Nhận thức, thái độ của sinh viên về hành vi quấy rối tình dục

Nghien c^iu
Gia ainii va Gi6i
So 3
2019

Nhan thuc, thai do cua sinh vien
ve hanh vi quay roi tinh due
Pham Thi Van*, Nguyin Phu'O'ng Chi"*

Tom tat: Bai vik phan tich quan diem ve quay roi tinh due (QRTD),
hilu bigt vl nguyen nhan cua QRTD va nhan thiic ve hanh vi img pho
v6i QRTD dua tren ba mo hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD (1) Mo hmh
sinh hpc tir nhien, (2) Mo hinh van hoa xa hgi va (3) Mo hinh kit
hgp. Thai dg doi voi hanh vi dugc do luong qua mirc do xiic cam khi la
nan nhan va nguoi chiing kien hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt, Ket qua
nghien ciru cho thay kien thirc ve QRTD ciia sinh vien nir c6 xu huong
tit hon sinh vien nam. Thai dg ciia sinh vien doi vdi hanh vi QRTD
con the hien qua mirc do cam xiic tieu eye kha cao doi voi hanh vi nay,
trong do sinh vien nir co diem cam xiic cao hon sinh vien nam. Sinh
vien nam nit deu c6 suy nghi, thai do dung ddn dii voi hanh vi
QRTD, tuy nhien nam gioi lira chgn thai dp im ISng hoSc phot la truoc
hanh vi QRTD nhilu hem. Su chuyin biln sang hanh vi tich circ phu
thupc vao rdt nhilu ylu t6 nhu moi trufmg va hoan canh, nhan thire
gioi, truyin thong va tucmg tac xa hpi.
Tu- khoa: Gioi; Qudy rdi tinh due; Nhan thiic; Thai dp; Smh vienygu td anh hudng.
Ngay nhan bai: 2/5/2019; ngay chinh siia: 17/5/2019; ngay duyet
dang: 3/6/2019.

' Sinh viSn Khoa Gidi v^ Phdt triln, Hgc vi?n Phy nii: Vi?t Nam.
•• ThS., Khoa Gidi va Phit triln, Hpc vien Phu n& Viet Nam.

Ph^m Thi Van, Nguyin Phuong Chi

77

LDatvlndl
Chuong trinh nghi sy 2030 vl phat triln bin vimg ciia Lien hgp qudc
nhan manh muc tieu so 11 "Hinh thanh cac thanh phd va noi dinh cu ciia
con ngudi toan dien, an toan, cd kha nang chdng chju va bin vung". Muc
tieu nay dang gap trd ngai rat Idn trudc tinh trang phd biln ciia hanh vi
QRTD nai cdng cdng va tren cac phucmg tien giao thdng cdng cgng.
QRTD xay ra d khdp mpi noi, mpi thdi dilm va pho biln nhdt dd chinh
la noi cdng cgng. J a i Viet Nam, 87% phu ntr va tre em gai d Viet Nam
timg trai qua it nhdt mgt hinh thiic QRTD noi cdn^ cgng. Trong dd, nhom
hpc sinh, sinh vien nQ la doi tugng bi quay rdi nhieu nhat (60%). 57% phu
nfr/tre em gai cho rdng dudng phd noi cdng cgng, xe buyt va ben xe la cac
dja diem phd bien nhdt ciia hanh vi nay (ActionAid Viet Nam, 2016).
^ Vi vay, de tim hieu nhan thirc, thai do ciia sinh vien nii va nam sinh vien
vl QRTD, nghien ciru da lya chgn mdu la sinh vien ba trudng Dai hpc d Ha
Noi, noi tap trung 14 tuyln xe buyt di qua phuc vu ngudi dan, trong dd da
phan la sinh vien va hpc sinh. Muc tieu ciia nghien ciru tap trung md ta va
do Iudng nhan thirc, thai dp ciia sinh vien ve hanh vi QRTD va cac khi'a
canh gidi. Trong nghien ciiu nay, nhan thirc ve QRTD dugc khai thac d cac
khia canh: (i) nhan biet bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD, (ii) quan dilm vl
QRTD ndi chung, (iii) hieu bilt vl nguyen nhan ciia QRTD va (iv) nhan
thire ve hanh vi irng phd vdi QRTD. Thai dp ddi vdi hanh vi QRTD dupe
phan tich thdng qua do Iudng cam xiic khi la nan nhan va ngudi chirng kien
hanh vi, va tim hieu mgt sd yeu to anh hudng tdi nhan thirc, thai dp, trong
do tap trung phan tich nhan thirc vl khudn mdu gidi.
2. Mot so each tiep can nghien ctiru

Hanh vi QRTD dugc hieu la bat ky hanh vi nao cd tinh chat tinh due
gay anh hudng den tam ly cua nu- gidi, nam gidi. Day la hanh vi khdng
dugc chap thuan, khdng mong muon va khdng hgp ly lam xuc pham ddi
vdi ngudi nhan, tao mdi trudng bat on, dang sg va Ihii djch (ILO, 2015).
Hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt dugc hieu la hanh vi dien ra ngay tren xe buyt
(khdng tinh cac hanh vi dien ra ngoai xe buyt va cac diem cho xe). Phan
tich nguyen nhan va yeu td anh hudng toi QRTD tai noi cong cgng, nghien
ciiu ap dung 3 md hinh giai thich vl hanh vi QRTD: (1) Mo hinh .sinh hgc
tir nhien giai thich hanh vi QRTD dya tren quan diem QRTD la phan ung
ty nhien ciia con ngudi do su thu hiit ca nhan hay QRTD chi la hanh vi the
hien ban nang tinh due manh me ciia nam gidi (;Tangri, Burt & Johnson,
1982); hoac la hanh vi ciia nam gidi cd van dl ve tam ly (O'Donohue,
Downs & Yeater, 1998); (2) Md hinh vdn hod xd hgi cho rdng QRTD phan
anh he thdng xa hpi gia trudng trong dd nam gidi cd quyen dat ra cac chuan
myc, iuat le (Tangri, Burt & Johnson, 1982; Stockdale, 1996; O'Donohue,
Downs, & Yeater, 1998). Xa hgi cho phep nam gidi cd nhimg hanh vi tinh


78

Nghien ciru Gia dinh vi G\&\. Quy4n 29, s6 3, tr. 76-87

due m^nh bao, the hien sy chiem hiiu cdn nu- gidi cd nhtmg hanh vi tinh
due thi hien sy thu ddng va sy bdng Idng chap nhan. Trong xa hdi gia
trudng, nir gidi dugc giao due can phai cd ve ngoai thu hiit, quyin ru, can
hoa nha, nhudng nhin tranh mau thuan, thieu sy dung cam va diit khoat
trong viec ra quyet dinh, ludn cam thdy cd trach nhiem trong cuoc sdng;
khiln phu nu la ddi tugng dl bi qudy rdi; (3) Md hinh kit hap do Pryor,
Lavite va Stoller (1993) phat trien cho rdng cac ylu to khach quan lien
quan tdi dac diem ca nhan, mdi trudng sdng, hoan canh thiic ddy hanh vi

nay. Cac dac diem ca nhari cd lien quan tdi nhtrng nam gidi cd thai do tieu
eye ddi vdi phu nir, cd niem tin vao cac khuon mau, dinh kiln gidi va cd
thai do chap nhan bao luc gidi. Mdi trudng thyc hien hanh vi QRTD la
nhiing yeu to thiic day hoEic chap nhan cae hanh vi nay nhu su vd cam tCr
cdng ddng, mdi trudng thieu sy than thien va thai do bao ve nan nhan...
Dya vao ba md hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD, nghien curu xay dyng bd
cdng cu do Iudng nhan thirc cua sinh vien nam nu ve hanh vi QRTD tren
xe buyt nhu sau: Thii nhat, nhan thirc ciia sinh vien dugc do luong thong
qua kiln thiic, quan diem, suy nghT ve bieu hien, nguyen nhan va hanh vi
img pho vdi QRTD. Ben canh do, nghien ciiu dua ra 10 nhan djnh sai lam
phd biln nhdm giai thich hanh vi QRTD va 5 nhan dinh ve khudn mdu gidi.
15 nhan djnh duge phat trien dya tren cac gia dinh sau: (i) QRTD la binh
thudng, ty nhien ciia nam gidi va hanh vi nay khdng vi pham phap luat; (ii)
QRTD la do nhu cau tinh due, ham mudn sinh ly cua nam gidi cao han phu
nti:; (iii) QRTD la do each an mac, loi sdng va hanh vi ciia phu ntr; (iv) Phu
nQ- sinh ra la de nam gidi chinh phuc, nen hg thudng phdng dai hau qua cua
QRTD, thuc chat hp rat thich dieu dd (thich dugc tan tinh, treu c h g c . ) ; va
(v) Phu nif se mat hinh anh neu hg ed bat ky hanh vi phan img hoac to cao
QRTD; va thir hai, thai dp ciia sinh vien dugc do Iudng thdng qua miic dp
cam xiic khi trd thanh nan nhan/ngudi chimg kien hanh vi QRTD.
3. Phu'O'ng phap nghien cu-u
Nghien ciiu sir dung phuang phap chgn mdu cd chii dich - day la
phuang phap tap hgp danh sach sinh vien sii dung ve thang xe buyt thudng
xuyen it nhat 3 ngay 1 tuan. Ddng thdi sir dung phuang phap dilu tra bdng
bang hdi tu diln, vdi tdng cgng la 118 sinh vien tir do tudi 19-24 trong do
42,4% la sinh vien nam, 57,6% la sinh vien ntr. Mdu tham gia chilm ty le
kha ddng dIu gitra 3 trudng la Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ndi, Dai hgc Su Pham
Ha Ngi va Hpc vien Phu nti Viet Nam. Nghien ciru thyc hien 8 cugc phdng
vdn sau trong do cd 3 trucmg hgp (nir) da timg bi QRTD, 5 trudng hop la
ngudi chiing kiln (trong dd cd 4 nam gidi).

4. Nhan thifC ve hanh vi q u i y r6i tinh duo
4.1. Nhan biet bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD
Hinh thirc ciia QRTD dugc phan loai thanh cac bilu hien sau: (i) gj-^


Pham Thj Van, Nguyen Phuang Chi

79

hien mang tinh the chat, (ii) Bilu hien bdng Idi ndi, (iii) Bilu hien phi ngdn
ngCt (hay phi Idi ndi), (iv) Bilu hien qua cac hanh vi ep buoc hen tuc, (v)
Hanh vi hilp dam, cd y dinh hilp dam hoac ep huge quan he tinh due (ILO,
2015). Cac hanh vi nay dugc cu the hoa 15 bilu hien ve QRTD.
Bang 1. Hieu biet ve cac bidu hi^n cua hanh vi QRTD theo gioi tinh (%)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Bilu hl^n ciia hanh vi QRTD
Huyt sao treu gheo
Liec mdt dua tinh
Binh pham hinh thiic ben ngo^i hoSc co thi
Diia giOn, binh luan van de tinh due
Tan tinh, quay r6i lien tuc bdng tin nhan,
email, mang xa hgi
Dang nhimg binh luan, hinh anh va video ve
tinh due tren mang xa hgi
Ep nghe cac cau chuy?n/lai noi lien quan tdi
tinh due tai noi cong cgng
Nhin chdm chdm vao ca the
So mo, dung cham mgt each co y
Bj nguoi khdc pho bay bg phan sinh due
Ep xem tranh anh/video khieu dam
Yeu cau giri cac hinh anh khoa than
Yeu cau cac cugc gap gO hoac quan he
khong mong muon
Yeu cau hoac chii dgng ngoi gan, ngoi canh
noi cong cong khi chua co sy dong y
Tr\rc tiep de nghj quan hf tinh due

Nam
18
16
42
34
42

NQ-

Chung

52,9
35.3
45.6
61,8
45,6

38,1
27,1
39,8
44,1

80
94
68
64
60
36

64,7
94.1
69,1
64,7
60,3
44,1

71,2
94.1

69.6
64,4
60,2
40,7

28

32,4

30,5

64

64,7

64,4

50

So lieu Bang 1 cho thay, da sd sinh vien cd nhan thiic kha tdt ve mgt so
bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD (ty le nhan bilt hon 50% d 8/15 bieu hien).
Tuy nhien 7/15 bilu hien dugc dua ra cd ty le nhan thirc dudi 50% cho
thay, mdt bd phan khdng nhd sinh vien chua nhan biet day dii cac bieu hien
ciia QRTD, dac biet cac bieu hien phi ngon ngir nhu huyt sao treu gheo,
binh phdm vl hinh thiic, tan tinh qudy rdi lien tuc bang tin nhan, email, yeu
cdu hoac chu ddng ngoi gan khi ddi phuang khdng ddng y.
Nam va nir gidi co nhan bilt tuong ddng ve bieu hien ciia hanh vi
QRTD thi hien rd rang thdng qua hanh vi thi chat, loi ndi va hinh anh. Tuy
nhien nQ- gidi vugt troi ban nam giai vl kha nang nhan biet cac hanh vi
QRTD phi ngdn ngir nhu "Huyt sao treu gheo" (52,6% sinh vien nir nhan

biet so vdi 18% sinh vien nam); "Liic mdt dua tinh" ty le sinh vien nu
nhan bilt cao hem nam sinh vien 2,2 ldn (35,3% so vdj 16%)... Mgt sd
hanh vi qudy rdi qua Idi ndi nhu "Diia gidn, binh luan van de tinh due" ty
le sinh vien nti' nhan bilt cao hem nam sinh vien la 27,8 diem phan tram.


80

Nghifin cifu Gia dinh vS Gib-i. Quy^n 29, s6 3, tr. 76-87

Dilu nay eho thdy, nam sinh vien c6 xu hudng cho rdng mgt so hanh yi
QRTD la hanh vi ty nhien cd sy thu hut ca nhan, cho thdy nam gioi thieu
sy phan tich cac cam xuc va thai dp tir nii gidi. Day cung la khudn mau
gidi phd bien trong xa hgi khi nam gidi dugc coi la ngudi chu ddng chinh
phuc va phu ntr thuang ddn nhan nhu la mgt sy khen ngai, tan duang.
4.2. Quan diem cua sinh vien ve hanh vi quay roi tinh due ndi chung
Quan dilm vl hanh vi QRTD dugc nghien ciru do Iudng dya tren 10
nhan djnh sai idm phd bien trong xa hpi ve thyc trang, nguyen nhan, giai
phap va hau qua ciia QRTD. Cac nhan dinh nay dugc do lucmg dua tren
thang diem Likert 1-4 (thang diem 1 the hien quan diem "hoan toan diing",
thang dilm 4 thi hien quan diem "hoan toan sai"). Miic dilm 40 the hien
nhan thire tot nhdt va 10-20 the hien nhan thirc yeu.
Bang 2. Quan diem ve Quay roi tinh due theo gioi tinh (Diem trung binh)
Cac quan diem

1. Hanh vi QRTD la hanh vi binh thuong,
tir nhien, khdng vi pham phap luat
2.Hanhvi QRTD khong pho biln trong xa hpi
Viet Nam
3.Nhirng cau chuyen dCia ve quan he tinh due,

ngoai hinh va nhimg bp phan nhay cam cua
phu nit dupe coi la binh thugng v^ ty nhien
4 . T 6 cao hanh vi QRTD la phan img thai qua
vi h^nh vi nay chua den mirc nghiem trpng
S.Hanh vi QRTD gia tang la do each an mac,
l6i sing v^ hinh vi ciia phy nCr
6 . N I U phu nCr bi QRTD, chac hdn ban dy
da lam dilu gi do khoi ggi ke qudy r6i
7.Tdt ca cac hanh vi QRTD sS khong tilp
diln nlu phy nu chi don gian yeu cau ke
quay rli dimg lai
8.QRTD chi dcm gian la may liri n6i bong
diia, khong gay h^u qua gi cho phu nir ca
9.Phy nO nen tranh xa cac dia diem cong
cpng nhu bin xe, xe buyt, cac doan duong
vdng... dl phong trdnh QRTD
lO.Phy nir thucmg ph6ng dai hau qua ciia

Nii-

Chung

3,64

3,56

3,59

3,23

3,24

3,23

0,79

0,993

3,34

3,46

3,41

0,72

0,403

3,28

3,43

3,37

0,78

0,318

2,74

3,16

2,99

0,77

0,004**

2,74

3,35

3,18

0,81

0,006**

3,04

3,35

3,205

0,72

0,024*

3,30

3,51

3,395

0,72

0,097

2,98

3,29

3,145

0.89

0,061

2,74

3.29

3

0,85

o,00] *•*

QRTD
•

KiSm
Dp
dinh Tl|ch
chuan Test (gii
trip)
0,66
0,528

Nam

____J_^
Tdng diem trung binh

31,02 33,64 32,515

^^~~~~~~-—

Mirc y nghTa thong ke: *p<=0,05, **p<-0,01, ***p<=0,001


Pham Thi Van, Nguyin Phucmg Chi

81

Kit qua Bang 2 cho thay, inirc do nhan bilt vl hanh vi QRTD ciia sinh
vien 6 mirc kha tot (hon 30 diem tren tong dilm 40). Tuy nhien, tdng dilm
yung binh vl nhan thiic ciia sinh vien nir cao hon nam 2,62 dilm. Ntr cd
diem sd tot han nam d 9/10 quan diem.
Kilm dinh T-Test cho thay khac biet gidi, sinh vien ntr nhan thirc tdt

hon nam gidi, su khac biet nay cd y nghTa thong ke d mgt so quan niem
lien quan tdi khudn mdu gidi nhu quan dilm cho rdng "Hdnh vi QRTD gia
tdng Id do each dn mac, Idi sdng vd hdnh vi ciia phu nii " (dilm trung binh
ciia sinh vien ntr la 3,16 so vdi 2,74 ddi voi nam sinh vien)... (Bang 2). Dtr
lieu dinh tinh cung cho thay su dong tinh vdi quan niem sai ciia eac nam
sinh vien: "Do cdc bgn sinh vien nir dn mac ha hang, ggi cdm, kich thich ke
qudy rdi. Do ke qudy rdi cd ham mudn tinh due cao " (PVS sinh vien nam,
21 tudi). Dieu dd cho thay, nam gidi cd xu hudng "dd Idi cho nan nhan"
trong viec giai thich nguyen nhan ciia QRTD, ngoai ra hg ciing cd xu
hudng cho rang QRTD la hanh vi binh thudng ty nhien, it nghiem trpng.
Neu giai thich theo md hinh van hoa - xa hgi la sy phan anh xa hgi gia
trudng trong dd nam gidi the hien quyen luc va su kiem soat ciia minh
(Tangri, Burt & Johnson, 1982; Stockdale, 1996; O'Donohue, Downs &
Yeater, 1998; McDonald, 2012) thi quan niem ve cac hanh vi QRTD nhu
phan tich tren cd xu hudng phii hgp khi giai thich theo md hinh nay, phii
hgp vdi khudn mau the hien nam tinh, cd quyen ap dat va dd Idi cho nan
nhan khi xay ra hanh vi QRTD vi phu ntr khong giir dugc "khudn mau ntt
tinh" nhu an mac hd hang, loi sdng hanh vi khdng phii hgp...
4.3. Hieu biet cua sinh vien ve nguyen nhan cua quay roi tinh due
Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy phan tfch hilu bilt ciia sinh vien ve nguyen
nhan ciia quay rdi tinh due theo md hinh sinh hpc ty nhien phd bien ban
ddi nam sinh vien; trong khi giai thich theo md hinh van hoa xa hdi - each
ghi nhan xu hudng phd bien hon d nir sinh vien. Dya vao ket qua phan tich
sy hilu bilt vl cac bilu hien ciia hanh vi QRTD theo gidi tinh cho thay, cd
ba xu hudng giai thich cho hanh vi QRTD d ca nam va nir: Thii nhdt,
QRTD la do phan img ciia con ngudi xudt phat tir sy thu hiit ca nhan hay
do ban nang tinh due manh me ciia nam gidi hoac la ly do ve tam ly hoac
hanh vi (giai thich theo md hinh sinh hgc ty nhien). Md hinh nay thucmg
dugc hai gidi lua chgn vdi ty le cao, dac biet la nam sinh vien cd lya chgn
cao han d ly do "Nam giai cd nhu cdu cao hon nir giai", "Do nam gi&i bi

thu hut b&i nir gi&i". Tuy nhien, Stockdale (1996) cho rdng cac hanh vi
trong md hinh sinh hgc ty nhien cdn dugc hilu la hanh vi tan tinh, va cac
hanh vi nay thudng chdm dirt khi ddi phuong cam thdy khdng thich thu ya
khong thoai mai. Tac gia cung nhdn manh cac hanh vi trong md hinh nay
khong cd tac ddng tieu cue tdi nan nhan.
Thir hai, QRTD la do nhimg ylu td van hoa xa hdi, do la trong cac xa


82

Nghien ci>u Gia dinh vA Gi6-i. Q u y i n 29. s6 3, tr. 76-87

hdi gia trudng nam gidi cd nhieu quyin luc va thi hien quyin lyc ddi vai
phu nir. Sinh vien ntr cd xu hudng giai thich theo each hieu nay cao hon
nam gidi. 51,5% ntr gidi (so vol 32% nam gidi) cho rdng nguyen nhan cua
QRTD la do phu ntr khdng dugc tdn trpng va 33,8% nii gidi (so vdi 24%
nam gidi) cho rang bat binh dang quyen lyc gitra nam va ntr.
Thii ba, QRTD cung thudng dugc giai thich do hoan canh mdi trudng
nhu "Do phu ntr cd ve ngoai bat mdt ggi cam" cung nhan dupe su ddng y
ciia nam gidi vdi ty le cao han (48% so vdi nti- 33,8%). Vl md hinh thir 3
dya tren cac nguyen nhan moi trudng va cac dac diem ca nhan (Pryor,
LaVite, & Stoller, 1993; Stockdale, 1996, va Pryor, 1993) khdng dinh yeu
to ca nhan lien quan den khudn mSu gidi va dinh kiln gidi va mdi truang
cua hanh vi (nhu su bang quan ciia cdng dong, sy im lang tir ca nhan) la
ylu td chinh thiic ddy hanh vi QRTD. Viec d6 Idi "Do phu ntr cd ve ngoai
bdt mdt va ggi cam" khong phai la moi trudng thiic ddy hanh vi ma la each
thiic ap dat khudn mdu va quyen luc len phu ntr.
4.4. Nhan thiic cua sinh vien ve hanh vi ung pho vod quay r6i tinh due
Nghien ciru tim hilu nhan thiic cua sinh vien d hai kich ban (1) la nan
nhan bi QRTD va (2) ngudi chiing kiln. Cd 3 xu hudng phan ling voi hanh

vi QRTD: (i) Phan img tryc tilp, (ii) Phan ling gian tilp va (iii) Chap nhan
hanh vi QRTD (phdt Id hoac im lang). Khi d hoan canh la nan nhan hay
ngudi chung kien QRTD, nQ- sinh vien eo xu hucmg lua chpn viec can phan
ling, trong khi nam co xu hudng lya chgn thai dp im lang (Bang 3 va 4).
Bang 3. Nhan thiic ve hanh vi li-ng pho QRTD khi la nan
H^nh vi ung ph6 khi la nan nhan QRTD
Chung
1. Ph6t lo/im lang truoc hanh vi quay roi tinh due
25,6
7,7
2. Coi day \t lai khen nggi/nhan xet ve ve be ngoai
71,8
3. Yeu cdu dimg lai
46,2
4. Chdng l^i ke tdn cong
5. Ke hoac nhfif ngufri khac giiip dS
53,8
50,8
6. Bodi
55,6
7. Trinh bao vy vi?c viii tai xl hoac phu xe
8. Trinh bao cong an
39,3
9. Trinh b^o vy vi?c thong qua duong day n6ng
52,6
72,6
10. Canh bdo ban b^ va nguai than
28,2
11. Thay ddi phuang ti?n di lai
12. Nghi hoc/nghi lam

5,1

nhan (Vo)
Nam
NO*
40,8
14,3
67,3
44,9
65,3
48,0
51,0
26,5
51,0
71,4
49
6.1

14,7
2,9
75,0
47,1
45,6
52,9
58,8
48,5
53,7
73,5
13,2

Cac hanh vi phan ihig true tilp nhan dugc sy dong tinh ldn ciia sinh
vien nhu yeu cdu dimg lai (71,8%), chong lai ke tan cong (46,2%) Xuy
nhien chi cd mgt nira sinh vien (52,5%) san sang ngan can hanh vi qudy
rdi va 39,8% thi hien cam xiic tire gian khi la nguoi chimg kiln.
^


P h a m Thi Van, Nguyen P h u a n g Chi

83

Cac phan ling gian tiep khi la nan nhan cua QRTD dugc phdn ldn
sinh vien lya chgn nhu: ke hoac ngudi khac giiip do (53,8%,), trinh bao
vu viec vai tai xl hoac phu xe (55,6%), canh bao ban be va nguai than
(72,6%). Chi cd 39,3% sinh vieii cd nhan thiic cdn phai bao cdng an.
Tuy nhien khi la ngucri chimg kiln, ty le lya chpn cung giam di, vi du
43,2% trinh bao voi phu xe hoac tai xe, 24,8% trinh bao cong an...
Bang 4. Nhan thirc ve hanh vi ung phd QRTD khi la ngudi chiing kien (%)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Hanh vi ung ph6 khi tit ngucri chiing kien
Ph(^ la/im lang truoc hanh vi quay roi tinh due

Thi hien cam xiic tire gian, bdt bmh
Ban khoan khong biet nen phan ung nhu thi nao
Bodi
Trinh bao vy viec vdi cac phy xe ho^c tai x l
Trinh bao cong an
Trinh bao vy viec thong qua duang day nong
Canh bao ban be va nguai than
Ng5n can hanh vi quay roi

Chung

Nam

Nir

28,8
39,8
37,3
33,1
43,2
24,8
31,4
63,6
52,5

52,0
42,0
56,0
40,0
36,0

24,5
34,0
72,0
48,0

11,8
38,2
23,5
27,9
48,5
25,0
29,4
57,4
55,9

Cac hanh vi phan ling true tiep nhan dugc sy ddng tinh ldn ciia sinh
vien nhu yeu cau dimg lai (71,8%), chong lai ke tan cong (46,2%). Tuy
nhien chi cd mgt nira sinh vien (52,5%) san sang ngan can hanh vi quay
rdi va 39,8% the hien cam xiic tiic gian khi la ngudi chiing kiea
Cac phan img gian tiep khi la nan nhan cua QRTD dugc phan ldn
sinh vien lua chpn nhu: ke hoac nguoi khac giup dd (53,8%.), trinh bao
vu viec vdi tai xe hoac phu xe (55,6%), canh bao ban be va ngudi than
(72,6%). Chi cd 39,3% sinh vien co nhan thiic can phai bao cdng an.
Tuy nhien khi la ngudi chiing kien, ty le lua chpn ciing giam di, vi du
43,2% trinh bao vdi phu xe hoac tai xe, 24,8% trinh bao cong an...
Cac phan irng im lang, phot Id, ban khoan hay bd di chiem ty le rat
Idn d nhdm sinh vien nam a ca hai kich ban. Khi trd thanh nan nhan,
25,6% sinh vien lira chpn hanh vi phot Id im lang (nam la 40,8%o, nii
lal4,7%.). Khi la ngudi chiing kiln, 28,8% sinh vien lya chpn phuong
an phdt Id, im lang (nam chilm 52% ya nir la 11,8%); 37,3% ban khoan,

khong bilt lam the nao (nam gioi chiem 56%, nu gidi 23,5%t)...
5. Thai do doi v a i hanh vi qu^y r6l tinh due

Nhan thiic vl hanh vi QRTD thi hien phan nao thai do truac hanh vi
QRTD ciia sinh vien nam nir. D I phan tich sau hon thai dp ddi vai hanh
vi nay nghien ciiu tiln hanh do Iudng cac miic dp cain xuc ciia sinh vien
nam nii khi trd thanh nan nhan va ngudi chiing kien hanh vi C^RTD.
Miic dp cam xiic dugc do lucmg dua tren thang do Likert 1-5 diem (tir
rdt ylu den rat ldn).


84

Nghien cu-u Gia dinh v i Gifrl. Quy4n 29, s6 3, tr. 76-87

KSt qua Bang 5 cho thSy, Idu tro thanh nan nhan hay nguoi chiing
kiSn hanh vi QRTD, tong diSm cam xuc tieu cue cua ntt la 27,9 va 20,7
dilm, cao hon nam 1,4 va 1,23 dilm (26,5 va 19,47 t6ng dilm doi nam).
Nhu vay, nu gioi co mirc do cam xuc cao hon so vcri nam gioi.
Bang 5. Cam xiic tru*c hanh vi QRTD khi la nan nhan (Diem trung binh)
Chung Nam
Nff
B? If'h chuan^
4,28
4,09

0,92
1,00

3,9

3,89
4,00

1,01
1,02

4,41

4,46

4,37

0,76

4,26

4,2
2,58

4,3

0,86

2,97

1,68

1. Cam thay bi xiic pham
2. Cam thay b6i r6i, iiing tiing

4,09
3,91

3,82

3. Cam thdy xau ho
4. Cam thay sg hai

3,88
3,96

3,86

5. Cam thiy tuc gian, phSn no
6. Cam thay bi t6n thuang
7. Cam thdy Ichinh thucmg ke quay roi

2,81

3,68

Diem tong
Cam xuc khi trong tinh hu6ng la nguoi chung kien thap hon cam xuc
khi tro thanh nan nhan (chenh lech 7,23 diSm). Thai dp pho biSn cua sinh
vien cr tinh hu6ng gia dinh la nan nhan nhu cam thay bj xtic pham (diem
trung binh la 4,09); cam thdy tiic gijn, phin no (4,41)... Mot sinh vien nil
cho biet: "Thdy rdt sa hai vd bdi rdi khdng biet minh nen lam gi de thoat
khdi hdn... luc ve nhd tdm rdi vdn thdy bt ban bai tay ciia ho dong vdo ca
the minh. Thdy sa hai khdn^ biit cd nen ndi v&i moi ngic&i xung quanh.

Niu khdng ndi sa ddn den tram cdm " (PVS sinh vien nu, 21 tuoi).
Khi la nguoi chiing kien hanh vi QRTD cam xuc co xu huong thip hon,
vi du cam thay tuc gian, phan no voi diem trung binh la 3,86. "Khi thdy ke
qudy rdi cdm thdy tuc gidn nhung khdng dam lam gi cd vi khdng dit bdn
ITnh di len tiing lai ngicai ta " (PVS sinh vien nii, 19 tuoi).
Isihu vay co the thay sinh vien da co nhan thiic ve hanh vi QRTD, tuy
nhien ntt gidi co thai do diing dSn hem voi hanh vi QRTD so voi nam gioi.
Nhan thirc dung dSn toi thai do phii hop voi hanh vi nay khi the hien cac
dilm s6 tieu cue a mirc do cao. Tuy nhien viec co thai do ding djn khong
dong nghTa voi sir chuyin biln hanh vi ma theo mo hinh Icit hop ciia Piyor,
Lavite va Stoller (1993) cac ylu t l dac dilm ca nhan, ylu tl moi trucmg'
hoan canh thiic dly hanh vi se quyet dinh sir thay doi hanh vi cia sinh vien.'
6. Mot s6 y l u t6 anh hirong tffi nhan thijc, thai do cOa sinh vien
a6i v6i hanh vi quIy r6i tinh due
Nhan thilc gioi

Theo mo hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD, nhan thire gioi la mot yiu tA
quan trong tac dong toi nhan thirc, thai do va hanh vi QRTD (Tangri, Burt


Pham Thi Van, Nguyen Phiremg Chi

85

& Johnson, 1982; Pryor, LaVite & Stoller, 1993; Stockdale, 1996;
O'Donohue, Downs & Yeater, 1998). Vi vay nghien ciiu su dung 5 menh
dl vl khu6n mau giai nham do luang nhan thiic gioi ciia sinh vien va kham
pha tuang quan giua nhan thiic giai va cac quan dilm vl QRTD. Thang do
Likert dugc sii dung do luong tu 1- 4 (1 diem - thi hien quan dilm "hoan
toan diing", 4 dilm thi hien quan dilm "hoan toan sai"). Miic dilm 20 thi

hien miic dp nhan thuc giai cao nhat, miic dilm 10 thi hien miic do thap
nhat. Cac thang do ve nhan thiic gioi va quan dilm vl hanh vi QRTD dIu
CO dp tin cay cao (he so cronbach alpha >0,65). Kit qua nghien ciiu cho
thay nhan thiic giai ciia nir sinh vien cao hon so vai nam (0,80 dilm) voi
4/5 menh de co dp tin cay cao (p<0,05 va p<0,01) va sinh vien co nhan
thiic gidi 6 miic kha khi dat tong diem trung binh 15,45/20 dilm (Bang 6).
Bang 6. Quan diem ve khuon mau/dinh kien gioi cua ngubi tra loi
ve hanh vi QRTD (diem trung binh)
C&c khudn mSu/djnh kien gl<3i
Nam Nit Chung D$ Kilm
I^ch djnh TchuSn Test
1. Phy nO sinh ra de nam gioi chinh phuc
2,19 2^76 2^3 1,10 0,006**
2. Phu nit cho ph^p nam gitii dyng ch^m
ngam hieu rang co dy chdp nhSn quan ha 3,06 3,37 3,24 0,81 0,048*
tinh dye
3. Phu na chi gi^ vi> p h ^ nan ve hanh vi
3,13 3,56 3,38 0,72 0,001*
QRTD, thuc ra hp rdt thich dilu d6
4. D ^ 6ng khong co y dinh quay roi phy
nil, nhung d5i khi hp b'i kich dpng
2,89 3,38 3,18 0,94 0,006*^
do ham muon tinh dye cao
5. Phy na sg bj mat hinh anh neu hp
2,98 3,22 3,12 1,14 0,269
tl cAo cdc hanh vi QRTD
Tong diem trung binh
14,25 16,29 15,45
Miic y nghia thong ke: *p<=0,05, **p<=0,01, ***p<=0,001
Cach nhin nhan nhin nhJin hanh vi QRTD ciia ca nam va nii sinh it

nhieu dIu chju anh huang bai cac khuon mau, djnh kiln giai nhung co s\i
khac bi?t gioi trong nhan thiic - tiic la nhan thiic giai a phy nir cao ban
nam gioi, su khac biet nay co y nghia thong ke a cac menh de nhu: Phu nir
sinh ra dl nam gioi chinh phuc; Phu nu chi gia va phan nan vl hanh vi
QRTD, thyc ra hp rat thich dilu do; Dan ong khong co y djnh qudy r6i phy
nir, nhung doi khi ho hi kich dong do ham muon tinh due cao.
Cac phan tich tuong quari giua nhan thiic vl khuon mau/dinh kien gioi
trong QRTD va nhan thiic vl hanh vi QRTD cho thay miic dp tuang quan
t6t R=0,358 (p=0,0b0) va sinh vien cung thuang giai thich hanh vi QRTD
dya tren nhung hanh vi cua nii giai nhu an m§c tao bao, ha hang... Nhu
viiy, nghien ciiu cho thay nhan thiic ve QRTD chju anh hucmg bai cac
khuon mau danh cho nii gioi, dilu nay tiep tuc khing djnh nhan thiic gi6i


86 Nghien cipu Gia dinh vi Gid-i. Quyin 29. sd 3, tr. 76-87
nhu niem tin ve vai tro gioi truyen thong, thai dp tieu cue vai phu nii" va su
chap nhfn bao lyc giai la nhan t6 quan trong thiic day hanh vi QRTD.
Moi trirffng thieu an toan
Ket qua phan tich du- lieu djnh lupng va dinh tinh cho thSy sinh vien co
thai do cung kha gay gSt ve hanh vi QRTD (the hien miic dp cam xuc phan
ling cao), tuy nhien trong thyc tl khong it sinh vien vKn lya chpn sy im
lang, Ichong len tieng. Nhu vay "Neu cac chuan myc xa hpi cho phep hanh
vi QRTD xay ra thi hanh vi nay dupe tao dieu kien xuat hien nhieu hon"
(Pryor, LaVite & Stoller, 1993:71). Thong tin dinh tinh thi hien thyc tl
nay: "Cgng ddng khdng ai dung vi phia ngn nhdn, do QRTD Id vdn de
thu&ng xuyen tren xe buyt, neu ai hay sir dung nhu minh thi coi do la
chuygn binh thir&ng" (PVS sinh vien nam, 20 tuoi); "Im lang vi ndi ra
cUng khdng ai giup cd tham chi cu nhin minh Idm minh cdm giac nhu minh
CO Idi chu khdng phdi anh kia (thu pham)" (PVS sinh vien nii, 19 tu6i).
Nhu vay, moi trucmg khong than thien cung dupe Pryor (1993) nhan manh,

bdi moi trucmg thieu an toan se gioi han su tu do va lya chon cua nii sinh
vien khi tham gia khong gian cong cong.
Truyen thong va tirong tac xa hgi true tiep
Mang xa hoi, hinh anh truyen thong tren mang va thong tin tu thiy co,
ban be gia dinh co anh huang toi nhan thiic ve QRTD. Nguin thong tin
kiln thiic cua sinh vien ve QRTD chii yeu qua mang xa hpi (90,7%) va cac
phucmg tien truyin thong khac (50%). Cac thong tin dinh tinh cung cho
thdy vai tro ciia m^ng xa hoi ya nhom ban anh huong din nhan thiic vl
QRTD ciia sinh vien: "Minh biit thdng tin vi QRTD hdu hit qua Facebook,
qua bgn be. (y truang phd thdng hdu nhu khong trao ddi vdn di nay. Minh
cung chua nhin thdy cdc hdnh vi nay duoc luyen truyen rgng rdi tren cdc
pano hay dp phich tren duang phd hay tren xe buyt bao gid cd " (PVS nir
sinh vien 22 tuoi).
Trong cac tuang tac true tilp, ban be cung the hien t4m anh hucmg Ion
nhat tai nhan thirc ciia sinh vien (65,3%) va 49,2% tir nguoi than; tuy nhien
theo cac phan tich 6 tren, nhan thiic vl hanh vi QRTD co khoang each gioi
Sy trao d6i thong tin vl QRTD thuong diln ra cung gioi: "Da sd minh trao
ddi v&i ngu&i cung gi&i nhu vdy minh cdm thdy an toan vd di dugc ddng
cdm han, md di chia se han" {?VS sinh vien nu,2\ tu6i).
Vi?c tiep can voi cac thong tin chinh th6ng vl QRTD cua sinh vi^n kha
han che, thong tin tu chuang trinh hpc 6 cac cap hoc hay tir hoi thao, toa
d^m chi chilm duoi 40% hay tir to roi ap phich la 15,3%. Tom lai, kiin
thiic vl QRTD ciia sinh vien chiu sy anh huong manh me boi mans xg hoi
ngoai ra ban be, gia dinh nguoi than co tac dpng nhat djnh, dii nguon thong
tin vl QRTD cua sinh vien la kha da dang nhung con thieu sy kilm chime
cung nhu su dinh huang ckn thilt tir nha trucmg.
^


Pham Thj Van, Nguyen Phtrtrag Chi

87

7. Ket luan
Cac ket qua phan tich tir nghien ciiu nay cho thdy sinh vien da co nhan
thiic ve hanh vi QRTD, nhung chua day du, dac biet trong nhan bilt ckc
hanh vi QRTD phi lai noi. Sinh vien nir co xu liuan^ nhan thirc"tdt han vl
hanh vi QRTD. Nam sinh vien co xu hucmg cho rang QRTD la hanh vi
binh thuang, ty nhien va co xu hucmg d6 I6i cho nan nhan nham bien ho
cho hanh vi QRTD. Sinh vien nam va nir thudng dya vao mo hinh sinh hoc
ty nhien nham giai thich cho hanh vi nay.
Cam xuc tieu cue vai hanh vi QRTD cua sinh vien nir co miic do cao
hon sinh vien nam. Co ty le dang k l luong sinh vien nam lya chon phan
img im lang, phot Id hoac bd di khi chimg kiln hoac gia dinh la nan nhan
ciia hanh vi dd. Ylu td moi trudng, truyin thong va tuang tac xa hpi tryc
tiep, d|c biet nhan thirc gidi cd mdi lien he vdi nhan thiic vl QRTD, nd cho
thdy cdn mdt chiln luprc nang cao nhan thiic vl hanh vi QRTD cd long
ghep gioi va cdn thuc ddy ddi thoai tich cue giira nam va nii- trong viec chia
se va thau hieu cac quan diem xung quanh van dl nay, thay dii nhan thiic
vl nguyen nhan ciia QRTD, nhdt la viec do loi cho nan nhan. Cac chiln
lupc phong chong bao lyc tren co sd gidi (trong do c6 QRTD) can hudng
tdi viec nang cao nhan thiic gidi dac biet cho dii tuong nam thanh nien. Tir
do thiic day thai dp tich cue doi vdi nii- gidi (hay nan nhan) va sy len tiing
tir chinh nam gidi va cdng dong (ngudi chung kiln). Ngoai ra, cdn cd cac
giai phap can thiep nham tao mdi trudng an toan nai cdng cpng, than thien
vdi phu nir va tre em, noi nan nhan hay ngudi chimg kiln cam thdy sin
sang "len tieng" va thiic day thai dp "khdng chap nhan" bat ky bilu hien
nao ciia hanh vi QRTD. •
Tai li^u trich dan
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