Vdi ma
huong, ma ciia... la sinh boat tin nguSng
cd tQ lau ddi, ma cda la da'u bieu de n h a n

biet ngdi n h a cua ngudi Hmdng (ta'm vai
dd g i n t r e n dd cita chinh). Vi vay, t i n
ngQdng truyen thd'ng h a m chQa gia tri v a n
hda t a m linh sau s i c dd'i vdi ngudi Hradng.
Gid tri lich sd
Mdi ddng hp ngUdi Hradng deu cd q u a
t r i n h h i n b t h a n h va p h a t trien, g i n lien
vdi dia d a n h va cac bie'n cd xa hdi ndi
ngUdi ddng hp da tQng sinh sd'ng. Cd ra't
n h i e u eau ehuyen lich sQ lien q u a n den
ddng hp tQ ehuyen di cQ, eho den t h a m
gia l a m each raang... g i n vdi cac sU kien
lich sQ Viet N a m va eac quo'c gia l a n g
gieng. Dien h i n h nhU ddng hp VUdng P
h u y e n Ddng Van, t i n h Ha Giang. Theo
gia p h a , t i n h de'n nay ddng ho Vudng da
dupc 10 ddi. Ve m a t lich sii, vao thdi ky
trUdc each m a n g T h a n g 8/1945 Vudng
C h i n h DQc (VQdng Dung LQng, ddi thQ 4)
da lap ra mpt t r a t tQ xa hdi ma d a n gian
t h u d n g gpi la "Vua Meo". Khi do thUc d a n
P h a p da phong quyen eho VQdng C h i n h
DQc lam B a n g Ta va lap ra bp m a y thoiig
t r i thUe d a n m i a phong kie'n d v u n g ddng
bao H m d n g ndi day. Den n a m 1937,
VUdng C b i n h DQc q u a ddi, eon t r a i dng la
VUdng Chi Sinh t h a y cha cam quyen. T h e
che N h a VUdng keo dai dupc h a i ddi, k h i
each m a n g t h a n g T a m n a m 1945 t h a n h
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl

Q]


GIA TRI CUA DONG HO NGUOl HMONG..
edng, Vudng Chi Sinh dupc giac ngd cdch
m a n g , k e t nghia vdi Bae Hd lara a n h em.
Ngay nay, k h i len Ddng Van, chiing t a ed
t h e t h a m q u a n k h u D i n h t h u n h a VuPng,
d t r u n g tara xa Sa Pbin, dd la mdt di tich
m a n g gia t r i lich sii dien b i n h ve mdt
ddng ho ngUdi Hmdng.
Cd mdt diem c h u n g ve m a t lich sQ cua
ddng hp cae n h d m H m d n g la khi hdi co, ai
cQng nhd mpt thdi lich sii bi t r a n g xa xQa
d T r u n g Qud'e va cupc da'u t r a n h ehd'ng sQ
t r u y sat cua ngUdi H a n . Cae n g h i le t r o n g
t a n g m a ngUdi H m d n g c h i n b la sU p h a n
a n h chan t h a t nha't lich sQ ddng hp, tdc
ngudi. Cac n g h i thQc nhU: mac ao dai
h i n h yem cho ngUdi chet la d a n dng de
gia lam p h u nQ, t r a n h sQ t i e u diet gid'ng
ndi eua giac H a n ; n g h i Ie duoi m a giac
H a n (mdi ddng hp cd sd' l l n duoi v a sd'
ngudi t h a m gia k h a c n h a u ) ; t h u tuc e l t
q u a n ao ngudi chet trudc k h i chdn cat; cac
bai k h e n d a n dd ngQdi chet each ddi phd
vdi m a giac H a n , trong ndi d u n g bai k h e n
T h u Q u a n cd n h a c de'n dia d a n h cd d
T r u n g Qud'e dd la Long Chau: Ong gido

sU (Bax khud) nhd ngUai/ Ben trdi che
Bd
len trdng/ Ben phdi dap len mdu/
Cling khdch dinh khdch ddm/Bd
ciing
nguai
di giao qudn
tan ddt
Long
Chdu)^^\.. Ta't ca da p h a n a n h thdi ky lieh
sii, su g i n ke't b i n chat t r o n g da'u t r a n h
chd'ng giac ngoai xam... dieu dd da tao
n e n nhQng gia tri lich sQ ldn lao t r o n g
ddng hp ngQdi Hmdng.
Gid tri vdn hda, vdn nghe
Ddng hp eac n h d m Hmdng cd ddi sd'ng
s i n b boat van, van n g h e m a n g d a m b a n
s i c v a n hda tdc ngUdi, trong dd ndi len la
h a t q u a n lang t r o n g dam eUdi va cac bai
k h d n trong nghi l l t a n g ma.
Trong d a m cUdi cua ngUdi Hmdng, mpt
01

so' ddng hp edn duy t n tin ngQdng t r u y e n
thd'ng, t h u d n g h a t q u a n lang, gdm cac bai
nhQ: Bai Xin md ciia (khi doan n h a t r a i
de'n n h a gai t h u d n g ddng ciia, luc n a y q u a n
lang n h a t r a i p h a i trd tai h a t t h a t hay, thi
n h a gai mdi md ct(a cho vao); Bai Xin bdy
cdi bdn (khi n h a gai da md ec£a eho doan

n h a trai vao, thi q u a n lang n h a t r a i tiep
tue h a t bai nay); Bai Mdi ma td tien (mdi
a n edm, ud'ng rUdu de bao eao ve d a m cQdi);
Bai Xin ddn ddu vi; Bai Chia Tay v a bai
Ran do, chuc phdc cho con gdi. H a t quan
lang trong d a m cQdi la sinh boat v a n hda,
v a n nghe phd bie'n trong tpc ngUdi Hmdng.
Tuy nhien, hien n a y d mpt so' dia phQdng
hinh thQc sinh b o a t v a n hda, v a n n g h e nay
dang d i n bi mai mdt, t h a y vao dd la am
n h a c hien dai. Ddi vdi edng ddng ddng hp
ngQdi H m d n g d mot sd' dia phUdng, h a t
quan lang v l n dUdc dUdc duy tri t r o n g cac
d a m cudi, dd la net dep t r o n g v a n hda, c I n
k h u y e n kbieh p h a t huy.
Gia t r i v a n hda, n g h e t h u a t ciia ddng
hp ngudi H m o n g edn dUdc t h e h i e n h cac
bai k h e n va cac dieu m u a k h e n t r e n g
t a n g m a . T r d n g cac n g h i l l t a n g m a ciia
ddng hp ngudi H m d n g tQ ma tUOi, ma
kho, d e n ma trau deu p h a i ed n h a c eu
k h e n va mdi n g h i thQc lai cd mpt b a i thdi
k h e n r i e n g va k e m t h e o la dieu n h a y
m u a . Khi k h a m Iiem la bai Khen Len
NgUa, k h i giao Ipn/trau cho ngQdi chet la
bai Khen giao con vdt; K h i dudi m a giac
H a n la bai Khen dudi cUdp va Khen thu
qudn; Khen ngUdi den phdng vieng, Khen
cam sdng, Khen cam trUa, Khen hda vdng;
Va cdn ed b a i k h e n gianh r i e n g eho tQng

dd'i tUdng ngUdi c h e t n h u : Khen trai tre,

"^ Hung Dinh Quy (2005). NhOng bdi khen cua nmtdi Mnns
dHd Giang, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi, t r j 7 ^ 3
^

NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
S6 3-2019


SAM THI DUONG
Khen gdi son, Khen ngUbi gid, Khen dn Id
ngdn,... Trong nghi l l tang ma cd tdi 36
bai khen, vdi npi dung mang triet ly,
quan niem ve vu tru, nhan sinh eua tpc
ngQdi Hmong. Chinh vi vay, cung vdi
nhac cu khen, thi npi dung cac bai khen
thdi va cac diSu miia khen trong cac nghi
ll tang ma cua ngUdi Hmdng ham chQa
cac gia tri nhan van sau sic, cIn dudc bao
tdn va phat huy.
Cd thd ndi, gia tri cua ddng hp ngudi
Hmong mang dac thu rieng ma hiem cd
tpc ngUdi nao cd dUdc, dac biet la tinh cd'
ket ddng hp/ tpc ngudi. Do la Uu diem ndi
bat de xay dQng tinh t h i n doan ke't dan
tpc, dieu ma ba't cQ ndi dau, dan tdc nao,
thdi diem nao cung ludn can giQ gin, cung
cdva phat huy. Dae biet la sii cdket ddng
hp ngQdi Hmdng khdng cd ba't ky mot gidi

han nao, ngUdi ddng hp di den dau, d dd
cd luat tuc ddng hp. Ngay nay, luat tue
ddng hp cua ngUdi Hmong da va dang
dQde ca'p uy, chinh quyen cae ea'p van
dung trong quan ly xa hpi. Dieu dd cang
cho thay gia tri ben vQng cua luat tuc
ddng hp cua tpc ngUdi nay. Ben canh cac
gia tri tich cQc, ddng ho ngUdi Hmdng
cung cd nhQng han che nha't dinh nhQ:
mot sd nghi ll khdng cdn phu hpp trong
tang ma, trong hdn nhan va mat trai cua
tam ly cd' ket tdc ngQdi; do do, ra't can
danh gia dung din ve vi tri, vai trd eua
dong hp de van dung trong quan ly vQng
dong bao dan toe Hmdng. Cin xem xet
nhQng ye'u to' nao nen phat huy, nhQng
ylu to" nao phai cai bie'n, nham dinh
hudng dung din viec xay diing thil^t che
dong hp tpc ngudi mpt each phQ hdp, tren
cd sd quan diem cua Dang va Nha nUdc
ve phat trien van hda, bao tdn va phat
huy ban sic tdc ngUdi.
sfi 3-2919

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Sam Tbi Dudng (2016), 'Vai trd cua
ngudi ed uy tin trong ddng hp Mdng Trlng",
Tgp chi Vdn hda nghe thuat, so'390, Ha Npi.
2. Sam Thi DUdng (2014), Dbng hg cua
ngudi Hmdng Trdng d xd Sd Phin, huyen

Bong Vdn, tinh Hd Giang, luan van td^ nghiep
cao hpc, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi
3. Nguyin Thi Song Ha (2015), "Tac dpng
cua luat tuc ddi vdi quan ly xa hdi ngudi
Hmdng d vung Tay Bic Viet Nam", Tgp chi
Khoa hoc xd hgi Mien Trung, nam 2015.
4. Pham Quang Hoan (1994), "Vai trd
cua cae thiet che xa hdi truyen thd'ng trong
viee quan ly ngudn tai nguyen cpng ddng
cua ngUdi Hmdng", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, sd'
2, Ha Ndi.
5. Pham Quang Hoan (1995), "Mpt so'
nghi le phan anh ban sic vl tinh cd' ket
ddng hp cua ngudi Hmdng", Tgp chi Nghien
citu Ddng Nam d, so' 6, Ha Ndi.
6. Hoang Xuan Ludng (2004), Ludt tuc
vdi viec bdo tdn vd phdt huy di sdn vdn hda
truyen thdng mgt so'ddn tgc Tdy Bdc Viet
Nam, Nxb. Van hda dan toe. Ha Ndi.
7. VUdng Duy Quang (2005), Vdn hda
tdm linh cua ngUdi Hmdng d Viet Nam:
truyen thong vd hien dai, Nxb. Van hda Thdng tin & Vien van hda. Ha Ndi.
8. Hiing Dmh Quy (2005), Nhiing bdi
khen ciia ngUdi Mdng d Hd Giang, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
9. Nguyin Ngpe Thanh (2002), "NhQng
quy Qdc cua ngQdi Hmong", Tgp chi Bdn tdc
hgc, sd'6, HaNdi.
10. Thao Xuan Sung (ehu bien) va tap
the tae gia, (2009), Ddn tgc Mdng San La vdi

viec gidi quyet vd'n de tin ngUOng ton gido
hien nay, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl

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