Di cư trong nước và phát triển ở việt nam thực trạng, những vấn đề tương lai và quan điểm chính sách

KINHTEViMO

Di cu trong nudc va phat trien a Viet Nam: ttiuc
trqng, ntiung vdn de tuong lai va quan dierri
ctiinti sach'
LUU BiCH NGOC

m

Z^l^^^"^''
" t * " * '•'^^'^'f''"'. ™-2 iuan he giila di cU vdphdt triMn theo
h,i<)ng ben ming vi dua ranhOng gop y ehtnh sdch
tr^ntneo

Ttt k h o a : di cu trong nudc, phat triin bin vOng. chinh sdch

D

l cu trong nflSc Ithong phai l i mat
hi$n tfldng mdi cua ita h6i Viet Nam.
Sau nim 1975 d i co m6t su di chuy& dan so
Idii lan tfl cic thinh phff v«" cic viing ndng
- ^ g L ' ' ^ l l * n»y mot phin do chuong trtnh
I t ^ H t r i e n vflng Irinh tff mffi cua Nlii nuflc v i
mat phin khac l i do di cu tfl phit. Tuy nhiSn
sau n i m 1975, n«n kinh te M hoach h6a t i p
trung, mang tinh hao cgp, ch* d6 ho khiu,
hop tic xa l i nhflng "rio can" can t r i manh
mS Sl? di chuy& cia ngudi din ra khoi nai cU
tni thucing xuySn. Sau Ddi mffi, nen kinh tg
thi trflcrng vffi nhflng thay igi vi quan di«m,

CO chS v i hinh lang phip IJr thujn l,?i hOn d i
t»o dieu kiln "thong thoing" hon cho nguM
din di chuy& thyc hien cic hoat dong kinh te
va dffi song khic.
1. Tong q u a n nghiSn ciifu
Moi quan he gifla di cu v i phat triln da
duijc cic n h i nghiin cflu dit ra tfl khoang
gifla cua the ky XX. W. ArthurLewis (1964) d i
coi di din nang thon-do thi l i mat bd phin
cffu thinh cua qui trtnh phat triin kinh k,
cung cffp luc luqing lao d^ng "du thfla" d nong
then cho nfo kmh tg c6ng nghiip a d6 thi
Biiu niy c6 t h l din dfo m^t sS h i u qui
khang mong doi, d6 la: lim giim nhu cSu doi
vffi lao dang ban dja, lim giim gia nhin cang
tr«n thi trucmg lao dong cua noi nhip cfl.
GSn diy. Cat Moody (2006) trong nghiin
cflu tfi Niu Diiin da coi di cu cfi tac dang tich
cvIc dfo ting trudng kmh t^ dOa t r t a cac yfo
t£ l i ning sulft lao d$ng v i sa t i n dung lao
rVMialLKUilfaSafteoJ.ThSngaxte

dpng (ty Ie tham gia lUc lao d6ng) sau khi c6
di cfl. Sanket Mohapatra v i ctog su (2010) d i
phin tich tic dang cua di cU dfo phit triln
Mnh tl-xa hoi nhu g6p phin lim tang thu
nhip, giam doi ngheo, cai thifo Snh hinh giao
dpc, sflc khoe d noi di thang qua tifo gffl vi
cua ngudi di cfl. Con tai ndi dfo, noi trai len
nhflng viii d l nhu: sa h6i nhip cua ngfldi

nhip cu, canh tranh cdng vi«c gifla ngfldi
nhjp cu v4 ngudi ban dja hay cic chi phi t i i
chinh cho cic dich vu x i h0i khic..., Jason
Bremner (2014) ciing d i cho thffy di cU c6
quan ha tffi cic yfo t^ vin hia, xa hoi v i mdi
tradng a ca vflng di v i vflng dfo. Nghien cflu
a nhifo ndi da chi ra r ^ g p h i rflng, thoii hoa
dfft ci t h l xiy ra d vflng dfo do cich thflc sfl
dyng dfft cua ngudi di cu. Ben canh, tic ddng
cila di ca dfo mai trudng tfl nhifo cung c6 "sfl
suy thoii" cua mdi trudng xa hei.
Tuong dong vffi cic dilu kita d Vi$t Nam
Nong Zhu (2002), Derek Laing v i c^ng si^
(2006), trong cac nghita cflu d Trung QuSc da
chl ra moi quan he gifla ting hay giim mflc
iflong cin biSn d khu vac nang then v i de thi
gin vffi di cu; di cu g&i vffi cic CO hOi vi$c lamdi CU gin vdi trtnh d6 phat triln cua khu vuc
nong thon hay thinh thi; di cU co quan h$ dfo
tffi su dich chuyen lao dOng, co cffu khu vuc
chinh thflc hay khu VUc phi chinh thflc.
.5 i f • S . ' * ! " ' '^^••^- ^'ô" Dan ằô vJ cfc ,ah di
xa hOi, ãnuemg dai hoc Kioh le qu& dan.
1, *i'*?°°i!"'*>"''^ * " ? ! ' « Qay PhSt Di&i khoa


Di Ctf trong ntfdc ...
6 Viet Nam, lien quan den tac dfing cua di
oil dSi vdi cong dong ncJi dg'n, nhieu nghien
ciitu nhtfn mgnh t^m quan trpng cua ngUdi di
cU trong viec bo sung ngu6n lao dong phuc vu

phat triln kinh te v£l dong gop dang k l vko
sU tang trudng ciia cac do thi vk trung tam
cong nghiep ndi ho chuyen den'. Ben canh
nhiing tac dong tfch cUc nky, cac nghien ciiu
cur^ chi ra dUdc nhflng anh hu6ng tieu cUc
cua di cU doi v6i kinh te-xa hoi cua cac dia
phUdng ndi d^n, cu the la gay kho khan trfi
ngai trong c6ng tac quan ly hanh chinh; tang
sifc ^p d^ vdi h$ th^ng cd sd ha t ^ g nhU nhk
d, nudc s ^ h , ve sinh, giao thong di lai... va
h$ thd'ng dich vi^ xa hdi nhxi y te, giao duc^;
gi& nhgn cdng cua lao d$ng nh^p cii thSip han
din dd^n gia tSjig c^nh tranh giOa lao dong
nh^p cir vdi lao d^ng ban dia, ddng thdi vide
tang li^c lii(?ng lao d^ng cung Ikm tfing ty 1$
thtft nghi§p 5 dd th;^. Tac d§ng cua di cif ddl
vdi mfii trudng vk tai nguydn thidn nhidn,
day gdn nhu Ik "m$t khoang trong" trong cac
nghien ciiu 6 Vi$t Nam ngogi trft Patrick
Gubry, Nguygn Thi Thidng, Le Thi HUdng
(2013) trong nghidn cdu "Di dan, ddi ngheo
vk mfii tmdng dfi thi 3 Hk Ngi vk Thknh ph^
Ho Chf Minh" da chi ra di cU den hai th&nh
phd" idn da tac d§ng tidu cUc den mdi trudng
cua thanh phfi" dudi ckc gdc d$ nhu fi nhiem
khfing khf, fi nhi§m byi, tieng on vk nUdc thai
gia tfing...

2. Th\fc t r a n g quy m o , xu hiTdng di cti
d viet Nam

Mgt id, quy mfi di cU gia tang nhanh vk
khoai^ c&ch di cU ngay c&ng ldn.
Kd't qua Tdng didu tra dan sfif 2009 cho
thtfy, giai doan 2004-2009, so" ngUdi di cU
tang hdn 3,27 trieu ngildi so vdi thdi ^
1994-1999 (9,086 tri^u ngUdi so vdi 5,816
trieu ngildi). Giai doan tfl 2009-2014, c6
ph&i tac dpng tli suy tho6i kinh td' 20102013, tdng sd" ngildi di cU thdi kp 5 nfim
2009-2014 (7,444 tridu ngudi) cd giam so vdi
thdi k^ 2004-2009 song v&n cao hdn thdi kJ
1994-1999.
So vdi Tdng didu tra dan sd" 1999, so' lidu
cua Tdng dilu tra dan s6 2009 cho thtfy di cU
trong huyen chi tSng 275 ngMn ngudi, di cU
gifla ckc huy$n tang 571 nghin ngUdi, thi di
cU gifla cac tinh tfing ddn 1,4 tri^u ngfldi v i
di cfl gifla ctfc vflng tang hdn 1 tridu ngfldi.
Ntfu x6t ve tdng ty sutft di cfl thi di cfl trong
huydn chi tfing c6 2 diem phtfn nghin, di cfl
gifla cac huydn tang 6 diim ph^n nghin,
nhflng di cfl gifla cac tinh tfing 12 diim phftn
nghin vk di cfl gifla cac vflng tflng 11
d i l m p h l n ngMn (tflc Ik cfl trong 1.000
ngudi dfin, so vdi nfim 1999, nfim 2009 c6
them 11 ngudi di cfl). Giai dogn 2009-2014,
xu hfldng di cu trong huyen vtf gifla c&c
huydn vfin gifl nguydn nhfl thdi "kf 5 nfim
trfldc do (bang 1).

BANG 1: So ngfldi va ty sutft di cfl chia t h e o t i n h t r a n g di cfl cac giai doan

Loai blnb di cu

S6 ngilfri di cu (nghin ngudi)

T;snitdlcu(%>)

1994-1999

2004-2009

2009-2014

1994-1999

2004-2009

Di CIT trong huyfia

1.343

1.618

1.430

19

21

17

Di cit giila cic huyen

1.138

1.709

1.644

16

22

20

Dicil giiia cic tinh

2.00i

3.398

2.594

29

43

31

Di cu gii}B cic viing

1.334

2.36!

1.776

19

30

21

5.826

9.086

7.444

Tiing stf

2009-2014

-

NguSn: T6ng cue T h ^ g ke (2015).
l.UNFPA(2010).
2. Dang Nguyftn Anh (1997), UNFPA{2010).
3. Viftn Ngtiiftn cihi kinh iS thinh phfi Hfi Chf Minh (1996).

10

NfpencOjKirh asS 9 (460)-Thing 3/2016


Di eu trong ante ...
Hai Id, nhang tinh thu hut n h i & nguM
nhjp cu nhfft d6ng thM 14 nhilng tinh co teb
do t t o g truang kha, co tab do do thi hoa va
cang nghiep h«a nhanh hoac co tilm nang
dfft dai r6ng.
Nffu nhu giai doan 1994-1999, TSy
Nguyen 14 viing co ty sufft nhSlp cu cao nhfft
nttiK,«st 94,7%,, thi giai doan 2004 - 2009,
"noi den" da co thay dS cd ban. 7/10 tinh/thanh

pho thu htit nhffp cU 14 nhthig tinh co t6c do
de thi h6a, ceng nghiep h6a nhanh. 3/10 tinh
con lai la nhiing tinh viing TSy Nguyen hojc
miin niii phia Bic c6 dfft dai reng, mkt tja
dan sa thua, con nhieu tilm nfing cho canh
tac CO the dudc khai thac. Xu hudng di dan
nang then - nang then 14 chu dao trong cac
giai doan trudc da chinh thfic thay thff bing
di dan neng then - do thi.

B A N G 2 : 1 0 t ; n h / t J i a n h p h S c 6 t y s u g t n h | , p c t f c a o n h g t A V i e t Nam q u a cac giai doan
Giai doan 1994-1999
Ten tinb

Giai doan 2004-2009

Ty sufft njifip
CU(%o)

Ten tinb

Giai doan 2009-2014

Ty sufft n b i p cu
Ten dnb

T^ sail n b i p
CB(%o)

BinliPhu(»c

117,17

Binh Duong

365.9

Knli Dutmg

239,7

TP. Hfl Oil Minli

105J9

TP.H(S(3iIMinh

156.0

TP.HflCMMinh

78.0

Die Lic

102,63

Dflng Nai

104,0

Dflng Nai
DiNing

Binii Dutmg

98,25

DiNing

100.6

Uim Dflng

96,72

Dilt NOng

94.3

Diit Nflng

55,5

Gia Lai

89.34

Hi NOi

65.3

Bic Ninh

44,1

1 Bi Ria Viing Tiu

72.92

B i i y a VOng-rau

62.4

NgliSAn

72.78

CSnTlio

50.8

Bi Ria Vflng •rau

DiNing

71.47

Lim Dflng

49,0

Kon Tum

Konl^un

65.26

Lai Chiu

48.8

BanhPhutJc

Dflng Nai

35,5

32,4

n 2010 vi 2015.
Giai dosm 2004-2009, Deng Nam Be 14
viing ce "ty sufft nh^p cu» ISn tdi 126,7%, cao nhfft nudc - cung chinh 14 vilng m4 da thi
hfla, ceng nghidp hda dat trinh dO cao nhfft
Trong giai do?n n4y, 4 thfinh pho Idn tnic
t h u ^ trung uong lfi TP. H6 Chi Minh, Da
NSng, Hfi Nai vfi CSn Tho roi vfio nhem 10
tinh/thfinh phff cfl ty sufft nh|ip cu cao nhfft
Vi^t Nam.
Sang giai do?n 2009-2014, nhOng
tinh/thfinh phS c6 toi de de thi hfla, cang
nghidp hfla nhanh hojc nhiing tinh thuac
khu vuc Tfiy Nguyen vfin tiffp tuc 14 io
tinh/thfinh phff diing dffu v« ty sufft nhffp
NgtMnaiuKnliaai9(4eO).TtAigaaoi6

cu. Trong cac thfinh pho Wn tnjc thuoc
trung uong, chi con thfinh phe Hi Chi Minh
vfi Dfi NSng tiffp tiic n i m trong sff 10
tinh/thfinh phff thu hiit dfin nhfip cU deng
nhfft.
Bo te, cfic tinh cd mflc xufft cu cao de"u lfi
nhiing tinh "thuffn n6ng", nhung lijc d(Ey
xufft cu tti cac viing khfic nhau dang c6 su
thay d^i.

^ Nh6m 10 tinh c6 ty sufft xufft cU d i n d i u
ctia ca nudc trong cfic giai do»n 1994-1999giai doan 2004 - 2009; vfi giai doan 20092014 deu c6 the coi lfi nhiing tinh "thuin
n8ng» nhu: Hfi Nam, Thfii Binh, Nam Dinh.

11


Di Ctf trong ntfofc ,
BANG 3:10 tinh co ty su^t xu£t cfl cao nhat d Vidt Nam qua cac giai do^n
Giai doan 2004-2009

Giai doan 1994-1999
Ty sufft xufft

Ten tinb

Giai doan 2009-2014

Tf sufft xuiit
cu(%,)

Ten tinb

CU(%,)

Tentiab

1^ sufft xufft
CU(%«)

HiTulll

53,32

B&Ttc

78.3

Hiu Giang

Hai Dutmg

48,97

H i Tinh

76,0

CiMau

54.3

Dflng Nat

47,44

Vinh Long

74.4

An Giang

52,2

Quing Binb

46.79

TbanhHfla

74,3

BJnTie

51,7

Bic Ninh

44.91

Tri Vinh

72,4

S(5c Tring

49,4

TbiRt Thien - Hutf

4435

Hi Nam

65,6

Bac Lieu

47,9

56,4

Hi Nam

42,76

Thii Binh

64,8

Dflng Thip

47,0

Dflng Tbip

4135

Nam Dinh

64.5

Vinh Long

43,1

Quing Ngaj

40J5

a t Mau

63,9

Hi Tmh

41,9

Quang Tri

39,69

Nuih Binh

62,7

Thanh Hfla

41,7

Ngudn: Tdng cue Thtfng kft ciic nfim 2010 vk 2015.

Bang 3 cho th^y trong giai doan 19941999, d^ng IT^C xufi!t cU dfldng nhu dfldc
phfin chia d6ng deu cho cac vflng midn.
Sang giai do§ji 2004-2009, 3 vflng c6 lUc
d^y xufft cfl hinh thSnh r^t ro \k d6ng b ^ g
sfing Cflu Long, B^c Trung 3$ vk trung tam
cua d^ng biing s6ng Hong. Sang giai doan
2009-2014, lflc d^y xu^t cU manh chi con
t6n tai ro 6 cfic tinh d6ng biing sfing Cflu
Long vk cac tinh d Bic Trung Bfi.

6 Vifit Nam.
Qua trinh dfi thi hfia, cong nghi$p h6a cl
Vi$t Nam dang dien ra m^nh. Cac do thi
da trS th&nh diim thu h u t lao dfing nfing
thfin vk k6o theo qua trinh di cu nong thfin
- thanh thi. DcTi v6i di dfin gifla cac huy§n
vk gifla cac tinh, theo sfi* lieu cua Tong
di^u tra d§.n so 1999, trong giai do^n
1994-1999, di cfl nfing thon - nfing thon Ik
hinh thflc cfi nhi^u ngUcJi di cfl nhfi't,
nhflng dgn Tfi'ng d i i u tra dfin s^ 2009.
hinh thflc di cfl nfing thfin - thfinh thj lfi
hinh thflc chu y^u.

Bdn ld,di cfl nfing thfin - do tlii Ik hinh
thflc vk xu hudng ph^ bien "d6ng h^nh"
cflng qua trinh do thi h6a, cfing nghifip h6a

BANG 4: Thflc t r ^ g di cfl trong nfldc d Vifet Nam qua c&c nfim phan theo thfinh thj,
nong thon (%o)
Nam 2009
PJ.

Nfli dung

Thinh
tbi

Nflng
then

Nim 2010
Tbinb

tu

Nam 2011

NOng
tbfln

Tbfinh
thi

Nilm 2012

Nflng
tbfln

Thfinh
tbi

Nam 2013

NOng
difln

Tbfinh
lb|

Nflng
tbfln

1

Tyienhipcu

5.3

1,4

5.2

2.4

4,9

3,2

3,9

1,8

4,4

2,8

2

T / le xuift cu

1,4

5,3

2.4

5,2

3,2

4,9

1,8

3,9

2,8

4,4

3

l y suit tii cu thuin

3,9

-3,9

2.8

-2,8

1,7

-1,7

2.1

-2.1

1,6

-i.6

Ngudn: Nifin giim Thtfng ke cdc nSm 2009,2010,2011, 2012,2013.

^^htencOi KM 1^5^9(460)-Thing

02016


01 cir treng atie .
Bang 4 eho thffy giai doan 2009-2014,
nang than vfin 14 khu viic xufft cu chu dao,
'',"'',"° ^* " * ' * ' ' ^ ° se'tiep ttic duoc giim
tai ap luc thang qua di dfin co hoc (ty suat
di cu thuffn luBn mang dffu am (-) qua cfic
nftm). Thfinh thi tiffp tuc lfi khu viic nhfip
CU chu dao vdi mflc nhap cu cao gffp 2 hofic
3 Iffn so vdi khu viic neng than.
iVdm Id, cac thfinh pho ldn 14 nhflng "trung
B A N G 5: Cao t i n h c o

tam" htit ngucli cii cu den vdi s^ ludng Ida.
Trong kat qua dia cac T & g d i & tra dfin
so, ciing vdi cfic tinh vting Deng Nam Ba,
TP. Ho Chl Mirth, Hfi Noi, D4 N i n g v4 Hfii
Phong vSn nam trong nhom 10 tinh co sg
ngfldi di cfl thuffn (so' nhap cu - s^ xufft cfl)
trong B nam trfldc d i & tra cao nhft't Viet
Nam ca giai doan 2004-2009 vft giai dojn
2009-2014 (bang 6).

di cfl thuan cao nhift giai doan nam 2004 - 2009 va 2009-2014

Giai doan 2004-2009
Tinb/thfinh phfl

L

B
W

Sotliculbit^

TP.HflCMMinh

905.331

Giai tloan 2009-2014
Tinb/Uifinh phfl
TP.HflCMMinh

||

Sfl d i e u tbuin

i

556.291

Btoh Dutmg

466.070

BtahDaaag

536.777

H i Nfli

292.426

Dflng Nai

219.463

Dflng Nai

151.050

mNfli

152.779

DiNing

63.097

DiNing

68.888

Dik - Nflng

28780

Diic Nflng

52.210

Hai Phflng

23.872

Bic Nmh

41.267

Bi Ria-Viing Tiu

20.683

Bi Ria-Vilng Tau

29.278

Gia Lai

12.702

Hii Phflng

26.611

1

Quing Ninh

11.791

KonT^nn

9.103

I

Ngudn: Tflng ctic Tbflitg ice cic nim 2010.2015.
Sdu li, xufft hi$n hi$n tuong nguSi di cU
"quay v f vft rdi bo ngftnh nghff nong nghiip.
Kfft qua die'u tra Biffn dOng dan so - ke
hofch hda gia dinh thdi diem 1-4-2012, 1-42013 vft 1-4-2014 ciing cho thffy trong nhiing
nSm 2012, 2013, 2014, hftng ifim cac tinh
vilng dang h ^ g sdng Hing vft Bic Trung Be
04 nhflng viflig mifft cti ldn giai doan 2004^
2009) da dfln Iji m^t lfldng ldn nhflng ngfldi
dfin da cfl tru a cfic tinh Tfty Nguyen vft Deng
Nam B$ nhiing nfim trudc do.
DiSu tra dan aff gifla kjl 1-4-2014 cung cho
thffy, tiong thdi khoang 5 nSm 2009-2014, da
c6 hdn 60 nghin ngudi quay v6" cac tinh Bic
Trung Be tfl cac tinh thu^c Ddng Nam Be vfi
Tiy NguySn. Cac tinh vflng d6ng bing s6ng

Hong cung dfln khoang 6 nghin ngudi m4 5
nftm trudc dfl sffng d cfic tinh thuOc Ddng
Nam Be vft Tay NguySn. DSy thtjc sti 14

liiong di cu "dao chiSu" khi m4 Bic Trung Bo
vfin 14 dia phuong c6 deng li^c xufft cU cao vft
Dong Nam Bo vft Tfiy Nguy6n v5n lft nhflng
vilng CO lilc hut nhffp cu ldn nhfft.
Bdy la, phin ldn ngfldi di cu 14 thanh
niSn, vdi hOn mot nfla trong tdng sd ngudi di
cu a tuoi dfldi 26, xu thff nfl hfla trong cftc
luSng di dfin cilng da xufft hiSn v i d i n trd
nSn manh me.
So lieu T&g diSu tra dfin s6 2009 cho
thffy, ndi chung ngfldi di cu thfldng 14 nhflng
ngfldi a do ta6i tre, t4p trung p h i n ldn vio
nhdm 20-24 dffn nhdm 30-34. Tuoi trung vi

A^jWn oil/Krti (tfstf a r « B M h i ^ 30)16

13


Di Gtf trong ntfoic .

cua ngucli di cfl la 25, cfi nghia la mot nfla
dfin so di cfl ifi nhflng ngfl&i dfldi 25 tuoi. Ke't
qua T^ng di^u tra dfin so 2009 cflng cho th^y
phu nfl tham gia vfio dfin so^ di cfl nhieu hdn
nurn gidi trong nhfim tuoi tfl 15-29 tu6i. Dfic
trflng nfiy cho thfiy co mSt lflc lUdng lao dong
tre dfldc cung c^p cho cac dia phfldng nhfip
cU song nhflng thach thflc v^ vSh de hon
nhan, gia dinh, chfim sfic sflc khoe sinh san

se cSn dfldc quan tam.
3. N h u ^ g m a t tich cfle cua di cfl doi
vdi p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e - xa hdi
Mdt Id, bSsung nguSn nhdn lUC ch^t li/Ong
khd cho dia phiAfng co ngiM nhap cii.
K^t qua tfl nhi^u nghien cflu d^u cho thfi'y
nhfim di cfl lfi nhdm ngfldi tre tuoi, nhilng
ngu6i bufic vfio vfi fi do tuoi <^ sflc lao dgng
manh nhfft. K^t qua Tong di^u tra dan B6
2009 da cho thfiy ty 1$ ngfldi tot nghidp tiiu
hpc trong ddng di cfl nfing thfin - thfinh thi
cao hdn h&n so vdi nh6m ngfl&i khfing di cfl fi
nfing thfin vfi cao hdn ca nhdm ngudi khdng
di cfl fi thfinh thi. Ty 1^ ngudi di cu nfing thfin
- dd thi tot nghiep ti^u hoc lfi 93% nhfim
nam gidi vfi 90% nhdm phu nfl. Con sd* tUdng
flng trong nhdm ngflfii khfing di cfl fi d4u di vflng nfing thfin lfi 75% vfi 67%, fi dftu d^n vflng do thi lfi 87% vfi 80%.
Ve nfing luc chuyin mfin, nhdm ngudi di
cu nfing thdn - thfinh thi cfi ty lfi da tflng
qua dfio tao chuy§n mfin ngfiy cfijig tfing
theo thdi gian (ty I§ nfiy. 5 lu6ng di cfl giai
d o ^ 2004-2009 cao hdn hfin ludng di cu
nfim 1994-1999) vfi cao hdn hfin so vdi nhdm
ngfldi khdng di cu ci diu di. Kg't qua T^ng
di§'u tra dSn so 2009 cho thSfy 22% cua
nhfim nam gidi vfi 17% cua nhdm phu nfl di
cfl nfing thfin - thfinh thi da tflng qua dfio
t^o chuygn mfin. Trong khi ty trgng nfiy
tUdng flng fi nhfim ngfldi khfing di cfl fi nfing
thfin lfi 9% vfi 7%.

Hai Id, di ci£ giup tmig ty IM ddn s&hoat
d$ngkinh te.
Theo ke't qua Dig'u tra di cU Viet Nam
2004 thi nhiing nguygn nhfin di cfl chinh
14

thfldng hen quan d&i cac ygu td' kinh t^. Cd
tren 50% s6'ngfldi di cfl cho biet ho di chuyin
dgn ndi fi mdi vi ho tim dfldc viec lfim vfi cfi
khoang 47% s^ ngfldi di cfl cho bigt ho di
chuyin vi mu6h cd cai thi$n cudc so'ng.
Nghidn cflu cua Vign Nghifin cflu phat
trien xa h0i tsii Hfi Ndi, TP. Ho Chi Muih (ndi
dea) vfi Thai Binh, Tien Giang (ndi di) cung
cho thay hdn mdt nfla sd' ngfldi di cu rfii que
hfldng ldn dd thi do khdng hfii long vdi cdng
vide vfi mflc thu nhfip fi qufi nhfi vfi hy vong
len thfinh pho se cd viec lfim vdi thu nhfip tfit
hdn. Ly do kinh t^ nhfl vide lfim, thu nli§p,
thigu Mt giai thich cho 80% cfic trfldng hdp di
cfl. Itf do thfl hai lfi lign quan den giao dye,
cdn cfic 1^ do khfic chiem ty 1$ khdng dang kl
aSDS,2011).
Ba Id, ngiM di cit gop phdn ldm tdng
triedng GDP vd diSu tiii cung - cdu, gid cd
trong thi trUdng lao d^ng tai ndi dS'n.
Lao dgng di cu dUdc danh gia cfi nhiing
dfing gdp tfch cfle ddl vdi thi trfldng lao
dgng, nhft't lfi fi khu viic dd tbi, ho lfi nguon
nhfiji lflc chfnh cho cfic cdng vi$c lao d$ng

gian ddn, dfic bidt ddl vdi cac cdng vific n^ng
nhgc, thu nhfip thSp vk nguy hiem mfi ngufii
dfin thfinh pho'khdng mud'n lfim. Vi v|iy, lao
ddng di cu gdp phftn di^u tigt gia ca lao ddng
tren thi trfldng lao ddng. Ngu khdng c6
ngudi di cfl den, t£ii cac thfinh phd" ldn B6
thieu lao d$ng Ifim vigc trong cfic ngfinh xfiy
dflng, may m^c, giflp vide gia dinh, chfim sfic
ngudi bgnh, bao vd... Sfl ddng gfip cua ngUfii
di cfl vfio lflc Ifldng lao ddng t ^ ndi ddn lfi
nhan td* tsio ndn tfing trflfing GDP cua
nhflng dia phUdng nfiy.
Bdk Id, thu nhdp cua ngU^ di cit diMc cdi
thi^n sau khi di chuyin.
Kg't qua Digu tra di cfl qudc gia iSn diu
tien nfim 2004 cho thtfy, 90% ngudi di cfl
cho riing thu nhfip cua hg hi§n cao hdn,
thfim chi cao hdn rfi^t nhieu BO vdi trfldc khi
di chuyin. Kgt qua digu tra thanh nidn di
cfl den Hfi Ndi lfim v i ^ t ^ khu vflc phi
chinh thflc nfim 2009 cung cho thtfy cfi
69,7% ngudi dfl^c hoi thu nh$ip sau khi di
NgMnakiKinh tga69(460) - ThingOOOie


Di Ctf trgng R N C ...
chuyin cao hon so vdi trudc khi di chuyin'.
NghiSn cflu gSn day nhfft vi di dfin tam
thdi dfo H i Noi v4 TP. M Chi Minh ctia
ViSn Dfin so v4 cfic vffii dS" xfi hoi nam 2013

cho thffy, tai H4 Nei khoang 60% ngudi di
cu CO thu nhftp cao hdn trudc khi tli chuyin
v i tai TP. Ho Chi Minh con so n i y 14
61,2%=.

HDM l:Miifc song cua ho ngflolidi cfl v a h h o n g d i Cfl t r o n g T g n g d i l u t r a dan so 2009

iKhfigij

•Can khfi gll

QTrung binh
'•'-».-'.:

Ha/Boniiliurtn

Dla/slilaiAhiirtn

DiMsllUcfclhh

lOillnsOtJ

Ngudn: Tting (mc TlttSng ite 2010.

Theo kit qua Ting dilu tra dfin e l nftm
2009, trong tfft ca cfic lulng di cu ndi chung,
ty 1$ h^ gia dmh c6 mflc sing kha gia cao hon
nhilu so vdi ho gia dinh kheng di cu (tudng
flng lfi 43%, 50% vfi 36% so vdi 24% - hinh 1).

RiSng doi vdi di cu ndng then - thinh thi,
mflc sffng ctia he ngfldi di cu tfl ndng thSn ra
thinh thi khang chi cao hOn mflc sing h§ cua
ngudi khang di cfl d ndng then m i cdn cao
hfln ca mflc sing ho ngfldi kheng di cfl d
thftnh thi (tflong flng lft 67%, 62% vft 16%).
JViim li, tiin gii vi tit lao dong di cu da
gop phdn cdi thiln cuoc sSng cua h6 gia
dinh vi chinh trang "bd mat" ndng thdn.
Mac dfl s l tiln kiim dfli?c khdng ldn,
nhflng ngudi di cu vin t i n tien chi tiSu d l
gfli vS que. Dilu tra Di cU ViSt Nam Iffn dffu
tiSn nfim 2004 cho thffy hon mot nfla s l
ngfldi di cu da gfli tiln vS cho gia dinh d noi d
cu trong 12 thfing trfldc dilu tra. Trong s i d e
hdn 2/3 da gtJi trSn 1 triSu dong. S I tiln gfli

ve quS cua nhflng ngudi di cfl du^lc sfl dvmg
vio nhilu mijc dich, nhung nhilu nhffl l i chi
tieu hing ngiy, chfla b?nh v i chi gifio due
cho con cfii'. Ngudi di cfl len thfinh p h i cuiig
cho Met tfic dSng tich ct^ cua viSc di cfl din
gia dtoh ho l i cai thifo ddi slag vftt chfft, ddi
sfog vffn h6a tinh thin, chfim soc sflc khoe
gifio diic vfi vific lim. Met so vilng nang thdn
ViSt Nam nhd c6 tiln tilt ki$m cua ngudi di
cu m i be mjt nang then thay dii'.
Sdu li, di cu ndng thdn - dd thi, dac bill li
dl cu Idu dii deh cdc thinh phg idn di cdi
men logi nhd i cung nhu tang ty l^ tigp

cdn vdi midc sgch cia nhOng ngudi di cU.
Dffl vdi ludng di cu nang thdn - t h i n h thi
kfft qua T i n g dilu tra dftn sinftm 1999 vft
4. NgnySn TM TliiSng v4 cOng sti (2009).
5. Lm K d i Ng9c \i c«ng sa (2015).
6. TAig qic TliiJng ke (2005)
7.ISDS(2011).

/*«*! afc Kwi Ifstf 9 f«[y - T7*v aajje

15


Di Ctf trong ntfofc .
n i m 2009 dgu cho thay ty le ngfldi di cfl phii
sdng trong cac nhfi ddn sd sau khi di chuyin
thtfp hdn ty le ngudi khdng di oil fi thfinh thi,
Jfin ngfldi khdi^ di cfl fi nong thdn. Tudng
flng cac ty Id nfiy trong Tdng dieu tra dan so
nfim 1999 lfi 20% so vdi 20% vfi 42%, trong
Tong digu tra dfin so nfim 2009 la 1% so vdi
2% vfi 7%. NgUdc lai, ty lg i^fldi di cU sfmg
trong cac loai nhfi kidn co vfi ban kien co" cao
hdn ngudi khdng di cu 3 cac ndi di - nfing
thdn vfi ndi dg'n - dd thi.
Kgt qua Td'ng dieu tra dan so n&m 1999 vfi
nfim 2009 deu cho thtfy ty Id ngUfii di cU nfing
thdn - thfinh thi dUdc sfl dung nguon nUfic
hdp v^ sinh cao hdn nhigu so vdi nhflng ngudi
khdng di cfl fi ndng thfin vfi tUdng dUdng vdi

ty lg ngudi dfin khdng di cfl fi thfinh th;. Cu
thl: cfic ty 1^ tUdng flng fi nfim 1999 lfi 91% so
vdi 73% vfi 92%; vfio nfim 2009. cfic ty 1^
tUdng flng lfi 96% so vdi 82% vfi 93%.
4. Nhflng thfich thflc cua di cfl t r o n g
nfldc do'i vdi p h a t t r i ^ n kinh t ^ - xa
h$l
Tha nhdt, ddn sdlitu tnl tai cac thdnh phd'
ldn (di cU tctm thdi) gia tdng manh, ngUdi
di cii t^m thcfi chiu nhiiu yiu thivd qudn
Zy ddn cit cung gap khdng it kho khdn.
B6 li^u quan 1^ dfin cu cua cd quan cdng
an cho thtfy ngfiy cfing cfi nhigu ngUdi di cfl
tam thfii fi cfic thfinh phfi" ldn. Th^ng kg dan
stf luu trd cua thfinh phtf Ho Chi Minh nfim
2013 cfi 1.498.515 ngfldi, gfi'p 2,5 1 ^ so dfin
dfing k^ luu tru t^i thfinh phtf nfiy nfim 2012
vfi gfi'p hdn 3 iSn so vdi nfim 2010 vfi chitfm
4,6% tong dfin stf cd dfing kJ cU tni t ^ thfinh
phtf. T^i Hfi Ndi, nfim 2010 c6 232.640 ngudi
di cfl dtfn dfing k^ Iflu tru, con so nfiy tfing
ldn 272.910 ngfldi nfim 2012 vfi 356.957
ngudi nfim 2013 (gtfp 1,5 lin so vdi nfim
2010), chitfm tdi 15,6% tfi'ng dfin so dfing k^
t^i Hfi N$i.
Vdi tinh trang dfing k^ luu tru ho§c khdng
dftng k^, tfnh chtft cfl tni chi lfi tam thfii
khitfn cho ngudi di cu chiu nhieu ytfu thtf hdn
so vdi ngudi sfi tai vfi ca ngudi di cfl lau dfii.
Khdng dfing k;? cfl tni khitfn cho cdng tac

quan 1^ dan cfl fi cac dia phfldng ndi cfi nhigu
ngfldi di cfl dtfn trfi ndn kho khfin vfi phflc
tap.
ThU hai, cdng viSc eo daS* cua ngt/di di cu
khi dgn cdc dS thi thtidng d khu vjjtc phi
chinh thvCc, an sinh xa hgi khdng bdo ddm.
Ph&i ldn ngfldi di cfl tfl ndng thdn dtfn dfi
thi CO v i ^ lfim d i u tidn S khu vflc kinh ttf phi
chinh thflc. Cac cfing vide cy t h l mfi ngfldi di
cU thfldng Ifim gom: thfl xfiy dflng/phy h6, Ifii
xe taxi, xe fim, nhan vien phuc vy qufin cdm,
nhfi bfing, khach san nho, nhfi nghi, qufin
trg, cfla hfing bufin bfin nho, ban hfing rong,
cdt tfic/ggi diu, giup vigc t^i cfic gia dinh, sfia
chfla dien tfl, go hfin sftt, dien/dien lanh'...
Theo ktft qua digu tra cua Vign Dfiu so' vfi cfic
vfin dg xa hfii (2013), 81% ngudi di cU tam
thdi fi Hfi NOi vfi trgn 50% ngfldi di cfl t^m
thdi dtfn thfinh phtf Ho Chi Minh hi$n lfim
cfic cdng viec ndu tren^.
Theo kd't qua dieu tra di cfl Vi$t Nara Ifin
dfiu nfim 2004, 79% ngfldi di cfl lfim vi$c dxKfc
tra lUdng cd k^- hgp dong Iao d$ng. Cfi 6\f
khfic bi$t dfing k l gifla ngfldi cd dftng k^ cfl
t n i vfi ngfldi khdng dfing k^ cfl tni; ngflfii
chfla dfing k^ cfl t n i cd ty trgng k^ h(fp dSng
lao ddng thtfp nhfi't (68%); cfin nhflng ngflfii
cfi dfing k;^ tam t n i cd ty trgng 1^ hdp dong
lao ddng cao hdn (76%)^".

Ktft qua cua dieu tra thanh nign di cfl dgn
lfim vi$c tai khu vuc phi chfnh thflc t^i Hfi
N§i lai cho thtfy chi cd 1/5 stf thanh nifin
trong tSng m§u khao sfit (19,3%) cfi dflgc h(fp
dong lao ddng ho|LC thoa thufin vg vi^c lfim
dudi dang vitft tay. Day Ifi dilu btft 1^ Idn cho
ngudi lao ddng vg m|tt phfip If khi cfi tranh
chtfp xay ra vdi ngfldi sfl dyng Iao dfing.
Vide khfing dfldc ky hdp dong Iao d$ng anh
hfldng rfi't ldn dtfn quygn hflfing bao hilm xa
hdi. Ty I§ ngflfii cd bao hilm xa hgi trong
nhdm ngfldi di cfl thtfp (43% ddi vdi di cfl lau
8. UNFPA (2010).
9. Lim Bfch Ngpc vk c^ng stf (2015)
10. Tdng cue TTiffng W (2005).
fi^jhUtt alu Kinh ^sa9

(460)-Thing

asoie


01 CH i r i i i Mic ,
dfti vfi 37% dai vdi di Cfl tam thdi trong Dilu
tra cua ViSn NghiSn cflu phat trien xa hoi
nfim 2011). Ngay ca nhflng ngfldi da dfldc ij
hop ding lao dong vftn co mot ty IS ngudi
kheng duoc hfldng bao hilm xa h8i (16%
ngflcli di ca l i u dai vft 23% ngudi di'cfl tam
thdi theo k i t qua Dilu tra noi trSn).

Co rift it ngudi di cu duoc hudng phiic loi
v i an sinh ita hoi khac, thftm chi ca nhflng
ngudi da duoc k^ hdp dong, sti gidp dd ctia
chn sfl diing lao dong vdi ngucli lao dang di
cu cung rfft han chl. Tiln thudng lft dang
phuc ldi p h i bifo nhfft, viSc hudng phdc ldi
xa hoi Cling ty IS thuftn vdi trinh dd chuySn
mdn".
Tha ba, thdng tin vied hdi tim dOtK mte
lim cho nguili di cU chu yeu daa vio
mang ludi xdhdicodgan
toin thdp.
Nghien cflu v l thanh nien di cu den H i
Noi l i m vi$c tai khu Vflc phi chinh thflc cho
thffy ngfldi than l i kSnh theng tin quan
trong ttm kiSm vi$c l i m cna thanh niSn
nhjp cu, 46,8% thanh niSn di cfl dft tim vi$c
lftm thdng qua ngudi thin. Kenh thang tin
quan trong thfl hai dflpc thanh nien ail dvmg
trong tim kifai v i ^ lftm l i qua ban b«
(31,5%)^ KSnh thang tin d l ttm kiim viSc
l i m pho bien thfl ba l i qua cac phflong tiSn
thBng tin dai chdng, nhung chiem ty IS thffp
hon nhilu so vdi liai kSnh tiSn (14,1%)!
Tha tu, tgi cdc thdnh pho ldn, diiu kitn
sinh hogt (nhd d, ditn, nudc) cua ngudi di
cu tam thdi thap han ngudi ^ tai rdt
nhiiu.

b

Dilu tra thanh nien di cu tam thdi din
Hft Noi lim viSc tai khu vflc phi chinh thflc
nftm 2009 cho t h i y khoang 43% thanh niSn
danh gii dilu kiSn n h i i bifo tjd l i -x&u
hon" so vdi noi cu trti trfldc khi tii chuyin.
Hon 60% thanh niSn di cu hifo tiang sing
trong cac n h i tro cffp 4, gfin 30% afog d n h i
mfii b ^ hojc nhft t i n g kiSn iS. khoang
10% con Ui sing trong cac cin n h i don sd,
Ilu l i n tam bd. Thanh niSn di cu t»m thdi,
lftm vi#c d khu vuc phi chinh thflc thfldng
Atf«dn Ob KMtfstfar«eii. TMv aairfi

song chung vdi nhilu ngfldi, trung binh
khoang 5 ngUdi/ho. Da so thanh nien dupc
dilu tra sfog d cac cfin nha di thuS hoftc tai
n h i cua chti s i dung lao dtog (94,0%)"'.
N ^ e n ciitu ve Di cfl tfun thdi din Ha NSi
v i tiiinh pho Ho Chi Minh cho thffy lao
ddng ngoai tinh dfo thue phong tro tai cac
quan ctia H i Npi va thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
diu phai sik dung difo va ntfdc vdi gift cao
ma khong dupc hudng gia flu dai cua Nhft nudc
Tha nam, tai cdc thdnh ph&ldn, ngudi tli
cu tam thdi gap kho khdn trong tiip can
vdi ede dich vu cdng (y lg, giao due, thu
tue hdnh chinh), han chg tmng huing thu
dich DU vdn hoa tinh thin va Ada nhap
cortg ddng.

Ket qua dilu tra thanh niSn di cfl dfo H i
Nai l i m viec tai khu vtlc kinh t ^ p h i chinh
thflc cho thffy, chi co 6,2% thanh nien dflpc
ngudi sfl dung mua cho bao hilm y t l , 3,0%
dupc tham gia bao hiem xa hdi vft 0,2% dupc
d6ng bao hilm thfft nghiSp"
Theo quy dinh ctia phfip luit, v i ^ dftng
ky xe may, sd hflu nhft dfft hay ding kf k i t
hdn, khai sinh, khai tfl... phu thuec v i o
"Jing if ha khiu. M|ic dil chi xin ding k^
t»m trti, tam ving, nhflng 21,8% ngfldi di
cu tam thdi trong nghiSn ciJu "Di cu tam
thdi ndng thdn - t h i n h thi vdi trftt tfl xa
h6i a H i Nei- cho bift ho da gftp khd khftn
v i thffy thii tuc v i each thflc i i m viSc rfft
rfldm rft.
Sing trong dilu ki^n nhfi d kho khin,
ngfldi di Cfl cflng gftp tbilu t h i n v l cfic trang
thift bi nghe nhin, phudng tiSn BSn lac v i
phuong tien di Ud. Trong nghiSn cflu cua
ViSn DSn s i v i cac vftii d l xa bdi (2014), g i n
70% thanh nita di cu c6 phuong ttSn thdng
b n USn lac lft difo thoai, 62% c6 phuong t i t a
nghe nhin l i ti vi, 28% CO dii radio, khoang
37% phflong tiSn di Ijti l i xe mfiy.
11. U Back Diaaig, Kliuii Hm mSog (200g).
12-Ngny&i Tlii Tli&g ri BfiiTOmail (2012).
13. NguyenTOTOAig,BiUTOHanli (2012).

Dl eti trang ntfdc .
stfng vfi lfim viec fi ndi cfl trfl mdi, song
nhflng ngflfii nhfip cfl ludn bi ngfldi sfi tai coi
lfi "dfin ngu cfl" vfi fi mdt chflng mflc nfio dd,
vfin bi nhflng ngfldi xung quanh coi lfi "cdng
dfin hgng hai". Tham gia cfic ho?t ddng cdng
dSng chinh la each di ngfldi di cU cd the hofi
nhfip. Tuy nhien, trdn 90% ngudi di cfl trong
cac khao sfit cho bitft hg khdng he tham gia
vfio btft kf hoat ddng cdng dong nfio fi ndi
dtfn".
ThU sdu. ngiidi di cii tam thdi deh cdc
thdnh phd ldn thieu tram trong cdc kien
thiic ve chinh sdch, phdp ludt vd ky ndng
sd'ng de "til bdo ve cdc quyin " cua minh.
Trong bdi canh dfl thfla lao ddng, khung
hoang kinh ttf, nhflng quygn Idi, digu ki0n cd
ban cua ngfldi lao ddng di cfl rtft dd bi xam
pham. Tuy nhidn, nhilng thdng tin, kitfn thflc
c ^ thitft di ngufii Iao ddng tu bao vd minh
lai rfi't thitfu. Chfing ban nhu trong dieu tra
thanh nien di cU dtfn khu vtlc phi chfnh thflc
d Hfi N$i nfim 2009 cho thtfy bilu bitft cua
thanh nign di cU vl phap lu|it lao ddng cdn
h ^ chtf, kitfn thflc vg chfim sdc sflc khoe sinh
san cua thanh nien di cfl khfi kdm'". Chinh vi
thitfu hiiu bitft vl chfim sdc sflc khoe sinh
san, ndn m$t so nfl thanh nien da c6 quan he
tinh d^c tign hdn nhfin vfi mang thai ngofii
gifi thu. Nhieu ngudi di cU m^c cfic bdnh lfiy

truyin qua dufing tinh d\ic, HIV/AIDS tao ra
gfinh nfing vg chfim sdc vg y ttf, vg tinh t h i n
cho gia dinb.
Tha bdy, xu^t eii di da gdy nin tinh trang
khan hiim lao d^ng ndng thdn vd kho
khdn trong chdm soc ngiidi gid vd tri em.
Khi ngufii di cu di tim vi^c Ifim m§t each 6
§it, vi hfiu htft hg Ifi nhflng ngufii trong dd
tuoi lao ddng, nen stf fi lai ndng thdn chi cdn
phu nfl mang thai, nudi con nho, tre em vfi
nhflng ngufii dfi htft tudi Iao dgng, sflc ytfu
khdng t h l di lfim ngoai tinh. 6 nhilu dja
phUdng cd nhieu ngudi xutft cfl, ngufii gifi
trdn 70 tudi vfi tre em dudi 14 tudi Iai Ifi lUc
Ifl^g chu d^o dl canh tac ndng nghi$p. Con
cfii cua ngufii di cfl gfip nhilu btft dn vg tfim
1;^ hdn, cd nhiing hfinh vi tidu cUc hdn. Vigc di
18

cu cua ngfldi me cd ft tfic ddng tfch cfle vfi cd
nhigu tac ddng tidu cfle dtfn con cfii hdn vi§c
di cfl cua ngfldi cha'^.
5. Nhflng vtfn d l "di cfl vii ph&t tritfn"
c a n q u a n ttfm t r o n g tfltfng lai
Di cfl Ifi quytft dinh cua tflng cfi nhfin hay
ho gia (finh song cac ludng hay dong di dfin
Iai tac ddng dtfn sfl phfit trien kinh td' - xfi hgi
cua ca dia phUdng cd ngflfii xutft cfl Ifin dia
phUdng cd ngfldi nhfip cu. Dfiy Iai Ifi "Vtfu ttf
dfiu vao" cua qua trtnh phfit trien.

BANG 6: Nhflng v a n d e "di cfl va phfit
tritfn" c a n q u a n t a m
Di cur v& tang tntdng ktnh tf vfing
Di eir vk bi£n ddi co cSa kinh tfi':
- Co cia khu vuc ndng nghifip - cOng
nghiep - dich vu

l.Dicu
vft phit
tri^n
kinhtl

- Khu vuc kinh tg eMnh thiic - phi chfnh
thiSe
Di cu v^ do thi h<3a, cOng nghifip h6a
Di cu, tfch tu dan sd, bie'n d6i eo c£u \k
chii l u ^ g lao dOog
Di cu vk vific IJtm, t h £ nghidp, tiin luong
Thu nhap vk tiin gfii v£ cua ngudi di eu
Di eu v& phfit b i ^ y t£, gifio due
Di cu vk x6a 66i nghto

2. Dieu Di cu vk bi€n ddi vfin h6a
v&ph^t
tii^n vSn Di cu v i qufin 1^ dan cu dfl thi
h6a - xS
Ti£p c&a dich vu xa hgi e{ia ngudi di eu
hdi
Diiu kifin 1 ^ vific eua ngudi di eu
Diiu kifin nhSl b eua ngudi dt eu

Di cu v& rfie di^, khf thiii tai dO thj

3. Dieu

Di cu vk fip luc vdi khOng gian dO tfal

tn^g

Di cu v^ fip luc v(n nguDi cu v^ b i ^ ddi khf hfiu (thifin tai)

14. NguySn TTii Tliiing vk cOng su (2009).
15. Luu Bfch Ngoc vicfing sv(2013).
16.ISDS(20U).

A^Mn c O / K M tfAf9 r460) - Thdrv fleor£


01 CD ironi atie .
T h a t triln hen vflng" da trd t h i n h mSt
khfii niSm pho bien vft tid thftnh muc tieu
hudng tdi cua nhifo quob gia trong dd co ca
Vi^t Nam vft dfli?c diln ta bang dam bao 3
myc tiSu vi kmh t«; xa hSi vft moi trudng. Chi
thS 14: (1) t i n g trfldng vi kinh tg cao vft 6n
liinh; (2) cai thien cong bftng xa hoi; (3) dam
bao b & vflng vi moi trfldng. HiSn nay, mdt
miic tieu nfla cin duoc bao gSm trong muc
tieu Phfit triln bin viJng, do l i gifl gin va bio
ton vfin hda.

Xem xit mm quan he di cu vft phat trien d
day chinh lft xem xSt mai quan he gifla di cu
vdi phfit triln kinh tg; di cu vdi phat triln
vfin hda - xfi hdi; di cu va mdi trfldng. Cfin cfl
vio thtlc trang quy md, xu hudng v i cfic dfic
trmig di dfin trong tflng thdi kjf, trong m6i
m a quan hS, cfic v«h de cu t h l cin dfloc
quan tam giai quylt, xem xSt d ca cffp da vi
ma (anh hfldng tdi cfi nhfin ngudi di cu vfi hd
gia dinh) v i vi mo (anh hudng tdi c^ng dong
xa h?i) (bang 6).
Thi^ tl, cftc da li|u v i cfic phfin tich ve di
cu theo cac noi dung di cfl vfi phat triln nSu
tron hiSn cdn dang rfii tbilu ho|ic trong. Cac
phfin tich d phin 1, phin 2, pbin 3 cho thffy
cfic nghiSn cflu phin ldn hudng vfio phfin tich
nhiing vfin d l v l xu hudng di cfl, nhflng anh
hudng ctia di cfl din cfi nhftn ngfldi di cu vfi
h? gia tfinh nhilu hdn lft nhflng tac dong cua
di cu din kinh tl, x i h0i, mai trfldng d t i m vi
m6. VI thiafl nhflng din chflng thuySt phuc,
cfic chinh sfich dieu tift di cu ctia Chinh phu
vfi dia phflong cflng chua thtlc sti phfit huy
dupc diim manh ctia di cfl v i ban che duoc
diim tiSu ctlc ctia tii cu.
«. Mot so k h u y l o nghi v l q u a n diem
ho^ch d i n h chinh sach
Mdt M, di din ndng than - thftnh thi trong
da ca di d i n tam thdi lft hiSn tuong tfft yen
trong q u i trinh cSng nghiep hoa v i hiSn dai

h6a d i t nudc.
Hai Zd, di din vft ngudi di cu tfl ndng thdn
iin t h i n h thi l i nhan t l tich ctlc d8i vdi st?
tftng trudng kinh tS' cila cftc dia phfldng noi
riSng cung nhfl cua ViSt Nam ndi chung d ca
Ntintna>,KU,,fsi9neot-nA,asins

ndi di v i ndi den v i l i ylu tg thtic d^y cdng
nghiep hda, hi$n dai hoa vft do thi bda.
Ba li, kheng nSn sil dung bd k h i u thftnh
thi lftm rfio can de b j n c h i d i d i n v i ban c h l
ngudi di cu tiep can vdi dich vii xa hei cdng.
Cin phfit triln nhflng dich vt? trd gitip ngudi
di cfl d ca noi xuat cu iftn noi nhftp cU.
Bdn li, klboEtch phftt trien da thj vft phftn
bo kinh pbi cua trung uong, cftc tinh, cftc
buyen khSng nSn dila vfio dfin sd cd h8 k h i u
thucing tru ma cin dija vio dfin sd thtlc t l
thudng tru, cd tinb dJn nhflng ngudi dftng k^
tam tni va lim tru lft ngudi nh^p cfl.
Nam li, nguili di cfl tam thdi den cac
thftnh phff se gftp nhieu ylu t h l trong quft
trinh di chuyin, cic chinh sfteh xa bdi nSn
xfic dinh day lft mot trong nhflng nhdm cin
dflOc quan tfim.
Sail Id, dinh hudng chinh sfich dilu tilt di
cu cin d^t trSn cd sd xem xSt tdng quan cfic
cfic viii d l trong mm quan bS gifla di cu vft
phfit triln. Cfic chinh sach dUi?c ban hftnh
cin duoc "dii mdi v l tfl duy", tranh "cii nhin

phiin di^n, tiSu ct?c" ve biSn tfldng di cU m i
nSn hudng tdi miic tiSu plifit huy nhflng loi
ich mft di Cfl dem l^d vft hsm c h l nhflng tfic
dong tiSu afc p h i t sinh tfl bi^n tflong nfty.
7. Ket lu&n
Sau Dii mdi, di cfl dft bflng phfit d Vi^t
Nam trong suit 3 th«ip ky qua. Nd lft mdt
biSn tUtJng mang ban chfft kinh t l - x a bOi
afiu sic, tuan theo cftc quy luftt v l life but"
vft "Ivic diy". Xu budng di Cfl dang thay dii
tbeo thdi gian vft bdi canh phftt triln knih t l
- x i hai. Thay cho lulng di cu nang thon nang thon trong nhflng nftm d i u sau Doi
mdi, lulng di Cfl ndng than do thi da binh
thftnh manh me. Ban d i u lft nhflng luong di
cfl^vdi khoang Cfich ngin, sau niy lft nhflng
luong di cu vdi khoang cfich dfti tdi cftc tinh
va vtog xa. Trfldc kia, di cfl dfti hfn chilm
flu the, gftn day, di cu tam thdi tdi cfic t h i n h
pha lon lai "nai ISn". Di cu dft ddng gdp nhilu
tfic dSng tich ctlc ciing nhu dem 1»1 nhilu hfiu
qua tiSu cue cho phfit triln kinh t l - x i hSi d
ca vflng di vfi vung din. Trong thdi gian tdi,

19


Di ctf trong nudc .
cfic c h i n h sfich phfit t r i e n c a n p h a i d^l(Jc l o n g
g h d p vdi bitfn so di cfl d l tfin d u n g n h f l n g lgi
thtf vfi b a n chtf n h f l n g t i e u c^c c u a di cU dtfn

phfit t r i e n t d n h ttf, vfin h d a , x a h d i vfi m d i
tmbngJ.

T A I Lifiu THAM K H A O
1.
Dang Nguyfin Anh (1997), V^ vai trb di cU n6ng
thdn - dd thi trong sa nghifip [difit tnin nCmg th6n hien
nay, Tgp chlxahAi hoc.s64/l997, lr.15-20;
2.
U Bach Duong, Khufit Thu Hdng (2008), Di
ddn vd bdo tra xa hdi 6 Viit Nam trong thdi ky qud dd
sang kinh l/iki Irudng, Nxb tb€ gidi. H i Nfli, 2008, 259
trang.
3.
Luu Bich Ngoc vk ctog su (2014), Di cU tgm
thdi tdi Hd Ndi vd thdnh ph6H6 Chi Minh. Bfio cfio 0^
tfii dp Bd Gifio due - Oko tao, 116 trang.
4.
Nguyin "nii Thiing vk cfing su (2009), Bdo cdo
nghiin cdu thanh niin di ca idm viic trong khu vUc phi
chinh thvic tgi Hd Ndi, 167 trang.
5.
Nguyin Thi TTiiing, Bili Thi Hanh (2012), Chdt
tumg cudc sUng cua thanh min di at din Hd Ndi idm
viic tgi khu vuc phi chinh ihdc, Ky yfii hOi thao qufic te
Viet Nam hpc liUi thii IV: Ddi mdi vfi phfit triin, Hfi Nfii,
Vifit Nam.
6. Tdng cue Thfing kfi (2000). Tdng diiu tra ddn sd
vdrdtdd Viit Nam ndm 1999: cdc kH qud mdu. Nxb Thfi
gidi. Hfi NOi, 278 trang.

7.
Tdng cue Thdng kfi (2005), Dieu tra di ca Viii
Nam 2004: cdc kei qud chu yiu, Nxb TTjCfog kfi, Hfi Nfii,
Vifit Nam, 389 trang.

20

6. Tdng cue Thfing kfi (2010a), TSng diiu tra ddn
sd vd nhd d Viit Nam ndm 2009: cdc kft qm chu yiu.
Nxb Tlifing kfi. Hfi Nfii, Vifit Nam, 490 ttang.
9. Tdng cue Tiidng kfi (201(HJ), TSng diiu tra ddn
sdvd nhd d Viit Nam ndm 2009 - Di cavddd thi hda d
Viii Nam: thuc trgng, :ai hitdng va nhOng khdc bi^t, Hfi
Nfii, Vifit Nam, 147 trang.
10. Tdng cue Thtfng kfi (2012), Diiu tra biih d^ng
ddn sd - KHHGD thdi diim ngdy II4I2012: cdc kit qud
chu yiu, Nxb Tlifing ke, Hfi NOi, ^ ^ Nam, 256 hang.
11. Tdng cue Thfing kfi (2015), Diiu tra ddn sSvi
nhd d giSa k^ thdi diim 11412014: cdc kit qud chu yiu.
Nxb Thfing kfi, Hfi Nfii, 356 trang.
12. Vifin Nghifin cihi kinh t^ thfinh phfi (1996), Di
ddn, ngudn nhdn itfc, viic ldm vd dd thi hda d thdnh phd
Hd Chi Minh. Nxb Chinh tri qufic gia, Hfi Nfii, 127 trang.
13. Vifin Nghifin ciJu phfit Uiin xa hfii (2011),
Tie ndng thdn ra thdnh phd, tdc ddng kinh ti- xd hdi
cua ngu&i di ca Viit Nam, Nxb Lao dfing -xfi hiJi,
168 trang.
14. UNFPA (2010) Hiin trgng di cu trong nudc d
Viit Nam, Hfi Ngi, Viet Nam, 31 trang.
15. Derek Laing, Chuhwan Park. Ping Wang (2005),

Chapter 11. A Modified Harris-Todaro Model of RuralUrban Migration for China, Book "Critical Issues in
China's Growth and Development", Yum K. Kwan and
Eden S.H. Yu, Oty University of Hong Kong, Published
by Ashgaie Publishing Limited,
England-2005.
" http://time .diife.edu.cn/wGncong/pingwang/bookchapter
Ilsubmission.pdf

Nghidn CUU Kinh tdsd9 (460) - T7i*V 93076