Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration doc

Handbook of
Transportation
Policy and
Administration
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY
A Comprehensive Publication Program
Executive Editor
JACK RABIN
Professor of Public Administration and Public Policy
School of Public Affairs
The Capital College
The Pennsylvania State University–Harrisburg
Middletown, Pennsylvania
Assistant to the Executive Editor
T. Aaron Wachhaus, Jr.
1.
Public Administration as a Developing Discipline,
Robert T. Golembiewski
2.
Comparative National Policies on Health Care,
Milton I. Roemer, M.D.
3.
Exclusionary Injustice: The Problem of Illegally Obtained
Evidence,
Steven R. Schlesinger
5.
Organization Development in Public Administration,
edited by
Robert T. Golembiewski and William B. Eddy
7.

Approaches to Planned Change,
Robert T. Golembiewski
8.
Program Evaluation at HEW,
edited by James G. Abert
9.
The States and the Metropolis,
Patricia S. Florestano
and Vincent L. Marando
11.
Changing Bureaucracies: Understanding the Organization
before Selecting the Approach,
William A. Medina
12.
Handbook on Public Budgeting and Financial Management,
edited by Jack Rabin and Thomas D. Lynch
15.
Handbook on Public Personnel Administration and Labor
Relations,
edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino,
W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller
19.
Handbook of Organization Management,
edited by
William B. Eddy
22.
Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American
Public Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin
and James S. Bowman

23.
Making and Managing Policy: Formulation, Analysis,
Evaluation,
edited by G. Ronald Gilbert
25.
Decision Making in the Public Sector,
edited by Lloyd G. Nigro
26.
Managing Administration,
edited by Jack Rabin,
Samuel Humes, and Brian S. Morgan
27.
Public Personnel Update,
edited by Michael Cohen
and Robert T. Golembiewski
28.
State and Local Government Administration,
edited by
Jack Rabin and Don Dodd
29.
Public Administration: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature,
Howard E. McCurdy
31.
Handbook of Information Resource Management,
edited by
Jack Rabin and Edward M. Jackowski
32.
Public Administration in Developed Democracies:
A Comparative Study,
edited by Donald C. Rowat

33.
The Politics of Terrorism: Third Edition,
edited by Michael Stohl
34.
Handbook on Human Services Administration,
edited by
Jack Rabin and Marcia B. Steinhauer
36.
Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values,
Second Edition,
John A. Rohr
37.
The Guide to the Foundations of Public Administration,
Daniel W. Martin
39.
Terrorism and Emergency Management: Policy
and Administration,
William L. Waugh, Jr.
40.
Organizational Behavior and Public Management:
Second Edition,
Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart,
and G. David Garson
43.
Government Financial Management Theory,
Gerald J. Miller
46.
Handbook of Public Budgeting
, edited by Jack Rabin
49.

Handbook of Court Administration and Management
, edited by
Steven W. Hays and Cole Blease Graham, Jr.
50.
Handbook of Comparative Public Budgeting and Financial
Management
, edited by Thomas D. Lynch
and Lawrence L. Martin
53.
Encyclopedia of Policy Studies: Second Edition,
edited by
Stuart S. Nagel
54.
Handbook of Regulation and Administrative Law,
edited by
David H. Rosenbloom and Richard D. Schwartz
55.
Handbook of Bureaucracy,
edited by Ali Farazmand
56.
Handbook of Public Sector Labor Relations
, edited by
Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth,
and Gerald J. Miller
57.
Practical Public Management
, Robert T. Golembiewski
58.
Handbook of Public Personnel Administration
, edited by

Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth,
and Gerald J. Miller
60.
Handbook of Debt Management
, edited by Gerald J. Miller
61.
Public Administration and Law: Second Edition
,
David H. Rosenbloom and Rosemary O’Leary
62.
Handbook of Local Government Administration
, edited by
John J. Gargan
63.
Handbook of Administrative Communication
, edited by
James L. Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin
64.
Public Budgeting and Finance: Fourth Edition,
edited by
Robert T. Golembiewski and Jack Rabin
67.
Handbook of Public Finance
, edited by Fred Thompson
and Mark T. Green
68.
Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Third Edition,
Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart, and G. David Garson
69.
Handbook of Economic Development

, edited by
Kuotsai Tom Liou
70.
Handbook of Health Administration and Policy
, edited by
Anne Osborne Kilpatrick and James A. Johnson
71.
Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration
,
edited by Gerald J. Miller and Marcia L. Whicker
72.
Handbook on Taxation
, edited by W. Bartley Hildreth
and James A. Richardson
73
. Handbook of Comparative Public Administration in the
Asia-Pacific Basin
, edited by Hoi-kwok Wong and Hon S. Chan
74
. Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration,
edited by Dennis L. Soden and Brent S. Steel
75
. Handbook of State Government Administration,
edited by
John J. Gargan
76.
Handbook of Global Legal Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
78.
Handbook of Global Economic Policy,

edited by Stuart S. Nagel
79
. Handbook of Strategic Management: Second Edition,
edited by
Jack Rabin, Gerald J. Miller, and W. Bartley Hildreth
80.
Handbook of Global International Policy,
edited by
Stuart S. Nagel
81.
Handbook of Organizational Consultation: Second Edition,
edited by Robert T. Golembiewski
82.
Handbook of Global Political Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
83.
Handbook of Global Technology Policy,
edited by
Stuart S. Nagel
84.
Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration
, edited by
M. A. DuPont-Morales, Michael K. Hooper, and Judy H. Schmidt
85.
Labor Relations in the Public Sector: Third Edition
, edited by
Richard C. Kearney
86.
Handbook of Administrative Ethics: Second Edition,
edited by

Terry L. Cooper
87.
Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Second Edition
,
edited by Robert T. Golembiewski
88.
Handbook of Global Social Policy,
edited by Stuart S. Nagel
and Amy Robb
89.
Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective,
Sixth Edition,
Ferrel Heady
90.
Handbook of Public Quality Management
, edited by
Ronald J. Stupak and Peter M. Leitner
91.
Handbook of Public Management Practice and Reform
, edited by
Kuotsai Tom Liou
92.
Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process,
Fifth Edition,
Jay M. Shafritz, Norma M. Riccucci,
David H. Rosenbloom, Katherine C. Naff, and Albert C. Hyde
93.
Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management
, edited by
Ali Farazmand

94.
Handbook of Comparative and Development Public
Administration: Second Edition,
edited by Ali Farazmand
95.
Financial Planning and Management in Public Organizations
,
Alan Walter Steiss and Emeka O. Cyprian Nwagwu
96.
Handbook of International Health Care Systems,
edited by
Khi V. Thai, Edward T. Wimberley, and Sharon M. McManus
97.
Handbook of Monetary Policy,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Glenn L. Stevens
98.
Handbook of Fiscal Policy,
edited by Jack Rabin
and Glenn L. Stevens
99.
Public Administration: An Interdisciplinary Critical Analysis,
edited by Eran Vigoda
100.
Ironies in Organizational Development: Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded,
edited by Robert T. Golembiewski
101.
Science and Technology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism
,

edited by Tushar K. Ghosh, Mark A. Prelas, Dabir S. Viswanath,
and Sudarshan K. Loyalka
102.
Strategic Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations
,
Alan Walter Steiss
103.
Case Studies in Public Budgeting and Financial Management:
Second Edition,
edited by Aman Khan and W. Bartley Hildreth
104.
Handbook of Conflict Management,
edited by
William J. Pammer, Jr. and Jerri Killian
105.
Chaos Organization and Disaster Management,
Alan Kirschenbaum
106.
Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender
Administration and Policy,
edited by Wallace Swan
107.
Public Productivity Handbook: Second Edition,
edited by
Marc Holzer
108.
Handbook of Developmental Policy Studies,
edited by
Gedeon M. Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu
and M. Shamsul Haque

109.
Bioterrorism in Medical and Healthcare Administration,
Laure Paquette
110.
International Public Policy and Management: Policy Learning
Beyond Regional, Cultural, and Political Boundaries,
edited by
David Levi-Faur and Eran Vigoda-Gadot
111.
Handbook of Public Information Systems, Second Edition,
edited by G. David Garson
112.
Handbook of Public Sector Economics,
edited by
Donijo Robbins
113.
Handbook of Public Administration and Policy in the European
Union,
edited by M. Peter van der Hoek
114.
Nonproliferation Issues for Weapons of Mass Destruction,
Mark A. Prelas and Michael S. Peck
115.
Common Ground, Common Future: Moral Agency in Public
Administration, Professions, and Citizenship
, Charles Garofalo
and Dean Geuras
116.
Handbook of Organization Theory and Management:
The Philosophical Approach, Second Edition,

edited by
Thomas D. Lynch and Peter L. Cruise
117.
International Development Governance,
edited by
Ahmed Shafiqul Huque and Habib Zafarullah
118.
Sustainable Development Policy and Administration,
edited by
Gedeon M. Mudacumura, Desta Mebratu, and M. Shamsul Haque
119.
Public Financial Management,
edited by Howard A. Frank
120.
Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice,
edited by
Barbara Sims and Pamela Preston
121.
Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Threat to Occupational
Health in the U.S. and Canada,
edited by William Charney
122.
Handbook of Technology Management in Public
Administration,
edited by David Greisler and Ronald J. Stupak
123.
Handbook of Decision Making,
edited by Göktu˘g Morçöl
124.
Handbook of Public Administration, Third Edition,

edited by
Jack Rabin, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller
125.
Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics,
and Methods,
edited by Frank Fischer, Gerald J. Miller,
and Mara S. Sidney
126.
Elements of Effective Governance: Measurement,
Accountability and Participation,
Kathe Callahan
127.
Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration,
edited by Jeremy Plant
128.
Art and Practice of Court Administration,
Alexander B. Aikman
Available Electronically
Principles and Practices of Public Administration
, edited by
Jack Rabin, Robert F. Munzenrider, and Sherrie M. Bartell
Edited by
Jeremy F. Plant
The Pennsylvania State University–Harrisburg
Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Associate Editor
Van R. Johnston
University of Denver
Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.
Assistant Editor

Cristina E. Ciocirlan
Elizabethtown College
Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
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Boca Raton London New York
Handbook of
Transportation
Policy and
Administration
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of transportation policy and administration / edited by Jeremy Plant,
Van R. Johnston, and Cristina Ciocirlan.
p. cm. (Public administration and public policy ; 127)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-57444-565-7 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-57444-565-0 (alk. paper)
1. Transportation and state. I. Plant, Jeremy F., 1945- II. Johnston, Van R. III.
Ciocirlan, Cristina. IV. Title. V. Series.
HE193.H33 2007
388.0973 dc22 2006031908
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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To our friends and colleagues in the Section on Transportation Policy and
Administration of the American Society for Public Administration.

xi
Contributors
John A. Anderson Ph.D., associate professor, and director of administration and lead-
ership studies research, department of sociology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania,
Dixon University Center, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Simon P. Anderson commonwealth professor, department of economics, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Michael T. Behney instructor of public affairs, School of Public Affairs, and director,
Institute of State and Regional Affairs, the Pennsylvania State University–Harrisburg,
Middletown, Pennsylvania.
David Connelly assistant professor, department of political science, Western Illinois
University, Macomb, Illinois.
Eric T. Donnell assistant professor, department of civil and environmental engineer-
ing, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Z. Andrew Farkas professor, Institute for Transportation, Morgan State University,
Baltimore, Maryland.
Mary Beth Farquahr Ph.D. candidate, School of Public and International
Affairs,Virginia Polytechnic Institution and State University, Alexandria, Virginia.
Patrick Fisher department of political science, Seton Hall University, South Orange,
New Jersey.
Johnathan Gerber Ph.D. candidate and teaching assistant, department of political
science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
Andrew R. Goetz professor, department of geography, Intermodal Transportation
Institute, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado.
Steve G. Green professor, department of management, United States Air Force Acad-
emy, Colorado Springs, Colorado.
John J. Gruidl professor of agricultural economics, Illinois Institute for Rural Affairs,
Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois.
xii
R. John Hansman professor, department of aeronautics and astronautics, Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kevin E. Henrickson Ph.D. candidate, Gonzaga University, Jepson School of Busi-
ness, Eugene, Oregon.
Kurt A. Heppard associate professor, department of management, United States Air
Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Pannapa Herabat assistant professor, department of construction management and
engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
Paul Hubler MPA, University of La Verne, La Verne, California.
Erik W. Johnston Ph.D. candidate, School of Information, Center for the Study of
Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Van R. Johnston professor of public policy and business
, Daniels College of Busi-
ness, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado.
Bassel El-Kasaby instructor, Aviation Institute, School of Public Administration,
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska.
Wendell C. Lawther associate professor, department of public administration, Uni-
versity of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
Joanne L. Lubart assistant counsel, of ce of chief counsel, Pennsylvania Department
of Transportation, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Daniel Madar professor, department of political science, Brock University, St.
Catharines, Ontario.
Sarmistha Rina Majumdar assistant professor, department of political science, Sam
Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas.
John M. Mason, Jr. associate dean and professor, College of Engineering, The Penn-
sylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Sue McNeil professor, department of civil and environmental engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
Jack W. Meek professor, College of Business and Public Management, University of
La Verne, La Verne, California.
Contributors
xiii
Christopher D. Merrett director and professor of geography, Illinois Institute for
Rural Affairs, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois.
Göktuğ Morçöl associate professor, School of Public Affairs, the Pennsylvania State
University–Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania.

Margaret Morrow business educator, business department, Frederick High School,
Frederick, Colorado.
Aleksandra Mozdzanowska Ph.D. candidate, School of Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
David C. Nice professor, department of political science, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington.
Patrick D. O’Neil graduate assistant, Aviation Institute, School of Public Administra-
tion, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska.
Sock-Yong Phang associate professor, School of Economics and Social Sciences,
Singapore Management University, Singapore.
Jeremy F. Plant professor of public administration and public policy, the Pennsylvania
State University–Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania.
Theodore H. Poister professor, fepartment of public administration and urban studies,
Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Willard Price professor of operations and engineering management, Eberhardt School
of Business, University of the Paci c, Stockton, California.
Thomas W. Sanchez associate professor, urban affairs and planning program, Virginia
Tech, Alexandria, Virginia.
Paul Seidenstat associate professor of economics, Fox School of Business, Temple
University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Aileen Switzer multi-modal planning supervisor, Wisconsin Department of Trans-
portation, Transportation District Of ce 2, Madison, Wisconsin.
Joseph S. Szyliowicz professor, Graduate School of International Studies, Denver
University, Denver, Colorado.
Scott E. Tarry professor, Aviation Institute, School of Public Administration, Uni-
versity of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska.
Contributors
xiv
Mary M. Timney professor, department of public administration, Pace University,
White Plains, New York.

François Vaillancourt professor, economics department, Université de Montréal,
Montréal, Québec, Canada.
William L. Waugh, Jr. professor, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia
State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Wesley W. Wilson professor, department of economics, University of Oregon, Eu-
gene, Oregon.
Philippe Wingender Ph.D. candidate, University of California, Berkeley, California.
James Wolf professor, School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Polytechnic
Institution and State University, Alexandria, Virginia.
Richard R. Young associate professor of supply chain management, School of Busi-
ness Administration, the Pennsylvania State University–Harrisburg, Middletown,
Pennsylvania.
Ulf Zimmermann associate professor, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw,
Georgia.
Contributors
xv
Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi
Part I. Transportation Systems in the Twenty-First Century
Chapter 1
The Big Questions of Transportation Policy and Administration
in the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jeremy F. Plant
Chapter 2
The U.S. Air Transportation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Aleksandra Mozdzanowska and R. John Hansman
Chapter 3
Trucking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Daniel Madar

Chapter 4
Beyond the Waterfront: Ports as Leaders of Intermodal Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Paul Hubler and Jack W. Meek
Chapter 5
A Description of the Inland Waterway System and Planning Models . . . . . . . . . . 53
Kevin E. Henrickson and Wesley W. Wilson
Chapter 6
Intelligent Transportation Systems: Evolution and Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Wendell C. Lawther
Chapter 7
Toll Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Patrick Fisher, Johnathan Gerber, and David C. Nice
Part II. Transportation and Federalism
Chapter 8
State Departments of Transportation: From Highway Departments
to Transportation Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Andrew R. Goetz
Chapter 9
State Programs to Support Passenger Rail Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Patrick Fisher and David C. Nice
xvi
Chapter 10
Metropolitan Planning Organizations and Regional Transportation Planning . . . 169
James Wolf, Thomas W. Sanchez, and Mary Beth Farquahr
Chapter 11
Transportation Management Associations: Toward a New View of
Public Policy and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Göktuğ Morçöl and Ulf Zimmermann
Chapter 12
Urban Transportation Policy: The Baltimore Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Z. Andrew Farkas
Chapter 13
Environmental Impact on Transportation Policy: The Case for California’s Zero
Emissions Vehicles (ZEV) Mandate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Sarmistha Rina Majumdar
Chapter 14
You Can’t Get There from Here: Issues in Rural Passenger
Transportation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
John J. Gruidl, Christopher D. Merrett, and David Connelly
Part III. Transportation Policy
Chapter 15
Spatial Modeling in Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Simon P. Anderson and Wesley W. Wilson
Chapter 16
Decentralization and the Transport Sector: Some Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
François Vaillancourt with Phillippe Wingender
Chapter 17
Context-Sensitive Design for Highways and Streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Eric T. Donnell and John M. Mason, Jr.
Chapter 18
The Evolution of Policy and Regulation in the First Century of
American Aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Bassel El-Kasaby, Patrick D. O’Neil, and Scott E. Tarry
Chapter 19
Transportation and Energy: Policy Dilemmas for the Twenty-First Century . . . . 359
Mary M. Timney
Chapter 20
Privatization of Transportation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Wendell C. Lawther
Contents

xvii
Chapter 21
Evaluating Intelligent Transportation Systems for Public Transit:
A Cost–Bene t Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Margaret Morrow
Chapter 22
The Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program and Transportation Policy . . . 431
John A. Anderson, Michael T. Behney, and Joanne L. Lubart
Part IV. Managing Transportation Systems
Chapter 23
From Transportation to Logistics to Supply Chain: Evolution in How
Industry Thinks about Moving Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Richard R. Young
Chapter 24
Transportation Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Pannapa Herabat, Sue McNeil, and Aileen Switzer
Chapter 25
Performance Measurement in Transportation Agencies: State of the Practice . . . 485
Theodore H. Poister
Chapter 26
Public–Private Partnerships in Urban Rail Transit: Recent International
Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Sock-Yong Phang
Part V. Securing and Protecting Transportation
Chapter 27
Transportation Security Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Van R. Johnston, Paul Seidenstat, and Erik W. Johnston
Chapter 28
Globalization and Transportation Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Joseph S. Szyliowicz

Chapter 29
Seaport Security from Terror: Risk and Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Willard Price
Chapter 30
The Evolving Role of the Department of Defense in Homeland and
Transportation Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Kurt A. Heppard and Steve G. Green
Chapter 31
Enhancing Railroad Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Jeremy F. Plant
Contents
xviii
Chapter 32
Securing Mass Transit after the Madrid and London Bombings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
William L. Waugh, Jr.
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Contents
xix
Acknowledgments
The idea of developing the Handbook began with discussions I had with my colleagues
from the Section on Transportation Policy and Administration (STPA) of the American
Society for Public Administration. STPA was formed in 1992, shortly after the pas-
sage of the landmark Intermodal Surface Transportation Ef ciency Act (know by its
acronym, ISTEA) a short time earlier. STPA is an organization dedicated to advancing
the knowledge and practice of transportation policy and administration and bringing
transportation-related issues to the attention of public administrators and scholars
whose primary focus in on general policy and management questions. Three current
or former chairs of STPA—Van Johnston, Scott Tarry, and Jeremy Plant—are among
the authors represented in the in this volume, along with STPA executive committee
members Willard Price and Wendell Lawther.

I also wish to thank a number of individuals whose help has been critical in mov-
ing the project forward. The Associate Editor, Dr. Van Johnston of the University of
Denver, took the lead in developing the section on Transportation Security and provided
overall guidance as the project developed. The Assistant Editor, Cristina Ciocirlan of
Elizabethtown College, took time away from her young family and doctoral studies
at Penn State Harrisburg to work with authors in developing their chapters and bring-
ing them to closure. Dr. Jack Rabin, the Handbook series editor and my colleague at
Penn State Harrisburg, supported the idea of the volume and helped answer many of
the questions we encountered as the project proceeded. Rich O’Hanley at Auerbach
Books provided timely encouragement and guidance, and the staff at Taylor & Francis
oversaw the  nal production of the volume.
It goes without saying that the greatest contribution has been made by the authors
of the chapters; without them, there would be no Handbook of Transportation Policy
and Administration.

xxi
Preface
The past three decades have brought sweeping changes to the  eld of transportation.
In the United States and other developed nations, deregulation and greater reliance on
markets and the private sector has helped to recon gure the transport industries. The
rise of intermodal goods movements and global commerce has produced ef ciencies
of operation and a greater interdependence among transport modes. The fundamental
importance of transportation in the modern society has been examined by rigorous
analysis from a variety of disciplines: engineering, economics, geography, political
science, information science, and sociology. Tradeoffs between competing values such
as mobility, safety, ef ciency, equity, conservation, aesthetics, and historic preservation
have helped to heighten our understanding of the critical position transportation—and
policies and management guiding transportation—plays in contemporary life. In the
post-September 11 era, transportation security issues have moved to center stage as we
grapple with the challenge of protecting our vast transportation system while maintain-

ing its operational ef ciencies and effectiveness.
The Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration represents an ef-
fort to bring together under one cover the work of a number of leading experts in the
emerging and interdisciplinary  eld we call “transportation studies.” It is by no means
complete—that would require a multi-volume treatment. However, it is intended to
provide professionals in the  eld of transportation, students, scholars, public of cials,
and informed citizens knowledge of the basic organization of the transportation  eld,
the policies guiding its operations and development, case examples of transportation
planning, operations and management, connections between the transportation system
and other policy arenas, and a picture of how transportation modes and systems are
changing under the pressure to remain safe and secure under new types of threats.
The volume has been developed under what might be called an “open-ended”
approach. The various authors were not expected to test any particular thesis or vision
of transportation, but rather to contribute their best thinking on major aspects of trans-
portation policy and administration. The Handbook takes no stand on the contentious
issues that often arise in discussions of transportation: which mode of transport should
be preferred, should the public or private sector take the lead in making fundamental
decisions or running transportation operations, or what discipline holds the key to
understanding transportation issues. The reader is provided a broad range of insights,
beginning with overviews of many of the major transportation modes and moving
through discussions of transportation policy and transportation management to the  nal
section on transportation security. Authors include practitioners, current and former,
as well as scholars and policy analysts. The focus is primarily on the United States
and almost entirely on transportation in the developed world: a weakness, no doubt,
and one that we hope will be corrected in a future examination of transportation in
other settings.

Part I
Transportation Systems
in the Twenty-First Century