Organizational behavior: Lecture 6 - Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed

Organizational
Behavior
(MGT-502)

Lecture-6


Summary
of
Lecture-5


Challenges to Organizations
Globalization
Diversity
Technology
Ethics


Ability
Mental and physical
capabilities to perform
various tasks.


Learning
 A relatively permanent
change in the behavior
occurring as a result of
experience.

Learning Theories
Social
Learning
Classical
Conditioning

Prentice Hall, 2001

Chapter 2

Operant
Conditioning

6


Today’s Topics


Values


The Person
• Skills & abilities
• Personality
• Perceptions
• Attitudes
•Values
• Ethics

The Environment
• Organization
• Work group
• Job
• Personal life

Behavior

B = f(P,E)


Values.
– Values are broad preferences

concerning appropriate courses of
action or outcomes.
– Values influence behavior and attitudes.


The Importance of Values
Behavior
Motivation
Perceptions
Attitudes

Values


Values

 basic convictions that “a specific mode of
conduct or end-state of existence is personally
or socially preferable to an opposite or
converse mode of conduct or end-state of
existence.”
– They contain a judgmental element in that they
carry the individual’s idea of what is right, good, or
desirable.
– Value System -- a hierarchy based on a ranking of
an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.


 Importance of Values
– Values generally influence attitudes and
behavior.

 Sources of our Value Systems
– A significant portion is genetically
determined.
– Other factors include national culture,
parental dictates, teachers, friends, and
similar environmental influences.
– Values are relatively stable and enduring.


The Importance of Values
Judgment

Content

Stability

Intensity


Ethical Behavior
Ethical Behavior - acting in ways
consistent with one’s personal
values and the commonly held
values of the organization and
society.


Values, Ethics & Ethical Behavior
Value Systems - systems of beliefs that
affect what the individual defines as right,
good, and fair
Ethics - reflects the way values are acted out
Ethical behavior - actions consistent with
one’s values


Cognitive Moral Development
Cognitive Moral Development - The
process of moving through stages of
maturity in terms of making ethical
decisions
Level l
Premoral

Level ll
Conventional

Level lll
Principled


Values, Loyalty, and Ethical
Behavior
Ethical Values and
Behaviors of Leaders

Ethical
Ethical Climate
Climate in
in
the
the Organization
Organization


Sources of values.
– Parents.
– Friends.
– Teachers.
– Role models.
– External reference groups.


Types of values.

–Terminal values.
 Preferences concerning the ends
to be achieved.
–Instrumental values.
 Preferences for the means to be
used in achieving desired ends.


Types of values — cont.
 Theoretical values.
 Economic values.
 Aesthetic values.
 Social values.
 Political values.
 Religious values.


Patterns and trends in values.
 Duty.
 Honesty.
 Responsibility.
 Economic incentives.
 Organizational loyalty.
 Work-related identity.


Individual Differences Impact Job 
Performance & Job Satisfaction

Values

Attitudes

Abilities

Job
Performance

Job
Satisfaction


Work Values
 Achievement (career advancement)
 Concern for others (compassionate
behavior)
 Honesty (provision of accurate
information)
 Fairness (impartiality)


Individual/Organizational
Model of Ethical Behavior
Individual Influences
Value systems
Locus of control
Cognitive moral development

Organizational Influences
Codes of conduct

Norms
Rewards and punishments

Ethical
Behavior