Salem health psychology & mental health: Volume I Ability tests — Community psychology potx

Volume I
Ability tests — Community psychology
Editor
Nancy A. Piotrowski, Ph.D.
Capella University
University of California, Berkeley
SALEM PRESS
Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey
Copyright © 1993, 2003, 2010, by Salem Press
All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any man-
ner whatsoever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission
from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and
reviews or in the copying of images deemed to be freely licensed or in the public domain. For in-
formation address the publisher, Salem Press, P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115.
∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Perma-
nence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997).
Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Encyclopedia
of Social Science: Psychology, edited by Nancy A. Piotrowski, Ph.D. (2003) and Magill’s Survey of Social
Science: Psychology, edited by Frank N. Magill (1993).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Salem health : psychology and mental health / editor, Nancy A. Piotrowski.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58765-556-2 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-557-9 (vol. 1 : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-1-58765-558-6 (vol. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-559-3 (vol. 3 : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-1-58765-560-9 (vol. 4 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-561-6 (vol. 5 : alk. paper)
1. Psychology, Applied. 2. Medicine and psychology. I. Piotrowski, Nancy A.

BF636.S25 2010
150.3—dc22
2009024237
First Printing
printed in the united states of america
Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson
Editorial Director: Christina J. Moose
Developmental Editor: Tracy Irons-Georges
Project Editor: Rowena Wildin
Copy Editors: Constance Pollock
Christopher Rager
Editorial Assistant: Brett S. Weisberg
Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn
Photo Editor: Cynthia Breslin Beres
Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen
Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea
Design and Graphics: James Hutson
Layout: William Zimmerman
Contents
Publisher’s Note vii
Introduction ix
Contributors xiii
Complete List of Contents xxi
Ability tests 1
Abnormality: Biomedical models 6
Abnormality: Legal models 11
Abnormality: Psychological models 15
Achievement motivation 21
Addictive personality and behaviors 25
Adler, Alfred 29

Adlerian psychotherapy 30
Adolescence: Cognitive skills 35
Adolescence: Cross-cultural patterns 40
Adolescence: Sexuality 44
Adrenal gland 49
Advertising 52
Affiliation and friendship 56
Affiliation motive 61
African Americans and mental health 66
Ageism 69
Aggression 74
Aggression: Reduction and control 77
Aging: Cognitive changes 81
Aging: Physical changes 87
Aging: Theories 91
Agoraphobia and panic disorders 96
Air rage 100
Albee, George W. 102
Alcohol dependence and abuse 103
Allport, Gordon 107
Altruism, cooperation, and empathy 109
Alzheimer’s disease 114
American Psychiatric Association 120
American Psychological Association 123
Amnesia and fugue 126
Analytic psychology: Jacques Lacan 130
Analytical psychology: Carl Jung 134
Analytical psychotherapy 138
Anger 142
Animal experimentation 145

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa 150
Antianxiety medications 156
Antidepressant medications 158
Antipsychotic medications 160
Antisocial personality disorder 161
Anxiety disorders 166
Aphasias 171
Archetypes and the collective
unconscious 176
Archival data 180
Artificial intelligence 184
Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders and
mental health 188
Asperger syndrome 191
Assessment 195
Assisted living 198
Attachment and bonding in infancy and
childhood 201
Attention 205
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 209
Attitude-behavior consistency 214
Attitude formation and change 218
Attraction theories 222
Attributional biases 227
Autism 230
Automaticity 234
Aversion therapy 238
Avoidant personality disorder 239
Bandura, Albert 242
Battered woman syndrome 243

Beck, Aaron T. 246
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 247
Bed-wetting 248
Behavior therapy 252
Behavioral assessment 257
Behavioral economics 261
Behavioral family therapy 265
Behaviorism 269
Bilingualism 273
Bilingualism and learning disabilities 276
Binet, Alfred 278
Biofeedback and relaxation 279
Bipolar disorder 283
Biracial heritage and mental health 288
Birth: Effects on physical development 290
Birth order and personality 295
Blau, Theodore H. 298
v
Bobo doll experiment 299
Body dysmorphic disorder 301
Borderline personality disorder 304
Brain damage 306
Brain structure 312
Breuer, Josef 318
Brief therapy 320
Bronfenbrenner, Urie 322
Bruner, Jerome 323
Bullying 324
Bystander intervention 326
Caffeine and mental health 331

California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 333
Cancer and mental health 335
Cannon, Walter Bradford 338
Career and personnel testing 339
Career Occupational Preference
System (COPS) 344
Career selection, development, and
change 346
Case study methodologies 351
Causal attribution 354
Child abuse 358
Childhood disorders 363
Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) 369
Children’s mental health 371
Circadian rhythms 376
Clinical interviewing, testing, and
observation 381
Coaching 385
Codependency 388
Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) 391
Cognitive ability: Gender differences 392
Cognitive behavior therapy 396
Cognitive development: Jean Piaget 401
Cognitive dissonance 405
Cognitive maps 409
Cognitive psychology 414
Cognitive social learning: Walter Mischel 420
Cognitive therapy 423
Collectivism 427
College entrance examinations 431

Community psychology 434
Category Index III
vi
Psychology and Mental Health
Publisher’s Note
Salem Health: Psychology and Mental Health is a valu-
able addition to the Salem Health series, which in-
cludes Salem Health: Magill’s Medical Guide (4th re-
vised edition, 2008) and Salem Health: Cancer (2009).
The publication of this five-volume set represents a
substantial revision and update of Magill’s Encyclope-
dia of Social Science: Psychology (2003). The new ency-
clopedia covers not only the history of the field and
the core aspects of behaviorism, cognitive psychol-
ogy, and psychoanalytic psychology but also diagno-
ses, disorders, treatments, tests, notable people, and
issues, including many popular concepts. Many of
the newly added essays address how culture, ethnic-
ity, and gender affect psychological theory and be-
liefs. They cover topics such as multicultural psychol-
ogy and the effect of culture on diagnosis and look
at groups as divergent as Latinos, Asian Americans/
Pacific Islanders, and the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and
transgender communities. They examine gender dif-
ferences, in particular gender roles and conflicts.
Other essays examine important and developing is-
sues in psychology, such as multiple intelligences,
emotional intelligence, pharmaceuticals used in
treatment, genetics, and the effects of hope, spiritu-
ality, and social support.

Of the 593 entries in this encyclopedia, 159 were
newly commissioned and 46 entries were substan-
tially revised. Every previously published entry has
been edited anew and updated. The “Sources for
Further Study” sections that conclude all entries
have been updated with the latest editions and most
recent scholarship. This encyclopedia is fully illus-
trated with more than 150 photographs, 19 draw-
ings, 16 graphs and figures, and 128 textual side-
bars, including lists of diagnostic criteria from the
DSM-IV-TR, the most recent version of the Diagnos-
tic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The en-
cyclopedia contains eight appendixes and three in-
dexes.
Organization and Format
Entries in Salem Health: Psychology and Mental
Health range from one to eight pages in length.
Every entry begins with standard information.
Where relevant, a date is provided for when theories
were first presented, organizations were founded,
and tests were designed. The heading “Type of psy-
chology” lists as many as apply from the following
categories: biological bases of behavior, cognition,
consciousness, developmental psychology, emotion,
intelligence and intelligence testing, language, learn-
ing, memory, motivation, multicultural psychology,
origin and definition of psychology, personality, psy-
chological methodologies, psychopathology, psycho-
therapy, sensation and perception, social psychol-
ogy, and stress. The heading “Fields of study” lists as

many as apply from a list of sixty-one categories, in-
cluding adolescence, adulthood, aggression, aging,
anxiety disorders, attitudes and behavior, classic an-
alytic themes and issues, coping, depression, group
processes, infancy and childhood, interpersonal re-
lations, multicultural issues, physical motives, preju-
dice and discrimination, problem solving, sexual dis-
orders, sleep, substance-related issues, and thought.
Biographical entries include an “Identity” line indi-
cating nationality and discipline or specialty, as well
as birth/death date and place information. For topi-
cal entries, an abstract briefly defines the subject,
summarizing its importance to psychology, and “Key
concepts” lists five to fifteen of the most important
issues to be discussed in the essay that follows.
The text of each article offers a clear and concise
discussion of the topic. An entry on a mental illness
addresses its cause, diagnosis, treatment, and im-
pact. An entry on a theory or school examines its or-
igin, history, and current status. An entry on an or-
ganization covers its history and functions. An entry
on a psychological test discusses its development
and applications. A biographical entry focuses on
the life, career, and contributions of the individual.
Informative, descriptive subheadings divide the text
of longer essays. All terminology is explained, and
context is provided to make the information accessi-
ble to general readers. Every entry ends with a sec-
tion “Sources for Further Study,” with annotations
that discuss the content and value of these second

-
ary sources. All essays are signed by the author and
conclude with a list of cross-references to related
vii
articles within Salem Health: Psychology and Mental
Health. Each volume contains a table of contents
and complete list of contents to help the reader find
essays easily.
Resources and Indexes
Volume 5 contains eight appendixes: a Glossary
of crucial terms with concise definitions; an anno-
tated general Bibliography of nonfiction works
organized by category; an annotated Web Site Di-
rectory for support groups and organizations; a
Mediagraphy discussing depictions of mental illness
and psychology as a field in films and television se-
ries; a list of Organizations and Support Groups
with contact information and a list of hot lines;
a Pharmaceutical List of generic and brand-name
drugs grouped by their uses; a Biographical List of
Psychologists with brief profiles of major figures;
and a list of Notable Court Cases that mark impor-
tant legal milestones in the history of psychology.
A Complete List of Contents, with cross-refer-
ences, can be found at the beginning of each vol-
ume. At the back of every volume is a Category In-
dex divided into sixty-one groups, including such
categories as Conditioning, Developmental Psychol-
ogy, Diagnosis, Experimentation, Memory, Men’s
Psychology, Methodology, Nervous System, Organi-

zations and Publications, People, Personality Dis-
orders, Prosocial Behavior, Psychobiology, Schizo-
phrenias, Sexuality, Sleep, Testing, Treatments, and
Women’s Psychology. Following the Category Index
in Volume 5 are a Personages Index and a Subject
Index.
Acknowledgments
Salem Press would like to thank the editor, Nancy
A. Piotrowski, Ph.D., of Capella University and the
University of California, Berkeley. Her introduction,
which can be found following the publisher’s note,
provides insights into the history and future of this
dynamic field. Salem Press also thanks the many
contributors to this encyclopedia—academicians
from psychology, medicine, and other disciplines in
the social and life sciences—for sharing their exper-
tise with general readers. A list of their names and
affiliations follows the Introduction.
viii
Psychology and Mental Health
Introduction
I would like to introduce this encyclopedia of psy-
chology by focusing on both twenty-first century
and more distant historical contexts, while addition-
ally highlighting the scope and depth of the work of
psychologists, their students, and their supporters.
As reading these volumes will show, psychology is a
diverse and large field. It is also a science. I remind
readers that most of the research described in these
volumes is completed through the silent contribu-

tions of tens of thousands of volunteers as well as
nonhuman animal participants. Without such con-
tributions, none of this knowledge would be pos-
sible.
Historical Context
When I was first asked to assist with this project, I
thought that examining how far the field of psychol-
ogy had come since publication of similar volumes
by Salem Press would be insightful and fun. Rele-
vant issues that came to mind immediately included
the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM) by the American Psychiat-
ric Association; the dot-com boom and bust; the ex-
plosion of interest and use of the Internet in social
interactions, the home, and the workplace; the pro-
liferation of reality television, including shows in-
volving treatment of addictions and obesity, physical
appearance, and health concerns; the growth of en-
vironmental psychology and the greening of popu-
lar culture; several national elections, both public
and professional, and how they illustrated affinity
toward different examples of leadership; and some
amazing discoveries in diverse areas of the field,
such as the “tend and befriend” stress response in
women, newly identified early signs of Alzheimer’s
disease, and advances in the areas of psychopharma-
cology applications and training. Also of interest to
the field of psychology are current events such as the
terrorists attacks of September 11, 2001 (commonly
known as “9/11”) and its related social and medi-

cal sequelae, war, increased concerns about global
warming, and the economic downturn in the latter
years of the first decade of the twenty-first century.
These events seemed to provoke increased interest
in psychological matters. Psychology has been used
as a strategy to combat terrorism, in offensive maneu-
vers in war scenarios, and as a valuable method of
treatment for issues such as post-traumatic stress dis-
order, bereavement, substance use disorders, depres-
sion, anxiety, sleeplessness, concentration difficul-
ties, culture and communication, intergenerational
loss, the costs of hypervigilance, and the meanings
of intelligence, judgment, and prediction. Addi-
tionally, the wisdom of social and developmental
psychologists has become more important, especially
with regard to theories addressing the development
of differences in moral values, the use of violence as
a means of expression, and commitment to extreme
causes. Similarly, such events as the 2008 election of
Barack Obama as U.S. president triggered renewed
interest in positive psychology, leadership styles, ne-
gotiation, and the psychological aspects of social or-
ganizing and influence. In terms of economics and
the environment, renewed interest occurred in the
psychology of fear; the science of economically based
decision-making at the individual, group, and sys-
tems levels; and systems change related to the pro-
motion of green economies.
Perusing the table of contents, I am certain that
events of the first decade of the twenty-first century

affected the choice of essays contained in this ency-
clopedia. I think it is good that the contributors to
this work came together to create these volumes
with such a unique historical context because, in do-
ing so, the strength and value of the field of psychol-
ogy becomes readily apparent. For instance, by look-
ing over the topics included in these volumes, it is
easy to remember that aspects of psychology are
helpful for promoting tolerance, prosocial behavior,
and cooperation. There are also theories that help
us to understand behavior by psychopaths and oth-
ers whose motivations seem incomprehensible. Ef-
fective methods of healing and prevention—as well
as methods of learning, and relearning and, thank-
fully, of forgetting and forgiveness—have resulted
from the continued advancement of psychology.
Even more comforting, other sections in these
volumes highlight things we have learned that re
-
main true and unchanged, even in the face of ter
-
rorist attacks, wars, and serious economic challenges.
ix
For instance, we know there are similarities to hu
-
man facial expression for certain basic emotions—
such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness, and disgust—
and that these expressions offer bridges across the
diversity of culture, gender, and age. Knowledge of
this allows for common understanding and commu-

nication. We also know that, by and large, humans
as a group have evolved to be interdependent. Sim-
ply stated, there is comfort in this kind of knowl-
edge in times of distress, and the hard work of psy-
chologists is to be recognized for such insights.
What Psychology Does
Many different ideas may come to mind when peo-
ple hear the word “psychology.” For some, word as-
sociations may be first: psychic, psychedelic, psy-
chotic, psychogenic, psychosomatic, psychopath—
words that have associations to psychology in one
way or another. Others might think of concepts,
such as the psyche, referring to the self and the
soul. Some may think of “getting psyched,” or pre-
pared for action; “psyched up” has a positive conno-
tation, “psyched out” has a negative one. Some may
think about the classic 1960 film Psycho, starring An-
thony Perkins, a story about a murderous man that
sadly added stigma to the tragedy of mental illness
and suffering by inadvertently reinforcing stereo-
types of the mentally ill as violent and dangerous in-
dividuals.
When people think of psychology, they often
think of clinicians, such as those portrayed on televi-
sion and in films or heard on the radio—people
who work with or otherwise counsel the troubled
and mentally ill. Ideas about Sigmund Freud and
his theories of the id, ego, and superego are also
common associations with the field. Still others pon-
der whether psychology is really about conscious-

ness, the mind, psyche, or brain and wonder how
these entities are different and similar. Somewhat
less frequently, people might think not about hu-
man aspects of psychology but instead about rats
running mazes, pigeons operating machinery, mon-
keys using sign language, dogs salivating and bells
ringing, and even ducks’ and other animals’ mating
habits. A few people might see psychology as related
to machines: Psychology is certainly involved in the
design of artificial-intelligence systems and in the in-
terface shared between humans and machines, such
as when hands type on a computer, fly a plane, or
perform microsurgery with the use of virtual reality-
type cameras. All these examples reflect psychology
and its research.
What people think of when they hear the word
“psychology” can vary widely because of personal ex-
perience. For some, their first exposure to the term
may be through an elective course taken in high
school or college. Others may first encounter it in
their jobs, when they learn that there may be busi-
ness value in considering psychological angles to ad-
vertising, product development, sales, or business
organization management. Similarly, others may
learn about psychology in careers such as medicine
or law, finding that it can enhance performance
or improve communication with clients, colleagues,
and trainees. Artists might approach the field as a
means of learning more about creativity and how
to foster it. Some may come to know psychology

through a personal or family crisis, possibly through
exposure to a counselor or self-help book. Others
may learn about the concept through films, songs,
current events, or advertising portraying psychologi-
cal principles or themes.
Most commonly, though, psychology is recognized
as the study of human behavior. The field is ad-
vanced by the work of many individuals applying the
principles of psychology in diverse settings for the
purposes of teaching, research, clinical work, orga-
nizational management, administration, advocacy,
data analysis, and consultation. Psychologists work
in many different settings, such as universities, col-
leges, clinics, forensics units, the armed services, so-
cial service agencies, hospitals, research groups, lab-
oratories, government bodies, businesses, wilderness
areas, and even outer space. The work of psycholo-
gists has far-reaching effects for diverse peoples and
in diverse settings, contributing much in terms of
practical solutions to both the large and the small
questions of daily life.
Psychology has deep roots in applications related
to military defense, medicine, and teaching. In terms
of military defense, in the early 1900’s, the U.S. gov-
ernment utilized psychology to assist with organiza-
tional decisions, determining job assignments via
the development of intelligence-testing strategies.
As a result of creating ways of ranking soldiers for as-
signment from very basic to very complex work tasks,
the U.S. government used psychology to increase ef-

ficiency. Principles of psychology are also useful for
the military in terms of fostering cohesion among
soldiers, training and teaching them in an efficient
x
Psychology and Mental Health
manner, and helping soldiers and their families deal
with the stresses of active military duty. Additionally,
the field has made contributions to understanding
the psychological aspects of warfare, such as per-
suading one’s enemies to provide information and
debriefing those who have been prisoners of war.
The roots of psychology in medicine are obvious.
Basic applications began as treatment for those who
were considered ill, feebleminded, or possessed by
spirits. With regard to spirituality, a strong historical
connection exists between psychology and religion,
especially in terms of healing. This link spans at
least from William James’s classic book The Varieties
of Religious Experience (1902) to modern-day efforts
in the field that examine spirituality as it relates to
illness, healing, diagnosis, resilience against stress,
and various types of group support. Historically,
those not cured by other methods of medicine were
usually sent to healers of the mind and spirit. At
some point, psychologists were enlisted to help
count and categorize those individuals unaided by
traditional medicine. As the field of psychology de-
veloped, methods such as behavioral pharmacology
grew in prominence because of the discovery of new
drugs to treat mental disorders. Later, the effect of

psychology in the treatment and prevention of
stress-related, lifestyle-related, chronic, and termi-
nal health problems became noteworthy. As exam-
ples, psychological interventions related to stress
management have been found useful for preventing
heart disease and stroke. Obesity is often treated
with behavioral interventions designed to modify
lifestyle from a biopsychosocial perspective. Chronic
pain is often addressed with cognitive interventions
for pain perception and management. Even condi-
tions such as cancer may be better managed with
psychological interventions such as group support,
family therapy, and mood-enhancing mediations that
facilitate adherence to medical interventions for the
body.
With regard to teaching, psychology has played a
large role in the structure and design of academic
settings, the development of educational curricula,
achievement and intelligence testing, and career
advisement and placement. Psychology has also
touched practices such as preschool for young chil-
dren, the learning of new career skills later in life,
retraining after injuries to the body or brain, and
behavioral learning (such as how one might learn
to shoot a basketball or play the piano). Further
-
more, studies have examined Internet-based learn
-
ing and how it differs from face-to-face learning.
Some of the questions pursued are whether online

learning formats can be effective and whether the
socialization aspects of learning can take place on-
line.
In the United States, psychology has gained a
foothold in government; psychologists are elected
and appointed to public offices and serve in high-
level decision-making bodies. One example is the
placement of psychologists in the National Insti-
tutes of Health (NIH), a fact which has provided an
opportunity to influence government spending re-
lated to research, health care, and problem preven-
tion on many fronts. In 1995, an office was estab-
lished in the NIH called the Office of Behavioral
and Social Science Research, with a designated role
of advancing behavioral-science knowledge and ap-
plications in the activities fostered and otherwise
supported by the NIH.
As these many examples illustrate, psychology
has become a diverse field. In the future, the role of
psychology in the workplace and in international
communications and relationships will expand. No-
table growth has been seen, for instance, in the
numbers of studies examining cultural differences
among groups defined in terms of age, gender, eth-
nicity, race, sexual orientation, socioeconomic sta-
tus, and other markers of culture. Pick virtually any
area of psychological study since the middle of the
twentieth century and look at the number of refer-
ences for cultural variation or differences; it will be
easy to spot a trend of increasing publications each

year. This trend has been inspired by a desire to cre-
ate better understanding among different cultures
and to assist efforts in providing more culturally ap-
propriate and culturally sensitive training, educa-
tion, and medical care. No doubt, this area of study
will increase in importance as the field of psychol-
ogy continues to evolve and as humans, as a group,
continue to understand the ideas of conflict and co-
operation as the world population increases.
I hope that these volumes on psychology allow
the diversity and capability of this vibrant and valu-
able field to shine. I also hope that this encyclope-
dia encourages its readers to be inspired, curious,
and mindful observers of human behavior, as there
is much to be learned.
Nancy A. Piotrowski, Ph.D.
Capella University and University of California, Berkeley
xi
Introduction

Contributors
Christopher M. Aanstoos
University of West Georgia
Faith Abalos-Merino
South Nassau Communities
Hospital, Oceanside,
New York
Norman Abeles
Michigan State University
Steven C. Abell

Loyola College of Chicago
Richard Adler
University of Michigan-Dearborn
C. Emmanuel Ahia
Rider University
Saima Ahmed
South Nassau Communities
Hospital, Oceanside,
New York
Mark B. Alcorn
University of Northern Colorado
Charles N. Alexander
Maharishi International
University
Jeffery B. Allen
University of Mississippi
Tara Anthony
Syracuse University
Jamie D. Aten
University of Southern Mississippi
Richard P. Atkinson
Fort Hays State University
Bryan C. Auday
Gordon College
Stephen M. Auerbach
Virginia Commonwealth
University
Buffie Longmire Avital
National Development and Research
Institutes, Inc., and Public

Health Solutions
Dana K. Bagwell
Memory Health and Fitness
Institute
Bruce E. Bailey
Stephen F. Austin University
Karen Barto-Sisamout
University of Arizona
Roy F. Baumeister
Florida State University
Stephen R. H. Beach
University of Georgia
Donald G. Beal
Eastern Kentucky University
Alan J. Beauchamp
Northern Michigan University
Brett L. Beck
Bloomsbury University
Susan E. Beers
Sweet Briar College
Tanja Bekhuis
TCB Research
Michael S. Bendele
Indiana University-Purdue
University, Fort Wayne
Alvin K. Benson
Utah Valley State College
Krishna Bhaskarabhatla
Saint Joseph’s Regional Medical
Center, Mount Sinai School of

Medicine
Virginiae Blackmon
Fort Hays, Texas
Cathy J. Bogart
Avila University
Lyn T. Boulter
Catawba College
Mary Brabeck
Boston College
Barbara E. Brackney
Eastern Michigan University
Nyla R. Branscombe
University of Kansas
Lillian J. Breckenridge
Oral Roberts University
Barbara A. Bremer
Pennsylvania State University,
Harrisburg
Christiane Brems
University of Alaska
Bruce Bridgeman
University of California,
Santa Cruz
xiii
T. L. Brink
Crafton Hills College
Victor K. Broderick
Ferris State University
David W. Brokaw
Azusa Pacific University

Leonie J. Brooks
Towson University
Gayle L. Brosnan-Watters
Vanguard University of Southern
California
Dennis Bull
Dallas Theological Seminary
John T. Burns
Bethany College
Joan Bartczak Cannon
University of Lowell
Mary E. Carey
University of Oklahoma
Russell N. Carney
Missouri State University
Christine M. Carroll
American Medical Writers
Association
Jack Carter
University of New Orleans
Karen Chapman-Novakofski
University of Illinois
Paul J. Chara, Jr.
Northwestern College
Garvin Chastain
Boise State University
Kausalya Chennapragada
Saint Joseph’s Regional Medical
Center, Mount Sinai School of
Medicine

Judith M. Chertoff
Baltimore-Washington Institute for
Psychoanalysis
Rebecca M. Chesire
University of Hawaii—Manoa
Grace E. Cho
St. Olaf College
Ruth M. Colwill
Brown University
Richard G. Cormack
Ventura, California
Salvatore Cullari
Lebanon Valley College
Michael Daly
Florida State University
Trinity College Dublin
Elizabeth W. Davies
University of St. Francis
Kenneth G. DeBono
Union College
Everett J. Delahanty, Jr.
Manhattanville College
Jack Demick
Suffolk University
James R. Deni
Appalachian State University
Ryan M. Denney
University of Southern Mississippi
Karen M. Derr
Airport Marina Counseling Service

Thomas E. DeWolfe
Hampden-Sydney College
M. Casey Diana
Arizona State University
Amber D. Dillon
Illinois Emergency Management
Agency (IEMA)
Ronna F. Dillon
Southern Illinois University
Duane L. Dobbert
Florida Gulf Coast University
Stefan C. Dombrowski
Rider University
George Domino
University of Arizona
Roger A. Drake
Western State College of Colorado
Robert J. Drummond
University of North Florida
Dana S. Dunn
Moravian College
Christopher A. Duva
Eastern Oregon University
Patricia Stanfill Edens
Global Oncology SP
Ted Eilders
American Psychological Association
Russell Eisenman
McNeese State University
David G. Elmes

Washington and Lee University
John W. Engel
University of Hawaii at Manoa
xiv
Psychology and Mental Health
Carolyn Zerbe Enns
Cornell College
Charles H. Evans
LaGrange College
Lawrence A. Fehr
Widener University
Leonard Feinberg
Iona College
Julie A. Felender
Fullerton College
Ellen C. Flannery-Schroeder
University of the Sciences in
Philadelphia
Robert Flatley
Kutztown University
John H. Fleming
University of Minnesota-
Minneapolis
Anthony J. Fonseca
Nicholls State University
Karen Anding Fontenot
Louisiana State University
Michael J. Fontenot
Southern University at
Baton Rouge

Katherine A. Fowler
Emory University
Margaret M. Frailey
American Association of Counseling
and Development
Robin Franck
Southwestern College
Cynthia McPherson Frantz
Amherst College
Donna Frick-Horbury
Appalachian State University
Lisa Friedenberg
University of North Carolina at
Asheville
Jerome Frieman
Kansas State University
Jim Fultz
Northern Illinois University
R. G. Gaddis
Gardner-Webb University
Judi Garland
Wilmington Family Counseling
Service
Judith L. Gay
Chestnut Hill College
J. Ronald Gentile
State University of New York at
Buffalo
Alan K. Gibson
Southern California College

Virginia L. Goetsch
West Virginia University
Doyle R. Goff
Lee College
Ursula Goldsmith
Louisiana State University
Sanford Golin
University of Pittsburgh
Diane C. Gooding
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Charles A. Gramlich
Xavier University of Louisiana
Jeff Greenberg
University of Arizona
Laurence Grimm
University of Illinois at Chicago
Lonnie J. Guralnick
Western Oregon State College
Regan A. R. Gurung
University of Wisconsin,
Green Bay
Elizabeth Haase
The New York Hospital
Irwin Halfond
McKendree University
Ruth T. Hannon
Bridgewater State College
Phyllis A. Heath
Central Michigan University
Joanne Hedgespeth

Pepperdine University Graduate
School of Education and
Psychology
Daniel Heimowitz
National Psychological Association
for Psychoanalysis
Carol A. Heintzelman
Millersville University
Jean S. Helgeson
Collin County Community College
Katherine M. Helm
Lewis University
James Taylor Henderson
Wingate College
Lindsey L. Henninger
Burr Ridge, Illinois
Oliver W. Hill, Jr.
Virginia State University
xv
Contributors
Peter C. Hill
Grove City College
Robert A. Hock
Xavier University
David Wason Hollar, Jr.
Rockingham Community College
Brynda Holton
St. Mary’s College of Maryland
Sigmund Hsiao
University of Arizona

Timothy L. Hubbard
Eastern Oregon State College
Mary Hurd
East Tennessee State University
Loring J. Ingraham
George Washington University
Tiffany A. Ito
University of Southern California
Stanley D. Ivie
Educational Leadership
Jay W. Jackson
Indiana University-Purdue
University, Fort Wayne
Shelley A. Jackson
Texas A&M University-Corpus
Christi
Robert Jensen
California State University,
Sacramento
Bruce E. Johansen
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Barbara E. Johnson
University of South Carolina,
Aiken
Craig Johnson
Syracuse University
Eugene R. Johnson
Central Washington University
Mark E. Johnson
University of Alaska

Robert D. Johnson
Arkansas State University
Jonathan Kahane
Springfield College
Laura Kamptner
California State University,
San Bernardino
Anne M. W. Kelly
Dakota Wesleyan University
Ing-Wei Khor
Discovery Institute of Medical
Education
William B. King
Edison Community College
Terry J. Knapp
University of Nevada,
Las Vegas
Gabrielle Kowalski
Cardinal Stritch University
Robin M. Kowalski
Clemson University
Carol A. Kusché
Seattle Psychoanalytic Society and
Institute
George T. Ladd
Rhode Island College
Daniel Lalande
Université Laval
Kristin E. Landfield
Alliant International University

R. Eric Landrum
Boise State University
Kevin T. Larkin
West Virginia University
Ellen Lavelle
Teikyo Western University
Richard Lettieri
Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society
and Institute
Leon Lewis
Appalachian State University
Thomas Tandy Lewis
St. Cloud State University
Scott O. Lilienfeld
University of Alaska
Gary T. Long
University of North Carolina at
Charlotte
Martha Oehmke Loustaunau
New Mexico State University
Anna Lowe
Loyola University Chicago
Arthur J. Lurigio
Loyola University Chicago
Lesley D. Lutes
East Carolina University
Richard D. McAnulty
University of North Carolina at
Charlotte
Deborah R. McDonald

New Mexico State University
xvi
Psychology and Mental Health
Nancy E. Macdonald
University of South Carolina at
Sumter
David S. McDougal
Plymouth State College of the
University System of New
Hampshire
Salvador Macias III
University of South Carolina
at Sumter
Susan Mackey-Kallis
Villanova University
Richard L. McWhorter
Prairie View A&M University
Paul D. Mageli
Kenmore, New York
Muhammad Usman Majeed
Rockville Centre, New York
Amy Marcus-Newhall
Occidental College
University of Southern California
Linda Mealey
College of St. Benedict
Bernard Mergen
George Washington University
Michael R. Meyers
Pfeiffer University

William M. Miley
The Richard Stockton College of
New Jersey
Laurence Miller
Western Washington University
Norman Miller
University of Southern California
Rowland Miller
Sam Houston State University
Todd Miller
University of St. Thomas
Randall L. Milstein
Oregon State University
Paul Moglia
South Nassau Communities
Hospital, Oceanside, New York
Robin Kamienny Montvilo
Rhode Island College
Martin Mrazik
University of Alberta
Brian Mullen
Syracuse University
Karen D. Multon
University of Missouri-Columbia
Debra L. Murphy
Huston-Tillotson College
Michelle Murphy
Pasadena, California
Steven Nakisher
Centerpiece Consulting

Donald J. Nash
Colorado State University-Lamar
Elizabeth M. McGhee Nelson
Christian Brothers University
John W. Nichols
Tulsa Junior College
Janet Nicol
University of Arizona
Steve A. Nida
Franklin University
Annette O’Connor
La Salle University
Cynthia O’Dell
Indiana University Northwest
Amy L. Odum
University of New Hampshire
Janine T. Ogden
Marist College
Nancy Oley
City University of New York,
Medgar Evers College
Ayn Embar-Seddon O’Reilly
Capella University
Don R. Osborn
Bellarmine College
Randall E. Osborne
Phillips University
Gerard O’Sullivan
Felician College
Ronghua Ouyang

Kennesaw State University
Linda J. Palm
Edison Community College
Beverly B. Palmer
California State University,
Dominguez Hills
Robert J. Paradowski
Rochester Institute of Technology
Crystal L. Park
University of Connecticut
Allan D. Pass
National Behavioral Science
Consultants
Elyssa Pearlstein
University of Michigan
Christina Hamme Peterson
Rider University
xvii
Contributors
Vicky Phares
University of South Florida
Nancy A. Piotrowski
Capella University and University of
California, Berkeley
Anthony R. Pratkanis
University of California, Santa Cruz
Frank J. Prerost
Midwestern University
Debra S. Preston
University of North Carolina

at Pembroke
Judith Primavera
Fairfield University
Jean Prokott
Winona State University
R. Christopher Qualls
Emory and Henry College
Christopher Rager
Pasadena, California
Timothy S. Rampey
Victoria College
Lillian M. Range
Our Lady of Holy Cross College
F. Wayne Reno
Mt. Vernon Nazarene College
Paul August Rentz
South Dakota State University
Wendy E. S. Repovich
Eastern Washington University
Ronald G. Ribble
University of Texas at San Antonio
Richard J. Ricard
Texas A&M University
Betty Richardson
Southern Illinois University at
Edwardsville
Cheryl A. Rickabaugh
University of Redlands
Loretta A. Rieser-Danner
Pennsylvania State University,

Ogontz
Jaclyn Rodriguez
Occidental College
Michael D. Roe
Seattle Pacific University
René R. Roth
University of Western Ontario,
Canada
Daniel Sachau
Mankato State University
Denise S. St. Cyr
New Hampshire Technical College
James D. St. James
Millikin University
Frank A. Salamone
Iona College
David Sands
Maharishi International University
John Santelli
Fairleigh Dickinson University
Anthony C. Santucci
Manhattanville College
Tulsi B. Saral
University of Houston-Clear Lake
Elizabeth D. Schafer
Loachapoka, Alabama
Rosemary Scheirer
Chestnut Hill College
Rebecca Lovell Scott
College of Health Sciences

Pennie S. Seibert
Boise State University
Felicisima C. Serafica
Ohio State University
Manoj Sharma
University of Nebraska at Omaha
Matthew J. Sharps
California State University, Fresno
Michael F. Shaughnessy
Eastern New Mexico University
Bonnie S. Sherman
St. Olaf College
R. Baird Shuman
University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
Harold I. Siegel
Rutgers University
Marilyn N. Silva
California State University, Hayward
Sanford S. Singer
University of Dayton
Virginia Slaughter
University of Queensland
Lesley A. Slavin
Virginia Commonwealth University
Stephanie Smith
Indiana University Northwest
Janet A. Sniezek
University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign

Sheldon Solomon
Skidmore College
xviii
Psychology and Mental Health
Frank J. Sparzo
Ball State University
Gerald Sperrazzo
University of San Diego
Michael D. Spiegler
Providence College
Mark Stanton
Azusa Pacific University
Sharon Wallace Stark
Monmouth University
Michael A. Steele
Wilkes University
Polly D. Steenhagen
Delaware State University
Stephanie Stein
Central Washington University
Joseph E. Steinmetz
Indiana University Bloomington
Faye B. Steuer
College of Charleston
Glenn Ellen Starr Stilling
Appalachian State University
Lloyd K. Stires
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Kathleen A. Tallent
University of Wisconsin-Madison

Richard G. Tedeschi
University of North Carolina at
Charlotte
Linda R. Tennison
College of Saint Benedict/
Saint John’s University
April D. Thames
Alliant International University
Thomas J. Thieman
College of St. Catherine
Susan E. Thomas
Indiana University, South Bend
Harry A. Tiemann, Jr.
Mesa State College
Derise E. Tolliver
DePaul University
James T. Trent
Middle Tennessee State University
Marlene E. Turner
San Jose State University
John V. Urbas
Kennesaw State College
Susana P. Urbina
University of North Florida
Eugenia M. Valentine
Xavier University of Louisiana
Mary Moore Vandendorpe
Lewis University
Lois Veltum
University of North Dakota

Scott R. Vrana
Purdue University
John F. Wakefield
University of North Alabama
Elaine F. Walker
Emory University
Mary L. Wandrei
Marquette University
Daniel L. Wann
Murray State University
Jennifer A. Sanders Wann
Murray, Kentucky
Allyson Washburn
Institute on Aging/Jewish Home
T. Steuart Watson
Mississippi State University
Ann L. Weber
University of North Carolina at
Asheville
Marcia J. Weiss
Point Park College
George I. Whitehead III
Salisbury State University
Edward R. Whitson
State University of New York,
College at Genesco
Jeremy Wicks
Centerpiece Consulting
Michael Wierzbicki
Marquette University

April Michele Williams
Drury University
Bradley R. A. Wilson
University of Cincinnati
Gregory L. Wilson
Washington State University
Edward J. Wisniewski
University of North Carolina at
Greensboro
Stephen L. Wolfe
University of California, Davis
Karen Wolford
State University of New York,
College at Oswego
Jing Wu
Soochow University, China
xix
Contributors
Edelgard Wulfert
State University of New York at
Albany
Susan J. Wurtzburg
University of Utah
Frederic Wynn
County College of Morris
Geetha Yadav
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.
George B. Yancey
Emporia State University
Daniel L. Yazak

Montana State University-Billings
Debra Zehner
Wilkes University
Ling-Yi Zhou
University of St. Francis
Thomas G. Zimmerman
South Nassau Communities
Hospital, Oceanside, New York
xx
Psychology and Mental Health
Complete List of Contents
Volume 1
Contents v
Publisher’s Note vii
Introduction ix
Contributors xiii
Complete List of Contents xxi
Ability tests 1
Abnormality: Biomedical models 6
Abnormality: Legal models 11
Abnormality: Psychological models 15
Achievement motivation 21
Addictive personality and behaviors 25
ADHD. See Attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder
Adler, Alfred 29
Adlerian psychotherapy 30
Adolescence: Cognitive skills 35
Adolescence: Cross-cultural patterns 40
Adolescence: Sexuality 44

Adrenal gland 49
Advertising 52
Affiliation and friendship 56
Affiliation motive 61
African Americans and mental health 66
Ageism 69
Aggression 74
Aggression: Reduction and control 77
Aging: Cognitive changes 81
Aging: Physical changes 87
Aging: Theories 91
Agoraphobia and panic disorders 96
Air rage 100
Alaskan natives. See Native Americans/
Alaskan Natives and mental health
Albee, George W. 102
Alcohol dependence and abuse 103
Allport, Gordon 107
Altruism, cooperation, and empathy 109
Alzheimer’s disease 114
American Indians. See Native Americans/
Alaskan Natives and mental health
American Psychiatric Association 120
American Psychological Association 123
Amnesia and fugue 126
Analytic psychology: Jacques Lacan 130
Analytical psychology: Carl Jung 134
Analytical psychotherapy 138
Anger 142
Animal experimentation 145

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa 150
Antianxiety medications 156
Antidepressant medications 158
Antipsychotic medications 160
Antisocial personality disorder 161
Anxiety disorders 166
APA. See American Psychiatric Association,
American Psychological Association
Aphasias 171
Archetypes and the collective unconscious . . . 176
Archival data 180
Artificial intelligence 184
Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders and
mental health 188
Asperger syndrome 191
Assessment 195
Assisted living 198
Attachment and bonding in infancy and
childhood 201
Attention 205
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 209
Attitude-behavior consistency 214
Attitude formation and change 218
Attraction theories 222
Attributional biases 227
Autism 230
Automaticity 234
Aversion, taste. See Taste aversion
Aversion therapy 238
Avoidant personality disorder 239

Bandura, Albert 242
Battered woman syndrome 243
Beck, Aaron T. 246
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 247
xxi
Bed-wetting 248
Behavior therapy 252
Behavioral assessment 257
Behavioral economics 261
Behavioral family therapy 265
Behaviorism 269
Biases. See Attributional biases
Bilingualism 273
Bilingualism and learning disabilities 276
Binet, Alfred 278
Biofeedback and relaxation 279
Bipolar disorder 283
Biracial heritage and mental health 288
Birth: Effects on physical development 290
Birth order and personality 295
Bisexual mental health. See Gay, lesbian,
bisexual, and transgender mental health
Blacks. See African Americans and mental
health
Blau, Theodore H. 298
Bobo doll experiment 299
Body dysmorphic disorder 301
Bonding. See Attachment and bonding in
infancy and childhood
Borderline personality disorder 304

Brain damage 306
Brain structure 312
Breuer, Josef 318
Brief therapy 320
Bronfenbrenner, Urie 322
Bruner, Jerome 323
Bulimia nervosa. See Anorexia nervosa and
bulimia nervosa
Bullying 324
Bystander intervention 326
Caffeine and mental health 331
California Psychological Inventory (CPI) 333
Cancer and mental health 335
Cannon, Walter Bradford 338
Career and personnel testing 339
Career Occupational Preference
System (COPS) 344
Career selection, development, and
change 346
Case study methodologies 351
Causal attribution 354
CDI. See Children’s Depression Inventory
(CDI)
Child abuse 358
Childhood disorders 363
Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) 369
Children’s mental health 371
Circadian rhythms 376
Classical conditioning. See Pavlovian
conditioning

Clinical interviewing, testing, and
observation 381
Coaching 385
Codependency 388
Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) 391
Cognitive ability: Gender differences 392
Cognitive behavior therapy 396
Cognitive development: Jean Piaget 401
Cognitive dissonance 405
Cognitive maps 409
Cognitive psychology 414
Cognitive social learning: Walter Mischel 420
Cognitive therapy 423
Collective unconscious. See Archetypes and
the collective unconscious
Collectivism 427
College entrance examinations 431
Community psychology 434
Category Index III
Volume 2
Contents xxxvii
Complete List of Contents xxxix
Comorbidity 439
Competency. See Incompetency
Competition. See Cooperation, competition, and
negotiation
Complex experimental designs 442
Computer and Internet use and mental
health 446
Computer models of cognition 448

Concept formation 451
Conditioning 455
Conduct disorder 461
xxii
Psychology and Mental Health
Confidentiality 465
Consciousness 467
Consciousness: Altered states 471
Constructivist psychology 477
Consumer psychology 479
Conversion. See Hypochondriasis, conversion,
and somatization
Cooperation. See Altruism, cooperation, and
empathy
Cooperation, competition, and
negotiation 483
Cooperative learning 487
Coping: Chronic illness 490
Coping: Social support 495
Coping: Strategies 500
Coping: Terminal illness 504
COPS. See Career Occupational Preference
System (COPS)
Couples therapy 508
CPI. See California Psychological Inventory
(CPI)
Creativity and intelligence 514
Creativity: Assessment 517
Crisis intervention 520
Cross-cultural psychology 523

Crowd behavior 525
Cultural competence 529
Culture and diagnosis 531
Culture-bound syndromes 532
Dance therapy. See Music, dance, and theater
therapy
Data, archival. See Archival data
Data description 535
Death and dying 541
Deception and lying 545
Decision making 547
Deductive reasoning 551
Defense mechanisms 552
Defense reactions: Species-specific 555
Dementia 559
Denial 563
Depression 566
Depth and motion perception 572
Desensitization, systematic. See Systematic
desensitization
Development 576
Developmental disabilities 580
Developmental methodologies 585
Developmental psychology 589
Dewey, John 593
Diagnosis 594
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM) 599
Dialectical behavioral therapy 602
Disabilities, developmental. See

Developmental disabilities
Disaster psychology 604
Diseases, stress-related. See Stress-related
diseases
Dissociative disorders 609
Dissociative identity disorder. See Multiple
personality
Divorce. See Separation and divorce
Dix, Dorothea 613
Dollard, John. See Miller, Neal E., and
John Dollard
Domestic violence 614
Down syndrome 619
Dreams 623
Drives 628
Drug therapies 631
DSM. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM)
Dyslexia 636
Eating disorders 640
Ebbinghaus, Hermann 645
Ecological psychology 646
Economics, behavioral. See Behavioral
economics
Educational psychology 649
Ego defense mechanisms 652
Ego psychology: Erik H. Erikson 658
Ego, superego, and id 664
Elder abuse 666
Elders’ mental health 669

Elimination disorders 674
Ellis, Albert 676
Emotional expression 677
Emotional intelligence 681
Emotions 683
Empathy. See Altruism, cooperation, and
empathy
Encoding 687
Endocrine system 690
Endorphins 695
Enuresis. See Bed-wetting
Environmental factors and mental health . . . 699
Environmental psychology 702
xxiii
Complete List of Contents
Environmental toxicology and mental
health 707
Erikson, Erik H. 710
Ethology 711
Evolutionary psychology 715
Exercise and mental health 719
Existential psychology 721
Experimental psychology 725
Experimentation: Ethics and participant
rights 728
Experimentation: Independent, dependent,
and control variables 733
Extroverts. See Introverts and extroverts
Eye movement desensitization and
reprocessing 737

Eyewitness testimony 739
Eysenck, Hans 743
Facial feedback 745
Factitious disorders 749
Family life: Adult issues 752
Family life: Children’s issues 756
Family systems theory 759
Family therapy, behavioral. See Behavioral
family therapy
Family therapy, strategic. See Strategic family
therapy
Farsightedness. See Nearsightedness and
farsightedness
Father-child relationship 762
Fear 766
Femininity 770
Feminist psychotherapy 772
Fetishes 775
Field experimentation 777
Field theory: Kurt Lewin 781
Fields of specialization. See Psychology: Fields of
specialization
Fight-or-flight response 784
Forensic psychology 787
Forgetting and forgetfulness 791
Forgiveness 795
Freud, Anna 799
Freud, Sigmund 800
Freudian psychology 801
Friendship. See Affiliation and friendship

Fromm, Erich 806
Fugue. See Amnesia and fugue
Functionalism. See Structuralism and
functionalism
Gambling 808
Games and mental health 810
GATB. See General Aptitude Test Battery
Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender
mental health 813
Gender differences 817
Gender identity disorder 820
Gender identity formation 824
Gender roles and gender role conflicts 827
General adaptation syndrome 830
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) 834
Generalized anxiety disorder 835
Genetics and mental health 838
Gesell, Arnold 842
Gestalt therapy 843
Giftedness 847
Gilligan, Carol 851
Gonads 852
Grammar and speech 856
Grieving 861
Group decision making 864
Group therapy 868
Groups 872
Guilt 877
Habituation and sensitization 881
Hall, G. Stanley 885

Hallucinations 886
Hate crimes: Psychological causes and
effects 890
Health insurance 892
Health maintenance organizations 894
Health psychology 895
Category Index XXIX
xxiv
Psychology and Mental Health