Unix network programming volume 1

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[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition

.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003

ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
The authors also update and extend Stevens' definitive coverage of these crucial UNIX
networking standards and techniques:
TCP and UDP transport
Sockets: elementary, advanced, routed, and raw
I/O: multiplexing, advanced functions, nonblocking, and signal-driven

Daemons and inetd
UNIX domain protocols
ioctl operations
Broadcasting and multicasting
Threads
Streams
Design: TCP iterative, concurrent, preforked, and prethreaded servers
Since 1990, network programmers have turned to one source for the insights and techniques
they need: W. Richard Stevens' U
NIX Network Programming
. Now, there's an edition
specifically designed for today's challenges-and tomorrow's.
[ Team LiB ]
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date

: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

Changes from the Second Edition

Using This Book

Source Code and Errata Availability

Acknowledgments

Part 1: Introduction and TCP/IP

Chapter 1. Introduction

Section 1.1. Introduction

Section 1.2. A Simple Daytime Client

Section 1.3. Protocol Independence

Section 1.4. Error Handling: Wrapper Functions

Section 1.5. A Simple Daytime Server

Section 1.6. Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text

Section 1.7. OSI Model

Section 1.8. BSD Networking History

Section 1.9. Test Networks and Hosts

Section 1.10. Unix Standards

Section 1.11. 64-Bit Architectures

Section 1.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 2. The Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP

Section 2.1. Introduction

Section 2.2. The Big Picture

Section 2.3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1

Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

Section 2.4. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Section 2.5. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

Section 2.6. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination

Section 2.7. TIME_WAIT State

Section 2.8. SCTP Association Establishment and Termination

Section 2.9. Port Numbers

Section 2.10. TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers

Section 2.11. Buffer Sizes and Limitations

Section 2.12. Standard Internet Services

Section 2.13. Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications

Section 2.14. Summary

Exercises

Part 2: Elementary Sockets

Chapter 3. Sockets Introduction

Section 3.1. Introduction

Section 3.2. Socket Address Structures

Section 3.3. Value-Result Arguments

Section 3.4. Byte Ordering Functions

Section 3.5. Byte Manipulation Functions

Section 3.6.
inet_aton
,
inet_addr
, and
inet_ntoa
Functions

Section 3.7.
inet_pton
and
inet_ntop
Functions

Section 3.8.
sock_ntop
and Related Functions

Section 3.9.
readn
,
writen
, and
readline
Functions

Section 3.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 4. Elementary TCP Sockets

Section 4.1. Introduction

Section 4.2.
socket
Function

Section 4.3.
connect
Function

Section 4.4.
bind
Function

Section 4.5.
listen
Function

Section 4.6.
accept
Function

Section 4.7.
fork
and
exec
Functions

Section 4.8. Concurrent Servers

Section 4.9.
close
Function

Section 4.10.
getsockname
and
getpeername
Functions

Section 4.11. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 5. TCP Client/Server Example

Section 5.1. Introduction

Section 5.2. TCP Echo Server:
main
Function

Section 5.3. TCP Echo Server:
str_echo
Function

Section 5.4. TCP Echo Client:
main
Function

Section 5.5. TCP Echo Client:
str_cli
Function

Section 5.6. Normal Startup

Section 5.7. Normal Termination

Section 5.8. POSIX Signal Handling

Section 5.9. Handling
SIGCHLD
Signals

Section 5.10.
wait
and
waitpid
Functions

Section 5.11. Connection Abort before
accept
Returns

Section 5.12. Termination of Server Process

Section 5.13.
SIGPIPE
Signal

Section 5.14. Crashing of Server Host

Section 5.15. Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!

To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

Section 5.16. Shutdown of Server Host

Section 5.17. Summary of TCP Example

Section 5.18. Data Format

Section 5.19. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 6. I/O Multiplexing: The
select
and
poll
Functions

Section 6.1. Introduction

Section 6.2. I/O Models

Section 6.3.
select
Function

Section 6.4.
str_cli
Function (Revisited)

Section 6.5. Batch Input and Buffering

Section 6.6.
shutdown
Function

Section 6.7.
str_cli
Function (Revisited Again)

Section 6.8. TCP Echo Server (Revisited)

Section 6.9.
pselect
Function

Section 6.10.
poll
Function

Section 6.11. TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again)

Section 6.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 7. Socket Options

Section 7.1. Introduction

Section 7.2.
getsockopt
and
setsockopt
Functions

Section 7.3. Checking if an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default

Section 7.4. Socket States

Section 7.5. Generic Socket Options

Section 7.6. IPv4 Socket Options

Section 7.7. ICMPv6 Socket Option

Section 7.8. IPv6 Socket Options

Section 7.9. TCP Socket Options

Section 7.10. SCTP Socket Options

Section 7.11.
fcntl
Function

Section 7.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 8. Elementary UDP Sockets

Section 8.1. Introduction

Section 8.2.
recvfrom

and
sendto
Functions

Section 8.3. UDP Echo Server:
main
Function

Section 8.4. UDP Echo Server:
dg_echo
Function

Section 8.5. UDP Echo Client:
main
Function

Section 8.6. UDP Echo Client:
dg_cli
Function

Section 8.7. Lost Datagrams

Section 8.8. Verifying Received Response

Section 8.9. Server Not Running

Section 8.10. Summary of UDP Example

Section 8.11.
connect
Function with UDP

Section 8.12.
dg_cli
Function (Revisited)

Section 8.13. Lack of Flow Control with UDP

Section 8.14. Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP

Section 8.15. TCP and UDP Echo Server Using
select

Section 8.16. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 9. Elementary SCTP Sockets

Section 9.1. Introduction

Section 9.2. Interface Models
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN

: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

Section 9.3.
sctp_bindx
Function

Section 9.4.
sctp_connectx
Function

Section 9.5.
sctp_getpaddrs
Function

Section 9.6.
sctp_freepaddrs
Function

Section 9.7.
sctp_getladdrs
Function

Section 9.8.
sctp_freeladdrs
Function

Section 9.9.
sctp_sendmsg
Function

Section 9.10.
sctp_recvmsg
Function

Section 9.11.
sctp_opt_info
Function

Section 9.12.
sctp_peeloff
Function

Section 9.13.
shutdown
Function

Section 9.14. Notifications

Section 9.15. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 10. SCTP Client/Server Example

Section 10.1. Introduction

Section 10.2. SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Server:
main
Function

Section 10.3. SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Client:
main
Function

Section 10.4. SCTP Streaming Echo Client:
str_cli
Function

Section 10.5. Exploring Head-of-Line Blocking

Section 10.6. Controlling the Number of Streams

Section 10.7. Controlling Termination

Section 10.8. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 11. Name and Address Conversions

Section 11.1. Introduction

Section 11.2. Domain Name System (DNS)

Section 11.3.
gethostbyname
Function

Section 11.4.
gethostbyaddr
Function

Section 11.5.
getservbyname
and

getservbyport
Functions

Section 11.6.
getaddrinfo
Function

Section 11.7.
gai_strerror
Function

Section 11.8.
freeaddrinfo
Function

Section 11.9.
getaddrinfo
Function: IPv6

Section 11.10.
getaddrinfo
Function: Examples

Section 11.11.

host_serv
Function

Section 11.12.
tcp_connect
Function

Section 11.13.
tcp_listen
Function

Section 11.14.
udp_client
Function

Section 11.15.
udp_connect
Function

Section 11.16.
udp_server
Function

Section 11.17.

getnameinfo
Function

Section 11.18. Re-entrant Functions

Section 11.19.
gethostbyname_r
and
gethostbyaddr_r
Functions

Section 11.20. Obsolete IPv6 Address Lookup Functions

Section 11.21. Other Networking Information

Section 11.22. Summary

Exercises

Part 3: Advanced Sockets

Chapter 12. IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability

Section 12.1. Introduction

Section 12.2. IPv4 Client, IPv6 Server

Section 12.3. IPv6 Client, IPv4 Server

Section 12.4. IPv6 Address-Testing Macros
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003

Section 12.6. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 13. Daemon Processes and the
inetd
Superserver

Section 13.1. Introduction

Section 13.2.
syslogd
Daemon

Section 13.3.
syslog
Function

Section 13.4.
daemon_init
Function

Section 13.5.
inetd
Daemon

Section 13.6.
daemon_inetd
Function

Section 13.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 14. Advanced I/O Functions

Section 14.1. Introduction

Section 14.2. Socket Timeouts

Section 14.3.
recv
and
send

Functions

Section 14.4.
readv
and
writev
Functions

Section 14.5.
recvmsg
and
sendmsg
Functions

Section 14.6. Ancillary Data

Section 14.7. How Much Data Is Queued?

Section 14.8. Sockets and Standard I/O

Section 14.9. Advanced Polling

Section 14.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 15. Unix Domain Protocols

Section 15.1. Introduction

Section 15.2. Unix Domain Socket Address Structure

Section 15.3.
socketpair
Function

Section 15.4. Socket Functions

Section 15.5. Unix Domain Stream Client/Server

Section 15.6. Unix Domain Datagram Client/Server

Section 15.7. Passing Descriptors

Section 15.8. Receiving Sender Credentials

Section 15.9. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 16. Nonblocking I/O

Section 16.1. Introduction

Section 16.2. Nonblocking Reads and Writes:
str_cli
Function (Revisited)

Section 16.3. Nonblocking
connect

Section 16.4. Nonblocking
connect:
Daytime Client

Section 16.5. Nonblocking
connect:
Web Client

Section 16.6. Nonblocking
accept

Section 16.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 17.
ioctl
Operations

Section 17.1. Introduction

Section 17.2.
ioctl
Function

Section 17.3. Socket Operations

Section 17.4. File Operations

Section 17.5. Interface Configuration

Section 17.6.
get_ifi_info
Function

Section 17.7. Interface Operations

Section 17.8. ARP Cache Operations

Section 17.9. Routing Table Operations
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By

W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol

IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

Section 17.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 18. Routing Sockets

Section 18.1. Introduction

Section 18.2. Datalink Socket Address Structure

Section 18.3. Reading and Writing

Section 18.4.
sysctl
Operations

Section 18.5.
get_ifi_info
Function (Revisited)

Section 18.6. Interface Name and Index Functions

Section 18.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 19. Key Management Sockets

Section 19.1. Introduction

Section 19.2. Reading and Writing

Section 19.3. Dumping the Security Association Database (SADB)

Section 19.4. Creating a Static Security Association (SA)

Section 19.5. Dynamically Maintaining SAs

Section 19.6. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 20. Broadcasting

Section 20.1. Introduction

Section 20.2. Broadcast Addresses

Section 20.3. Unicast versus Broadcast

Section 20.4.
dg_cli
Function Using Broadcasting

Section 20.5. Race Conditions

Section 20.6. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 21. Multicasting

Section 21.1. Introduction

Section 21.2. Multicast Addresses

Section 21.3. Multicasting versus Broadcasting on a LAN

Section 21.4. Multicasting on a WAN

Section 21.5. Source-Specific Multicast

Section 21.6. Multicast Socket Options

Section 21.7.

mcast_join
and Related Functions

Section 21.8.
dg_cli
Function Using Multicasting

Section 21.9. Receiving IP Multicast Infrastructure Session Announcements

Section 21.10. Sending and Receiving

Section 21.11. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)

Section 21.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 22. Advanced UDP Sockets

Section 22.1. Introduction

Section 22.2. Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address, and Interface Index

Section 22.3. Datagram Truncation

Section 22.4. When to Use UDP Instead of TCP

Section 22.5. Adding Reliability to a UDP Application

Section 22.6. Binding Interface Addresses

Section 22.7. Concurrent UDP Servers

Section 22.8. IPv6 Packet Information

Section 22.9. IPv6 Path MTU Control

Section 22.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 23. Advanced SCTP Sockets
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!

To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

Section 23.1. Introduction

Section 23.2. An Autoclosing One-to-Many-Style Server

Section 23.3. Partial Delivery

Section 23.4. Notifications

Section 23.5. Unordered Data

Section 23.6. Binding a Subset of Addresses

Section 23.7. Determining Peer and Local Address Information

Section 23.8. Finding an Association ID Given an IP Address

Section 23.9. Heartbeating and Address Failure

Section 23.10. Peeling Off an Association

Section 23.11. Controlling Timing

Section 23.12. When to Use SCTP Instead of TCP

Section 23.13. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 24. Out-of-Band Data

Section 24.1. Introduction

Section 24.2. TCP Out-of-Band Data

Section 24.3.
sockatmark
Function

Section 24.4. TCP Out-of-Band Data Recap

Section 24.5. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 25. Signal-Driven I/O

Section 25.1. Introduction

Section 25.2. Signal-Driven I/O for Sockets

Section 25.3. UDP Echo Server Using
SIGIO

Section 25.4. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 26. Threads

Section 26.1. Introduction

Section 26.2. Basic Thread Functions: Creation and Termination

Section 26.3.
str_cli
Function Using Threads

Section 26.4. TCP Echo Server Using Threads

Section 26.5. Thread-Specific Data

Section 26.6. Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)

Section 26.7. Mutexes: Mutual Exclusion

Section 26.8. Condition Variables

Section 26.9. Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)

Section 26.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 27. IP Options

Section 27.1. Introduction

Section 27.2. IPv4 Options

Section 27.3. IPv4 Source Route Options

Section 27.4. IPv6 Extension Headers

Section 27.5. IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options

Section 27.6. IPv6 Routing Header

Section 27.7. IPv6 Sticky Options

Section 27.8. Historical IPv6 Advanced API

Section 27.9. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 28. Raw Sockets

Section 28.1. Introduction

Section 28.2. Raw Socket Creation

Section 28.3. Raw Socket Output
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024

"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

Section 28.4. Raw Socket Input

Section 28.5.
ping
Program

Section 28.6.
traceroute
Program

Section 28.7. An ICMP Message Daemon

Section 28.8. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 29. Datalink Access

Section 29.1. Introduction

Section 29.2. BSD Packet Filter (BPF)

Section 29.3. Datalink Provider Interface (DLPI)

Section 29.4. Linux:
SOCK_PACKET

and
PF_PACKET

Section 29.5.
libpcap
: Packet Capture Library

Section 29.6.
libnet
: Packet Creation and Injection Library

Section 29.7. Examining the UDP Checksum Field

Section 29.8. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 30. Client/Server Design Alternatives

Section 30.1. Introduction

Section 30.2. TCP Client Alternatives

Section 30.3. TCP Test Client

Section 30.4. TCP Iterative Server

Section 30.5. TCP Concurrent Server, One Child per Client

Section 30.6. TCP Preforked Server, No Locking Around
accept

Section 30.7. TCP Preforked Server, File Locking Around
accept

Section 30.8. TCP Preforked Server, Thread Locking Around
accept

Section 30.9. TCP Preforked Server, Descriptor Passing

Section 30.10. TCP Concurrent Server, One Thread per Client

Section 30.11. TCP Prethreaded Server, per-Thread
accept

Section 30.12. TCP Prethreaded Server, Main Thread
accept

Section 30.13. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 31. Streams

Section 31.1. Introduction

Section 31.2. Overview

Section 31.3.
getmsg
and
putmsg
Functions

Section 31.4.
getpmsg
and
putpmsg
Functions

Section 31.5.
ioctl
Function

Section 31.6. Transport Provider Interface (TPI)

Section 31.7. Summary

Exercises

Appendix A. IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, and ICMPv6

Section A.1. Introduction

Section A.2. IPv4 Header

Section A.3. IPv6 Header

Section A.4. IPv4 Addresses

Section A.5. IPv6 Addresses

Section A.6. Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMPv4 and ICMPv6)

Appendix B. Virtual Networks

Section B.1. Introduction

Section B.2. The MBone

Section B.3. The 6bone

Section B.4. IPv6 Transition: 6to4

Appendix C. Debugging Techniques

Section C.1. System Call Tracing
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep

Program

Section C.6.
netstat
Program

Section C.7.
lsof
Program

Appendix D. Miscellaneous Source Code

Section D.1.
unp.h
Header

Section D.2.
config.h
Header

Section D.3. Standard Error Functions

Appendix E. Solutions to Selected Exercises

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Bibliography

[ Team LiB ]

[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep

mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

Copyright
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley
was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters
or in all capitals.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A CIP catalog record for this book can be obtained from the Library of Congress.
Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of
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For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a
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Text printed on recycled paper
First printing
Dedication
To Rich
.
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•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.

Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
Aloha nui loa
.
[ Team LiB ]

[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher

: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
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Computing Series
Brian W. Kernighan and Craig Partridge, Consulting Editors
Matthew H. Austern,
Generic Programming and the STL: Using and Extending the C++
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NFS Illustrated
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UNIX® System Security: A Guide for Users and System Administrators
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Effective STL: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your Use of the Standard Template
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C++ Strategies and Tactics
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking

API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3

IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
David R. Musser/Gillmer J. Derge/Atul Saini,
STL Tutorial and Reference Guide, Second Edition:
C++ Programming with the Standard Template Library
John K. Ousterhout,
Tcl and the Tk Toolkit
Craig Partridge,
Gigabit Networking
Radia Perlman,
Interconnections, Second Edition: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and
Internetworking Protocols
Stephen A. Rago,
UNIX® System V Network Programming
Curt Schimmel,
UNIX® Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and
Caching for Kernel Programmers
W. Richard Stevens/Bill Fenner/Andrew M. Rudoff,
UNIX Network Programming Volume 1,
Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API
W. Richard Stevens,
Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment
W. Richard Stevens,
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols
W. Richard Stevens,

TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the
UNIX® Domain Protocols
W. Richard Stevens/Gary R. Wright,
TCP/IP Illustrated Volumes 1-3 Boxed Set
John Viega/Gary McGraw,
Building Secure Software: How to Avoid Security Problems the Right
Way
Gary R. Wright/W. Richard Stevens,
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation
Ruixi Yuan/ W. Timothy Strayer,
Virtual Private Networks: Technologies and Solutions
Visit
www.awprofessional.com/series/professionalcomputing
for more information
about these titles.
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[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

[ Team LiB ]

Foreword
When the original text of this book arrived in 1990, it was quickly recognized as the definitive
reference for programmers to learn network programming techniques. Since then, the art of
computer networking has changed dramatically. All it takes is a look at the return address for
comments from the original text ("uunet!hsi!netbook") to make this clear. (How many readers
will even recognize this as an address in the UUCP dialup network that was commonplace in
the 1980s?)
Today, UUCP networks are a rarity and new technologies such as wireless networks are
becoming ubiquitous! With these changes, new network protocols and programming paradigms
have been developed. But, programmers have lacked a good reference from which to learn the
intricacies of these new techniques.
This book fills that void. Readers who have a dog-eared copy of the original book will want a
new copy for the updated programming techniques and the substantial new material describing
next-generation protocols such as IPv6. Everyone will want this book because it provides a
great mix of practical experience, historical perspective, and a depth of understanding that only
comes from being intimately involved in the field.
I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will, too.
Sam Leffler
[ Team LiB ]

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•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By

IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

Preface
Introduction
Changes from the Second Edition
Using This Book
Source Code and Errata Availability
Acknowledgments
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•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher

Introduction
This book is for people who want to write programs that communicate with each other using an
application program interface (API) known as sockets. Some readers may be very familiar with
sockets already, as that model has become synonymous with network programming. Others
may need an introduction to sockets from the ground up. The goal of this book is to offer
guidance on network programming for beginners as well as professionals, for those developing
new network-aware applications as well as those maintaining existing code, and for people who
simply want to understand how the networking components of their system function.
All the examples in this text are actual, runnable code tested on Unix systems. However, many
non-Unix systems support the sockets API and the examples are largely operating system-
independent, as are the general concepts we present. Virtually every operating system (OS)
provides numerous network-aware applications such as Web browsers, email clients, and file-
sharing servers. We discuss the usual partitioning of these applications into
client
and
server
and write our own small examples of these many times throughout the text.
Presenting this material in a Unix-oriented fashion has the natural side effect of providing
background on Unix itself, and on TCP/IP as well. Where more extensive background may be
interesting, we refer the reader to other texts. Four texts are so commonly mentioned in this
book that we've assigned them the following abbreviations:
APUE:
Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment
[Stevens 1992]
TCPv1:
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1
[Stevens 1994]
TCPv2:
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2
[Wright and Stevens 1995]

TCPv3:
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3
[Stevens 1996]
TCPv2 contains a high level of detail very closely related to the material in this book, as it
describes and presents the actual 4.4BSD implementation of the network programming
functions for the sockets API (
socket
,
bind
,
connect
, and so on). If one understands the
implementation of a feature, the use of that feature in an application makes more sense.
[ Team LiB ]

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•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher

Changes from the Second Edition
Sockets have been around, more or less in their current form, since the 1980s, and it is a
tribute to their initial design that they have continued to be the network API of choice.
Therefore, it may come as a surprise to learn that quite a bit has changed since the second
edition of this book was published in 1998. The changes we've made to the text are
summarized as follows:
This new edition contains updated information on IPv6, which was only in draft form at
the time of publication of the second edition and has evolved somewhat.
The descriptions of functions and the examples have all been updated to reflect the most
recent POSIX specification (POSIX 1003.1-2001), also known as the
Single Unix
Specification Version 3
.
The coverage of the X/Open Transport Interface (XTI) has been dropped. That API has
fallen out of common use and even the most recent POSIX specification does not bother
to cover it.
The coverage of TCP for transactions (T/TCP) has been dropped.
Three chapters have been added to describe a relatively new transport protocol, SCTP.
This reliable, message-oriented protocol provides multiple streams between endpoints
and transport-level support for multihoming. It was originally designed for transport of
telephony signaling across the Internet, but provides some features that many
applications could take advantage of.
A chapter has been added on
key management sockets
, which may be used with Internet
Protocol Security (IPsec) and other network security services.
The machines used, as well as the versions of their variants of Unix, have all been
updated, and the examples have been updated to reflect how these machines behave. In
many cases, examples were updated because OS vendors fixed bugs or added features,
but as one might expect, we've discovered the occasional new bug here and there. The

machines used for testing the examples in this book were:
Apple Power PC running MacOS/X 10.2.6
HP PA-RISC running HP-UX 11i
IBM Power PC running AIX 5.1
Intel x86 running FreeBSD 4.8
Intel x86 running Linux 2.4.7
Sun SPARC running FreeBSD 5.1
Sun SPARC running Solaris 9
See
Figure 1.16
for details on how these machines were used.
Volume 2 of this
UNIX Network Programming
series, subtitled
Interprocess Communications
,
builds on the material presented here to cover message passing, synchronization, shared
memory, and remote procedure calls.
[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,

Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques

Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!

To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

Using This Book
This text can be used as either a tutorial on network programming or as a reference for
experienced programmers. When used as a tutorial or for an introductory class on network
programming, the emphasis should be on
Part 2
, "Elementary Sockets" (
Chapters 3
through
11
), followed by whatever additional topics are of interest.
Part 2
covers the basic socket

functions for both TCP and UDP, along with SCTP, I/O multiplexing, socket options, and basic
name and address conversions.
Chapter 1
should be read by all readers, especially
Section 1.4
,
which describes some wrapper functions used throughout the text.
Chapter 2
and perhaps
Appendix A
should be referred to as necessary, depending on the reader's background. Most of
the chapters in
Part 3
, "Advanced Sockets," can be read independently of the others in that
part of the book.
To aid in the use of this book as a reference, a thorough index is provided, along with
summaries on the end papers of where to find detailed descriptions of all the functions and
structures. To help those reading topics in a random order, numerous references to related
topics are provided throughout the text.
[ Team LiB ]

[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens

,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets

FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

Source Code and Errata Availability
The source code for all the examples that appear in the book is available on the Web at
www.unpbook.com
. The best way to learn network programming is to take these programs,
modify them, and enhance them. Actually writing code of this form is the
only
way to reinforce
the concepts and techniques. Numerous exercises are also provided at the end of each
chapter, and most answers are provided in
Appendix E
.
A current errata for the book is also available from the same Web site.
[ Team LiB ]

[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,

Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,
implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X

implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment
[ Team LiB ]

Acknowledgments
The first and second editions of this book were written solely by W. Richard Stevens, who
passed away on September 1, 1999. His books have set a high standard and are largely
regarded as concise, laboriously detailed, and extremely readable works of art. In providing
this revision, the authors struggled to maintain the quality and thorough coverage of Rich's
earlier editions and any shortcomings in this area are entirely the fault of the new authors.
The work of an author is only as good as the support from family members and friends. Bill
Fenner would like to thank his dear wife, Peggy (beach ¼ mile champion), and their
housemate, Christopher Boyd for letting him off all his household chores while working in the
treehouse on this project. Thanks are also due to his friend, Jerry Winner, whose prodding and
encouragement were invaluable. Likewise, Andy Rudoff wants to specifically thank his wife,
Ellen, and girls, Jo and Katie, for their understanding and encouragement throughout this
project. We simply could not have done this without all of you.
Randall Stewart with Cisco Systems, Inc. provided much of the SCTP material and deserves a
special acknowledgment for this much-valued contribution. The coverage of this new and
interesting topic simply would not exist without Randall's work.
The feedback from our reviewers was invaluable for catching errors, pointing out areas that
required more explanation, and suggesting improvements to our text and code examples. The
authors would like to thank: James Carlson, Wu-Chang Feng, Rick Jones, Brian Kernighan,
Sam Leffler, John McCann, Craig Metz, Ian Lance Taylor, David Schwartz, and Gary Wright.
Numerous individuals and their organizations went beyond the normal call of duty to provide
either a loaner system, software, or access to a system, all of which were used to test some of
the examples in the text.
Jessie Haug of IBM Austin provided an AIX system and compilers.
Rick Jones and William Gilliam of Hewlett-Packard provided access to multiple systems

running HP-UX.
The staff at Addison Wesley has been a true pleasure to work with: Noreen Regina, Kathleen
Caren, Dan DePasquale, Anthony Gemellaro, and a very special thanks to our editor, Mary
Franz.
In a trend that Rich Stevens instituted (but contrary to popular fads), we produced camera-
ready copy of the book using the wonderful Groff package written by James Clark, created the
illustrations using the
gpic
program (using many of Gary Wright's macros), produced the
tables using the
gtbl
program, performed all the indexing, and did the final page layout. Dave
Hanson's
loom
program and some scripts by Gary Wright were used to include the source code
in the book. A set of
awk
scripts written by Jon Bentley and Brian Kernighan helped in
producing the final index.
The authors welcome electronic mail from any readers with comments, suggestions, or bug
fixes.
Bill Fenner
Woodside, California
Andrew M. Rudoff
Boulder, Colorado
October 2003
[ Team LiB ]

•

Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date
: November 21, 2003
ISBN
: 0-13-141155-1
Pages
: 1024
"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical
perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in
the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."
-Sam Leffler
The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs now completely updated!
To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep
mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to-
finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:
UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition
.
Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by
two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards,

implementations, and techniques. New topics include:
POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3
IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability)
The new SCTP transport protocol
IPsec-based Key Management Sockets
FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X
implementations
New network program debugging techniques
Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

[ Team LiB ]

[ Team LiB ]

•
Table of Contents
UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking
API
By
W. Richard Stevens
,
Bill Fenner
,
Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher
: Addison Wesley
Pub Date

Chapter 2. The Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP
[ Team LiB ]

Unix network programming volume 1

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