Biosecurity protocols for the prevention of spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ppt

1
Biosecurityprotocolsfortheprevention
ofspreadofporcinereproductiveand
respiratorysyndromevirus
AndreaPitkin,BS MS
SatoshiOtake,DVMPhD
ScottDee,DVM MSPhDDipACVM
SwineDiseaseEradicationCenter
UniversityofMinnesotaCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine
2
Acknowledgements
AmericanAssociationofSwineVeterinariansFoundation
MinnesotaRapidAgriculturalResponseFund
SwineDiseaseEradicationCenterPartners
PigImprovementCompany
Genetiporc
BoehringerIngelheim
PharmacologicalSolutions,Inc.
PfizerAnimalHealth
NovartisAnimalHealth
Noveko
PipestoneVeterinaryClinic
FairmontVeterinaryClinic
Clinique Demeter
SwineVetCenter
3
TableofContents
Topic Page
Introduction 4
VirusOverview 4
Routesofspreadandprotocolsofbiosecurity 414

Directroutesofspread
Pigsandsemen 45
Indirectroutes 613
Facilities 6
Needles 7
Transport 78
Personnel 89
Fomites 9
Insects 10
Aerosols 1113
Miscellaneous 1314
Pigmeat 13
Lagooneffluent 13
Carcassdisposal 13
Concludingremarks 14
Suggestedreading 1417
4
Introduction
Porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndrome(PRRS)isaneconomically
significantdiseaseofswinethathasbeen estimatedtoco sttheUSindustry
approximately$560millionayear.PreventingthespreadofPRRSVwithin andbetween
pigpopulationsisacritica lcomponentofafarm’sdiseasecontrol program.Toaidin
controllingthespreadofthisagent,thismanualprovidesasummaryof datafrom
exper imentsconductedfromourgroupattheUniversityofMinnesota thatwere
specifically designedtoidentifytheroutesofPRRSVtransmissionandtodevelop
protocolsof biosecurity toreducethisrisk. All protocolshavebeen,andcontinuetobe
validatedduringa nongoingexperimentthathasbeeninprocessoverthepast2yearsat
ourSwineDiseaseEradicationCenter(SDEC)productionregionmodel farm.The
authorsofthismanualcontinuetopracticetheseprotocolsandproceduresonadaily
basis;therefore,asofthiswritingourconfidenceintheirabilitytopreventPRRSV

spreadisveryhigh.Wehopethatswineveterinarianscan utilizet hisinformationtohelp
theirclientsdevelopeffectivebiosecurity programsforsustainablePRRScontrol.
VirusOverview
Priortodiscussinghowthevirusspreadsbetweenfarmsandwithinpopulationsof
pigs,itisimportanttounderstanditshostrangeandbiochemical characteristics. Based
ontheexcellentworkofseveralinvestigators, weknowthattheetiologicagentofPRRS,
porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus (PRRSV),isasinglestranded
positivesenseRNAvirusclassifiedintheorder Nidovirales,family Arteriviridaeand
genusArterivirus.PRRSVhasalsobeenshowntobeahostspecificvirus,capableof
infectingonly pigs.Therefore,no othermammalian, insectoravianspeciescanserveas
biologicalvectors ofthevirus. Inregardstoitscapabilityforsurvivaloutsideofthepig,
PRRSVissusceptibletohigh temperatures,changesinpH(<6and>7.65),and
prolongedexposuretoUVlightaswellaschemicalinactivation. WhilePRRSVcan
surviveformonthstoyearsw henfrozen(20degreesC),astemperatur eincreases,its
survivabilitydecreases.Forexample,theviruscansurvivefor6daysat21 degreesC,for
24hoursat37degreesCandforo nly20minutesat56degreesC. Inaddition,whenkept
moist,thevirusisviableoutto11days.
RoutesofSpread andProtocolsofBiosecurity
Directroutes(liveanimalsandsemen)
Asstated,pigsaretheonlyanimal capableofbecominginfect edwithPRRSV.
Onceinfectionoccurs, theviruscanbeshed from persistentlyinfect edpigsviablo od,
saliva,milkandcolostrum,urineandfeces,aswellascontaminatedsemen. Therefore,
purchasinggeneticmaterial fromnaïvesourcesthataremonitoredonaregularbasisis
critical.Vettovetcommunication toreviewt hecurrenthealthoftheherdpriorto
purchaseisrecommended,followedbyquarantineandtest ingofanimals.Thefollowing
areexamplesof protocolstoreducetheriskofPRRSVentrytofarmsviatheintroduction
ofgenetic material:
5
v Isolation
o Anisolation(quarantine)facilityisacriticalcomponent ofaPRRSV

biosecurityprogram.I solationfacilitiesshouldbelocatedgreaterthan 120
metersfromthebreedingherdandideally,offsite.Incomingstockshould
bekeptseparatefromresidentstockforaminimumof30days. Animals
shouldbemonitoreddailyforclinicalsignsbyfarmpersonnel.Theherd
veter inarian sho uldremaininclosecommunicationwiththeseedstock
supplier’sveterinarian duringthisperiodincasetheonsetofadisease is
suspectedinthesourcepopulationortheanimalsinquarantine.
v Testing
o Replacement stockshouldbebloodtested 2448hoursafterarrivaltothe
isolationfacility aswellas57daysprior totheirentrytothebreeding
herd.Onceinfected,PRRSVRNAcanbedetectedinthebloodstream24
hourspostinfection;therefore,testingofs amplesbyPCR is
recommendedtoenhancedetection of peracuteinfections. Samples
collectedlateintheisolationperiodcanalsobetestedby ELISAforthe
presenceofPRRSVantibodies.
o Withtheadventofthebloodswabtechnique,AIcenterscanproactively
monitor theirstatusviaPCRtestingofbloodfrombo arsbeingcollected
thatday,alongwiththeregulartestingofsemen,aga inbyPC R.Withthe
abilityofdiagnosticlabstoprovide“oneday turnaro und” ofPCRresults, 
producersandveterinarianscan receivesemenvalidatedasPRRSV
negativeinrealtimeandsafelyintroduceittotheirherds.
Bloodtestingisoweangiltsinquarantine
Indirectroutes
PRRSVcanbemechanicallytransmittedinanumberofways.Thefollow ing
sectionwillreviewroutesoftransmiss ionandoutlinethebiosecurityprotocolsdesigned
tohelpprevent spreadviatheseroutes.
6
Facilities
Swinefacilitiesshouldbe managedusingallin,allout(AIAO)pigflow,thereby
reducingthespreadof PRRSVfromolder,infectedpigstoyounger,naïveanimals.In

conjunctionwithAIAOflow,itisimportanttoproperlysanitizethefacilities before
introducingsusceptibleanimals.E xamplesofthestepsrequiredtosanitizefacilitiesthat
housedPRRSVpositiveanimalsareasfollows:
v Allor ganicmaterial(feces,urine,feed,beddingandbodyfluids)shouldbe
completely removedandthesurfacespowerwashed.Specialattentionshou ld
bepaidtothegating,feeders,wat erers,slatsinthefloorsandany other“cracks
or crevices”wheresuchmaterialcouldbeharboredandmissed.
Removalofdebrisiscriticalforpropersanitationoffacilities
v Onceclean,anefficacious disinfectantshouldbeappliedthroughout thepen
area.Someexamplesof productsprovento beefficaciousagainstPRRSVare
quaternaryammonium+glutaraldehydemixtures(Synergize)andmodified
potassiummonopersulfate(Virkon).Theseproductsshouldbeappliedata
0.8%and1%concentration,respectively foraminimumof2hour s.  The
applicationofd isinfectantsviaafoamerallowsforbettervisualizationof
whereproducthasbeenappliedandalsoprolongsthecontactbetween the
chemicalsandthesurfaces.
Applicationofdisinfectantsviaafoamerenhancestheireffectiveness
7
v Followingcleaning,thefacilitymustbeallowedadequatedowntimeordrying
timeafterdisinfection.Thisisthemostimportantstepinthesanitation
protocolforcompleteinactivationof thevirus.
Aproperlysanitizednurseryroom
Needles
Onceapigis infected,thequantity ofPRRSVint hebloodstreamtypically
reacheshighlevels.Therefore,injectionofconsecutiveanimalsusingaco ntaminated
needlecanresultinhematogenousspreadofthevirus.Toreducethisrisk, itis
recommendedtochangeneedlesbetweensowsduringthirdtrimesterinjectionsorutilize
“needlefree”technology.
Transportvehicles
PRRSVcanbespreadtosusceptibleanimalsfollowingcontactwithcontaminated

transportvehicles.Therefore,aswith facilities,stringentcompliancewith cleaning/
disinfection anddryingprotocolsiscriticalforsanitizingthetrailersof transportvehicles.
Potentialriskpointsinthecabofthetruck(pedals,floormats,etc)canbeeffectively
sanitizedusingdisinfectantspray,suchasLysol.Inregardstotrailers:
v Allor ganicmaterial(feces,urine,feed,bedding,etc)shouldberemoved.
Specialattention shouldbepaidto“hardtoreach”sites,suchascornersof
trailers,gatehinges/latches, etcwhere thismaterialcouldbeharbored.
ContaminatedtransportcanserveasasourceofPRRSVinfectionof naïvepigs
8
v Onceclean,efficaciousdisinfecta ntsshouldbeappliedtothevehicleusing
previouslydescribedconcentratio ns,periodsofcontactandmethodof
application.
Dryingisthemostimportantcomponentofatransportsanitationprogram
v Followingsanitation,thevehiclemustbeallowedadequatedryingtimeafter
disinfection.Aswithfacilities,thisisthemostimportantstepinthesanitation
protocoltocompletelyinactivatethevirus. Theuseof highvolumewarmair
candecreasetheamountoftimeneededfordrying.Thethermoassisteddrying
anddecontamination (TADD)s ystem developedbyPICisrecommendedto
achieveadryt railerintheshortestamounto ftime.Studieshaveindicatedthat
120minutesofhighvolumewarmairappliedviatheTADDmethodcan
effectivelyremovePRRSVfromcontaminatedsurfacesintransporttrailers. 
Personnel
Thehands,coverallsandbootsofpersonnel canserveasmechanicalvehiclesfor
PRRSV.Belowareprotocolstoreducetheriskof PRRSVspreadviatheseroutes:
Entryprotocols
v Downtime
o Personnelshouldpracticeonenightofdowntimebeforeenteringafarm.
Researchhasshownthatextendedperiodsofdowntimearenotnecessary
forthisagent .
v Showerinshowerout

o Showerprotocolshavebeenproventosuccessfullydecontaminate
personnel contaminatedwithPRRSVpriortoentry.T heuseofsucha
procedure uponentrytothesystemeachdayisrecommended.
v Danishentrysystem
o Thissystemutilizesthechangingofcoverallsandbootsplusthewashing
ofhandsindesignatedareaspriortoenteringtheanimalairspaceandhas
beendemonstratedtobeveryeffective forreducingtheriskofPRRSV
spreadbypersonnelbetweens itesandbuildings.
9
Hands
v Gloves
o Theuseofglovescanhelppreventtransfero fvirus.Glovesshou ldbe
changedregularly,i.e.betweenlitters.
v Sanitizersandhandwas hing
o Frequenthandwashinganduseo fsanitizersthatcontain
iodinecan successfully removevirus fromhands.
Coveralls
v Coveralls
o Barnspecificcoverallsshouldbeavailableinallfacilities
andwashedroutinely. Disposablecoverallsarealsoan
option.
Boots
v Footbaths
o Useoffo otbathscangreatlyhelpreducetherisko fPRRSV
transferbetweengroupsofpigs.Bathss houldbechangedat
leasteveryday tomaintain disinfectantefficacy.Chlorinebleach,
quaternaryammonium +glutaraldehydemixture s (Synergize)and
modifiedpotassiummonopersulfate(Virkon)disinfect antsareeffective.
v Disposableor facilityspecificbootsshouldbeused.Bootsshouldneverleave
thefarmandshouldbepowerwashedtoremove fecesfromthesolesand

disinfectedroutinely.
Fomites
Contaminatedfomites,suchasfarmsuppliesandcontainerscanserveas
mechanicalvehiclesfor PRRSV.Therefore,allincomingsuppliess houldbedisinfected
andallowedaminimumof2hourscont acttimepriortointroductio n. “Doublebagging”
suppliesisanacceptablemethodforreducingtheriskofspread.Aspecificroomshould
beusedasadisin fectio nanddryingroomforfomites(D&Droom).Allincoming
suppliesshou ldbeplacedinthisroom,disinfectedonallsidesandallowedtheminimum
2hourco ntacttimepriortoentry. Thiscan bedoneusingacoldfogmister tocreatea
“fog”ofdisinfectant.After5minutesminimumcontacttime,thefomitesshouldbe
rotated, “fogged”ontheirdownsideforaminimumof5minutesandthenallowedto
remainintheroomforaminimumof2hours. Quaternaryammonium +glutaraldehyde
mixtures(Synergize)andmod ifiedpotassiummonopersulfate(Virkon)d isinfectants
dilutedto0.8%and1%respectively arerecommendedforuseinthissituation.
10
AerosolizingdisinfectantsinadesignatedD&Droomcanbeusefulwhensanitizing
incomingsupplies
Insects
Housefliesa ndmosqu itoescanserveasmechanicalvectorsofPRRSVandcan
transportthevirusatleast2.4kmfromaninfectedfarm.Thesiteofretentiono fthevirus
intheflyistheGItractandtherateofviraldecayovertimeisinfluencedbyquantity
ingestedandenvironmentaltemperature.InordertopreventspreadofPRRSVvia
insectsthefollowingstepsarer ecommended:
v Screens
o Allinlets,w indowsandareasthatcould beaccessedbyinsectsshouldbe
coveredwithscreens.I nordertomaintainproperventilation,screensmust
becleanedregularly.
Theuseofinsectscreenonsidewallinletshasbeendemonstratedtosignificantlyreduce
insectentry.
v Insecticides

o Pyrethrinbasedinsecticidesarehighlyeffectiveandarecommercially
availableaspremisesspraysorwashes.
v Insectbait
o Theuseofinsectbait,i.e.QuikSt rikestrips,isaneffectivemeansto
controlthenumberofinsects.
v Sitemanagement
o Cuttingthegrassandre movingweedssurroundingswinefacilitiesaswell
asremovalofstandingwaterarealso recommendedforeliminatinginsect
breed ingareas.
11
Aerosols
v AirbornespreadofPRRSVappearstobeisolatespecific.Asnewhighly
pathogenicisolatesofPRRSVhaveemerged,such asMN184and118 2,
theirabilitytotravellongdistancesviaaerosolsappearstohaveincreasedin
contrasttoearlieriso lates.Recentresearchhasdemonstratedtheabilityof
infectiousPRRSVtobe transmittedby aerosolsoveradistanceof120meters.
However,preliminaryresultsfromexperimentalstudiesalongwithfieldreports
indicatethataerosoltr ansmission ofPRRSVcanoccuratleastupto3.3km(2
miles)ormore (Deeetal,manuscriptinpreparation). Therefore,asisolates
adapt,somustthebiosecurityprotocolsif thereisanychanceofproviding
sustainablediseasecontrol.
v ToreducetheriskofairbornespreadofPRRSV, theadaptationof filtration
systemstoswinefacilitieshascomeabout. Theseearlysyste mshaveutilized
MERV16(95%DOP@ >0.3microns)filtersand resultsoverthelast23
yearshavebeenencour aging. Installationofanairfiltrationsystemdepends
upontheindividualpro ducer’sbudget,thelocationofthesite(highswine
density vs.lowdensity),thelevelofacceptableriskandtypeof production
system,i.e.seedstockorco mmercial.Filters canbeinstalledo neoftwoways,
eitherintheatticthroughinsertionoffiltersintotheceilinginletso rintheform
ofafilterbankprecedingthecoolcellpad.

AsingleMERV16filter Abankof6MERV16f ilters
If anairfiltrationsystemisinstalledinabuildingwhichis ventilatedusing
negativepressure,all areasofthebarnthatcouldserveaspotentialairleaksneedtobe
sealed.Thisincludescracksinthebuildingandaroundwindowsanddoors,shuttersand
idlefans.Inaddition,“doubledoor”entry/exitsystemsmustbeinstalledtoprevent
potentiallycontaminatedairfromenteringtheanimalairspaceathighriskpoints,such
12
aspersonnelentryways,live/deadanimalloadoutrooms,D&Drooms,etc.Theprotocol
ofthedoubledoorsystem involvestheuseofachamberandspecificprocedures:
v Thechambermustcont ainanexternaldoorandaninternaldoorwhich
communicateswiththeanimalairspace.Whenenteringfrom theoutside,the
externaldoorisopened,personnelorpigsenterachamberandthedooris
closed. Thesameprocessoccurswhenenter ingthechamberfro mtheinsideo f
thebuildingviatheinternaldoor.
Anexternalviewofthedoubledoorchamber
v Thechambermustalsocontainanexhaustfan designedtoclearall theairin
theroom inacert aintimeframe,i.e.15minutes,dependingonroomvolume.
Toaidinevacuatingcontaminatedair, “clean”airisdrawnintothechamber
viaabaffleinletfroman anteroom orananimalairspacewithinthefacility.
Onceanimals/personnelhaveenteredandbothdoorsareclosed,thefanis
turnedonandallowedtorunforthedesignatedtimeperiod.
Aviewoftheexhaustfan withinthechamber
13
v Oncetheevacuationperiodisover, theinteriordoorcanbeopenedallowing
personnel/pigstoenterinsidethefacility orleavethefacilityviatheexternal
door.
Aviewofthebaffleinletinthechamber
Note:Thedoubledoorsystem hasbeenextensivelytestedandfoundtobehighly
efficaciousat preventingt heintroductionofvirusviacontaminatedaerosols,bothatthe
SDECpro ductionregionmodelandonfilteredcommercialfarms. Itisimportanttowork

withanexperiencedengineertodeterminetheproperfansizeandevacuationperiod
accordingtothevolumeofeachchamberonthefarm.
Miscellaneous
OtherfactsregardingPRRSVtransmissionwhichmaybeimportantforproducers
toconsiderwhendevelopingtheirfarmspecificbiosecurityprotocolsareasfollows:
Pigmeat
Meatfrominfectedpigscanharbor PRRSVforatleast7daysat4degreesCand
formonthswhenfrozenat20degreesC.Therefore,freshorfrozenpigmeatsho uldnot
beallowedintoaswinefacilityatanytime.
Lagooneffluent
PRRSVcansurviveinlagooneffluentforup to3daysat20degreesCandfor7
daysat4degreesC. ContactwithPRRSVpositiveeffluentcanserveasasour ceof
infectiontonaïvepigs.Therefore,producersthatutilizerecycledlagoonwaterintheir
wastemanagementprotocolsmaybeathigherriskforexternalvirusintroductionthan
thosewhousedeeppits.
Carcassdisposal
PRRSVcanbeinactivatedthroughtheprocessofco mpostingorincinerat ing
carcasses.Therefore,onlythesemethodsshouldbeapplied.Allowingrenderingtrucksto
driveontofarmpremisesshouldbeavoidedatalltimes.
14
IncinerationisaneffectivemeansofdisposingofPRRSVpositivecarcasses
Concludingremarks
Basedonourexperienceoverthepast2years,underwellcontrolledfield
conditionstheprotocolssummarizedinthisdocumentarehighly effectiveatpr eventing
PRRSVspreadbetweenpopulationsofpigs. Obviously,perso nnelcomplianceisthekey
tosuccessfulimplementationofsuchprocedures.Veterinarianscanplayanimportant
role,notonly astheteammemberwhodeliverssciencebasedbiosecuritytothefarmbut
alsoasateachertoeducatepersonnelandanauditortoinsurecomplianceismaximized.
Bypracticingtheaboveprotocols,itishopedthatproducerscaneffectivelyreducethe
riskofPRRSVintroductiontotheirherdsand maintainahighstandardofswinehealth

andproductionontheirfarms. Inaddition,broadapplicationofacomprehensivePRRSV
biosecurityprogram acrossfarms mayaidinreductionofviralspreadwithinaregion,
enhancingthesuccessofareabasedcontrolanderadicatio nprograms.
Suggestedreading 
Theinformation onPRRSVtransmissionandbiosecurity summar izedaboveisbasedon
dataderivedfrom thefollowingpeerreviewedstudiespublishedbyourgroup:
Airbornesp read
PitkinAN,DeenJandDeeSA. Useofaproductionregionmodeltoassesstheairborne
spreadofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus.VetMicrobiol(Inpress).
ChoJG,DeeSA,DeenJ,GuedesA,TrincadoC,FanoE,JiangY,FaabergK,CollinsJE,
MurtaughMPandJooHS.Theinfluenceofanimalage,bacterialcoinfectionand
porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus (PRRSV)isolatepathogenicityon
virusconcentrationinindividualpigs. AmJVetRes2006;67:489493
ChoJG,DeeSA,DeenJ,TrincadoC,FanoE,MurtughMP,CollinsJEandJooHS.An
evaluationofdifferentvariablesonthesheddingofporcinereproductiveandresp iratory
syndromevirusinaerosols.CanJVetRes2006;70:297301.
ChoJG,DeeSA,DeenJ,MurtaughMP,andJooHS.Anevaluationo fisolate
pathogenicityonthetransmissionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus
byaerosols.CanJVetRes2007;71:2327.
15
DeeSA,DeenJ,CanoJP,BatistaL,andPijoanC.Furtherevaluationofalternativea ir
filtrations ystemsforreducingthetransmissionofpor cinereproductiveandrespiratory
syndromevirusbyaerosols.CanJVetRes2006;70:168175.
DeeSA,DeenJ,BatistaL,andP ijoanC.Anevaluat ionofalternativesystemsfor
reducingthet ransmissionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusby
aerosols.CanJVetRes2006;70:2833.
DeeSA,BatistaL,DeenJ,andPijoanC.Anevaluationofanairfiltrationsyste mfo rthe
preventionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirustransmissionby
aerosolsCanJVetRes2005;69:293298.
Fomitesandpersonnel

PitkinAN,DeenJandDeeSA. Furtherassessmentoffomitesandpersonnelasvehicles
forthemechanicaltransportand transmissionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratory
syndromevirus.CanJVetRes(Acceptedforpublicatio n).
DeeSA,DeenJ,RossowKD,EliasonR,MahlumC,OtakeS,JooHS,andPijoanC.
Mechanicaltransmissionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus
throughoutacoordinatedsequenceofeventsduringwarmweather.CanJVetRes2003.
67:1216.
DeeSA,DeenJ,RossowKD,Mahlu mC,Ot akeS,JooHSandCPijoan.Mechanical
transmissionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusthroughout a
coordinatedsequenceofeve ntsduringcoldweather .CanJVetRes2002.66:232239.
DeeSA,DeenJ,andPijoanC.Anevaluationoffourinterventionstrategiestoprevent
mechanicaltransmissionofpo rcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus.CanJ
VetRes2004.68:1926.
OtakeS,DeeSA,Rosso wKD,DeenJ,JooHS,MolitorTW,andPijoanC.Transmission
ofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusbyfomites(bo otsandco veralls).
SwineHealthProd2002. 10(2):5965.
OtakeS,DeeSA,Rosso wKD,DeenJ,JooHS,MolitorTW,andPijoanC.Transmission
ofPRRSVbyneed les.VetRec2002.150,114115.
Insects
PitkinAN,OtakeS,DeenJ,MoonRD, DeeSA.Furtherassessmentofhouseflies(Musca
domestica)asvectorsforthemechanicaltranspo rtandtransmissionofporcine
reproductiveandrespiratory syndromevirusunderfieldconditions.CanJVetRes
(Acceptedforpublicatio n).
SchurrerJA,DeeSA,MoonRD,DeenJ,andPijoanC.Anevaluationof3intervention
strategiesforthecontrolofinsectsonacommercialswinefarm SwineHealthProd
2006;14:7681.
16
SchurrerJA,DeeSA,MoonRD,MurtaughMP,FinneganCP,DeenJ,KleiboeckerSB,
andPijoanC.Retentionofingestedporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus
inhouseflies.AmJVetRes2005;66:15171525.

SchurrerJA,DeeSA,MoonRD,Rosso wKD,MahlumC,MondacaE,OtakeS,FanoE,
CollinsJE,andPijoanC. Spatialdispersalofpo rcinereproductiveandrespiratory
syndromeviruscontaminatedfliesfollowingcontactwithexperimentallyin fect edpigs
AmJVetRes2004.65:12841292.
OtakeS,DeeSA,MoonRD,Rossow KD,TrincadoC, andPijoanC.Studiesonthe
carriageandtr ansmissionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusinan
individualhousefly(Muscadomestica,Linnaeus).VetR ec2004.154:8085.
OtakeS,DeeSA,MoonRD,Rossow KD,TrincadoC andPijoanC.Evaluationof
mosquit oes(Aedesvexans,Meigen)asbiologicalvector so fporcinereproductiveand
respiratorysyndromevirus.CanJVetRes2003.67:265270.
OtakeS,DeeSA,MoonRD,Rossow KD,TrincadoC, FarnhamM,andPijoanC.
Survivalofporcinereproductiveandresp iratorysyndromevirusinhouseflies(Musca
domesticaLinnaeus)CanJVetRes2003.67:198 203.
OtakeS,DeeSA,Rosso w KD,MoonRD,TrincadoC,andPijoanC.Transmissionof 
porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus byhouseflies,(Muscadomestica
Linnaeus).VetRec2003.152:7376.
OtakeS,DeeSA,Rosso wKD,MoonRD,andPijoanC.Transmissionofporcine
reproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusbymosquitoes(Aedesvexans).CanJVet
Res2002.66:191195.
OtakeS,DeeSA,JacobsonL, TorremorellM,andPijoanC.Evaluat ionofaerosol
transmissionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusunderfield
conditions.VetRec 2002150,804808.
Transport
DeeSA,TorremorellM,ThompsonR,Ca noJP,DeenJ,andPijoanC.Evaluationofthe
thermoassisteddryinganddecontaminationsystem(TADD)forthesanitationoffull
sizetransportvehiclescont aminatedwithporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndrome
virus.SwineHealthProd2007 ;15:1218. 
DeeSA,DeenJa ndPijoanC.Anevaluationofanindustrybasedsanitationprotocol for
fullsizePRRSVcontaminatedtransportvehicles.SwineHealthProd2006;14:307311.
DeeSA,DeenJ,andPijoanC.Anevaluationofanindustry–basedsanit ationprotocolfor

PRRSVcontaminatedtransportvehicles.SwineHealthProd2006;14:126132.
17
DeeSA,DeenJa ndPijoanC.Evaluationofdisinfectantsforthesanitationofporcine
reproductiveandrespiratorysyndromeviruscontaminatedtransportvehiclesatcold
temperatures.CanJVetRes2005;69:6470.
DeeSA,TorremorellM,DeenJ,ThompsonBandPijoanC.Anevaluationofthe
ThermoAss isted DryingandDecontamination(TADD)systemfor theeliminationof
porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusfromco ntaminatedlivestock
transportvehicles.Can JVetRes2005;68:208214.
DeeSA,DeenJ,BurnsD,DouthitGandPijoanC.Anassessmentofsanitatio nprotocols
forcommercialtransportvehiclescontaminatedwithporcinereproductiveandrespiratory
syndromevirus.CanJVetRes2004.68:208214
DeeSA,DeenJ,OtakeS,andPijoanC.Anassessmentoftransportvehiclesasasource
ofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirustransmissiontosusceptiblepigs.
CanJVetRes2004.68:124 133.
Miscellaneous
CanoJP,DeeSA,DeenJ,FinneganC,MurtaughMPandPijoanC.Anexploratorystudy
toevaluatethesurvivalofporcinereproductiveandrespiratory syndromevirusinnon
processedpigmeat.VetRec2007,160:907908.
DeeSA,MartinezBCandClantonCJ.Survivalandinfectivityofporcinereproductive
andrespiratorysyndromevirusinswinelagooneffluent .VetRec 2005;156,5657.
TrincadoC,DeeSA,RossowKD,HalvorsonD,andPijoanC.Transmissionofporcine
reproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusbynonporcinevectors:Areevaluationof
Mallardducks.VetRec 2004.154:233237.
BatistaL, DeeSA,RossowKD,Po lsonDD, XiaoZ,OlinM,MolitorTWMurtaughMP
andPijoanC.Detectionofporcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirusinpigs
withlowpositiveornegativeELISAs/pratios.VetRec2004.154:2526.
ChoJGandDeeSA.Porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndrome.Theriogenology,
2006;66:655662.