Software Process Benchmarks
Lecture # 30A
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Benchmarks
• Benchmarks
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Standard
Yardstick
Target
Scale
Point of reference
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Software Benchmarks
• Benchmarks compare a company against
industry norms
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Software Benchmarks
• Benchmarks collect quantitative and
qualitative data on a number of important
topics, including investments, staffing
levels, development schedules, staff efforts,
costs, quality, and customer satisfaction
• All of these factors are related to software
process improvement initiatives
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Software Benchmarks
• Benchmark studies often include
supplemental information on specific tool
suites, programming languages, and formal
methods utilized
• Thus, benchmark studies and assessment
studies overlap to a degree
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Software Benchmarks
• Benchmarks are primarily comparisons
between a specific company and other
companies in the same kind of business
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Software Benchmarks
• Benchmark studies or comparisons of
quantitative data are older than the software
industry. Indeed, comparisons between the
companies have been taking place for
centuries. E.g., studies of market shares,
staff compensation levels, executive pay,
and customer satisfaction have long been
performed
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Software Benchmark
• Software benchmark is a formal comparison
of software methods and results against
those of other organizations
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Software Benchmarks
• Software benchmarks can be traced back to
the 1960s, when studies of data center
performance and downtimes started to be
performed
• These were soon followed by corporate
level studies of investments in information
technology, compensation studies of
software personnel, and studies of software
schedules, cost, and process
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Software Benchmarks
• Within the software industry, there are a
number of levels of benchmark studies that
have been noted to occur
• It would be a good idea to consider the
various kinds of benchmarks
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Macroeconomic Benchmarks
• Macroeconomic benchmarks are concerned
with very largescale issues such as impact
of computers and information technology
on economic health of nations and
industries
• Macroeconomic benchmarks are usually
performed by national governments and
sometimes by economists or universities
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Economic Benchmarks
• Economic benchmarks are concerned with
topics such as whether investments in
computers, software, factory automation, or
process improvement benefit the
profitability and market shares of
companies that spend more than others
• Productivity paradox
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Economic Benchmarks
• Economic benchmarks are performed by
economists, universities, and by
management consulting groups
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Corporate IT Benchmarks
• Corporate information technology
benchmarks deal with a host of interesting
comparisons among companies
• Some of the comparisons that are studied
under corporate benchmarks include
– Percent of corporate employees in IT
– Number of user supported per staff member in
IT
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Corporate IT Benchmarks
– Annual corporate spending for computer
hardware equipment
– Revenues per IT employee
– Sales volumes correlated to IT expenses
– Profitability correlated to IT expenses
– Average salaries for IT workers
– Number of specialist occupations employed
within IT
– Corporate revenues per IT worker
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Corporate IT Benchmarks
• IT benchmarks are produced by many
universities, by consulting organizations,
and sometimes by universities and
consultants together
• Corporate benchmarks are also produced by
software journals such as the annual
software compensation and salary levels
published by ComputerWorld
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Customer Satisfaction
Benchmarks
• Customer satisfaction benchmarks also
predate the computer era and can be traced
back more than 100 years. In the context of
software applications, customer satisfaction
surveys for specific products are often
carried out by the vendors themselves
• However, comparative benchmarks
between classes of similar products require
more extensive data
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ProjectLevel Benchmarks
• Projectlevel benchmarks for software have
been carried out since the 1970s
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• With hundreds of companies performing
scores of benchmarks it is not surprising
that there are many variations in how the
work is performed
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Benchmark studies
• Benchmark studies can be carried out in a
variety of ways, including
– Blind studies in which none of the participating
companies are identified
– Hybrid studies with a mix of named and unnamed
participants
– Open studies in which all participants are aware of one
another
– Targeted studies between two specific companies
– General studies between one company and industry
averages
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• Benchmarks by means of mailed/emailed
survey instruments
• Benchmarks by means of telephone surveys
• Benchmarks by means of onsite interviews
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Software Benchmark Analysis
• The goal of a software benchmark analysis
is to show clients exactly where they stand
in the context of their own industry
• Normally, clients care about the average
results from their industry, but care more
about bestinclass results
• Simply placing the client against the
background of their industry is not enough
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• A good benchmark should also uncover
information on why the results are the way
they are
• Also, because benchmarks are precursors to
process improvement programs, the
benchmark should indicate some of the
steps that might be needed to improve the
client’s standing against data
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Following slide to be inserted
Basic Sequence of Software
Benchmarks
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Basic Sequence of Software
Benchmarks
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