Tiến bộ xã hội ở việt nam

Tien bo xa hoi d Viet Nam
Nguyen Minh Tri
' Truimg D?i hpc C6ng ngh^ Tp. Hi Chf Minh.
Email:
Nh^n ng^y 28 thing 7 nim 2019. Chap nh|in dSng ngiy 10 thing 9 nam 2019.
T6m tat: Trong hcm 30 ndm doi mdi, Viet Nam da dat nhiing thanh tyu quan Upng Uong vi?c thyc
hipn tien bp xa hpi gdp phan nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh Ihdn cho nhan dan. Tuy nhien, ben
c^nh nhiing m§t dd dgt dupc, vipc thyc hipn tien bp xa hpi d Vipt Nam, con nhirng hgn che. Bai vilt
phan tich ldm ro quan diem ve tien bp xa hpi va thirc hien tien bp x5 hpi d Vipt Nam Uong qud trinh
doi mdi; qua do gdp phan vao cung cap them cac can cii khoa hpc cho nhung quyet sach cua Dang
va Nha nudc Vipt Nam nhdm hoan thipn chinh sach thuc hien tien bp xa hpi d nudc ta hipn nay.
Tu- khda: Tien bO xS hdi, doi mdi, Vipt Nam.
Phan logi ngdnh: Xa hpi hpc
Abstract: Over the past more than 30 years of renovation, Vietnam has made important
achievements in implementing social progress, contributing to improving the material and nonmaterial aspects of life of the people. However, besides the achievements, there are things to be
improved in the implementation. In the article, the author analyses lo clarify the viewpoint on
social progress and its implementation in Vietnam in the renovation process; thereby contributing
to providing more scientific bases for the decisions ofthe Vietnamese Party and State in order to
complete the policy for the implementation today.
Keywords: Social progress, renovation, Vietnam.
Subject classification: Sociology

1. Dat van de

ciing vdi sy tdn tai cua con ngudi, gdn vdi
udc mo, khdt vpng vi mdt cudc sdng hanh

Trong riln trinh phat triln cua nhan logi,
tiin bp xd hpi Id mpt yong nhtrng vdn dl co
bdn ciia moi thdi dai, bdi nd duoc ddt ra

phuc ciia con ngudi. Vi le dd, viec xac djnh
gia trj dich thuc cua phat trien, ddng thdi
tap hgp, sir dung vd phat huy hieu qud cac


Khoa hpc xd hpi Vipt Nam, so 1 - 2020
ngudn lyc thyc hien tien bp xd hdi y d thdnh
nhu cdu cap thiet.
Trong hon 30 ndm ddi mdi, Viet Nam dd
dgt dugc nhiing thanh tyu quan trpng tren
cdc llnh vyc kinh tl, chinh tri, vdn hda - xa
hpi. Tuy nhien, ben cgnh nhiing thdnh tyu
da dat dugc thi vipc thyc hipn lien bd xa hdi
d nudc ta van cdn nhiing ban che, nhu tinh
trgng phdn hda giau ngheo, ti le that nghipp
cao, gidm ngheo chira ben viing, bat binh
ddng Uong thu nhdp, chenh lech miic song
ngdy cdng tdng... Trong bdi cdnh dd, viec
• tiip tyc nghien cdu quan diem ve lien bd xd
hpi vd thyc hipn tien bp xa hdi d Vipt Nam
yong qud dinh ddi mdi Id mpt yong nhiing
viec lam can thiet cd ve mdt Ii luan vd thyc
lien. Day ciing chinh Id nhiing npi dung chii
yeu ciia bai viet ndy.

dogn da qua [2, y.44-45]. Cdn d phuong
Ddng, Khdng Tir cho rdng, sy suy ldn ciia
c h l dp nhd Chu liic dd biiu hi$n sy vdn
dpng ciia xa hpi theo hudng suy vong, do
dd, udc mo ciia dng ve xa hOi tien b0 chi

cd thi quay y d v l thdi vua Thudn, vua
Nghieu. Trong quan niem ciia Khdng Tii,
sy suy vong do chit yeu trong llnh vyc quan
hp dgo due cua xd hpi, vd sy suy doi dd
biiu hien qua cdc tp ngn xa hpi nhu "tiem
ngdi vipt vj", chu hau chiem dyng Ie nghia
cua Thign Tii, dgi phu chiem dyng Ie nghia
cua chu hdu. Ciing vdi ngn "tiem ngdi vi^t
vi", chl dp yieu cdng ciing bj cdc chu hiiu
ty y phd bd [I, y.252]. Do dd, d l duy tri
mdt xd hpi ki cuong, ddi hdi phdi ludn chii
y din thyc hipn tien bp x3 hpi, ma cy the la
"Khdng sg thieu chi sg khdng ddng diu,
khdng sg ngh^o chi sg Idng ddn khdng yen"
("Bdt hoan qud nhi hoan bat qudn, bat hogn
2. Quan diem ve tien bp xa hpi
bdn nhi bat an") vd dng quan nipm "tien
vuong", "tien thdnh" Id mau myc cho hdnh
D I cd thi nhan thuc day dii, sdu sdc ve lien
vi cua thien hg, vdi chd truong vi^c noi
bp xd hpi, trudc het can phdi ldm ro cdc
guong ddi xua, viec bdt chudc dao diic ciia
quan diem vl tien bp xd hpi yong ddng Ijch
cdc bgc tien thdnh, tien vucmg dugc coi Id
sir phdt trien ciia nhdn logi. CJ phuong Tdy,
xu hudng van dpng tdt nhien ciia cdc xd h^i.
ngay tir thdi cd dgi, khi de cgp den tien bp
Mdc du cdn nhirng hgn che nhdt dinh,
xa hpi, nha Triet hpc Hy Lgp Plalon cho
nhung neu chiing ta bill k l thira va phdt

rdng, xa hpi lodi ngudi, yong bdn tinh ciia
trien cai hay ciia Khdng T.ii Id d l cao sy tu
nd se van dpng theo chieu hudng di len.
dudng dao diic con ngudi, thi dilu dd van
Trong sy van dpng ay, chinh yj, phdp
cd tdc dung thuc ddy sy tien bd cua xd hpi.
quyin, nhd nudc lan lugt thay ddi cdc hinh
thiic cua chiing va hinh thiic sau ludn uu
Trdi qua hon 1()00 ndm dem trudng
viet ban hinh thiic tnrdc, song do dng coi trung cd, quan dilra tiin bp xd hpi khdng
the gidi la mpt mdt cau ddng kin nao dd, dugc tiep tyc phdt trien, bdi dudi sy thdng
cho nen trong quan nipra ciia Plalon, sy tri cua nhd thd Kitd giao, con ngudi va xd
van dpng ciia xa hpi khdng phai la qua hpi lodi ngudi da sa vao nhiing nghich li
yinh vd tan, raa la nhiing dudng vdng cd ciia sy tiin bd, vi mpt mdt, con ngudi dugc
gidi ban, d dd chu ky ldp lgi nhiing giai xem nhu Ddng sang tao; nhung mdt khac Igi

48


Nguyin Minh Tri
Id nd lp ciia Chiia, cdn cac quy ludt khdeh
quan cua lich sii thi bi thdn hpc phii djnh.
Mpt trong nhiing nhd triet hpc tieu bieu
yudc C.Mac cd cdng phdn tich ddy dii ve
m$l triet hpc ve rien bp xa hpi Id G.Heghen,
nhd Triet hpc cd dien Dire. Ong cho rdng,
liin bp xd hgi chinh la sy van dgng tien ve
phia trudc ciia cai kem hoan thien den cdi
hoan thipn hon. Theo dng, cdi chua hoan
thi^n mang Uong minh mat ddi lap cita nd cdi hodn thipn. Cdi hoan thipn tdn tai ngay

trong tiem ndng, yong tinh xu hudng ciia cdi
chua hodn thipn. Cd the thdy rdng, dieu cdt
I6i Irong li ihuyet cita dng ve tien bd xa hdi
Id d chd da nhdn ra vd li giai mdt each sau
sdc tinh bien chiing ciia sy van ddng xa hpi,
dd xem xet lich su xa hpi nhu mdt qua yinh
thdng nhdt vd hgp quy luat. Mac dii de cao
tinh ddc thil ciia mdi thdi dgi, song Heghen
van khdng dinh rdng,raoithdi dai laraptgiai
doan Idt yiu trong tien trinh phdt triln chung
ciia nhan logi; dng xem tien bp xd hdi chinh
la qua yinh van dgng ciia y niem. Them vao
dd, ngay yong triet hpc xa hpi, Heghen ciing
ty mau thudn vdi chinh minh. Trong khi dng
cho rdng, su phat trien, theo Idgic ndi tgi cua
nd, ludn ludn la vd cimg, vd ban thi dng lai
bipn minh rdng sy tdn tai cua nha nudc quan
chii lap hiln Phd la dinh cao ciia sy phdt
yienljchsu[2, y.50].
Trong quan diem ciia chii nghta Mac,
mdc dil khdng cd mdt tdc phara nao trinh
bay mpt cdch chuyen bipt ve tien bd xa hdi,
song nhihig quan dilm ay dugc thi hien gian
tiip qua hp thdng chii nghia duy vdl lich sir,
trong mdi quan he vdi phat uien xa hdi.
C.Mdc vilt: "Sy phdt triln ciia nhiing hinh
thdi kinh tl - xa hgi la mpt qua ymh lich sii -

ty nhien" [7, y.21], qud Oinh van ddng tien
len cua cdc hinh thdi kinh te - xa hpi do sy

phdt trien khdng ngimg ciia lyc lugng sdn
xuat; qua trinh nay dien ra het sue phong
phu, phuc tgp, day mdu thuan vdi nhihig
budc quanh co vd nhiing budc thyt liii; song
qud trinh ludn ludn dien ra theo hudng tien
bp, nghta Id theo hudng di lu thap den cao,
tir kem hodn thien den hodn thipn. Dieu nay
ciing da dugc V.I.Lenin khdng djnh: "Ljch
su the gidi tien len mdt each deu ddn, bdng
phang, khdng cd - ddi khi - nhQng budc
nhdy Itii ldn, thi la khdng bien chiing, khdng
khoa hpc, khdng dung ve mat li ludn" [6,
y.8]. Nhu vdy, theo quan diem ciia cac nha
sang lap chu nghta Mac, tien bp xa hpi ludn
bao ham vd the hien sy van dpng lien tyc
khdng ngimg. Thdng qua sy van dpng, tien
bd xa hdi se phdt yien theo chieu hudng di
Ien vd theo dd thi ddi sdng xa hpi loai ngudi
ciing ludn theo xu the ngdy cdng dugc ndng
len. Van ddng yong xa hpi chinh la su van
ddng ciia hinh thdi kinh le - xa hdi ndy bdng
mpt hinh thdi kinh te - xa hpi khac cao hcm
ve chat.
Quan diem Ho Chi Minh ve tien bp xa
hpi. Bdng sy hieu biet sau sac ve thyc rien
cdch mang Viet Nam, uen nen tang tiep thu
tinh hoa vdn hda phucmg Ddng va phuong
Tay, Ngudi da de lai cho dan lpc Viet Nam
mdt di sdn tu tudng 4iet siic quy gid, trong
dd cd quan diem ve tien bd xa hdi. Tien bd

xa hpi ciia Hd Chi Minh the hien rd qua
quan diem ve chii quyen dan tdc, dpc lap
dan tdc, quyin tu do dan tdc, ddng bdo ta ai
cung cd cam dn, do mac, ai cung dugc hpc
hdnh. Trong Ti^en ngon dpc lap, Ngudi dd
nhdn manh: "Tat cd mpi ngudi sinh ra deu

49


Khoa hpc xd hpi Vipt Nam, so 1 - 2020
cd quyen binh ddng. Tgo hda cho hp nhiing
quyen khdng ai cd the xdra phgm dugc;
Uong nhiing quyen dy, cd quyen dugc sdng,
quyen tu do va quyen muu cdu hgnh phiic.
Ldi bdt hu dy d Uong Tuyen ngon dpc lap
ndm 1776 cua nudc MI. Suy rdng ra, cdu
ndi ay cd nghia la: tat cd cdc dan tdc tren
the gidi sinh ra deu binh dang; dan lpc ndo
cung cd quyen sdng, quyen sung sudng vd
quyin ly do" [8, t.4, tr.4]. Chinh sy binh
ddng gitia con ngudi, giiia cdc dan lpc Id
tiin de de thyc hien rien bd xd hpi vd Ngudi
khdng dinh: "Chi cd gidi phdng giai cdp vd
sdn thi mdi gidi phdng dugc ddn tpc; cd hai
cupc gidi phdng ndy chi cd the Id sy nghiep
cua chii nghta cpng sdn vd cua cdch mgng
thi gidi" [8, t.l, lr.461], "chi cd chu nghia
cpng san radi ciru nhan loai, dem lgi cho
con ngudi khdng phdn biet chiing tdc vd

ngudn gdc sy ty do, binh dang, bde di, doan
ket, am no tren qua ddt, vipc Idra cho mpi
ngudi vd vi mpi ngudi, niem vui, hda binh,
hgnhphuc..."[8, t.l,y.461].
Tien bp xa hdi theo Hd Chi Minh cdn
phdn dnh muc lieu ddc lap dan tdc vdi chu
nghia xd hdi, Ngudi giai thich: "Chii nghia
xd hdi la lam sao cho nhan dan dii an, du
mdc, ngdy cdng simg sudng, ai nay dupc di
hpc, dm dau cd thudc udng, gid khdng lao
dpng thi dugc nghi...,Tdm lgi, xa hdi ngdy
cdng tien bd, vdt chdt ngdy cang tang, tinh
than ngdy cdng tdt, dd la chii nghta xa hpi"
[8, t.9, y.591]. Theo Hd Chi Minh, muc tieu
cua phdt uien kinh te la hudng den cai thien
ddi sdng vdt chat va vdn hda tinh than ngay
cang cao cho nhdn dan. Ndi each khdc, lien
bd xd hdi cd dugc khi mdi ngudi ngay cang
cd dieu kien phdt trien, trong dd, dieu kien

50

tien quyit Id dugc lam chu van mpnh ciia
minh vd ddt nudc minh.
Nhu vdy, thdng qua khdi quat ljch sii tu
duy vl tiin bd xd hpi yong lich su, cd the
ndi, tien bd xd hpi Id mpt phgm trii lich sii,
cd ndi hdm hel sue phong phii, dugc tiep
can dudi nhieu gdc dp khdc nhau, song cdc
quan diera tren deu thdng nhat d nhiing

diem CO ban nhu sau: Mpt la. tien bd xd h$i
cd ndi ham rdng, phdn dnh sy van dpng rien
len yen cdc llnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, vdn
hda, xa hpi vi mpt xd hpi tdt dep, binh ddng,
bde di, tiin bp tdn tgi vdi ddi sdng con
ngudi. Hai Id, lien bp xa hdi Id ket qua hogt
ddng sdng tgo ciia con ngudi, the hipn qud
trinh lac d^ng tich cyc sy phdt trien todn
dien phdt trien cdc quan he xd hpi cdng
bdng, dan chu vd vdn minh. Ba Id,tienbp
xa hdi la mpt Uong nhiing yeu td the hipn
dac trung cho mdi cpng ddng ngudi, la
thudc do trinh dp tien bd trong pham vi
timg qudc gia, ddn tpc vd md rdng trong
pham vi khu vyc, qudc te, phii hgp vdi tirng
thdi ki, giai doan lich su cu the.
Tren co sd ke thira nhtmg thdnh qud
nghien cim trong lich su ve rien bp xd hpi,
chimg tdi quan nipm: tien bp xa hpi Id pham
trii uiet hpc phdn anh con dudng tiin len
ciia xa hdi (kinh le, chinh Uj, van hda, xa
hdi) tir trinh dp thdp den trinh dp cao hon,
mang lai nhiing gid trj thiet thyc vl vat chdt
va tinh than cho mpi ngudi dan.
Nhu vay, tiin bp xa hdi cd ndi hdra rdt
rpng phan dnh sy phdt triln todn dien tren
cac Itnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi, vdn
hda, giao due..., bao qudt cac phuang dien
vat chdt vd tinh thdn. Tiin bd xa hdi dugc
xem xel, danh gid trong timg phgm vi quoc

Nguyen Minh Tri
gia, dan tpc, khu vyc vd qudc te phii hgp
vdi timg giai dogn lich sii cy the. Tien bd xd
hpi Uong thdi ky qud dd di len chu nghia xd
hpi d Vipt Nam cd nhiing tieu chi nhu sau
[3,y.l42-144]:
- Lyc Iugng sdn xudt phdt trien vdi ham
lugng khoa hpc ngay cang cao vd vdi quan
h$ sdn xuat phii hgp theo djnh hudng xd hpi
chu nghia; kinh te tdng trudng nhanh, cd
chdt lugng cao vd ben vting;
- Quyin lam chit ciia nhan nhdn ddi vdi mpi
mat ddi sdng xa hpi dugc dam bao; Nhd
nudc phdp quyen xa hdi chu nghia ctia dan,
do ddn, vi dan, trong sach viing ragnh. Dan
chii dugc phat huy, ky ludt, ky cuong dugc
tdn trpng;
- Vdn hda, gido dye vd ddo tgo khoa hpc vd
cdng nghe dugc rad raang, trinh dp dan tri
phdt triln, quan he giiia con ngudi vdi con
ngudi ldnh mgnh; nhting thdi hu, tdt xau, te
ngn xa hpi dugc day lui. Ddy Id thudc do tri
tu? vd dgo ditc ciia tien bp xa hpi;
- Mdi trudng sinh thai dugc bdo ve va cdi
thien;
- Con ngudi cd didu kien phdt trien ttmg
budc ve thi chdt, tri tue, dao diic, nghi
nghipp; cd cudc sdng ngdy cdng am no,

hgnh phiic; dugc cdng hien va hudng thy
cdng bang thdnh qua ciia sy phdt trien.
Mdt xd hdi van dgng theo hudng di Ien
chii nghia x3 hpi la mpt xa hdi ngdy cang
giau cd ve cua cdi vgt chat, dem lgi cho con
ngudi cupc song ngay cdng day dii, sung
tuc hon. Cdi dich hudng tdi cua tien bd xa
hdi phdi la con ngudi, la sy phat yien toan
dien con ngudi.

nudc. Dang ta xdc dinh: "Thyc hien tiin bg
vd cdng bdng xa hdi ngay trong timg budc vd
hmg chinh sach phdt trien: tang trudng kinh
le di ddi vdi phat trien vdn hda, y te, giao
dye..., giai quyet tdt vdn de xa hpi vi myc
tieu phdt trien con ngudi" [4, y.77-78]. Quan
diem nay tiep tuc dugc cdc dai hdi ke thira,
phdt trien va xem con ngudi la trung tam
chien luge phat trien; con ngudi vira Id myc
tieu, vtra Id ddng Iyc phdt trien, thyc hipn
cdng bdng vd tien bp xa hdi ngay trong timg
budc, ttmg chinh sdch phat trien. Dai hpi
Dang XII da neu ro: "gdn ket chat che, hdi
hda giiia phat trien kinh te vdi phdt trien vdn
hda va thuc hien tien bp, cdng bdng xd hpi,
nang cao ddi sdng ciia nhdn ddn" [5, U.299].
Con ngudi vtra Id myc tieu, vua Id ddng
lyc cua tien bp xd hdi. Id ket qua boat dpng
sang tgo cua con ngudi yong qud yinh cdi
tao tu nhien, cai tao xa hdi vd cdi tao chinh

ban thdn minh. Ngdy nay, tieu chuan cua sy
tien bd xa hpi dugc the hien d cac thanh tyu
phat triln kinh tl, trgng thai chinh trj - xa
hdi, yinh dp hpc van, bdo ve sire khoe, ldi
sdng, y thuc dao due, the gidi quan, ky luat
lao ddng, van hod lao ddng, qua dd anh
hudng den hieu qud san xuat... Xa hdi ndo
dem lai nhiiu khd nang hon cho sy phat huy
sire manh va nang lyc sang tao ciia con
ngudi, hodn thien bdn chdt con ngudi thi xa
hdi dd duac coi la tien bd.

3. Thyc trang thyc hien tien bo x3 hpi d
Viet Nam

3.1. Thdnh licu thuc hien lien bp xa hpi
Nhdn thiic sau sdc ve vai trd, y nghta ciia
tien bd xa hdi, frong qud trinh lanh dao each Thu nhdt, vi kinh ti. Nen kinh tl Viet Nam
mang ciing nhu trong sy nghiep ddi mdi ddt hcm 30 ndm ddi mdi da cd nhiing budc phdt


Khoa hoc xa hpi Vipt Nam, sd 1 - 2020
trien ngogn muc, dgt dugc nhieu thanh tyu
cd y nghta lich su. Tdc dp lang trudng kinh
te khd cao uong nhieu ndm, quy md nen
kinh te da ldn ban rat nhieu so vdi trudc.
Tdng san pham trong nudc (GDP) tang
trudng vdi tdc dp trung binh hang nam
6,6% giai dogn 1986-2017 vd dat 7,08%
ndm 2018. Trong dd, giai doan tdng trudng

cao nhat 1992-1997 vdi mirc tang trudng
binh quan hang ndm dgt 8,1%. So vdi mpt
sd qudc gia cd tdc dp tdng trudng kinh le
nhanh tren the gidi trong hcm 30 ndm qua.
binh qudn tang trudng GDP ciia Viet Nam
chi dung sau Trung Qudc la 9,4%, tren Hdn
Qudc vd Malaysia la 5.9%, tren Thai Lan Id
5,2%, yen My Id 2,6%, Nhat Bdn la 1,7%
vd Dire la 1,8% [12]. Quy md kinh tl Viet
Nam tir chd xep thii 90 the gidi nam 1990
dd tdng len 171,2 ly USD, xlp thir 57 thi
gidi ndm 2013. Viet Nam lu mpt qudc gia
thudc nhdm cac nudc ngheo nhdl the gidi
da trd thanh qudc gia cd thu nhap trung
binh thdp vao ndm 2008. Nam 2018, quy
md nen kinli te dat 240,5 ty USD gdp 34 lan
nam 1986, dua Viet Nam Ipt vao lop 50
trong bang xep hang cdc nen kinh te manh
nhdt Ihl gidi [10].
Co cau kinh te Viet Nam da chuyen dich
theo hudng tien bd hon. Theo sd lieu Tdng
cue Thdng ke, nam 1986, nganh ndng
nghiep chiem ty trpng cao nhdt la 38,1%;
dich vy 33%, nganh cdng nghiep chiem ty
trpng thdp nhdt la 28,9%. Din ndm 2018,
ca cau kinli te da cd nhiing thay ddi quan
Upng: dich vu vucm Ien Ud thdnh ngdnh
ddng gdp cao nhat trong GDP vdi ty trpng
41.1%. sau dd Id nganh cdng nghiep chiem
34.3°'^, nganh ndng nghiep giam xudng chi

cdn 14,6%. Co cdu lao dgng cung chuyen
dich lu llnli v\[c ndng nghipp sang cdng
nghiep vd dich vu. Ty trgng lao dpng lara
viec Irong cdng nghiep vd djch vu tdng tir
11,2% vd 16,3% (ndm 1989) len 26,6% vd
35,2% vdo quy 2/2018; yong ndng nghipp
gidm tir 71,5% xudng cdn 38,2%; ty lp lao
ddng cd chuyen mdn ky thuat (ddc biet Id ty
le ngudi Iao ddng cd trinh dp cao ddng va
dgi hpc trd len) tdng nhanh tu 1,9% len
12,5% cung tai thdi diem neu tren [10].
Dieu ndy cho thdy, nen kinh le Viel Nam
da cd sy phat trien vugt bac, cd dp md va
hdi nhap cao. Ket qud dd cd sy gdp phdn
quan trpng ciia md cua vd hpi nhdp kinh te
qudc te sdu rpng ciia Viet Nam. Hpi nhdp
quoc te Id mpt yeu td quan trpng thuc day
nen kinh te Viel Nam phat trien.
Thir hai, vi xd hpi. Kel qua lang trudng
kinh te cao vd dn djnh d Viet Nara trong
nhiing nam qua da lao dieu kien thuan lgi
de Dang, Nhd nudc ta huy ddng cdc ngudn
lyc giai quyet nhirng van de xa hdi vi mpt
xa hdi van minh, tien bd nhu:
- Thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi cd
nhieu cai thien. Neu nhu tir nam 2007 trd
ve Irudc, Viet Nam la nudc cd thu nhgp
thap vdi binh quan thu nhdp dau ngudi dudi
1.000 USD/ngudi/ndm, thi tir ndm 2008,

Viet Nam trd thanh nudc cd thu nhdp trung
binh thdp, vdi thu nhap binh qudn ddu
ngudi la 1.154 USD/ngudi/nam va tdng len
2.540 USD/ngudi/nam vdo nam 2018 [9,
ir.816], Thu nhdp ctia ngudi dan tdng qua
cdc nam da gdp phan cdi thien chi tieu cho
ddi sdng, binh qudn ddu ngudi theo gia hien
hdnh tdng tCr 705.000 ddng nam 2008 len
2.016.000 ddng ndm 2016 [9, tr.833]. Nhu


Nguyen Minh Tri
vgy, vdi tdc dp tdng trudng cao, viec lam dn
djnh, thu nhdp tdng nen chi tieu sinh hogt
trong cdc hp gia dinh ngdy cdng dugc cdi
thipn, gdp phan nang cao, cdi thien chdt
lugng sdng.
- Gidi quyet viec ldm. O Viet Nam,
ngudn thu nhdp chu yeu ciia cdc hd gia dinh
Id tir lao dpng, vi vgy, viec quan tdm giai
quyet vipc Idra Id mpt trong nhiing yiu td
CO bdn ciia tien bp xd hpi. Dudi sy lanh dgo
ciia Ddng, su dieu hdnh ciia Chinh phii
thdng qua cdc chuong Uinh phdt triln kinh
te - xa hdi, thyc hien cac dy an vl tin dyng
vipc ldm vdi ldi sudt uu dai tir Quy qudc gia
ve vipc lam da gdp phan thiic ddy chuyen
djch CO cdu kinh te, co cau lao ddng, gin
dgy nghe vdi tgo viec lam, nhd dd tang co
hpi vipc ldm vd hodn Ihien quan he Iao

dpng. Nhin lai nhQng ndm qua, cdng lac
gidi quyet vipc lam vd phat trien thj trudng
lao dpng dd thu dugc nhieu ket qua rich
cyc. Giai dogn 1991-2000, trung binh hang
ndm cd nudc gidi quyet cho khoang tu 1 -1,2
yipu ngudi cd cdng dn viec lam; giai doan
2001-2005, mirc giai quyet viec Idm dgt
khodng 1,4-1,5 yieu ngudi va giai doan tir
ndm 2010 - 2015, con sd do da tdng len,
gidi quyet vipc lam, tgo viec ldm cho
khoang 7,8 tripu ngudi, trong dd lao dpng d
nudc ngoai khoang 469 nghin ngudi [5,
y.238]; cdng tdc dao tgo nghe dugc quan
tam, timg budc phdt trien, gdp phdn dua ti
I? lao dpng da qua dao tao tir dudi 10%
ndm 1990 tdng len 51,6% nam 2015 va
56% ndm 2017; ti le that nghiep giam
xuong cdn 2,24% [9, y.I53]. Cdc phien
giao dich viec lam, he thdng thdng tin thj
trudng lao ddng timg budc gan ket ngudi
lao ddng vd ngudi sir dung lao ddng.

- Cdng tac xda ddi, gidm ngheo. Trong
qud trinh phdt trien kinh tl - xd hdi, Ddng
vd Nhd nudc ta da rat chii trpng hudng vdo
con ngudi, nhdt Id nhirng ngudi ngheo. Viet
Nam dugc du ludn qudc tl ddnh gia la rapt
Uong nhirng nudc dien hinh Uong viec thyc
hien Muc tieu Thien nien ki vl xda ddi,
giam ngheo. Theo chudn qudc gia, ti le hp

ngheo da gidm tir 30% ndm 1992 xudng cdn
5,8% nam 2016; tinh theo chuan ngheo tiep
can da chieu, gidm tir 14,2%i ndra 2010
xudng cdn 7,9% ndra 2017, rieng cac huypn
ngheo giara 4% [9, y.837]. Theo bdo cdo
ciia Chinh phii ve Ket qud thuc hien kl
hogch phdt triln kinh tl - xd hpi ndm 2017,
ke hoach phdt trien kinh tl - xa hdi ndm
2018, den nay, hdu het cdc ddi tugng chinh
sach xa hdi, tre em dudi 6 tudi, ngudi
ngheo, ddng bdo ddn tpc thieu sd d cdc
viing khd khdn da cd bdo hiem y te; cap the
bdo hiem y te cho Uen 34,3 trieu ngudi, ho
trg mua the bao hiem y te cho tren 15,1
trieu ngudi. Quyet tam chinh tri trong cupc
dau tranh giam ngheo ciia Ddng vd Nhd
nudc ta da tao dieu kien cho mpi ngudi dan
thy hudng nhiing thdnh qud ciia tdng trudng
kinli te, ttr dd vuon len thodt ngheo, cai
thien ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than.
- Gido due vd ddo tgo. Phat trien gido
due vd ddo tao khong chi cd vai trd thiic
day phdt yien kinh te, raa cdn tdc dpng den
su phdt trien co ban cua ngudi dan, dam
bao cdng bdng vd tien bd xa hdi ben vCrng.
Nhdm tao co hpi va dieu kien cho tre em
trong cac hd gia dinh ngheo, tre em dan tdc
thieu sd d cdc viing khd khdn, tre em khdng
noi nuong tua... tiep can giao due co bdn,
Chinh phli da ban hanh nhieu chinh sdch

Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so 1 - 2020
raien, gidm hpc phi vd cdc chinh sdch uu
ddi khdc. Trong nhiing ndra qua, giao due
vd ddo tgo cd sy phdt trien mdi ve quy md,
da dang hda cdc logi iiinh Idp tu mdra non,
tieu hpc den cao dang, dgi hpc. Ndm 2000,
ca nudc dd dgt chuan qudc gia ve xda mti
chii vd phd cap lieu hpc; den cudi ndm
2010, hau het cac tinh, thanh dat chudn
gido dye trung hpc co sd. Ti le hpc sinh tdt
nghiep trung hpc phd thdng ndm hpc 20162017 chiim 97,94%; ti le dan sd tir 15 tudi
Ird len bill chir toan qudc la 95,1%; 100%)
tinh, thdnh phd dat chuan phd cap giao dye
mam non [9, y.I20]. Nhu vdy, thyc hien
lien bd xa hdi trong gido due trong thdi ki
ddi radi da dugc cdi thien, ddc biet Id tgo
CO hpi, dieu kipn hpc lap cho ddng bao dan
tpc thieu sd, vimg sau, viing xa, con em gia
dinh ngheo vd tre khuyet tat cd nhtrng
budc lien rd ret. He thdng gido dye da
budc ddu dugc da dgng hda cd ve Ioai
hinh, phuong thiic vd ngudn Iuc, timg
budc hdi nhap vdi xu the chung cua gido
due the gidi. Tir radt he thdng gido dye chi
cd cdc trudng cdng lap va chu yeu la loai
hinh chinh quy, den nay da cd cac trudng
ngoai cdng lap, cd nhieu loai hinh khdng
chinh quy, cd cdc trudng rad, cd phuang

thuc ddo tao tu xa, phuang thuc lien kit
dao tao vdi nudc ngodi.
- Cdng tdc bao ve, chara sdc sue khde
nhan dan cd tien bp. Ti le tu vong d Ue em
dudi 5 tudi da gidm tu 81%o nam 1990
xudng cdn khodng 21,5%o nam 2017; ti le
ye em suy dinh dudng da gidm tuang img
lir 50% xudng cdn khodng 13,4%; li Ie tre
em dudi I tudi dugc tiem day dii cdc logi
vdc xin chiim 96,4%. [9, y.802]. Tudi thp

tiimg binh ciia ngudi dan tii 63 tudi ndm
1990 tdng len 73,5 ludi ndm 2017. NIU so
sdnh cdng tdc chdm sdc siic khde vdi cdc
nudc uong khu vyc thi ddy Id mpt thanh tyu
rat ldn cua chinh sdch y te (Thai Lan, ludi
thp binh quan la 72 tudi; Malaysia, ri sual
chet d tre so sinh khodng 16% vd tudi thp
binh quan la 73,3 ludi). Tinh den ndm 2017,
cd nudc cd 13.583 co sd khdm, chiia benh
[9, U.785], Id chuc bp may y te dugc hodn
thien tir co sd den cdc tinh, thanh phd theo
hudng phd cap, chuyen sau vd hiSn dai,
chat lugng dpi ngu can bp y te dugc nang
cao vd ti le tham gia bdo hiem y te bao phii
din 83%. dan sd (tucmg duong 7.5915,2
nghin ngudi) [9, y.l98]. Dieu ndy dd tgo
dieu kien chdra sdc tdt ban ve y te cho cdc
tang ldp dan cu trong xa hOi, thiic ddy tien
bp xa hdi.

- Chi sd phat trien con ngudi (HDI).
Cung vdi nhimg thanh tyu dat dugc trong
cdng tdc giai quyet viec lara, thu nhdp ngdy
cdng tang, ti lp gidm ngheo nhanh, chdm
sdc siic khde nhdn dan cd nliiing chuyin
bien tich cyc gdp phan cdi thien ddi sdng
ciia nhan dan, chi sd HDI d nudc ta khdng
ngimg dugc cdi thien, ddm bdo cdng bdng
va tien bp xa hdi trong qua trinh phat triln.
Theo bdo cao ciia Lien Hgp Qudc: chi so
HDI ciia Viet Nam dugc cdi thien qua cac
nam, tu mirc 0,683 ndm 2000 Ien miic
0,695 nam 2016 vd 0,700 ndm 2017 [9,
tr.776]. Chi sd HDI cua Viet Nam hien
dang thupc nhdm trung binh cao. Dilu nay
da chirng td su phdt triln kinh ll - xd hpi d
nudc ta cd xu hudng tdng, ddi sdng nhan
dan riep tuc cai thien va timg budc ddm bdo
tien bd xa hpi.


Nguyin Minh Tri
- Bdo tdn, phdt huy di sdn van hda cdc
dan tgc dd dat dugc nhirng ket qud ddng
Iran trpng, nhieu di sdn vdn hda vat the vd
phi vat the dugc UNESCO cdng nhan Id di
san vdn hda the gidi hodc dugc xep hang la
di sdn vdn hda qudc gia (Vinh Hg Long,
V u ^ Qudc gia Phong Nha
Ke

Bang, Quan the di tich Cd dd Hue, Phd cd
Hpi An, Hodng thdnh Thdng Long, Nha
nhac cung dinh Hue, Khdng gian van hda
cong chieng Tay Nguyen, Ddn ca quan hp,
Ca trii. Tin ngudng thd ciing Hiing Vuong,
Ddn ca tdi tir, Mpc ban trieu Nguyen...) da
dugc giir gin, bdo tdn, tdn tao. Sdn phara
vdn hda, van hgc nghe thudt ngdy cang
phong phli, da dgng; cdng nghe thdng tin,
nhat Id thdng tin dgi chiing cd budc phat
triln mgnh me. Nhieu phong trao, hoat
dpng vdn hda dgt dugc nhirng ket qua cy
the, thiet thyc; phong trdo "Todn ddn doan
ket xay dyng ddi sdng van hda", "Xay dung
ndng thdn radi" vd cdc phong trdo xda ddi
gidm ngh^o, den on dap nghia... da tao mdi
trudng tdt de nudi dudng, phat huy nhirng
gia trj nhdn vdn ciia dan tgc. Xd
hpi hda hogt dpng vdn hda ngdy cdng dugc
md rpng, gdp phan dang ke vdo viec xdy
dyng cac thiet che vdn hda.

kinh te van cdn d muc cao (8,4% va 53,3%
nam 2018), yeu td TFP ddng gdp vdo tdng
riTidng. kinh te cdn hgn chl, mdi d rauc
38,3% nam 2018. Dgc biet, yiu Id till chl
chua dugc cai thien, nhieu thdi quen va
each qudn ly cu vdn hien dien Uong cdc vdn
bdn phap luat, co chl, chinh sach ... Theo
Dien dan kinh te the gidi ndm 2018, chdt

lugng Ihl chl Viet Nam xlp hgng 94/140
nudc tren the gidi [11].
Hai Id, mac dii ti le that nghiep trong dp
tudi lao dpng giam lu 2,88% ndra 2010 cdn
2,24% nam 2017 [9, U.ISO], nhung vdi
trinh dp chuyen mon ky thudt ciia lao dpng
Viet Nam van con yeu ve chat lugng, thieu
ve sd Iugng, gan 80%. Iao dpng chua qua
dao tao [9, tr.l42], rapt bd phan lao ddng da
qua dao tao hoac dugc su dyng khdng diing
ngdnh nghe ddo tgo, hoac phai dao tao lai
radi cd the lam viec Uong cdc doanh
nghiep, thieu nghiera trpng lao ddng ky
thudt trinh dp cao, lao ddng djch vu cao cap
(tai chinh, ngan hang,...); sd ngudi ngheo,
thdt nghiep cdn nhieu.

Ba la, ti Ie that nghiep d thanh thi va
nhdt Id ti le thieu viec ldm d ndng thdn cdn
cao. Xda ddi, giam ngheo chua ben vting,
tinh trang tdi ngheo cdn nhieu. Khoang
each thu nliap giiia nhdm 20% giau nhat va
3.2. Hgn che trong thirc hiin lien bp xd hpi 20% ngheo nhat trong tdng sd dan cu da
tang tu 4,43% ldn (1992-1993) len 9,8 lan
Mpt la, nen kinh te nudc ta dang diing trudc (nara 2016) [9, tr.l42]. Khoang cdch chenh
nhieu khd khdn thach thiic. Mac du tdng lech giira tdng ldp cd thu nhap cao vd tang
trudng kinh te cao, binh quan hang ndm dat ldp cd thu nhdp thap ngay cang gia tang do
6,3%, nhung van thap hon muc tieu de ra ca hdi va thdnh qua tdng trudng kinh te
ciia Chien luge phdt trien kinh te -xd hpi 10 khdng dugc chia se mdt each ddng deu, rad
ndra 2011-2020, d rairc 7-8%. Ti le lao lai cd lcri cho nhdm ngudi vdn da cd cupc

dpng va vdn gdp phdn tgo nen tang trudng sdng kha gia hon. Theo so lieu ciia Tdng

55


Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, sd 1 - 2020
cue Thdng ke, nhdm 1 (20% ngudi cd thu
nhap thap nhdt) Id 711.000 ddng/thang,
nhdm 5 (20% ngudi cd thu nhdp cao nhdt)
la 7.547.000 ddng/thdng. He sd chenh lech
thu nhdp giiia nhdm 1 vd nhdm 5 cd xu
hudng ngdy cdng ddn ra
9,8 Ian (ndm
1995 la 6,99 ldn, ndm 2006 la 8,4 ldn, nam
2013 la 9,55 ldn) [9, y.825]. Dilu nay cho
thdy khoang cdch thu nhgp binh quan d Viet
Nam giiia nhdm gidu nhdt vd nhdm ngheo
nhdt khdng dugc cdi thien md cd xu hudng
ngay cdng gia lang.
Bon la, ndi dung, phucmg phdp giao due
cdn Igc hdu; chat lugng, hieu qud giao due
vd ddo tgo cdn thap so vdi yeu cdu, nhdt Id
gido dye dai hpc, gido due nghe nghiep; ca
cau, chat lugng ngudn nhan Iyc cdn nhieu
hgn che, bat cap; ti le lao dpng cd Uinh dp
chuyen mdn cao, tay nghe gidi cdn it.
Nganh nghe ddo tao chua that su gdn ket
vdi nhu cau thi Uudng Iao ddng. Mdt bd
phdn Iao ddng tre dugc ddo tgo chinh quy
chua cd viec lam hodc lam nhiing viec trdi

vdi ngdnh, nghe, llnh vyc dao tao. Tinh
trang vua thua, vua thieu nhdn Iuc d mdt sd
ngdnh, Unh vuc, td chuc kha phd bien. Cdn
ton tai khd ro ret ve dieu kien hpc lap, co sd
trudng ldp giiia thdnh thj va ndng thdn,
mien xudi va mien nguge.
Ndm Id, khdra, chiia benh vd eham sdc
sue khde cho ngudi ddn cdn hgn che. Trong
Itnh vyc chdm sdc siic khde nhan dan,
mang ludi y te tuy dugc md rdng nhung
phan bd chua hgp ly, chua thuan tien cho
ngudi dan. Chat Iugng kham, chiia benh
chua ddp ling yeu cau, nhdt la tuyen co sd.
Viec khac phuc tinh trang qua lai benh vien
cdn chdm [5, y.256]. Ca che, chinh sach
bdo hiem y te. thu vien phi vd kham, chtra

56

benh cho ngudi ngheo, ddng bao \ u n g sdu,
vimg xa, vimg dan tpc thieu so cdn bat cgp.
Sy ddu tu vd sy hudng thy ve gido due, sue
khde vd cac dich vu khdc ngdy cdng
nghieng ve phia ngudi cd nhiiu tien sdng d
thanh thi.
Sdu Id, ldi sdng ich ky, vy lgi cd nhan
ciing bdt ddu hinh thdnh vd ngay cdng xdm
nhap vdo nhieu lang ldp trong xa hpi. Loi
sdng thien ve hudng thu, sdng gdp dang buy
hoai dan nhan cdch ciia nhieu ngudi d§n

den nhieu gid trj truyen thong dan y d nSn
mai mdt. Trong khi dd, khung hodng niem
tin ciing dang la mdt trd nggi ldn ddi vdi
viec thiet lap cdc quan he xd hpi vd thyc
hien cac myc lieu kinh te, chinh trj. Ciing
vdi do, te xdm hai tinh due, nguge ddi tre
em, hdnh vi lech chuan ciia hpc sinh, sinh
vien cd xu hudng gia tdng; bgo lyc hpc
dudng phd bien d ca nhtrng hpc sinh nQ-;
radt bd phan thay, cd giao suy gidra nhan
cdch, dgo due ldm dnh hudng xdu den hinh
dnh nghe giao... lara gia lang sy khiing
hodng niem tin trong xd hpi.

4. Giai phdp thyc hien tot hon tien bp xa
hpi d Viet Nam
Thu nhdt, quat Uiet, nhan thiic m§t cdch
day dil vd sau sdc viec thyc tiin bd xa hpi
trong timg budc, timg chiln luge, timg
chinh sach phat trien kinh le - xa hpi ndi
chung trong todn bd he thdng chinh trj ciia
Viet Nam. Tir dd tgo nen sy thdng nhdt vl
nhan thiic vd hanh ddng trong he thdng
chinh tri hudng den muc tieu phdt triln vi
con ngudi.


Nguyen Minh Tri
Thdr hai,thuc ddy tdng trudng kinh te
nhanh, bin viing vi myc tieu tien bd va

cdng bdng xa hgi. Nhd nudc thyc hien ddng
bp, hipu qua cac chii truang, chinh sdch
phat yien kinh te, huy dgng tdi da mpi
ngudn lyc cho phat trien kinh te; sir dung
cdc ngudn luc, cdng cu dieu tiet, chinh sdch
phdn phdi vd phdn phdi lgi dam bdo thyc
hien an sinh xd hpi, timg budc nang cao
phuc lgi xd hpi.
Thic ba, gidi quyet tdt lao ddng, viec ldm
vd thu nhap, bdo ddm chat lugng ddi sdng
dan cu. Giai quyet vipc ldm la mdt trong
nhiing chinh sach quan trpng ciia moi qudc
gia, d^c biet ddi vdi cdc nudc dang phdt
trien nhu Vipt Nam. Thieu viec lara, khdng
cd viec lam hodc viec lam vdi ndng sual va
thu nhgp thdp se khdng the giiip ngudi dan
bao dam cugc song va phdt trien ben viing.
Cd vipc lam vd tdng thu nhdp se giiip ngudi
ddn cd kha nang ddp iing dugc nhting nhu
cau chinh dang ve vat chdt va rinh thdn,
giiip hp tiep can dugc vdl cdc djch vu chdt
lugng tdt, nang cao vj the trong xa hpi, hda
nhap vdi mdi trudng xung quanh. Dgi hpi
Dang XII xdc dinh: "Tao ca hdi de mpi
ngudi cd viec lam vd cai thien thu nhap.
Bao ddm tien luong, thu nhdp cdng bang,
du dieu kien sdng va tdi sdn xudt siic lao
dpng" [5, y.l35]. Qudn yiet tinh tiidn dd,
cac cap, ngdnh can day manh khuyen khich
ddu tu xa hdi, lao ra nhieu viec lara, xay

dyng vd hodn thien chinh sdch tien luong,
tien cdng, khac phuc co ban nhiing bat hgp
ly. Trong do, coi trpng ndng cao chat lugng
ngudn nhdn lyc; viec ddo tao nghe vd gidi
quyet vipc Iam cho ngudi lao dpng phdi gan
vdi quy hogch kinh te - xa hpi, cac chucmg
ti-inh phdt triln kinh te, ngdnh nghe vd dinh

hudng chuyen dich co cdu kinh te cua timg
dia phuang. Tiep tyc hoan thien chinh sach
bdo hd Iao ddng, day mgnh xudt khdu lao
ddng la gidi phdp quan upng Uong gidi
quyet viec ldm, ddp img nhu cdu thyc tiin,
gdp phdn tdng thu nhdp, nang cao trinh dp
tay nghe cho ngudi lao dpng hien nay.
Thic tu, Ddng vd Nhd nudc can phai
quyet liet dua myc tieu gidm ngheo da
chieu vdo npi dung chien luge phdt triln
kinli te - xa hdi ciia cd nudc. Chi dao cdc
linh, thanh xay dyng ke hoach chi tiet
chuong trinh, chinh sach gidm ngheo hang
nam theo Id trinh cy the vdi nhtrng gidi
phap thiet thyc, sat nhu cdu trg giup ciia
ngudi ngheo vdi dieu kien cy the ciia tinli,
thdnh, tranh dot chdy giai dogn; rd soat,
phdn logi hd ngheo, can ngheo mdt each
khdeh quan, chinh xdc de cd bien phap ho
yg thich hgp.
Thic ndm, tdng cudng qudn Iy xa hdi tren
nen tang dan chu, thugng tdn phdp ludt.

Thyc thi chinh sdch phdt trien kinh te di ddi
vdi gidi quyet tdt cac van de xa hdi vi muc
lieu phdt trien con ngudi; ddng thdi tgo dieu
kien thudn Igi cho phdt trien y te ngoai cdng
lap, thi diem hinh thanh co sd khdm, chiia
benh theo hinh thuc hgp tac cdng - tu va
rad hinh qudn li benh vien nhu doanh
nghiep cong ich; day nhanh tien dp thuc
hien bdo hiem y te toan dan; khuyen khich,
hd yg cho mpi y tudng sdng tgo, thiic day
ddi mdi, phat trien, nhdt Id trong cac linh
vyc kinh te, xa hdi, khoa hpc - cdng nghS,
van hda, nghe thudt,...
Sdu la, tang cudng va ddi mdi cdng tac
tuyen truyen, nang cao nhdn thirc trong
Dang, he thdng chinh trj va loan xa hdi ve
vi tri, vai trd cua su nghiep xdy dung va

57


Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 1 - 2020
phai trien vdn hda, con ngudi Viet Nam.
Tich cyc dau tranh, bdi trir cdc sdn phdm
van hda ddc hai, phan ddng, ddi truy; ddng
thdi, hgn che hodc ggt bd nhiing hu tuc de
tgo dyng ddi sdng tinh than ldnh mgnh
trong nhdn dan.

[2]

Nguygn Trpng Chufin (Chii bifin) (2000). Tiin
bd xd hpi: Mpt sd vdn di U Iugn cdp bdch,
Nxb. Khoa hpc x5 h^i. H i N^i.

[3]

Ngo van Dy, Hong Hd (2006), 77m hiiu mpt sd
thugt ngS- trong vdn kien Nghij quyel Ogi hpi X
cua Ddng. Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, H4 NOi.
Dang COng skn Vi§t Nam (2006), Van ki^n

[4]

Dpi hpi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thir X, Nxb

5. Ket luan
Trong ban 30 ndm ddi mdi, Viet Nara da
thodt ra khdi nhdm nudc ngheo, ddi sdng vdt
chdt vd vdn hda khdng ngimg dugc cai tbien,
vj thi nudc ta khdng ngimg dugc ndng cao
tren trudng qudc te. Tuy nhien, mat trdi ciia
nin kinh ll thj trudng, hdi nhdp qudc te da
tdc dpng tieu cyc den cudc sdng cua ngudi
lao dpng, nhu that nghiep, phan hda giau
ngheo, bdt binh ddng thu nhap... Do dd, viec
dam bao tiin bd xd hpi tiong qudti-inhddi
mdi d Viet Nam hien nay cd y nghta ly ludn
vd thyc tien to ldn, can dugc nhdn thuc diing
ddn, triln khai thuc hipn cd hieu qud, nhdra

hien thyc hda rauc tieu "dan giau, nudc
mgnh, dan chii, cdng bdng, vdn rainh".

Chinh trj q u i c gia, Hk Npi.
[5]

Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam (2016),

Van ki^n

- Dpi hpi dgi bieu loan quoc ldn thu XII. Vftn
ph6ng Trung ucmg Dang, Hk NOi.
[6]

V.I.Lenin (1981), Todn tgp, t.30. Nxb Ti^n bO,
Mdtxcova.

[7]

C.MSc vk Ph.Ang^en (1993), Todn tgp,

\2i,

Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, Hk Npi.
[8]

H6 Chi Minh (2000), Todn tgp, 1.1,4,9,12, Nxb
Chlnh trj quoc gia. Hk NOi.

[9]

T6ng ci,ic Thong ke (2018), Nien gidm thong ke
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[10] htrp://www.gso.gov.vn, tmy c§p ng4y 15-3-2019
[11] hnp://lyluanchinhtri.vn/home/index.php/anhchinh/item/2892-doi-moi-quan-ly-nha-nuocve-kinh-te-thich-ung-voi-hoi-nhap-quoc-te-va-

Tdi lieu tham khao
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Doan Chinh (2015), Lich su Iriet hpc phuang
Dong, Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia, Hk Npi.

58

cach-mang-cong-nghiep-40.html
[12] truy cap ngSy 15-3-2019