Báo cáo " Đặc điểm của quá trình Hà Lan xâm nhập Đông Nam Á (đầu thế kỷ XVII – cuối thế kỷ XVIII)." ppt

LICH SLf
-
VAN HOA
- XA HOI
CHAU
AU
Dfic f>\m
cun
Qun
TRINH
nh
LRN
XAM
NHSP
DONG
Nnivi n
(Dfiu
TH€'KV
XVII - CUOI
TH^KV
XVIII)
Ths.
Le
Thj
Mai
Khoa Ljch
sdr
-
Dgii
hgc Supham
- Dgi

hpc
Dd
Ndng
1
ir sau cac
cudc phdt kicn
dia li d the
ky
XV -
XVI,
trung
tam
thuang
mai the
gidi
da djch chuyen
tir Dia
Trung
Hai
sang
ven
bd Bien Bdc.
Sir
thay
ddi ve dia
kinh
te nay
da
dan den
nhirng chuyen bien

bet
sire
to ldn
trong
nen
thuang
mai
Ddng
Tdy cd
truyen.
He thdng
mau
dich bang
bai
dugc hinh thdnh
xuyen
dai
duang,
ndi
lien
cdc luc dia. Thi
trudng
the
gidi dugc
md
rdng cung
dan den
sir
hinh thdnh
chii

nghia thuc
dan vd ddy
nhanh
cjud
trinh tich
luy
nguyen thuy
tu bdn
d cac nudc chau
Au.
Bd
Dao Nha vd Tay Ban Nha, nhd vai
trd tien phong trong viec khai
md con
dudng
hang
hai
sang phuang Ddng
vd
phdt kien
tan
luc
dia dd dat
dugc nhirng thanh cdng vugt
bac
ve
thuang
mai,
quan
sir

va
truyen gido
trong
the ky XVI. Tuy vay, vdo dau the ky
XVII,
uu the dy
thudc
ve Ha Lan rdi Anh va
Phdp.
Dau
the ky
XVII,
Ha Lan da vdo
cudc
vdi
sir
hau
thuan
to ldn
ciia
nen
cdng
boa
non
tre
ciing hang nghin thuy
thu
diing
cdm.
ldnh nghl,

vdi mdt ham ddi
manh
vd
hang
trdm
tdu
chien
dii
cdc
loai ludn theo
sdt cac
ddi thuang thuyen
vd cdc
thuang diem dugc
xay dvmg
d hdi
ngoai. Tfnh tien phong vd uu
viet
ciia
nen
cdng
hod tu sdn da trd
thanh
dieu kien tien quyet,
be dd
hieu
qua cho
boat
ddng
cua

gidi cdng thuang
gia Ha Lan
trong
cudc canh tranh quyet liet
vdi cdc
dich
thu,
gianh
dia vi bd
quyen.
Ddng
Nam A
(DNA)
tir rit sdm da
dugc
nhieu nudc
ldn
tren
thi
gidi quan
tam
din
vi
cd ngudn huang lieu,
gia vi ndi
tiing
vd vi tri
chien lugc quan trgng tren
true
hang

hai
Ddng
- Tay.
Din
khoang
diu
thi
ky XVI,
hdu
bet cdc
qudc
gia DNA
tren budc dudng
suy thodi
da tao ca hdi
thuan
lgi cho
sir
xam
nhap
cua cdc
nudc phuang Tay. Theo sau Bo
Dao
Nha, Ha Lan da cd
thau
tdm
ngudn
huang lieu,
gia vi
hang nhit

cua khu vuc
DNA
hai dao. Ndm 1595,
doan vien chinh
dau tien
cua hg
sang phuang Ddng
da cap
cdng Bantam
- mgt
thuang cang
hd
tieu
nli
tiing tren
ddo
Java.
Lgi
nhuan
tir
chuyin
di
ndy
da md diu cho
nhiing boat dgng bdng vfi
^de itienc
eua qud
ti'inh
55
lire

quyet
liet ciia
Ha Lan trong viec gianh
ddc quyen budn bdn cde mat hdng ndy tir tay
ngudi Bd, nhit
Id
khi cdng ty Ddng An Ha
Lan (VOC) dugc thdnh lap
(1602).
Khi md
rdng tim kiem lgi fch thuang mai d cdc
vuong qudc trong luc dia nhu Ayutthaya,
Dang Ngodi, Dang Trong, Mien Dien, Ldo,
Campuchia, Ha Lan
chii
yeu ddt thuang
diem, thdng qua ky ket cdc hiep udc, giup dd
vii khi, ky thuat quan
sir
de thiet lap quan he
bang giao vdi chfnh quyen ban
xii.
Quan he
budn bdn cua Ha Lan vdi cdc nudc DNA cd
nhung
miic
do klidc nhau nhung tat cd deu
gdp phdn ldm cho Hd Lan vuan tdi ddc
quyen thuang mai d DNA vd Vien Ddng.
Qua nghien cuu qud trinh Ha Lan xam

nhap thi trudng DNA, cd the nit ra cdc ddc
diem sau:
1.
"Doc quyen thuong mai" chi phoi
toan bo qua trinh Ha Lan xam nhap Dong
Nam A
Vdo the ky XVI, XVII, cdc qudc gia
chau Au nhu Bd Ddo Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Hd
Lan, Anh da ra
siic
md rdng nen ngoai
thuang. Dudi
sir
bdo trg
ciia
hodng gia, cdc
qudc gia tren bdn ddo Iberia da di tien phong
trong qud trinh chinh phuc, xdm nhdp thi
trudng chau A.
6
ldn sdng
thii
hai, chfnh phu
Hd Lan, Anh da
chii
ddng nim lay boat ddng
Clia cdc cdng ty thuang mai, cung cap vdn vd
trao cho nhieu ddc quyen de bien chiing
thdnh nhiing cdng cu xam nhdp hieu qud
ban. Dilu ndy chiing thuc tam quan trgng

ciia
thuang mai trong con mdt
ciia
cdc chfnh
khdch chau Au duang thdi bat ke dudi chfnh
the ndo.
Chiu dnh hudng cua chu nghia trgng
thuang va de ddp img nhu cau tich
Iiiy
nguyen
thuy tu ban, giai cap tu sdn Hd Lan
da nd
lire
bdnh trudng thuong nghiep. Muc
dich ma hg hudng tdi
Id
ldm gidu bdng lgi
nhuan tir thuang nghiep, nhat la ngoai
thuang. Theo dd, gidi tu sdn cdng thuong
ndng ddng da xem xet lam the nao de cd
^ f f f
dugc nhiing ngudn bang hod chdc chdn nhat,
sinh lgi nhieu nhdt vd tim ra nhirng bien
phdp de cd dugc ngudn hdng dd. Khau hieu
ciia
gidi tu sdn Ha Lan khi vuon ra thj
trudng qudc te la ''''Trade, not territory
nghia la
'''budn
bdn, khdng cdn ldnh thd"

Ddi vdi hg, lgi fch thuang mai
Id
muc dfch
chien lugc hdng dau. Budn bdn, thu lgi
nhuan la
dieu
de hieu ddi vdi qudc gia tu sdn
thuang nghiep mdi vuan len.
Vdo cudi the ky XVI, nhu cau ve huong
lieu, gia vi cua phuang Ddng d thi trudng
chau Au tdng nhanh. Vdn tham gia tfch cue
vdo viec thu mua vd bdn lai cdc san pham
thudc dia cua Bd Ddo Nha d chau Au nen
gidi thuang nhan Hd Lan da nhanh chdng
nhdn thay huang lieu, gia vi chfnh
Id
loai
hdng boa mang lai lgi nhuan cao
nliit
vd
"r/n
Palmira Brummett (History) & Lydia Pulsipher
(Geography): U. of Tennessee, Going Beyond Nation
and
the "East-West" Divide,

ctions/brummett.htmi.
56
NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09 (132).20n
ludng chdc chdn rdng ddc quyen huang lieu

Id
vdn de ed Idm quan trgng sdng cdn cita
qudc
gia""
Dc gianh ddc quyen ban nbung
mat hang
na>'
cho thi
tririmg
chiiu Au thi Ha
Lan phai gianh dugc dpc
quyen
thu mua d
noi cung cap, san xuat chiing. Vao thdi diem
na>,
DNA bai dao da
Ird
thanh dia ban trung
tam cung cap ngudn huang lieu, gia vi
ciia
the gidi. Nam 1608, Hdi ddng
Ileren
XVII
da xac dinh rang:
"'khu virc
Banda vd
Moluccas
Id
muc lieu chit
yeu

chiing ta phdi
nhdm
vdo"
Vi vay, muc dfch hang dau
ciia
Ha Lan khi xam nhap DNA
Id
loai bd tat cd
cdc the
lire
cdn trd hp gianh ddc quyen
thuang mai cdc mat hang huong lieu, gia vi
d khu vuc nay.
Ddt nen tang cho todn bd qud trinh ndy
la
sir
thdnh lap mdt cdng ty thuang mai ddc
quyen Cdng ty Ddng An Hd Lan (1602).
Cd the ndi, sau Bd Ddo Nha, ngudi Hd Lan
(cung nhu ngudi Anh) da dua vdo mdt y
tudng hodn todn mdi me, d trinh dp cao
trong boat ddng thuong mai qudc te, dd
Id
loai binb cdng ty cd pban. Trong dieu le
thdnh lap, ddc quyen thuong mai vd viing
thuang mai ddc quyen
ciia
Cdng ty da dugc
khang dinh:
''Khdng

ai ngogi trir VOC cd the
dua Idu lir Netherlands den hay kiem sodt
nen thuang mgi d khu vuc phia ddng mui
liao
Vgng vd phia tdy eo Magellan" De dat
dugc muc dfch, Cdng ty phdi
''chdng lgi
nhirng ke
thii
cua nen cgng hod vd ngdn
cdn
cde qudc gia chdu
Au
khde di vdo nen
thuang mgi Ddng
An"^
So vdi cdc cdng ty
ciia
hodng gia Bd vd cdng ty Ddng An Anh,
VOC la mdt the
lire
biing hau ve tdu thuyen,
ham ddi, thuy
thii
vd ngudn vdn. Chinh lgi
the dd dd
giup
ngudi
I
Id Lan tien rat nhanh a

thi trudng Vicn Ddng, gianh lay ddc quyen
thuang mai tir tay Bd Ddo Nha trong the ky
XVII.
O khu vuc DNA hdi ddo, den giu'a the
ky
XVII,
vdi viec loai bd ddi thu Bd Dao
Nha, the
lire
canh tranh
ciia
ngudi Anh va
chinh phuc cdc tieu qudc tren bdn dao Ma
Lai,
Sumatra, Java bdng vii
lire,
ngudi Ha
Lan da thdnh cdng trong vice gidnh doc
quyen thuang mgi cdc mat hang huong lieu,
gia vi vd thiec d day. Vi du: ddc quyin cay
dinh huang dd rai vdo tay Cdng ty vdi viec
kiem sodt cdc ddo Ambonia, Ternate, Tidore
vd chinh phuc Macassar; cudc chinh phuc
quin dao Banda dem lai cho Cdng ty doc
quyen bat vd vd nhuc dau khiu ldm huong
lieu; ddc quyin budn bdn thiic dat dugc
bdng hiep udc vdi cdc tieu qudc Palembang,
Aceh; chinh phuc tilu qudc Bantam, Cdng ty
da nim dugc ddc quyin budn bdn ho tieu.
D.G.E. Hall: Lich sir Dong Nam A, Nxb. Chinh trj

quicgia.
Ha
Noi, 1997, tr.477.
^
D.G.E. Hail, sdd, tr.472.
F.S.
Gaastra: Foundation ofthe VOC - the
Charter,

zation found.htm.
^Nt.
~
(Dde itiein exiu
qud ti'inh
Sl
De duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai ndy,
VOC da kiem sodt chat che boat ddng
thuong mai
eiia
cdc thuong cang thudc dia
ciing nhu nam giii cd qud trinb sdn xudt cdc
mat bang nay
ciia
cu dan ban dia. Vi
du.
Macassar sau khi bi Ha Lan kiem sodt dd trd
thdnh mdt thdnh phd thudc dia, dugc ddt
dudi quyen kiem sodt true tiep
ciia
Cdng ty.

VOC
Id
the
lire
duy nhat cd quyen budn bdn
mdt cdch hgp phap ddi vdi tat cd bang hda
ciia
Indonesia ciing nhu chau A dugc trao
ddi d cdng nay. De dam bdo ddc quyen
thuong mai, VOC da qudn ly gdt gao boat
ddng cua cdc tdu budn dia phuong. Theo dd,
tat cd cdc tdu dia phuang phdi cd mdt gidy
thdng hdnh do Cdng ty cap cho mdi chuyen
di lai. Day la ddc diem chung cho tat ca cdc
thdnh phd cdng khde cua khu vuc qudn ddo
thudc quyen kiem sodt
ciia
VOC^
Trong qua trinh canh tranh vdi cdc ddi
thil de gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai cdc mat
bang huong lieu, gia vj d khu vuc bdi ddo,
VOC da ddnh qud nhieu lgi nhuan budn bdn
thu dugc cho viec xay dung phdo ddi, duy tri
nhirng vi trf tien tieu ldn vd trang bi cdc ham
dpi tdu chien. Vi vay, cdng viec kinh doanh
cua VOC trong thuang mai hai chieu giiia
chau Au vd chau A khdng thu dugc ket qua
nhu mong dgi. Hp bdt dau "theo guang Bd
^
Leonard Blusse: Among Feign Friend and Declared

Enermy, Leiden University,
1997,
p. 7; din theo Pham
Van Kien,
Qud
trinh banh trudng the luc cua cong ty
Dong An Ha Lan a Indonesia va
nhirng
he qud
ciia
no,
Luan van thac sT, Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi, 2004,
tr. 79.
Ddo Nha trong viec tim kiem lgi nhuan
thuang mgi trong phgm vi chdu A nhu
Id
phirang tien hd trg cho nen thuang mgi mdt
chieu vdi chdu Au vd ed xu hudng tim kiem
SU'
dpc
quyen
mpt
vdi trong so nhdng sdn
vgt
quan trgng" De lam dieu dd, VOC da
khai thdc nhirng
Id
trinh thuang mai truyen
thdng
ciia

khu vuc bdng cdcb md ra nhirng
mdi quan he bang giao vd thuang mai mdi
vdi cdc qudc gia trong luc dia.
So vdi khu vue hdi ddo, cdc qudc gia
DNA luc dia dugc ngudi Ha Lan chu y den
mudn ban. O cdc qudc gia ndy, VOC bj canh
tranh quyet liet vd gap nhieu thdch thiic de
xdc lap dugc vi the
ciia
minh.
Sir
hien dien
vd giir vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sdng kinh
te,
chfnh tri cua cdc thuang nhan chau A nhu
ngudi Nhat, ngudi Hoa, ngudi An, ngudi
Hdi ciing nhu
sir
phdt trien tu cudng, thdi dp
bang giao chu ddng cua cdc trieu dinh phong
kien dia phuang la nhiing trd
lire
chu yeu
cho nd
lire
gidnh ddc quyen thuang mai
ciia
Hd Lan. Bdi
ednh
dd khdng cho phep VOC

sir dung vii
lire
de chinh phuc nhu hp da lam
d khu vuc hdi ddo.
Vi vay, xam nhap khu vuc ndy, thdng
qua quan he bang giao, thuang mai vdi chfnh
quyen ban
xii,
ngudi Hd Lan da cd gdng
kiem sodt mdt sd tuyen dudng budn ban
truyen thdng va ndm ddc quyen thu mua mdt
sd mat hdng quan trpng la cdc sdn vat cua
^
Nicholas Tarlings: A concise history of Southeast
Asia, Frederick A.Praeger Publishers, New York,
Washington and London, 1966, p.48.
58
NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°09 (132).20n
tirng viing dat vd ddc quyen cung cap nbung
thuang pham theo nhu cau
ciia
vua chiia vd
dan chiing dia phuong. Vi du, xam nhap
Ayutthaya, VOC da nim dugc quyen kilm
sodt
true
thuang mai Nagasaki -
I'ormosa
Ayutthaya, ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da

sdng (da
huou,
da trau) cho thi trudng Nhat
Ban lir sau hiep udc 1664; xam nhap thi
trudng Arakan \a Miln Dien, VOC da ddc
quyen
cung cap hang det Bengal; xam nhap
hai
mien
Dai Vict (chu ylu d Dang Ngodi),
VOC da ddc quyen cung cip bac, ddng vd
tien ddng Nhat Bdn (1675); ddc quyin thu
mua da huou sdng, da cd duoi d Campuchia
(1665)
Them vdo dd, tir sau
lenh
tda quoc
cua chinh quyin Mac
phii
dugc ban hdnh
(1639),
Ha Lan cung
Id
ke
tbI
chan ngudi
Nhat kiem sodt cdc tuyin budn ban giiia
Nhat vd cdc thuong cdng
ciia
khu vuc nhu

Aytthaya, Thdng Long,
Plinom
Penh. Cdc
tuyen budn bdn ndy thdng qua boat ddng
ciia
tau
thuyin
VOC da dugc
kit
noi thdnh mdt
mang ludi md gidi nghien ciru ggi la he
thdng "thuang mai lien A" (inter-Asia trade)
bode "thuang mai ndi A" (intra-Asia trade).
Md hinh thuang mai nay dugc ngudi Ha Lan
ke thira
ciia
ngudi Bd trudc dd vd khai thdc
cd bieu qua, thu dugc lgi nhuan ban rit
nhieu trong khi ngudi Anh
din
sau lai it
nhdm vdo viec chia lgi trong mang ludi
thuang mai nay md chi
chii
y ddt cdc ca sd
khai thdc vd san xuat.
Viec tbiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin
thuang mai tat yeu budc Ha Lan phdi doi
mat vdi nhirng thdch thiic to ldn. Mgt
mat.

Hd Lan phdi loai bd the
lire
cua cdc ddi
thii
canh tranh bang vu
lire;
duy tri thudng xuyen
he thdng phdo ddi,
lire
lugng qudn dpi dl
phdng
thii;
gianh thdng lgi trong cdc cuoc
thuang chiln quyet liet vd ddi mat vdi
sir
pban khdng gay gat
ciia
cu dan, chfnh quyin
ban xir. Mat
khde,
chfnh sdch ddc quyin
thuang mai
ciia
Cdng ty tat yeu sinh ra
nhirng be qud tieu cue khde ma chinh nd se
phd va the ddc quyen nhu nan cudp biln,
budn lau, budn ban tu nhan va tham nhung.
Tat cd nhung he qua phdt sinh tir viec thilt
lap vd duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai nay
chinh

Id
nguyen nhan quan trgng nhit dan
den su gidi the
ciia
Cdng ty Ddng An va gop
phan ldm cho Ha Lan suy sup d DNA vd tren
thi trudng the gidi.
Nhu vay, nhan td cbi phdi qud trinh
VOC xam nhap DNA
Id
viec thilt lap va duy
tri ddc quyin thuang mai. Ddc quyin thuang
mai dugc hieu la ddc quyin mua vd bdn, san
xudt vd phan phdi ddi vdi hang hda d mdt thi
trudng nhat dinh. Doi vdi Hd Lan, ddc quyin
thuang mai hodn toan dugc thilt lap d DNA
vao
till
ky XVII, XVIII chi dien ra ddi vdi
mat hdng huang lieu, gia vi d khu vuc hai
dao khi hg khdng chi thu mua ma cdn kilm
sodt dugc qua trinh san xuit.
6
khu vuc luc
dia.
Ha Lan chi dgc quyin mdt mat hodc thu
mua hodc ban mdt loai hang hod ma thoi.
Ngoai ra, ddi vdi hg, ddc quyin thuang mai
cdn la dgc quyin van chuyin hang hda buon
bdn tren cdc

Id
trinh thuang mai xuyen luc
dia hodc trong khu vuc.
^de itiein
eua qud ti'inh
59
Bd Dao Nha trudc dd ciing theo dudi va
thuc te da thuc hien dugc ddc quyen thuang
mai d chau A ndi chung va ddc quyen kiem
sodt mau dich huang lieu d DNA ndi rieng.
Ngudi Bd ddc quyen thu mua vd ban huong
lieu, gia vi d thj trudng chau Au nhung
khdng true tiep kiem sodt viec sdn xudt
ngudn hdng nay, gidng nhu tinh budng ddc
quyen mdt mat md Hd Lan thuc hien d cdc
qudc gia DNA luc dja. Ngudi Bd chi loai bd
cdc ddi thu thuang mai
ciia
khu vuc de ddc
quyen thu mua huong lieu vd gia vj dpc cdc
hdi cang d Java, Sumatra, Moluccas trong
khi ngudi Hd Lan da tien xa hon, tim mpi
cdch kiem sodt sdn lugng thdng qua viec ddt
ra ban ngach sdn xuat ddi vdi ndng dan bdn
xii
cho tat cd cdc ngudn hang md VOC yeu
cau. Them vao dd, muc dfch chfnh
ciia
Bd
Ddo Nha khi xdm nhdp chau A

Id
"hgt tieu
vd linh hdn" Bd Ddo Nha da sdt sdng, hang
hdi theo dudi viec truyen dao di ciing muc
dich thuang mai do "su thdng nhdt giira
quan diem thuang mgi eua Hodng gia Bd vd
quan diem cua Gido hdi La
Ma"
Sir
ket hgp
hai ylu td ndy da quy djnh todn bd hoat ddng
cua Bd Ddo Nha.
Cdng ty Ddng An Anh trong mdt the ky
rudi
(thi
ky
XVII
vd nira diu
thi
ky XVIII)
eiing theo dudi lgi fch thuang mai, khdng
chilm dit dai (chi nira sau the ky XVIII, nd
mdi trd thdnh mdt
thi
luc thuc dan) nhung
dd td chirc budn bdn rdng rdi, khdng cd
nhirng nhd doe quyen. Ly gidi dieu ndy,
Kierman cho rdng khdu hieu
ciia
ngudi Anh

la "tu do kinh doanh" (laissez-faire) trong
khi ngirdi Hd Lan "khdng cd cugc edeh mgng
cdng nghiep de phd dd nhiing cdu ehdm
ngdn
eiia
mgt chu nghia tu bdn giai dogn
sdm da bdm chat vdo su dgc quyen, su gidi
hgn vd su kiem sodt chat che" Cdn ngudi
Phdp,
de xam nhap vdo viing dat ndy, thudng
lgi dung
lire
lugng gido sT. Hoat ddng cd
hieu qua cua cdc gido
sT
thira sai Phdp d khu
vuc chfnh
Id
su md dudng cho cdc boat ddng
eiia
thuc dan Phdp sau ndy.
2.
Su*
ket hop giira
thucng
mai, quan
SU"
va chinh tri trong
phuong thiic
hoat

dong
VOC ciing nhu cdc cdng ty thuang mai
Clia cdc nudc chau Au khde ra ddi vd tdn tai
trudc bet vi ly do kinh doanh, lgi nhuan
hen
Id
chiem ddng lanh thd. Gidi tu sdn cdng
thuang Ha Lan, tir dau da "khdng dgt muc
dich md rdng chiem ddng ldnh thd bdi
vi
viee qudn ly vd phdng ve nhirng ldnh thd ldn
se ldm cho lgi nhudn, tien ldi
ciia
nd tieu tdn
het vdo nhiing ehi phi hdnh chdnh" Viec
kiem sodt lanh thd chi la
sir
hd trg de dat den
lgi fch tdi cao la thuong mai. Cdng ty Ha
Lan ciing khdng nhiet tam vdi viec truyen bd
*
Nguyin Thi VTnh Linh: Qua trinh Bo
Ddo
Nha
xdm
nhdp vdo
chdu
A (cudi thi ky XV giUa thi ky XVII),
Luan van thac
sT,

Dai hoc Su pham
Hui,
2008, tr.54.
'
V G. Kiernan: The Lords of human
kind,
Columbia
University Press, New York,
1986,
p.88.
'°
Mary Somers Heidhues (Huynh Kim Oanh, Pham
Viem
Phuong
djch): Lich su phdt trien Dong Nam A
{Tir hinh
thdnh den hien dgi), Nxb.
Van
hoa thong tin,
Ha
Noi,
2007,
tr.
128.
60
NGHIEN
CCrU
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°09 (132).2011
tdn gido sang viing dat mdi xam nhap.

Nhung gi VOC tim kilm Id cdc vj tri budn
ban tai nbung noi thudc quyen kicm sodt
ciia
minh bode tai trung tam banh chinh cua cdc
vua chiia dja phuong.
Song, ngay tir khi thanh
lap,
dieu Ie da
chinh
thu'c
thira nhan cac ddc quyen
ciia
VOC,
nhat la ddc quyen thuang mai d thj
trudng Vicn Ddng. Chinh
dieu
nay quy djnh
phuang thirc boat ddng
ciia
Cdng ty la hudng
vdo
vice
thiol
lap
vd duy tri ddc
quyen
thuang mai d thj trudng nay. Ddng thdi, vdi
CO
sd phdp ly ay, VOC dugc todn quyen thay
mat Ngbj vien trong quan be vdi ben ngodi,

sir dung bao luc, gay chien tranh vd ky ket
cdc thuang udc, bda udc; xay dung trung
tam dieu hdnh, cdc phdo ddi, kho tdng, hdi
cdng vd lap thuong diem; td chirc quan ddi
rieng, lay ddng guilder ldm don vj tien te
rieng; thuc bien viec bd nhiem cdc vien Toan
quyen, xet xir cdc quan chuc
ciia
minh neu vi
pham den dieu le kinb doanh hoac lam tdn
hai den lgi ich
ciia
Cdng ty. Vdi quyen
lire
tdi cao dugc trao cho, "tu bdn thuang nghiep
Hd Lan da nhdy len vii ddi thuc ddn vdi mdt
sir
lodn quyen ve chinh
tri'\
VOC "da trd
thdnh mdu mue cho cdc edng ty khde cimg
logi vd
Id
mgt hien tugng dgc ddo trong lich
sir cudp bdc thugc
dia"^^
Nhu vay, VOC
kbdng cbi mdt the
lire
thuang mai md cdn la

" F. la. Polianxki: Lich sic kinh te cdc
nu&c
(ngodi
Lien Xo), Thai ky tu bdn chit
nghTa,
Nxb. Khoa hpc
Xa
hoi.
Ha
Noi, 1978, tr.80.
mdt
thi lire
chfnh trj, quan
sir
va tdn tai nhu
mdt qudc gia tu trj ddc biet.
La ngudi kiln lap de che Ha Lan d Vien
Ddng vdi viec thilt lap Batavia, chinh phuc
Palembang, Macassar, Toan quyen Jan
Pieterszoon Coen
(1618-1629)
da vach ra
ring: Batavia se la trung tam
ciia
de che
thuang mai Hd Lan dua tren viec kiem soat
hodn todn viing bien. Ong khdng du kien bat
cir su md rdng lanh thd ndo vd khdng quan
tam
den

van dc chinh trj
ciia
viing ndi dia
Java. Theo Coen,
nhtirng
lanh thd md VOC
nen thuc
sir
chiem
giu"
Id
mdt sd bdn ddo nho
nhu Ambonia vd Banda. Khu vuc cdn
lai ciia
de che se bao gdm nhirng khu djnh cu buon
bdn cd cdng
sir
viing chdc gdn bd chat che
vdi nhau va dugc bdo \e bdi mdt luc lugng
hdi quan vd djch'
Sau Jan Pieterszoon Coen, thdi ky
Antonio Van Diemen
lam
Todn quyen
(1636-1645),
hoat ddng thdm hiem cdc viing
dat de tim kiem cdc ca hdi thuang mai mdi
vd viee md rdng kiem sodt ldnh thd dugc
thiic day manh me. Ban budng dan cho
chuNcMi

di
ciia
Abel Tasman (8/1642)
ciia
chinh quyen Batavia da bdc
Id
muc dich thuc
su
ciia
ngudi Ha Lan qua cdch thiic cu the
ma hp tiep can vdi cu dan viing dit mdi.
Trudc het, nlu viing dit dugc tim thay
"da cd eu ddn dugc khai hod sinh sdng, cdc
anh se phdi trao cho hg su dn cdn ldn hon
ddi vdi ddn man rg hoang da", phai dl dan
D.G.E. Hall, sdd, tr.479.
^de diem
eua qud trinh
61
ban xir thay dugc thien ebi
ciia
ke mdi
din
va
"/70 lire
di den
sir
giao thiep vd thuang
lugng theo nhirng quy tdc vd thdn ddn cita
hg, hay de cho hg biel rdng cdc anh ghe vdo

bd chi vi lgi ich thuong
lugi"
Ban hudng
dan ndi den
each
thiet lap
nidi
quan be bang
giao nham muc dich thuong mai d nhung
viing cd cu dan sinh sdng hoac d viing cd cac
vj vua chiia cai tri:
'"Co
gdng khdm phd
nhirng mat hdng ndo md ddt mrdc hg sdn
xudt,
sail
dd thdm dd vc vdng vd bgc Irong
sir
kinh trgng cao do khien hg lin ludng rdng
cdc anh khdng hdm hd mdt
li
ndo ve cdc kim
logi quy, de ldm hg khdng biel
vi}
gid Iri cua
nhirng
thir
nhu the; neu hg ditng vdng vd bgc
de trao ddi nhirng mat hdng cua cdc
anh,

cdc
anh se
cir
gia vd giir
Idy
nhirng thir dy vdi
sir
quan tdm qua loa, cho hg xem ddng
do,
thiec
hoge chi vd tgo cho hg dn lirgng nhu the cdc
thir
kim logi dy cua chung ta
Id
cd gid trj eao
han
(ciia
bp)
,14
Xuat phat tir muc dich la tim kiem cac
CO
hdi trao ddi budn ban, danh gid tiem nang
ciia
viing dat va cu dan phuc vu cho Igi ich
thuang mai. eae phuong each ma Ha Lan
thuc hien trong viec ddi phd vdi cac tinh
hudng d viing dat mdi xam nhap cbo thay
tfnh thuc dung nhung kbdng thieu Iinh boat
cua gidi thuong nhan VOC. Hp khdng chi
budn ban thu lgi nhuan ma cdn cd tbam vpng

thay
thi
ngudi Bd Ddo Nba thiet lap mdt de
che thuong mai hiing manh. Vi vay, ndm
trong y do
ciia
Coen rdng, de che thuang mai
'^
Manning Clark: Sources of Australian history.
Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1957,
p.7-8.
'^Nt.
Ha Lan sc kbdng chi gidi ban d Indonesia,
ma cac phao dai va thuang diem sc dugc trdi
rdng ra todn phuang Ddng, VOC da
xiic
tien
xam nhap khu vuc DNA luc dja. Trudc bet,
Cdng ty thiet
lap
cdc mdi quan
he
bang giao
tdt dep vdi gidi cam quyen Ayutthaya, Dang
Trong, Dang Ngoai, Lao, Mien
Dien
dc
md dudng cbo boat ddng budn ban thuan Igi
cua Cdng ty d cdc vuong qudc nay. Sau dd,
VOC da hd trg ky thuat quan su, tau chien,

\u khi trong xung dot
giu:a
eac the
lire
phong
kicn (lien minh quan su vdi Dang Ngoai),
tranh chap lanh thd d khu vuc (xung dot giira
Mien Dien vdi Ayutthaya, chinh phuc lieu
qudc chu bau Patani
ciia
Ayutthaya) vd
lam
ddi trpng loai bd the
luc
nudc ngoai (Bd Dao
Nba va Tay Ban Nha d Ayutthaya). Tat ca
phuong thirc, thu doan nay
nlidm
budc chinh
quyen ban
xii
thira nhan cdc dac quyen
thuong mai
ciia
Cdng ty nhu quyen tu do
budn bdn va dam bao an toan khi budn ban
tren lanh thd dja phuang, khdng bj
ddnli
thue
hang hda xuat nhap cdng, ddc quyen budn

ban mdt sd mat bang, dugc
lap
thuang diem,
khu djnh cu Trong nhieu trudng hgp,
VOC da sir dung vii lue de dat dugc muc
dich thuang mai
ciia
minh nhu danh tan ham
dpi Anh d vjnh Patani, danh dam tau thuyen
budn ban vdi Dang Trong, gay chien vdi
Dang Trong. Ddng ke nhat la viec dimg
su'c
manh quan
sir
de kiem sodt cira sdng Chao
Phraya,
danh pba tdu thuyen cua Ayutthaya
budn bdn vdi cdc nudc trong khu vuc, budc
ngudi Thdi phdi ky vdi Hd Lan hiep udc bat
binh ddng ndm 1664.
62
NGHIEN
CQU
CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°09 (132).20n
0 khu vuc hai dao, tir
dCxii the
ky
XVII.
dua

\ao
uu
the \irgl lrc)i
\c
sire
manh quan
su.
lla
Lan da
UCMI
hanh cac cupc
chicMi
tranh
ihuxTiig
mai mil
miic
dich clui
yeu
la
ihu
lieu
dpc
quNcn
thuang mai cua Bo Dao Nha.
I
lo
xam
chicMn vii
kicm
soiil

nhiing
\i Iri chien
lupc
nlur
Banda. Ambonia,
1
crnale.
Macassar. Malacca.
Baiilam.
Palembang.
Baku ia bang
he
lhdng phao dai phdng thu
\ung chac. Ngoai ra. VOC thuc hicn chinh
sach dpc
quNLMi
mua ban cac mill bang huang
lieu,
gia \j.
thiec
lhdng qua
vice
ky nhung
hiep
udc mang linh dp dat ddi \di cac
lieu
qudc
lldi
giao (Banlam, Macassar,
Palembang, Aceh, Kedah, Mataram ). Tir

nam 1650
dcMi
1656,
de dam bao ddc
qu\cn
thuong mai, VOC da cudng birc cu dan quan
dao Moluccas va Banda chi dugc trdng
nhung loai
ca\-
huang
lieu,
gia \i nhal dinh
vdi sd lugng da quy djnh \a phai nhd, chat
bd sd lugng thira nham duy tri gia ca cac san
pham nay. VOC da khuat phuc dan ban xir d
quan dao Moluccas bang nhung banh ddng
Iran
dp dam mau. Budc sang
the
ky
XVIII,
cimg \di nhung viing do Cdng
l>'
true tiep
cai
Iri.
VOC cung da sir dung bd
nia>
chinh
qu\CMi

ban xir dc bdp nang nhan dan. Toan
quyen Anh
a
Java Stamford Raffles nhan xet
xac dang rang, VOC da "kel hgp Irong hogt
ddng cua minh lot ca
sir
xao quyet thuc lien
cua mdt chinh khdch vdi todn bg linh ich
k}'
cua
mdi
thuang nhdn dgc
quyen""
^
'^
Cac Mac:
Sir thung tri Anh
a
An
Do//
Mac vd
Ph.
Ang-ghen lodn
lap,
lap 9,
Nxb.
Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha
Mni
tr

1
1~>
Nhu vay. cd the ndi su ket hgp giiia
boat ddng quan su, "chfnh khach" va
"thuang nhan ddc
quyen"
Id mdt net dac
trung trong phuang thirc boat ddng
ciia
Ha
Lan d DNA till ky
XVII,
XVIII.
3.
Cdng ty Ddng An
I lii
Lan
chuyen
til"
canh tranh thuong mai sang xam chiem
Vii
cai tri thudc dia
•
•
•
Muc dich tim kicm Igi nhuan thuong
mai da dan ngudi Ha Lan
den
viing dat
DNA. ca khu vuc hdi dao cung nhu luc dja.

Song,
mdi quan tam ma VOC hudng den
lirng viing, tirng qudc gia khac nhau
nen
mirc
dp xam nhap \a lgi ich thuang mai dat dugc
cung khde nhau.
Dau the
k>
X\'1I. ngudi Ha Lan da den
tren bd bien
Coroniandcl
dc tim kicm hang
del
sgi bdng
hu\cn
thoai
ciia An
Dp. Tren ba
bien phia ddng An Dp. hp da phat hien ra
nen
thuang mai sinh lgi ldn bang qua
\jnh
Bengal
den Arakan. Mien Dien va
/\yultba>a.
Ayullha>a vdi nhirng ngudn lgi
\c
san
pham ndng nghiep ddi ddo (nhit

Id liia
gao),
giau cd cdc loai gia \i, lam thd san quy nhu
hd lieu, go tech, dan huang, da
thii,
long
thil cung cap cho thj trudng khu vuc Dong
Nam A (Java, Philippines) vd An Dp, md
rdng thdng thuang vdi thj trudng Trung
Qudc (ddi liy lua, gdm, dd sir, ngpc, hang
son vd cde hdng hda
khde),
ndi tuyin buon
ban vdi ngudi Nhat thdnh
Id
trinh thuong
mai truyin thdng Nhat Ban Ayutthaya.
Thdng qua mdi quan he bang giao dugc thiet
^de
itiein eua
tfuii
ti'inh
63
lap
sdm.
Ha Lan da dat dugc nhilu ddc
quyen thuang mai d thj trudng nay, nhit la
ddc quyen cung cap mat hang da huou cho
thj trudng Nhat.
"Vdo

giira
ihi
kyXVIl.
hdng
ndm Ayutthaya xudt sang Nhdt Bdn khoang
han 300.000 tdn da huou Ihi phdn ldn viec
xudt khdu ndy
ihiigc
vc VOC vdi sd lgi len
din
200%""^^
Tuy
NAN,
Ha Lan khdng bdng
Idng
vdi \i tri ddc
qu>en
mdt so mat hang da
cd ma mudn kiem soat hoan loan nen ngoai
thuong Clia Ayutthaya. Nhung mau thuan \c
quyen Igi kinh te vdi Ayutthaya da
chuyen
mdi quan he bang giao giua VOC vdi trieu
dinh Thdi trong nira dau the ky XVII sang
xung dot d
nii'a
sau the ky
XVII.
Xam nhap Arakan vd Mien Dien, ngodi
tim kiem ngudn luong thue (gao) cung cap

cho he thdng hdnh chinh
ciia
Cdng ty, VOC
cdn mudn dat dugc nhirng ddc quyen budn
ban bang det va vdi sgi bdng mau dd
ciia
viing Bengal, An Dp cho cdc thj trudng nay.
O Mien Dien, boat ddng budn bdn
ciia
VOC
budc dau gap nhieu thuan lgi. Sd sdch
ciia
cdng ty cbi ra rdng khdch hang
ciia
VOC Id
tat ca cdc giai tang xa bdi, tir cdc vj vua den
cdc quan chiic, xudng den ddm nd Ie thap
kem. Nhdm khdch bang quen thudc khde da
sdc tdc bao gdm cd ngudi
I
Idi
gido.
An Dp,
My, Bd Dao Nha, Trung Qudc, ngudi Thd
NhT Ky vd tat nhien cd ngudi Mien. Lgi
nhuan dang ke tir viec bdn mat bang ndy da
cung cip cbo cdc ca sd
ciia
Cdng ty d
Coroniandcl va Bengal nhieu ngudn tai chinh

dutrir'^
Ha Lan cung nd luc xam nhap thj
trudng Dang Trong
ciia
cdc chiia
Nguyen.
Tuy vay, quan he thuang mai giua Batavia
vdi Dang Trong da sdm dd vd.
Nguyen
nhan
Clia nd, theo Klcinen, Id vice thieu mdt su
ddng y ve cdc dieu lual qudc lc lien quan den
nhirng con tau mdc can cung nhu nhung vj
Iri
khac
biet
md phia
I Id
Lan vd Dang Trong
phdi ddi dien vdi Dang Ngoai. Mat khac,
quan he thuang mai vdi Dang Ngoai dugc
thiel lap da Idm cho tam quan trpng
ciia
Dang Trong ddi vdi VOC dan thu hep lai.
Khi mdi quan he ay dugc phuc hdi trong
ndm
1651,
nd ciing khdng phai dugc ca bai
ben ddng gdp nhiet tinh. Cdng ty ket luan
rang, chang cd nhieu lgi nhuan gi tir mdi

I
o
quan he vdi Ddng Trong Trong thdi gian
nay, quan he budn bdn vdi cdc vuong qudc
Lao,
Campuchia dd dugc thiet lap nhung
Cling nhu Ddng Trong, ngudn Igi
eiia
VOC
tai cdc thj trudng nay kbdng Idn.
Trong khi dd, boat ddng thuang mai
ciia
VOC d Ddng Ngodi
dii
trdi qua nhieu thdng
tram nhung da thu dugc ket qud ddng ke.
Trpng tam budn bdn
ciia
VOC vdi Dang
Ngoai tap trung vdo viec thu mua cdc loai
sdn pham to lua de xuat khau sang Nhat Ban;
cde loai sdn pham khde nhu que, xa
huong.
'^
Le Van Quang: Lich sir vuong quoc Thdi Lan, Nxb.
Thanh
phi H6
Chi Minh, TP
H6
Chi Minh, 1995,

tr.91.
Wil
O. Dijk: The Dutch East India Company in
Burma
(1634
1680),

'*
John Kleinen: Ve nhung ngudi
bgn
cu vd
nhiing
ke
thit gid mgo - Quan he cita Hd Lan voi Ddng Trong
the ky XVII // Su
tie
vd Rong, Bon the ky
cjuan
he Hd
Lan-Viet Nam, Nxb.
Thg
gioi.
Ha Noi,
2008,
tr.36.
64
NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°09
(132).2011
vang chilm li trpng kbdng ldn. Mau dich la
lua giua VOC vdi Dang Ngoai trai qua nhieu

bicMi
ddng. Trong giai doan dau
(1637-1654),
la lua Dang Ngoai
chicni
ITnb thj
truemg
Nhal Ban khd manh (68%). Irong giai doan
1655-1669, ly le nhap khau to lua Dang
Ngoai
ciia
VOC sang Nhiit Ban bat dau
giam, chi cdn 17%. To lua Bengal dugc ua
chucMig
d thj
trucVng
na\
da day boat ddng
xual khau la lua Dang Ngoai
ciia
VOC va
ciia
Hoa thuong vao
the
suy thoai. Vc sau,
nhung khd khan tir boat ddng nhap khau, mat
miia
tricn
iiiicMi
d Dang Ngodi lai day gid

nhap to lua
len
cao
Ben canh to
lua,
mau dich gdm sir cua
VOC \di Dang Ngoai cung thirc hien khd
hieu qua trong hai thap
nien 1660
vd 1670,
thay the cbo hdng gdm sir thd
ciia
Trung
Qudc. Sdn pham gdm sir Dang Ngoai tham
nhap manh me vdo thj trudng DNA hdi dao
la cdc sdn pham gia dung dugc sdn xuat
chii
yeu tai trung tam gdm sir Bat Trdng Trong
giai doan 1663-1681, gdm sir Ddng Ngoai
duge VOC chuyen qua budn ban d thj trudng
nay len tdi gan hai trieu bdn, chiem khodng
41%
tdng sd gdm sir thd dugc chuyen chd
den
day^'
Hoat ddng xuat khau gdm sir vira
'**
Hoang Anh Tuan: Cong ly Dung An Hd Lan
a
Ddng Ngodi

(1637-
1700):
Tu lieu vd nhung vdn de
nghien
cim,
Tap chi Nghien
ciru
Ljch sir, so 3-2005,
tr.35-36.
"°
Hoang Anh Tuan: "Gum sir Ddng Ngodi xudt khdu
ra Dong Nam A the ky
XVII:
Tu lieu vd nhdn thirc",
Dong Nam A: truyen lhdng vd hoi nhdp, Nxb. The
giai.
Ha
Npi, 2007,
tr.l64.
''
Hoang Anh Tuan: "Cong ty Dong An Hd Lan
a
Ddng Ngodi
(1637-
1700): Tu lieu vd
nhirng
vdn de
nghien
cihi",
sdd, tr.35-36.

dam bdo duy tri nen mau djch vdi Thdng
Long, trong giai doan suy thodi
ciia
nen mau
dich ta lua, vira nhdm thu Igi nhuan,
dii
khdng cao, tir vice budn ban gdm sir Dang
Ngoai^^
Nhin chung, diem tuang ddng trong qua
trinb xam nhap
ciia
Ha Lan ddi vdi DNA luc
dja la dil
miic
do xam nhap vd ket qua dat
dugc cd khde nhau, nhung VOC cbi don
thuan canh tranh thuong mai d day.
I
Id Lan
khdng chicni ddng mdt thuang cdng nao hay
bien mdt viing ddt nao thanh thudc dia. Ho
chi
thiet
lap quan he bang giao, tim kicm mot
sd dac
quyen
budn ban va ddt thuong diem
de khai thdc tdi da Igi ich thuang mai tir cac
san vat dja phuang. Day cung la diem khac
biet trong so sdnh vdi boat ddng

ciia
VOC d
khu vuc hdi ddo.
Tir cudi the ky X\'l. DN.\ bai dao la
muc lieu chien lugc md VOC budng den khi
dua tdu thuyen sang phuang Ddng. Bdng
nhung uu the vugt trdi \c tau thuyin, hai
quan, viec ddnh bai the
lire ciia
ngudi Bo
Dao Nba, Tay Ban Nha \ a Anh, tbiet lap cac
thuong diem, phdo dai d cdc vj tri thuang
mai chien
lugc
d bdn ddo Ma Lai. quin dao
Sumatra, Celebes, Moluccas de ddc quyen
kicMii
sodt ngudn hdng huong lieu gia vj, hao
hang da giiip Ha Lan trd thdnh mdt
thi lire
thuang mai himg manh d day. Ddc quyin
thuong mai d quan ddo da mang lai ngudn
thu nhap khdng
Id
cho VOC. Chi tfnh rieng
"
Hoang Anh
Tu§n:
"Gdm su Ddng Ngodi xuat
khdu

ra Dong Nam A thi ky
XVII:
Tu lieu vd nhdn
thiec',
sdd, tr.
159.
^de itieju
eua qua. Irinh
65
80 ndm dau boat ddng budn bdn d Indonesia
(1613-1693), tong sd lgi nhuan md VOC thu
duge len den 44 trieu guilders (trung binh
600.000 guilders mdi
ndm)"
Mac dil ngay tir dau VOC muon ban chl
vd trdnh dinh lfu den viec tranh chip lanh
thd, hudng den muc dich duy nhit la gidnh
ddc quyen thuong mai, nbung do tinh chat
canh tranh quyet liet
ciia
mdt dja bdn thuang
mai chien lugc da budc VOC phdi sir dung
vii
lire
de loai bd cdc ddi thu canh tranh,
ciing nhu bdo ddm cho
sir
tdn tai lau ddi
ciia
de che thuang mai. Qud trinh dd da khien

VOC tir mdt the luc thuong mai dan trd
thanh mdt the
lire
kiem sodt lanh thd d quan
ddo Indonesia.
Tir giiia the ky XVII, Cdng ty da bdt
dau tim cdcb md rdng viing dnh hudng d
quan ddo bdng cdch td chiic nhiing tran tien
cdng quyet djnh nhdm vdo nhirng nhd nudc
ddc lap (chinh phuc tieu qudc Palembang,
Macassar). Bude sang the ky XVIII, Cdng ty
da md rdng khu vuc kiem sodt tir bd bien Ian
sau vdo ndi dja Java sau khi chinh phuc tieu
qudc Sumatra, Bantam. VOC can thiep ndi
tinh chfnh trj
ciia
cdc tieu qudc Hdi gido, dua
cdc
tbI lire
len ngai vang nhdm khdng che,
budc phdi thira nhan su cai tri hodc bdo hd
ciia
Cdng ty. Ben canh dd, do gap nhieu khd
khdn trong viec duy tri ddc quyen mua ban
huong lieu, gia vj ciing nhu thdch thiic to ldn
tir
sir
thay ddi nhu ciu, thj hieu
ciia
thj

trudng chau Au ddi vdi mat hang nay, VOC
da phdi tim cdch kiem sodt
true
tiep lanh thd
Java va chuyen dan tir thu doan mua re bdn
ddt don thuan sang chfnh sdch khai thdc ndng
nghiep de cd them hang hda budn bdn. Cde
todn quyen cua VOC da chuyen sang tap
trung
chii
ylu vdo nhiing trdch nhiem cua
Cdng ty vdi tu cdch
Id
mdt the
lire
ve lanh
thd d quin ddo Indonesia. VOC da day manh
viec cai trj true tiep vd dua vdo hdng ngii quy
tdc dja phuang de dp dung triet de cdc
bien
phdp "ddng gdp thdt
thudng'
va "giao nop
bdt bugc" a nhiing viing md nd kiem
sodt^
Nhin chung, VOC chi la mdt the
lire
canh tranh thuang mai d DNA luc dja, trong
khi d khu vuc hdi ddo, nd da dan chuyen tir
canh tranh thuang mai sang xam chiem vd

cai trj lanh thd. Song, cho den cudi the ky
XVIII, viec chinh phuc, kiem sodt
true
tiep
lanh thd Indonesia ciia VOC chu yeu phuc
vu cho muc dfch phdt trien thuang mai. Viec
xam chiem lanh thd cd dien ra nhung chua
phdi Id muc tieu chfnh vd chi d mdt sd vimg
thude cdc ddo nhu Java, Banda, Moluccas,
Sumatra Che dp cai trj true tiep
ciia
VOC
chi dp dung d quy md hep, d nhung noi cd vj
trf chien lugc va "ve ea bdn chi mdi dirng lgi
a
hinh thiec
nd dich thugc dia bdng thuang
mat
25
^'
Fischer, F.C, Amsterdam's Export trade in the
Seventeenth Century, The Hague, Martinus
Nijhoff,
1958,
p.23:
din
theo Pham Van Kien, sdd, tr. 86.
^*
"Dong gop
thSt

thuang" la hinh thirc
c6ng
nap san
phim ma cac vung dual
sir
kilm soat trirc tigp
ciia
Cong ty phai thirc hien, con "giao nop bat buoc" la
nhung san
phim
ma nguai nong dan buoc phai trlng
va ban theo gia cl djnh cho Cong ty.
•^ TrSn
Khanh: "Vdn di xdc dinh thai diim thiit lap
chil
nghTa
thirc
ddn
phuang Tdy a Dong Nam A
",
Tap
chi Nghien
ciiu
Dong Nam A, so 5-2009,
tr.31.
66 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW
N°09 (132).20l 1
Cd the ndi, so vdi boat ddng
ciia
nhirng

ke di lien pbong xdm
iiliap
DNA (Bo Ddo
Nha, Tdy Ban Nha), vdi hoat dgng cua cde
Cdng ty Ddng An, ldn sdng thir hai (md diu
Id
Ha Lan, Anh) "vo" vdo khu vyc vdi nhiing
tfnh todn ve kinh tl vd
lanh
thd cd td chirc
ban, quy
cii
ban. CJ DNA, VOC da no
lire
dc
thiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai,
tim mpi cdch de ngdn kbdng cbo nhirng
thuang nhan khde,
dii
ngudi Au bay ngudi
A, budn bdn nhirng mat hang bdn chay nhit.
Dd Id nhdn td chi phdi todn bd boat ddng cua
Ha Lan d DNA. Thuang thuyin
ciia
VOC di
vl phuang Ddng
diu
Id cdc chiln thuyin.
Nhirng dpi thuyen ndy
diu

dugc trang bj vii
khf de ddm bdo ddc quyin thuang mai
ciia
Cdng ty. Qua gin hai
thi
ky boat ddng, Ha
Lan da gianh dugc ddc quyin thugng mai
hodn todn d khu vuc hdi ddo, cdn d khu vuc
luc dja, hp chi gianh dugc ddc quyin mdt sd
sdn pham cua dja phuang. Thuc tien hoat
ddng cua VOC trong gin hai
thi
ky d DNA
Cling da chiing td nd
Id
mdt cdng cu xam
nhap hieu qud
ciia
Hd Lan md phuang thiic
boat ddng Id
sir
ket hgp giira thuang mai,
quan
sir
vd chfnh trj. Mac khde,
dii sir
khdi
dau
Id
tim kiem lgi fch thuang mai nhung

vdi nhieu ddc quyen dugc trao, cdc bien phdp
de thiet lap vd duy tri ddc quyin thuang mai
da biln VOC tir mdt
thi lire
canh tranh
thuang mai din trd thdnh mdt
thi
luc xam
chiem vd cai tri lanh thd khi budc sang
thi
ky XVIII d Indonesia.
Vdo cudi
thi
ky XVIII, nhirng nhan td
khdch quan vd chu quan md VOC phdi ddi
1
\
mat de duy tri ddc quyen thuang mai cung
nhu mau thuan ben trong
sir
phdt trien
ciia
nen kinh te Ha Lan da khien nudc ndy danh
mat uu the tren thj trudng the gidi. Chi quen
diing phuang phdp lam gidu trong viec buon
bdn, giai cap tu sdn
I
Id Lan khdng he nghT
den
vice

phdt trien nen sdn xudt cdng nghiep.
Bi kjch
ciia
Hd Lan the hien d cho, ngay
trong thdi dai
ciia
chu nghTa tu bdn cong
nghiep, d mgt
miic
do nhit djnh, nd van
la
mdt "nudc cdng hda thuang nghiep" Vi the,
Marx da viet: "Ljch sir suy sup ciia Hd
Lan,
ve phuang dien la mgt qudc gia thuang
nghiep giir dia vi thdng tri, chinh
Id
lich
sir
cita
sir
le thugc cita tu bdn thuang nghiep
vdo tu bdn cdng
nghiep'"'^
Ci DNA, Ha Lan da din phdi
ehju
nhudng budc trudc mdt ddi
thii
qud ldn. Ho
da bi ngudi Anh loai din nhu chfnh hp da

lam trudc dd doi vdi Bd Ddo Nha. Moi budc
tien kien nhan cua ngudi Anh chirng kiln
sir
ra di tdt yeu cua ngudi Ha Lan vl
thi
luc
thuang mai vd lanh thd. Trong tuong quan
lire
lugng giira cdc nudc thuc dan, nhd vao
sir
mau thuan nay sinh
giii:a
Anh vd Phdp d
cudi
thi
ky XVIII, Hd Lan chi cdn tru virng
dugc d Indonesia - vdn la muc tieu chiln
lugc tir diu khi hudng sang Vien Ddng.
VOC bi giai
thi
ndm 1799, chfnh
phii
Ha
Lan trd ng nin, ndm liy tit cd thudc dia va
thay
thi
VOC tilp tuc chfnh sach cai tri d
Indonesia./.
26
Cac Mac: Tu bdn (Ban

phi
thong do Giulien
Boocsat soan), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1973,
tr. 614.