MANG XA HOI KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM, TINH NANG

MANG XA H O I : KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM,
TINH NANG, AP LL/C VA Y NGHIA
TRONG Thac T I I N V A NGHIEN CQU
GS.TS. Tran Hiu Luyen

Trudng Dqi hoc Ngoqi ngir, Dqi hoc Qudc gia Hd Npi.
ThS. Bang HoSng NgSn

Trudng Dqi hoc Khoa hoc xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn, Dqi hoc Qudc gia Hd Npi.
•

TOM TAT
Mqng xd hpi xudt hien nhitng ndm cuoi theky Irudc, rdi mdi. Ngay sau khi vir
ra deli, dd thu hiu duqc Itdng trieu ngtrdi quan tdm, dqc biet la gidi tre. Tuy nhien,
khdng phdi ai tham gia mqng xd hpi cimg co nhimg hieu biei cdn tliiei, nen nhieu khi
ddn den ntidng hdu qua tieu cue. dang tiec. De tqo dieu kien khdc phuc nhimg dieu
khong mong mudn khi tham gia mqng xd hpi, bdi viei trinh bay mpt sd nhimg vdn de
ve mang xd lipi nhu mqng xd lipi Id gl, dqc diem, tinh ndng, dp lire ciia mqng xd hpi
y nghia ciia nhifng dieu dd trong thuc tiin vd nghien cim.
Tii khoa: Mqng xd hpi: Tinh lien ket cpng ddng: Tinh da ptiicang lien: Khd
ndng truyen tdi; Tinh ndng cong khai: Tinh ndng bdo mat; Tien ich: Ap lire.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 30/5/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/6/2014.
1. Mang xa hgi la gi?
Mang xa hdi (Social network sites), mang xa hdi tren internet, mang xa
hdi true tuyen, hay cdn ggi mang xa hdi ao la mdt khai nidm mdi dugc hinh
thanh trong thap nien cudi cia thi ki XX, bdt dau bang su ra ddi cua
Classmates.com (1995), SixDegrees (1997), ke den la su nd rd cua mdt loat cac
trang mang khac nhu Friendster (2002), MySpace, Bebo, Facebook (2004) va
tai Viet Nam la Yobanbe (2006), Zing me (2009). Vdi svt phat triln nhanh
chdng cua hinh thie xa hdi ao nay, mang xa hdi dugc djnh nghia rat khac nhau
tiy theo hudng tilp cSn.

Mdt each chung nha't, mang xa hdi la tap hgp cac ca nhan vdi cac mdi
quan he vl mdt hay nhilu mat dugc gan kit vdi nhau.
Vl mat loan hgc, mang xa hdi cd the xem nhu mdt he thd'ng gdm cac
TAPCHiTAM lyHOC, Sd'7 (184), 7 - 2014

17


dinh (node) gan vdi nhau thanh mdt mang gdm cac lien ke't (hoac cac cung) [1].
TTieo hudng tifip can nay, mang xa hdi duoc xem nhu mang phiic hap, hay ndi
each khac !a mdt tap cac he thdng dupc tao bdi cac y^u td ddng nh^t hoac
khdng ddng nhSt ke't ndi vdi nhau thdng qua su tuorng tac khac nhau giiia cac
ye'u td nay va dupc trai ra tren dien rdng. Mang phiic hop cd hai thupc tinh
quan trong la "hieu ling the' gidi nhd" (small-world effect) va "dac trung co dan
tu do" (scale-free feature) (xem ma tran 1).

Nguon: htlp:l/upload.yvikimedia.orglwikipedia/commonsl9/94/Six_degrees_of_separalion.png.

Ma trdn 1: Mqng xd hpi
Vdi hudng tiep can xa hdi, nhan manh ydu td con ngudi, mang xa hdi
dupc nghien eiiu tren quan he ea nhan - edng ddng dl tao thanh mang ludi xa
hdi. Mang ludi xa hdi dupe hieu la mdt tap hop eac md'i quan he giiia cac thuc
the xa hdi gpi ehung la actor. Cac thuc thi xa hdi nay khdng nhat thie't chi la
cac ea nhan ma eon la cac nhdm xa hdi... Khi mang ludi xa hdi nay dupc thie't
lap va phat trien thdng qua phuong tien truyln thdng internet, nd dupc hiiu la
mang xahdi ao [2].
Nhin til nhilu phia, mang xa hpi la mdt dai dien tieu bieu cua Web 2.0
md phdng cac quan he xa hdi thuc. Mang xa hpi tao ra mdt he thd'ng tren nln
internet ke't ndi eac tlianh vien ciing sd thi'ch vdi nhilu muc dich khae nhau
khdng phan biet khdng gian va thdi gian qua nhiing ti'nh nang nhu ke't ban,

chat, e-mail, phim anh, voice chat... nham phuc vu nhung yeu c^u cdng cdng

TAP CHI TAM L t HOC. S6'7 (184), 7 - 2 0 1 4


chung va nh&ng gia tri cua xa hdi [3].
Nhu vay, cd thi hiiu, mqngxd hpi Id mat dich vu ke't noi cdc thdnh vien
cung sa thich tren internet Iqi vdi nhau, vdi nhieu muc dich khdc nhau. Khi
cac ca nhan tham gia vao xa hpi ao thi khoang each vl khdng gian dja ly, gidi
tinh, dd tudi, thdi gian trd ndn vd nghia. NhGng ngudi sii dung mang xa hdi
dupc gpi la cu dan mang. Nhd vao nh&ng tru viet nay ma matig xa hdi dang cd
tdc dd lay lan chdng mat d mpi liia tudi, dac biet la d thanh nien tren toan the'
gidi.
Qua eac each hiiu nhu tren vl mang xa hdi, chiing ta thay can phai phan
biet "mang xa hdi" va "dich vu mang xa hdi". Mdt each co ban nhat, mang xd
hpi dUc/c cdu tluinh tU hai bd phdn Id con ngUdi vd nhiCng mdi lien he giua ho.
Cdn dich vu mang xa hdi, hay mang xa hdi true tuye'n la djch vu xay dimg va
phan anh mang xa hdi hay md'i quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, dUa tren nln tang
chung vl sd ihich, mdi trudng hay ITnh vuc hoat ddng. tCr do cho phep ngudi sir
dung chia se eae ndi dung do minh lao ra dl thie't lap nen cdng ddng cua chi'nh
minh. Dd la noi chia se nhirng hieu biet chung vl the'gidi, ban siic dupc chia se.
cd tinh toan dien va ddng thuan dd'i vdi md'i quan tam ehung |4| cua cpng ddng.
Cdng ddng d day cd ihe la nhting ngudi cd md'i quan he ngoai tuyen. true tuyen
hoac nhiing ngudi cung sd thfch, hiing thii, quan tam. Cac ndi dung do ngudi
dung tao ra la eae thdng tin dang tai, dSn lien ke't, hd so ngudi dung, boat ddng
cap nhat ciia ngudi dung. Djch vu mang xa hoi (mang xa hdi true tuyen) khac
vdi dich vu cdng ddng true tuyen (online community services), chfing han nhu
Ccic diln dan. Nlu nhu djch vu cdng ddng true tuyln hudng de'n viec lay nhdm
lam trung tfini thi mang xa hdi true tuye'n hudng den ca nhan lam trung lam:
Ciic trang mang xa hdi cho phep ngudi diing chia se y lUtyng, hoat ddng. sir kicn

va sd thi'eh trong mang ludi rieng ciia hp [51. Cac trang mang xa hdi dUa tren ho
so, mdt hinh thirc trang chii cua ea nhan (hoac it thudng xuyen hon la nhdm),
trong dd cung ca'p nhiing md ta cu the. Ngoai cac van ban, hinh anh va video
dupc eung ea'p bdi cac thanh vien thi hd so ca nhan trang mang xa hdi cung co
nhiing binh luan ciia eac thanh vien khac vdi mdt danh sach cdng khai nhihig
ngudi la ban be trong mang ludi ciia hp [6|. Sau khi tao ra mpt hd so ca nhan,
ngudi tham gia dupc yeu cau mdi ban be ciia hp vao trang ciia hp bang each
eung ea'p dia chi email. Ngoai ra, hp cd the xem hd so cua ngudi khac va them
nhiing ngudi nay vao danh sach ban be. Khi ai dd chi nhan dupc thu yeu can thi
cd mdt tin nhan xac nhan xuat hien. Neu ngudi dd xac nhan, ca hai se trd thanh
ban be ciia nhau trong he thd'ng cac quan he ciia hp va tir dd ke't ban vdi nhilu
ngudi khac. Ngoai cac ndi dung ma cac thanh vien cung cap de tao ra hd so
rieng ciia hp, nhung trang mang xa hdi thudng cd mpt phSn danh rieng cho
binh luan ciia ban be. Theo thdi gian. nhiJng phan hdi dupc viet cho nhau, tao ra
mdt hinh thiic dam thoai. Tuy rang dich vu mang xa hpi hudng den lay ca nhan

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' 7 (1S4), 7-2014

19


lam trung tam, nhung mdt khi da k^t ndi nhung ca nhan vdi nhau thi cdng ddng
lai la mdt khai niem can dupc xem xet.
Cdng ddng mang la mdt khai niem phiic tap. Xet nhu mdt ti'nh tiir, cdng
ddng thudng dupc su dung dl dd'i lap vdi ca nhan. Theo nghia la mdt dia diem,
cpng ddng (cdng cdng) la noi cd thi dl cho b& cii ai truy cap vao. Tham chie'u
de'n cac hanh dpng hoac van ban, cpng ddng thudng cd nghia la nhihig ngudi
chua dupc bie't de'n va hp co thi lam chiing. Xet nhu mdt danh tfir, cdng ddng dl
cap de'n mdt tap hop nhflng ngudi cd the khdng bilt nhau nhu chia se "mdt su
hiiu bie't chung ve the' gidi, mot ban sdc chung, mdt yeu c^u bdi thudng toan

dien, mdt su ddng thuan vl Ipi i'ch chung" [7].
Nhd vao cac trang mang xa hdi ma cac cdng ddng gin nhau hon. Cac
trang mang xa hdi cung cd su phan biet gifla cdng ddng va ca nhan, cdng ddng
la noi ma hd so duoc hiln thj cho ba't cfl ai va ca nhan la hd so chi hiln thj cho
nhiing ngudi ban nha't djnh [8]. Cdng ddng mang bi anh hudng sau sac bdi tinh
cha't trung gian ciia su tuong tac. Trong mdi trudng phi trung gian, ranh gidi va
ddi tupng ciia mdt cdng ddng nha't djnh dupc ca'u true xac dinh. Ddi tupng dupc
gidi ban la nhung ngudi cd mat trong ban kinh dia ly gidi ban trong mdt thdi
dilm nha't djnh ciia thdi gian. Cpng ddng la khai niem bao gom tat ca nhflng
ngudi cd thi nghe tha'y dieu xay den vdi ea nhan thdng qua Idi truyen mieng.
Cac cdng nghe trung gian dupc kl de'n do la truyen hinh, radio va bao chf. Cac
cdng nghe nay da lam thay ddi quy md cdng ddng. Cac dd'i tupng tiem nang bi
anh hudng bdi cac thupc ti'nh ciia cdng nghe trung gian la sir bin viing, nhan
rdng va ngudi theo ddi in, ti'nh nang tim kie'm. Day chinh la bdn dac ti'nh phi
trung gian ciia cdng ddng mang:
- Bin viing: giao tie'p thuc hien tren mang xa hdi deu dupc ghi lai, dilu
nay cho phep keo dai thdi gian tdn tai eua bat ky giao tiep nao.
- Tfnh nang tim kiem: eac giao tie'p deu duoc ghi lai va hiln thj thdng
qua van ban (cac text luu lai), them vao dd la cac cdng cu tim kie'm, nhan dang
giiip ngudi sir dung cd the tim thay eac thdng tin c^n thie't. Ne'u nhu d khdng
gian phi trung gian, nhutig ngudi ban cd thi khdng d cCing mdt vi tri dja ly,
nhung vdi tim kie'm online thi hp cd thi dl dang tim tha'y nhau nhd mdt sd tiif
khoa.
- Kha nang nhan rdng: thdng tin nghe dugc cd thi bi lech khi phat ngdn
lai do hiiu sai, nhung cdng ddng mang cd thi sao chep thdng tin mdt each
nguyen van, khdng he cd su sai lech giua "ban gdc" va "ban sao".
- Ngudi theo doi an: ne'u nhu d khdng gian phi trung gian, chiing ta ho^n
loan cd thi nhan biet dupc nhflng ngudi dang dd'i thoai hoac lang nghe nhflng
Idi ndi cua minh thi tren mang xa hdi (noi cd cac ye'u to trung gian) ehung ta
khdng thi nhan bie't dugc hp.

20

TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014


Cdng ddng mang cd the tap hop tai ca mpi ngudi tren khap khdng gian
va thdi gian, dieu ma tren thuc te khdng thi lam dupc. Nhflng ngudi tham gia
cpng ddng mang ft bi cang thang vl mat dia ly va sap xep thfl tu thdi gian ban
trong cdng ddng phi trung gian. Tuy nhien, do con ngudi khdng quen vdi viec
giao tie'p xa hdi khi khdng bie't nhiing ngudi theo ddi minh la ai, nen su tuong
tac trong cdng dong mang cd the mang de'n cho ngudi tham gia nhiing dilu
khdng mong mudn.
2. Dac diem mang xa hpi
Mang xa hdi tren internet bao gdm cac dac diem ndi bat: tfnh lien ke't
cdng ddng, tfnh tuong tac, kha nang truyln tai va luu trfl luong thdng tin khdng
Id [91.
- Tinh lien ke't cpng dong: day la dac diem noi bat cua mang xa hdi ao
cho phep md rdng pham vi kit ndi giua ngudi vdi ngudi trong khdng gian da
dang. Ngudi s i dung cd the trd thanh ban cua nhau thdng qua viec gui lien kit
mdi kit ban, ma khdng can gap gd true tilp. Viec gii lien kit nay tao ra mdt
cdng ddng mang vdi sd lugng thanh vien Idn. Nhihig ngudi chia se cing mdt
mdi quan tam cung cd the tap htjp lai thanh cac nhdm trdn mang xa hdi, thudng
xuyen giao Itru, chia se tren mang thdng qua viec binh luan hay dan cac dudng
lien kit trIn trang chung cia nhdm.
- Tinh da phirong tien: hoat ddng theo nguyen ly cua web 2.0, mang xa
hdi cd rai nhilu tien Ich nhd su ket hgp giua cac yeu td chi vilt, am thanh, hinh
anh, hinh anh ddng... Sau khi dang ki md mdt tai khoan, ngudi s i dung cd thi
tu do xay dung mdt khdng gian rieng cho ban than. Nhd cac tien ich va dich vu
ma mang xa hdi cung ca'p, ngudi dung cd the chia se dudng dan, tep am thanh,

hinh anh, video... Khdng nhung vay, hg cd the tham gia vao eac trd choi true
tuyln ddi hdi cd nhilu ngudi cung tham gia, gii tin nhan, chat vdi ban be, t i dd
tao dung cac md'i quan he mdi trong xa hdi ao. Dac dilm nay dugc phan anh
trong cau trie phan Idp ing dung cia mang xa hdi (xem hinh I).
Tinh liiaiig ldc- the hien khdng chi d chd thdng tin dugc truyln di va
sau dd dugc phan hdi t i phi'a ngudi nhan, ma cdn phu thudc vao each ngudi
dung s i dung ing dung cua mang xa hdi. Dac dilm nay bilu hien qua ca'u true
md dun chic nang cua mang xa hdi (xem hinh 2). Cac md dun dat trong hop
chi nhat dugc thiet kl chu ylu dl dgc du lieu t i co sd du lieu, cac md dun hinh
d van till hien chic nang tuong lac giia ngudi dung, yeu ciiu ngudi dung phai
cd thao tac dgc, viet d i lieu len co sd d i lieu. Md dun mau xanh va vang la
thanh phan cliinh cua kiln trie, md dun xam la thanh phan tien ich thiet ylu
hoac hd trg cho cac ing dung md rdng.
Khd ndng truyen lai vd lint trir lining thong tin klir'Sng IP: lai ca cac
mang xa hdi diu cd niiung ing dung tuong ttr nhau nhu dang trang thai, diing

TAPCHlTAMLyHOC,Sd7(IS4), 7-2014


nhac hoac video clip, vie't bai..., nhtmg dugc phan bd dung lugng khac nhau.
Cac trang mang xa hdi lim tri thdng tin va nhdm sip xIp ching theo trinh tu
thdi gian, nhd dd, ngudi su dung cd thi truy cap va tim lai lugng thdng tin
khdng Id da ting dugc dang tai.

v'"-U....\
\

•: losi

Hinh I: Cdu trite phdn ldp dng dung cua mqng xd hpi

[ ã<.,ằ

j

l,..,i .,!ô.

<-

l%iôilnW a

ã

-

'

J)

IWStl^jjUnhoBn

/

/

Ktem tra

^x

/

Hinh 2: Cdu tnic mo dun chicc ndng cua mqngxd hpi

22

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014


3. Tinh nang cua mang xa hoi
Cac trang mang xa hdi cd nhieu loai tfnh nang ky thuat khac nhau, trong
dd cac tfnh nang phd bien nh3it cd the ke de'n la: Tao hd so ca nhan; Ke't ban
true tuye'n; Tham gia nhdm true tuyen; Chia se, bay td y kie'n; Tim kie'm thdng tin.
Khi thuc hien cac tfnh nang nay, ngudi sfl dung vfla thuc hien tinh nang
cdng khai ciia thdng tin, vfla phai tfnh de'n tinh nang bao mat dl bao ve quyen
rieng tu ca nhan hay la nhflng tfnh nang dac biet. Cac trang mang xa hdi da
quan tam de'n dilu nay va thudng cd tfnh nang cho phep ngudi diing chpn lua ai
cd thi xem hd so cua hp, lien lac vdi hp, them hp vao danh saeh lien lac ciia
minh... Tuy vay, ngudi sir dung mdi la ngudi quye't dinh chi'nh trong viec bao
mat hay cdng khai thdng tin ca nhan, ciing nhu boat ddng sii dung cua minh
tren mang xa hdi. Dudi day chi ndi ve nhiing tfnh nang dac biet nay.
3.1. Tinh ndng bdo mat
Xua't phat tfl nhu e^u bao ve du lieu ca nhan trudc su lam dung (ta'n
edng tfl phia ben ngoai), ngay nay, mue dich bao ve dfl lieu dupc xem la dl bao
ve tiing ea nhan khdng bj thiet thdi trong quyin tu quyet djnh ve thdng tin ciia
chi'nh minh thdng qua viec sir dung dfl lieu lien quan de'n ca nhan cua hp. Bao
ve dfl lieu ea nhan iing hd y tudng vl nguyen tac mdi ngudi diu cd ihl tu quyet
djnh ngudi nao, khi nao va dfl lieu ca nhan nao cua minh dupc phep cho ngudi
khac xem. Bao ve du lieu ca nhan mudn ngan ngfla eai goi la "eon ngudi bang
kinh" 110].
Td chfle Tieu chu^n Qudc tl (ISO) djnh nghTa bao mat la hanh ddng

dam bao thdng tin ehi duge truy cap bdi nhiing ngudi dugc iiy quyen 111] va la
mdt trong nhflng nln lang ciia an loan thdng tin. An toan thong tin la mpt tdng
hda cac bien phap nham giam riii ro cho he thdng, chd'ng lai cac nguy co de
dpa vd tinh hay cd' y. Cting vdi cac yeu cau khac la tfnh toan ven (integritc),
tfnh san cd (disponibilite), tfnh iruy va'n (preuve), ti'nh bao mat (confidentialite)
tao ra su an toan thdng tin (DICP).
- Tfnh san cd: thdng tin tren he thd'ng ludn cd san dd'i vdi nhflng dugc uy
quyin.
- Tfnh bao mat: thdng tin tren he thdng chi cd ihl dugc dpc bdi nhiing
ngudi dupc iiy quyin.
- Tfnh loan ven: yeu c^u rang cac thdng tin tren he thdng ed thi dupc
sua ddi chi bdi ngudi cd tham quyin.
- Ti'nh truy va'n: thdng tin luu lai dau vet tren he thdng.
Do dd, tfnh bao mat, cd y nghTa khdng dupc liet Id eho ben thii ba ne'u
khdng dupc phep, khdng ed sua ddi hoac hiiy diet thdng tin, cd xac thuc ciia
cac ben lien quan nham tdn trpng cudc sd'ng rieng tu [12] ciia ngudi sir dung.

TAPCH[TAMLyH0C,Sd7(184).7-2014

23


Cdng ddng mang la khdng bien gidi trong cdng khai thdng tin, tuy nhien
ludn cSn cd quy ude xa hdi ve su rieng tu. Dannah Boyd (2007) trong nghien
ciiu vl "Vai trd cua edng ddng mang trong cudc sd'ng ciia thanh thie'u nien" da
chi ra rang thanh thie'u nien thudng dua len nhutig thdng tin chinh xac nhu ten,
tudi, vj trf de bao ve minh. Trong khi dd, cac bac phu huynh ihi khdng khuyen
khfch viec nay. Nhieu Ihanh thie'u nien da cd nhiing bien phap de thoai khdi su
giam sat cua cha me. Ong ndi mdt phuong thflc bao mat chung dugc nhilu
thanh thie'u nien sii dung dd la lua chpn nhflng hd so ma hp tin tudng dl cdng

khai. Dilu nay giiip ngan can nhirng ngudi ma ho khdng mong mudn xem nhu
cha me. Mdt phuong thflc bao mat khac la thanh thie'u nien sfl dung ten gia vdi
mdt hd so lucfng lu dl mdi ban be theo y kie'n cua cha me, rdi sau dd sfl dung
hd so chfnh thflc kia. Cha me cd the kiem soat cac hd so gia cua hp trong khi
nhflng hd so that van boat ddng mdt each bf mat [13].
Hau he't mpi ngudi tin rang nhflng rao can an ninh trong viec sfl dung
mang la khdng cd y nghia, trfl khi ai do sfl dung chiing theo mdt each qua dac
biet, thu hiit sir quan tam, tim kie'm. That khdng may cho thanh thie'u nien, cd
hai nhdm ngudl Ihudng quan tam rat nhieu den hp la nhflng ngudi ed quyin luc
hon hp - cha me, giao vien, quan chflc chinh quyen va nhung tdi pham mang
(tie'p thj, mua ban tinh due). Va'n dl nay khdng chi cac trang mang xa hdi gap
phai, ma va'n dl nay cdn tdn tai d h^u he't cac mang cdng khai trung gian khac.
Cac djch vu true tuye'n bao gdm ca mang xa hdi diu cd khuye'n cao
ngudi diing ve cac dilu khoan au dung, trong do cd tfnh bao mat. Dilu khoan
nay cdng bd rd rang ve nhflng thdng tin ma trang mang se thu thap tfl ngudi
diing, chia se chung; lam each nao dl ngudi dimg thay ddi hoac xda bd thdng
tin, bdi le cudc sd'ng rieng tu tren internet phu thudc vao kha nang eiia ngudi
diing trong viec kilm soat thdng tin ca nhan dupe cdng bd va kilm soat kha
nang truy cap cua nhiing ngudi dugc cap phep,[14]. Microsoft khuye'n cao
ngudi sfl dung vl tfnh bao mat tren internet ndi chung nhu sau:
- Suy nghT trudc khi chia se thdng tin ca nhan.
+ Khdng chia se nhilu hon nhiing gi ban cSn nhu: Khdng dang tai ba't cfl
dilu gi tren mang ma khdng mudn edng khai; Giam thilu eae chi tie't nhan
dang ca nhan hoac mdi trudng cua ban; Gifl bf mat sd tai khoan, ten dang nhap,
mat khau; Chi chia se dia ehi thu dien tu hay niek chat vdi nhiing ngudl hay td
chflc ban biet (Tranh dua dja ehi hay ten vao eac nien giam tren internet hay
cac trang tim kiem viec lam); Chi nhap cae thdng tin bat bupc (thudng cd da'u *)
vao eac ban dang ki online.
+ O p n mflc dp bao mat hd so ca nhan hay blog: thay ddi cai dat hay tiiy
chpn cua trinh duyet ban van su dung hoac ciia trang mang dl quan ly nhflng

ngudi cd thi xem anh, hd so ca nhan online, quan ly each ngudi khac cd ihl tim
kie'm ra trang ca nhan ciia ban nhu the' nao, nhung ai binh luan dupc vl cac cap
24

TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, Sd 7 ( i 84), 7 - 2 0 1 4


nhat ma ban dang tai va hpc each chan nhirng truy cap khdng mong mud'n tfl
nhflng ca nhan khae.
- Kilm tra nhflng gi ngudi khac dang tai.
+ Hay thfl tim kie'm hd so ca nhan online cua chfnh ban tren internet
bang ft nha't 02 cdng cu tim kl^m, tim kie'm ca dang van ban lan dang hinh anh.
Ne'u ban lim tha^y nhflng thdng tin nhay earn cua minh tren inlemel, hay tim
thdng tin lien lac cua trang mang hay ngudi dang tai chung de yeu c^u gd bd.
+ Thudng xuyen kiem tra xem nhung ngudi khac vie't gi ve ban tren cac
blog hay mang xa hdi. Yeu cau ban be cua ban khdng dang tai hinh anh vl ban
hoac vl gia dinh ban neu khi khdng ed su ddng y. Ne'u ban cam tha'y khdng
thoai mai vdi cac thdng tin hay hinh anh cua minh ma da dugc dang tai tren
trang ciia nhfltig ngudi ban khac, hay yeu c^u dl gd bd nhflng thdng tin, hinh
anh dd.
3.2. Tinh ndng cong khai
Cd rat nhieu cau hdi xoay quanh khai niem "cdng khai" khi dat trong
lien he vdi "kiem tra", "kiem soat". Xu hudng quan trj cac npi dung dupe edng
bd la tang cudng tfnh cdng khai, ban than thdng tin da la su cdng khai, tuy
nhien gifla cdng khai va tu do lai cd sir khac biet [15]. Dilu dd cd nghTa rang sir
cdng khai se lam thay ddi ranh gidi gifla tu do ca nhan va su cdng bd rdng rai.
Trong bay nguyen tdc chfnh vl bao mat thdng tin, Tmng tam Qudc gia vl Nghien
eflu Khoa hpc Phap djnh nghTa tfnh edng khai la luat dam bao cho cac ben lien
quan sd hflxi thdng tin c^n thie't dupc thuc hien bang kha nang kilm tra ca nhan.
Ngudi chiu trach nhiem xfl ly thdng tin ca nhan phai xac djnh dupc cac ben lien

quan nay kl tfl khi bat d^u thu thap thdng tin va chuyen giao thdng tin de'n ben
thfl ba [16].
Nhd nhutig thdng tin duge cdng khai tren mang internet, dac biet la tren
cac phuong tien truyen thdng mang tfnh xa hdi, ma mang xa hdi ddng vai trd to
Idn, ngudi sfl dung se dupc hinh thanh eac nang luc edng nghe sau day:
- Bie't lam the nao dl tim kie'm va chia se thdng tin hieu qua;
- Cd ky nang tu duy phe phan dl danh gia chat lupng thdng tin;
- Nhan ra eae quan dilm va chuong trinh ciia ngudi sang tao (ngudi
edng khai ngudn tin) phucfng tien truyln thdng;
- Hiiu bie't ve hau qua ciia cae hanh dpng ky thuat sd la do mdt ca nhan,
chang ban nhu su an toan v& su rieng tu;
- Phat triln su phan xet dao dflc va cdng dan can cd trach nhiem ky thuat
sd, ngudn tin cdng khai cd tfnh cha't lien ca nhan va hpp phap;
- Hpc cae ky nang cho phep sang tao va tu thi hien [ 17].
TAPCHfTAMLyHpC,Sd7(184),7-2014

25


Do tfnh cdng khai thdng tin ma phuong tien cdng nghe xa hdi, trong dd
cd djch vu mang xa hdi true tuye'n cd the rat quyin nang. Mang xa hdi cho
phep mpi ngudi ed hanh ddng nhan danh ehinh minh l^t cfl luc nao. Ke't qua
cua hanh ddng dd phu thudc tu su tU do den trach nhiem ciia tu y thflc va tU
dilu chinh.
Mang xa hpi cd tfnh nang dl ngudi sfl dung tuy chinh che' dd trang ciia
minh. Cd 5 che dd cdng khai thdng tin phd bie'n dang duge eai dat cho mang xa
hdi hien nay, gdm: private (chi ngudi sfl dung), friends (chi ban trong danh
sach ket ban), friends of friends (ban be ciia ngudi sfl dung va ban be cua ban
be), custom (cho phep tuy chinh theo mong mud'n cdng khai cua ngudi su
dung), public (tat ea mpi ngudi). Do mang xa hdi tfch hgp rS't nhieu phucfng

tien, cd tfnh "md" hon so vdi cac trang blog ca nhan nen ngudi dung cd xu
hudng cdng khai thdng tin ciia minh nhieu hon, eho phep nhilu ngudi xem, ft
khi dl che dp rieng tu (private) hoac tuy ehinh (custom).
Tuy nhien, cang cdng khai thi ngudi dung cang dl dang bi Igi dung, an
cap thdng tin va khong kilm soat dugc nhung ai dang theo ddi minh. Tfnh nang
cdng khai tren mang xa hpi da va dang dat ra nhilu ap luc dd'i vdi hinh thflc
dich vu true tuye'n nay.
4. Ap luc ciia mang xa hpi
Ben canh cac uu dilm, tien fch cho phep ngudi su dung tao dung cae
mdi lien he mdi, the hien su sang tao, ddi mdi phuong thflc giao tiep truyln
thd'ng, mang xii hdi da va dang tao nen nhung ap luc cho ngudi sfl dung.
Mang xa hdi cam dd ngudi su dung danh nhilu thdi gian tren mang hon
la di ra ngoai va thiet lap cae md'i quan he thuc, gap gd mpi ngudi. Nhilu ndi
dung tim kie'm dupc tfl trang mang xa hdi khie'n ngudi sfl dung lang phf thdi
gian dang le dugc danh cho cac hoat ddng ed ich hon. Thanh thieu nien thudng
tieu tdn 9 gid/tuan cho cac boat ddng tren mang xa hdi true tuye'n [18]. Viee sfl
dung cac phuong tien truyln thdng xa hdi tang len keo theo so gid mdi ngay
danh cho tiep xiic true tiep giam di. Nhung ngudi lam dung cac trang mang xa
hdi de bj cd lap xa hdi. Cha me ft danh thdi gian cho con cai, cac cap vp chdng
ft danh thdi gian cho nhau hon, ngay ca khi hp ciing chung sdng mdt nha, bdi le
hp dang sfl dung internet thay vi tuong tac vdi nhau [19].
Lam dung cac trang web mang xa hpi cdn khie'n tieu tdn thdi gian va chi
phi trong cdng viec. Nam 2007, ngudi lao dpng sfl dung Facebook trong van
phdng tai Uc lam tieu tdn 4,5 ty dd la My |20], d Anh nam 2009 la 12,5 ty dd la
My [211, dMy chua cd so lieu vl tieu tdn kinh teeu the, nhung hai phan ba ngudi
lao ddng nude nay cd tai khoan Facebook va truy cap trong gid lam viec [22|.
Lam dung cac trang web nay cdn ed thi khien tre rdi loan, suy giam kha

26

TAP CHiTAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2 0 1 4


nang tao ra cac cudc hdi thoai thuc su, han che' tap trung, phat sinh nhu ciu ddi
hdi phai thda man tflc thi, tang boat ddng giam chii y va tinh each tu la'y minh
lam trung tam. Tdc dp nhanh chdng eiia eac trang web cd thi thie't lap lai phan
xa cua bd nao bang nhung trai nghiem dupc lap di lap lai, cae boat ddng da
dang ngoai ddi nguge lai, duge sfl dung dudi mflc thdng thudng [23].
Thanh thie'u nien Idn len trong mdi trudng mang xa hdi true tuyen cd the
khdng y thflc dugc vl cac thdng tin hp cdng khai, nhiing thdng tin hp da tiimg
dang tai va xda van ed the bj la'y lai do kha nang luu trfl cua mang xa hdi. He
qua cua viec cdng khai khdng kilm soat thdng tin la nguy co bj xam hai hay
ham dpa. Ham hpa true tuye'n dl xay ra va cdng khai hon cae hinh thflc ham
dpa khac nhu true tie'p hay qua thu dien tfl. Dilu tra d My nam 2009 cho thay,
17,3% hpc sinh trung hpc My la nan nhan cua ham dpa tren mang. Cac nan
nhan thudng giam long tu trpng, cd nguy co tram cam [24],
Lien quan de'n v^n dl bao mat, thuc te', ngudi sfl dung mang xa hdi dl bj
tdn hai trudc ta'n cdng bao mat nhu bj hack, rd ri thdng tin nhay cam, gui virus.
Ngudi sfl dung thdng thudng tin tudng tin nhan gfli qua mang xa hdi, trong khi
eae mang xa hdi chua ed he thd'ng quet virus, cdn hiu he't cac hdm thu dien tfl
diu quet virus va cd che' dp chan thu rac. Ben canh dd, eiing chfnh ban cha't
cdng khai ciia hd so true tuye'n dang tao ra nguy co bao mat, ma nhilu ngudi
diing khdng nhan bie't he't. Cac thdng tin hd so, cac chi tie't diing trong mat khSiu
va cau hdi bao mat cd thi bj danh cap dl diing vao mue dieh xa'u. Hoae nhu cac
trang quang c^o tren mang xa hdi, cac trang nay cd thi dat cac tep tin cookie
tren may tinh ngudi sfl dung de thu thap thdng tin, theo ddi sd thfch, xu hudng
tim kie'm dl hiln thj cac quang cao phu hgp vdi sir quan tam ciia tflng ngudi,
xam pham de'n quyin rieng tu eiia mdi ea nhan.
5. V nghia trong thuc twn va nghien curu
Nhflng phan tfch tren day vl mang xa hdi cho thay, mang xa hdi la mdt

dich vu ke't ndi cac thanh vien cCing sd thfeh tren internet lai vdi nhau, vdi
nhilu mue dich khac nhau; day la mdt hinh thflc thdng tin, giao tie'p dae biet,
chuyen thin thoai, nhung rat that ciia the ky chung ta, mpt thanh qua tuyet vdi
ciia khoa hpc cdng nghe thdng tin hien dai, thu hut ngay cang ddng dao ngudi
dan d khap noi tham gia, nha't la gidi tre, lam cho khdng gian va thdi gian sd'ng
cua con ngudi khdng ngirng dugc md rdng, mang lai ra't nhilu tien fch cho mdi
ngudi sfl dung, tuy nhien cung gay ra nhilu ap luc eho hp. Mdi ngudi sfl dung
mang xa hdi, deu ra't nen cd nhflng hiiu biet can thiet vl mang xa hdi, nhimg uu
dilm va tien fch cua mang, nhflng ap luc, nguy co va tac hai ma mang xa hdi ed
Ihl mang de'n. Nhiing dilu nay cung cho thay cd nhung ddi hdi bflc xiie, thdi su
vl nhiing nghien cflu khoa hpc cdng phu, xiing dang vl ngudi sfl dung mang xa
hdi, gdp phan giam thilu nhiing ap luc va tang cudng eae tien fch ciia mang xa
hdi eho ho.

TAP CHfTAM LV HOC. S6 7 (184), 7 - 2 0 1 4

27


Nhu vay, nghien cflu mang xa hdi, cu the ngudi sfl dung mang xa hdi,
tren nhieu mat, trong dd, cd mat tam ly hpc, rat cd y nghTa, khdng chi gdp p h ^
lam sang td nhung van dl ly luan ve tam ly hpc mang xa hdi; mdt ITnh vUc ra't
mdi, hap dan, dac biet, thdi dai, ma cdn cd y nghTa ra't Idn eho gia dinh, nha
trudng, cac td chfle, luc lugng xa hdi giao due thanh thie'u nien va cho chinh hp
trong sfl dung mang xa hdi, phat huy dupc nhiing uu dilm, tranh nhflng ap luc
va rui do cua mang nay mang lai.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tran Minh Dflc, Nghien ciCu, thiet ke, thu nghiem mqng xd hpi phuc vu phdt trien
ndng thdn, Hpc vien Cong nghe Buu chfnh Viln th6ng Ha Npi, 2012.
2. Danah Boyd, "Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked

Publics in Teenage Social Life. " MacArthiir Foundation Series on Digital Learning Youth. Identity, and Digital Media Volume (ed. David Buckingham), Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 2007.
3. Hoang Thi Hai Yen, Trao doi thdng tin tren mqng xd hpi ciia gidi tre Viet Nam tif
ndm 2010 den ndm 2011 - Thuc trang vd gidi phdp, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc xa hfii
va Nhan van, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha N6i, 2012.
4. Livingstone (2005) trich theo Hayley M.Miller (2010), "Normal"
Behaviors on Social Networking Websites, Elon University.

and

"Abnormal"

5. Terri Willard, Social Networking and Governance for Sustainable
Development,
USD International Institute for Sustainable Development, Canada, />pdf/2009/social_net_gov.pdf, 2009.
6. Le Minh Thanh, Truyen thdng cd nhdn trong xu the hiing no thdng tin hien nay,
Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi va Nhan van, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2010.
7. Lescop Yves, Securite, 2002.
8. Microsoft, Bdo ve cupc sdng cd nhdn tren internet,
fr/security/online-privacy/prevent.aspx.

/>
9. Facil, Pour 1'appropriation collective de Tinfonnatique libre, L'informatique tibre
dans
I'enseignement
siiperieur
et
la
recherche,
Montreal,

Canada,
/>tions_cournel_facebook/02-2013_-_FACIL_-_Informatique_Iibre.pdf, 2013.
10. Trung tam Quoc gia vl Nghien cflu Khoa hpc Phap, Bdy nguyen tac chinh ve bdo
mat thdng tin, cap nhat ngiiy 18/1/
2012.
11. Pamela Rutledge, "The healthy u.se of Social Media", Psychology Today,
cap nhat 16/10/2013.

28

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC. Sd' 7 (184), 7 - 2014


12. National School Boards Association, "Creating and Connecting: Research and
Guidelines
on Online Social - and Educational
- Networking",
NSBA.org,
http://sociaI network ing. procon.org/sourcefiles/CreateandConnect.pdf, 2007.
13. Aric Sigman, "Well Connected?:
Networking"', Biologist, Feb, 2009.

The Biological

Implications

of

'Social

14. Andrew West, "Facebook Labelled a $5b Waste of Time", Sydney Morning
Herald, Aug. 20, 2007.
15. David Kelleher, "Social Networking at Work- Fear Not Facebook, My Space and
Bebo?", CIO.com, Feb. 17, 2009.
16. Nucleus Research, "Facebook: Measuring
Networking", nucleusresearch.com, July, 2009.

the Cost to Business

of Social

17. David Derbyshire, "Social Websites Harm Children's Brains: Chilling Warning to
Parents from TopN euroscientist", Daily Mail, Feb. 24, 2009.
18. National Crime Prevention Council, "What Is Cyberhultying?"(cap nhat 5/10/2009).
19. Fenichel, Facebook Addiction
facebook.shtml, cSp nhat 01/05/2009.

Disorder

(FAD),

www.ncpc.org

/>
20. Emre (^am, Onur Isbiilan, "A new addiction for teacher candidates: Social
network", The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, volume 11 Issue 3.
7/2012, 14- 19
21. Daria J. Kuss and Mark D, Griffiths, "Excessive online social networking: Can
adolescents become addicted to Facebook?", Education and Health, Vol. 29 No. 4, 68
-71,2011.

22. Pierre Vaugeois, Phu thupc cdng nghe, nen tdng vd trien vong, Trung tam Quebec
vl Phong chdng su phu thuoc, Canada, 2006.
23. Louise Nadeau. Didier Acier, Laurence Kem, Carole-Line Nadeau, Phu thudc
cdng nghe: ttiifc trqng, bieu hien vd can thiep, Trung tam Rollard Cormier, Vien
Nghien cflu vl su phu thupc, Quebec, Canada, 2011.
24. Marc Bergeron, Dinh nghia fif ddnh gid vd md'i lien he vdi cdc khdi niem lien
quan, Luan an tiln sT TSm ly hpc, Dai hpc Quebec tai Trois-Rivieres, Canada, thang
9/2011.

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014

29