Luận văn thạc sĩ USSH phụ nữ thái đen với việc bảo tồn văn hoá trong thời kỳ đổi mới qua nghiên cứu ở xã thanh luông, điện biên, lai châu

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

LLTONG THI THU HANG

PHU Ntr THAI DEN VOl VIEC BAO TON VAN HO A
TRONG

T H O I KY

DOT

M6I

(Qua nghien cmi b xa Thanh Luong, Dien bien, Lai Chau)
LUAN VAN THAC SY KHOA HOC LICH SIT
CHUYEN NGANH DAN T O C HOC
MA SO: 50310

NGUOI HUONG DAN KJKOAl^OC: TS. HC'ANG LUO
1 CAI HOC~Ov6c
!TR(JNbTAMTj:i]v;: Ti?i..TitiJ

1
-_

HA

NOI --2001

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MUC LUC

Trang
Phan thu nhat

7

DAN LUAN
1. Tinh c^p thiet, y nghia khoa hgc va thuc ti6n cua dt tai

7

2. Lich su nghien cuu van de

9

3. Muc dich nghien ctiu cua de tai

14

4. Doi tugng va pham vi nghien cuu

15

5. Nguon tai lieu cua luan van

16

6. Co so ly luan va phuang phap nghien ciru

16

7. Dong gop ciia luan van

17

8. Bo cue cua luan van

18

Phan thii hai

19

NOI DUNG CUA LUAN VAN
Chuong mot.

19

GI6I THIEU KHAI QUAT vt DIA BAN NGHIEN ClTU
1.1 Dieu kien tu nhien a Thanh Luong

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1.2 Lich su tgc ngucfi va dan cu a Thanh Luong

21

1.2.1 Lich su tgc ngucri

21

1.2.1.1 Vai net ve ngucd Thai a Viet Nam

21

1.2.1.2 Nguai Thai a Thanh Luong

22

1.2.2 Su phan bo dan cu a Thanh Luong

25

1.3 Thanh Luong trong khung canh doi mai

26

Chuong hai.
KHAI QUAT Vfi VAN HOA THAI
NGUCII THAI 6 THANH LLONG

31
VA

BIEN DOI VAN HOA CUA

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2.1 Khai niem van hoa \'a khai quat ve van hoa Thai

31

2.1.1 Khai niem van hoa

31

2.1.2 Khai quat ve van hoa Thai

33

2.2 Nguai Thai Den Thanh Luong vai yeu to truyen thong va

35

hien dai trong van hoa
2.3 Nguai Thai Den Thanh Luong vai yeu to hoi nhap va bien

37

doi trong van hoa
Chuong ba.
PHU NLTTHAI DEN Vdl VI$C BAO TON VAN HOA TOC NGUClI
3.1 Mot so khai niem trong nghien cuu Giai va Phu nS

41

3.2 Nhung quan niem truyen thong ve phu nu trong xa hoi Thai

43

41

3.2.1 Nhung quan niem ve vai tro cua nguai phu nu

43

3.2.2 Nhung tap tiic va nghi II lien quan den vai tro cua

47

ngucfi phu nu trong gia dinh ngu&i Thai
3.3 Phu nil Thai Den v6i boat dgng kinh te

52

3.3.1 Phan cong lao dgng trong gia dinh

52

3.3.2 Vai tro ciia nguai phu niJ Thai Den trong cac boat

63

dgng san xuat
3.3.2.1 Lam rugng

63

3.3.2.2 Lam nuang va lam vudn

64

3.3.2.3 Chan nuoi

68

3.3.2.4 Phu nu Thai Den v6i viec phan phoi cac san

71

pham lao dgng va quan ly cac nguon thu nhap ciia gia
dinh
3.4 Phu nir Thai Den v6i viec nuoi day con cai

72

3.5 Phu n\s Thai Den vai trang phuc \'a nghe det truyen thong

74

3.6 Phu nS Thai Den v6i tap quan c\x6\ xin

81

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3.7 Phu nu Thai Den vai tap quan tang ma

87

3.8 Phu nir Thai Den vai Y hgc c6 truyen

91

3.9 Phu nu Thai Den vdi van nghe truyen thong

95

Phan thu ba

98

KET LUAN
Phuluc

102

Tulieuanh

108

Danh sach nhiing nguai cung cap thong tin

117

Tai lieu tham khao

121

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CHtr VIET TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN
NXB CTQG, H. 1995

Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi. 1995

NXB KHXH

Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi

NXB VHDT

Nha xuat ban Van hoa Dan toe

PCT

Pho chu tich

UBND

Uy ban nhan dan

[60. 663]

Tai lieu tham khao 60, trang 663

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LOI CAM ON •
Khi thuc hien ban luan \'an nay toi da gap mot so tra ngai bai \'an
de nghien cuil giai a Viet Nam da la rnai, nghien cuu giai trong Nhan
hgc Xa hoi con tn6i han nira, ben canh do tu lieu ve phii nu Thai rat it.
Nhung dugc su khuyen khich, dgng vien chan thanh va chi bao tan tinh
ciia cac thav giao thuoc Bo mon Dan toe hoc khoa Lich Su, Ban chu
nhiem va cac thay giao trong khoa Ljch Su, truang Dai hgc Khoa hgc
Xa hoi va Nhan van, Ban lanh dao Vien Dan tgc hgc, cung sir giup da
cua cac nha nghien curu lop trudc va cac can bg nhan dan dja
phuang noi chiing toi den nghien cuu, dac biet la su hudng dSn, chi bao,
giiip da true tiep tan tinh cua Tien sy Hoang Luang - toi da hoan thanh
ban luan van.
Toi xin tran trgng cam an su giiip da quy bau nay.
Ha Noi, nam 2001

Luang Thi Thu H^ng

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Phan thii nhat
D A N LUAN
l.Tinh cap thiet, y nghia khoa hgc va thuc ti^n cua de tai
Mot trong nhiJng van de quan trgng hang dau cua van hoa thai dai
hien nay dugc nhieu nguai quan tam la giu gin van hoa truyen thong ciia

cac dan tgc trong qua trinh phat tri en ciia the giai hien dai. Dieu thach
thiic cua m6i quoc gia dan tgc trong su phat trien phai chang chinh la sir
bao ton va hoi nhap van hoa?
La mot quoc gia da dan tgc vai 54 thanh phan tgc nguai, van hoa
Viet Nam la mot nen van hoa da dang. Hien nay, viec bao ton \'a phat
huy ban s4c van hoa cua m6i tgc nguai rieng le chinh la mot tien de
quan trgng trong su nghiep phat trien ciia dan tgc Viet Nam. Vi vay, su
bao ton cac yeu to van hoa truyen thong, cung nhu su tiep nhan cac yeu
to \'an hoa ngoai tgc nguai de tao nen ban sdc rieng cua timg tgc ngudi
da diin ra nhu the nao? Vai tro ciia nam va nu a m6i dan tgc dam nhiem
qua trinh nay ra sao?
Phu nir hien nay la nguai cung cap 2/3 lugng thai gian cho lao
dgng tren toan the giai, nhung hg chi dugc nhan 1/10 tong thu nhap va
chi CO 1/100 so tai san tren toan the giai [60, 663]. Neu nhu su bat binh
dang vin con in dau len hau nhu tat ca cac xa hoi, du la tien tien nhat thi
no van khong th6 ngan can dugc su thira nhan vai tro cua nguai phu nir
trong viec duy tri cac gia tri van hoa truyen thong mang tinh tgc nguoi.
Vi vay, dung ve mat ly thuyet viec nghien cuu vai tro do la rat can thiet
cho nhan loai.
Ve mat thuc tien, thii nhat dung truac boi canh ciia cong cugc doi
mdi ciia dat nu6c ta, y\tc danh gia cac chu'c nang, tac dgng cua nguai

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phu nir trong dai song ciia cac dan tgc, trong do c6 nguai Thai se giiip
cho chiing ta thay dugc su dong gop cac boat dgng ciia giai nir trong qua
trinh nay. Thu hai, nguai Thai a Viet Nam la mot tgc nguai c6 dan so
dung hang thiJ hai [11, 305] trong cac dan tgc thieu so va da dugc rat
nhieu nha khoa hgc quan tam nghien cuu. Tuy nhien, trong nhung cong

trinh nghien cuu do cac thong tin ve phu nil con rat ft \'a cho tai nay
chua CO mot nghien cuu chuyen biet nao ve phu nir Thai. Han nira, trong
boi canh doi mdi ciia dat nuac, cugc song cua nguai Thai da c6 nhieu
thay doi, song chua c6 nghien cu*u nao de cap den vai tro ciia nguai phu
nil Thai trong qua trinh thay doi nay. Ve phu nir Thai Den a Thanh
Luong (Dien Bien , Lai Chau) thi tir trudc den nay cang chua c6 ai quan
tam nghien cuu.
Ben canh do cho tai hien nay, cac nghien cuu ve gidi dual goc do
dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc a Viet Nam chua nhieu, dac biet la nhirng
nghien curu chuyen sau. Thuc te nay la mot tra ngai khong nho cho cac
nghien ciru ke tiep, dong thai van de ly thuyet giai ciing la mot thach
thiic Ion doi v6i van de nghien cuu. Muc dich ma nhiing nghien cuu dan
tgc hgc va nhan hgc ve gidi dat ra la khong chi tim hieu xem moi quan
he giiia phu nil va nam gidi, vai tro va dong gop ciia cac giai trong gia
dinh, cong dong, xa hoi da va dang di^n ra nhu the nao a m6i tgc nguai,
m6i che do xa hoi, ma can chi ra dugc nguyen nhan tai sao, phai tra lai
dugc cau hoi tai sao lai c6 moi quan he do, ca sa cua moi quan he va vai
tro do la gi. Tren the gidfi hien nay da c6 rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu
giai trong ITnh \arc dan tgc hgc va nhin hgc, tuy nhien viec tiep cSn vdi
nhirng thong tin do con rat nhieu kho khan. Kho khan thir nhat la thieu
tai lieu, thuc te nhiing tai lieu chuyen sau ve giai bang tieng nuac ngoai
trong cac thu vien khong nhieu, ben canh do tai lieu da dugc dich ra

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tieng Viet con qua ft 6i. Kho khan thiic hai la c6 rat ft nhirng chuyen de
dao tao ve ^ioi dual goc do dan toe hoc va nhaji hoc.

^"

Tir tinh hinh thuc te ciia van de nghien* ciru giai trong dan tgc hgc
va nhan hgc, c6 ihi thay rang van de nay a Viet Nam hien nay con rat
mdi me. Viec tiep can v6i cac kien thiic va thong tin trong Imh \arc nay
dang gap rat nhieu tra ngai. Nghien ciiu giai khong chi la va'n de quyen
binh dang giira phu nir \'a nam gidi ma con la van de phat trien ben \amg
ciia m6i tgc nguai va m6i quoc gia. Do vay, trong cong cugc doi mdi va
phat trien ciia nude ta ciing nhu trong xu the nghien cuu ung dung phat
triSn hien nay, nghien ciiu nhan hgc ve gidi la het siic can thiet.
Xua't phat til yeu cau ly luan va thuc ti6n tren, chiing toi da chgn
van de "P/zu nu Thai Den vdi viec bao ton van hod trong thai ky doi
moi^' (Qua nghien citu a Thanh Luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau) lam de
tai luan van thac sy ciia minh.

2. Lich su nghien cuu van de
Hien nay, nghien cuu Thai va cac tgc ngudi noi tieng Thai khong
con la va'n de rieng cua quoc gia nao niia ma no da trd thanh va'n de
mang tfnh quoc te dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc tren the gidi quan tam. Dieu
do dugc the hien bang viec cac hoi nghi Thai hgc dugc to chiic lien tiep
hang nam tren the gidi, ma gan day nhat nam \9% la hoi nghi Thai hgc
Quoc te'Ian thii bay dugc to chuc d Ha Lan, va tiep theo la hoi nghi Thai
hgc lan thu* VIII dugc to chiic d Nakhon Phanom Thai Lan nam 2002.
Qua tim hieu chiing toi dugc biet trong cac Hoi nghi Thai hgc Quoc te
do cung da c6 nhieu ngudi quan tam den va'n de phu ntr va gidi. chang
han nhu hCi nghi Thai hgc Quoc te Ian thii VI dugc to chuc d Tliai Lan
nam 1996 cd tdi 14 bao cao ve va'n de nay.

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Trong so luane Idn cac nehien ciiu v6 neudi Thai ndi chung,
chiing toi dac biet luu y den cac tac pham: Ngudi Thai 6 Tdy Bdf Viet
Nam caia Cam Trgng [41]. Trong cudn sach nay tac gia da trinh bay ve
nhieu mat ciia ddi song xa hoi Thai, nhat la xa hoi ngudi Thai Den, vi
cac mdi quan he kinh te, dac biet la va'n de sd hiru dat dai. Day la mot tu
lieu dan tgc hgc quy gia ve ddi song xa hoi dan tgc Thai d Tay bac cho
cac nha nghien cuu Thai tham khao; Trong cudn Tu lieu ve lich su vd
xd hoi dan tgc Thai do Dang Nghiem Van chii bien [50], da he thong
nhirng tu lieu thanh van, nhirng van tu c6 pho bien d vung Tay Bac Viet
Nam tiif the ky thii VI nhu Qudm to muang, le muang, luqt mitang, lai
lich ddng hg Ha Cong., ndi ve cac linh vuc lich sir, xa hoi, ton giao.
Nhdm tac gia da khai quat dugc biic tranh ve lich su xa hoi Thai giiip
cho ngudi dgc hieu vi tu tudng, gia tri van hoa va lich sir xa hoi c6
truyen cua dan tgc Thai; Vdi bai Thiet che ban mu&ng truyen

thong

ciia ngudi Thai a mien tdy Nghe An ciia Vi Van An [2], la nghien ciiu
dau tien va cd he thong ve thiet che xa hoi truyen thong ciia ngudi Thai d
mien Tay Nghe An. Nghien ciiu nay gdp phan bo sung vac biic tranh
toan canh ve xa hoi Thai d Viet Nam. O khfa canh quan he gidi tac gia
ciing da cho biet them ve dia vi ciia ngudi phu nir Thai trong gia dinh va
cong dong [2, 77] day la tu lieu dang quy giiip cho chiing toi cd ca sd so
sanh ve vai trd gidi ciia ngudi Thai d cac viing khac vdi diem nghien ciiu
ciia minh. Cudn Luqt tuc Thai a Viet Nam ciia Ngo Diic Thinh - Cam
Trgng [37], da tap hgp nhiing tu lieu dan gian ton tai hang tram nam nay
vi luat tuc ciia dong bao Thai. Trong cudn sach quy nay cd the tim thay
nhung mo ta vi each ting xir ciia cac mdi quan he trong gia dinh va xa
hoi Thai, dac biet la mot sd quy dinh phan anh mdi quan he gidi trong
hon nhan gia dinh va su thira ke tai san. Tai lieu nay la mot bang chimg

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nira ve vi trf ciia phu ntr va nam gidi trong xa hoi Thai. Ben canh do con
mot sd bai nghien ciiu tren tap chf Dan tgc hgc nhu:M V ban chat vd y
nghia ten ggi Thai Trang, Thai Den a Viet Nam ciia Le ST Giao [19],
Hoa van mat "Pha" (Thai) phong each rieng trong kho von chung ciia
Hoang Luang [28] ... Qua nhirng nghien ciiu nay chiing toi da hieu them
ve nguon goc lich sir cung nhu cac khfa canh ciia ddi song kinh te, van
hoa, xa hoi cua ngudi Thai d nude ta.
Ve cac khfa canh khac nhau ciia ddi song van hoa Thai da cd cac
tac pham: Nha san Thai cua Hoang Nam - Le Nggc Thang [29], Nghe
thiiqt trang phuc Thai ciia Le Nggc Thang [33], Hoa van Thai cua
Hoang Luang [26], Lai tang lido Hoang Tran Nghich suu tam [6]....
Cac nghien ciiu tren day la nguon tu lieu v6 ciing quy gia de chiing
toi cd mot cai nhin tong quat ve xa hoi Thai.
Ddng thdi vdi viec ke thira nhiing nguon tu lieu nghien ciiu Thai,
chiing tdi ciing luu y den nhirng nguon tu lieu khac v^ van de gidi. Bat
dau tii nhiing nam 60 ciia the ky XX, ciing vdi phong trao giai phdng
phu nir tren the gidi nghien ciiu ve gidi (chii yeu la nghien ciiu phu nix)
bat dau dugc chii y den, dac biet d chau Au cd han mot trao luu nghien
ciiu ve phu ntr (Women's studies). Dudi gdc do dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc,
va'n di gidi dugc de cap den d mgi linh \arc trong ddi song xa hoi, kinh
te, van hoa, chfnh tri...cua cac tgc ngudi. Chang ban khi nghien ciiu va'n
de gidi trong nong nghiep hai tac gia Ann Whitehead va Helen Bloom
[58,41], trong mot nghien ciiu d viing ha Sahara chau Phi da cho rang
ngudi phu nil khong cd kha nang dua ra nhirng ca hoi lam tang san luong
ndne nehicn ciia ho bdi do anh hudna cua khuon mau jzidi den cac kc
hoach phat trien tir cac cap dia phuang, viing, qudc gia den qudc te. Hon

nira trong viec thiet lap mdi quan he gidi tiep can vdi cac nguon luc thi

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. quyen va su dgc lap ciia phu nir vdi cac ngudn luc bi giam siit ciin^ vai
su hudng phat tri^n ciia thuong mai va hang hoa, Cong viec san xuat ciia
ngudi phu nil bi anh hudng bdi mdi xung dot giira cac thanh vien nam,
nir trong gia dinh ban la nhiing cong viec hg lam ciing nhu quyen han
rieng cua timg gidi ddi vdi viec tieu diing va thu nhap trong pham vi hg
gia dinh. Cung trong nghien ciiu cua minh d chau Phi, hai tac gia tren da
de cap den cac khfa canh xa hoi va phat trien nhu khuon man giai trong
viec lap ke hoqch phat trien va chinh sach; van de nguon luc; sir phan
cong lao dgng theo giai tinh; vai trd ciia phu nu trong kinh te'gia dinh;
van de xung dot trong hg gia dinh; ke hoqch phat trien vd nhung xung
dot trong hon nhan...
Mot trong cac nghien ciru nay da chi ra rang nhUng dau tu trong nong
nghiep da tao nen thu nhap cao cho mot sd hg gia dinh. Ddng thdi theo
dd la su thay doi trong mdi quan he hg hang va su xuat hien cac loai
hinh kinh te xa hoi khac nhau.
Ve va'n de gidi trong chuan muc va tap quan cd the tha'y rang cac tap
quan va chuan muc xa hoi gdp phan to Idn vao viec giai thfch su phan
biet gidi. Chiing quyet dinh vai trd cua phu ntr va nam gidi trong gia
dinh va cong dong. ISIhimg he thong chuan muc va tap quan ve gidi thay
doi giira cac khu \arc, giiia cac nude va ngay ca trong mot nude. 6 vung
phia bac Nam A, he thong gia tgc dudng nhu phan hoa cao do giira cac
gidi [55,117]. Phu nU d Dong Nam A thudng cd dia vi cao han so vdi
viing Nam A, hg ddng mot vai trd kinh te quan trgng trong gia dinh, hg
nang dgng han va thudng dugc d^u tu nhieu ban. Tuy nhien d khu \ajrc
nay tap quan va chuan muc xa hoi van chiia dung nhirng ca cau gidi dan

tdi su phan biet nghe nghiep, ty le bao luc lien quan den gidi cao

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[55.117]. Su khac nhau rat Idn trong bat binh dang gidi va vai trd ciia cac
gidi giira cac khu MJC va ngay trong khu \arc phan nao gan lien vdi su
khac biet giiia cac ding cap, tang Idp xa hoi, nhdm dan tgc hay ton giao.
Mot nghien ciiu khac ciia tac gia Thamora V. Fishel [61,9] da de
cap den van de gidi, di sau vao van de'gidi mang tfnh cha't dan tgc hgc.
Tac gia coi hanh vi chfnh tri, gidi la san pham ciia van hoa xa hoi. Tac
gia chii trgng vao viec tim hieu cau triic xa hoi, niem tin, muc dich va
cac gia tri van hoa, coi dd la nhiing nhan td ca ban hinh thanh nen che
do chfnh tri d Thai Lan. Trong nghien ciru cua minh tac gia tap trung vao
mdi quan he giira cac tang idp xa hoi va quyen luc, ciing nhu anh hudng
cua gidi trong xa hoi Thai Lan, nhiing nhan td hinh thanh nen mo hinh
gidi, va tim ra nhiing mat han che cua nd.
C5 Viet Nam trong nhirng nam gan day nghien ciiu ve gidi mdi chi
la nhiing budc di dau tien, ben canh dd cac nghien ciiu ve phu nii dan tgc
It ngudi bat dau dugc quan tam. Dieu dd dugc the hien qua mot sd bao
cao khoa hgc da dugc cong bd nhu: 'Yah de phu nu vd phat trien a viing
dan tgc vd mien niii' [45], ''Mot so van de dat ra khi nghien citu thuc
trang dai song phu nu cac dan tgc it nguai, gop phan hoan thien chinh
sach xd hoi' [6], va con mot sd nghien ciiu khac da de cap den phu nir
dan tgc ft ngudi. Nhung nghien ciiu nay cho tha'y da sd phu nir cac dan
tgc cdn dang trong hoan canh kinh te khd khan, bi rang bugc trong
phong tuc tap quan, trong nhirng quan niem ve hon nhan, sinh de, giao
due.. .Cac nghien ciiu nay da neu nen mot sd thuc trang ve van de phu nir
d Viet Nam, dua ra nhirng sd lieu thong ke vi phan cong lao dgng, ve y

te. giao due, dong thdi dua ra mot sd kien nghi vi v\cc day manh nghien
ciiu phu nir va thuc hien chfnh sach uu tien phat trien ddi vdi phu nir, dac
biet ddi vdi phu ntr cac dan tgc thieu sd.

13

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Nhu vay, nhirng nghien ciiu Thai hgc \'a nhirng nghien ciru v6 gidi
dudi gdc do dan tgc hgc la ngudn tu lieu quy gia giiip chiing toi thuc
hien tdt han luan van ciia minh.

3. Muc dich nghien cuu cua de tai
Nghien ciiu ve su bao ton cac yeu td va di san van hoa truyen
thdng ciia dan tgc Thai, nhan manh den vai trd ciia phu ntr Thai Den
trong thdi ky doi mdi d Thanh Luong, Dien Bien la noi dung chfnh cua
luan van nay. Noi dung chu yeu cua luan \'an bao gdm hai khfa canh
chfnh: Van hoa Thai trong khung canh ddi mdi d Viet nam va phu nir
Thai Den vdi viec bao ton van hoa tgc ngudi. Thuc hien de tai nay chung
toi nham hai muc dich chfnh:
Mot mat, tir viec tim hieu su nhin nhan ciia xa hoi Thai ve vi trf
ciia ngudi phu nii, tim hieu vai trd ciia phu nir Thai trong gia dinh va
cong ddng, chiing toi mudn lam ro su tham gia va ddng gdp cua hg vao
viec giiJ gin van hoa tgc ngudi, chi ra cac yeu td tac dgng den su thay doi
vai trd cua ngudi phu nii Thai trong dieu kien ddi mdi ciia dat nude hien
nay. Tir dd ciing chi ra dugc su tham gia cua phu ntr Thai vdi viec bao
ton nhirng yeu td va di san van boa truyen thdng cua tgc ngudi trong thdi
ky doi mdi.
Mat khac, day la budc thuc hien dau tien, cho mot nghien ciiu lau

dai cua chiing tdi trong tuong lai: ''Phu nii Thdi trong viec bao ton van
hod tgc ngu&r\ Han nira nghien cihi budc dau nay se giiip chiing toi hgc
hoi, tiep can vdi phuang phap giai quyet mot va'n di mang tfnh tong hgp,
li6n nganh cao - va'n de van hoa.

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4. Ddi tugng va pham vi nghien ciiu
Gidi (Gender), theo cac nha Nhan hgc van hoa la chi mdi quan he
xa hoi giira nam va nii trong bdi canh xa hoi cu the [59, 217], day la mot
van de rat Idn ma trong dd nghien ciiu phu nir la mot phan quan trgng.
Ben canh dd, vdn hod va ban sac van hod la cac khai niem rat rgng bao
gdm tdng the nhirng tfnh chat rieng phan biet van hoa cua dan tgc nay
vdi dan tgc khac[7],[10]. Tuy nhien, noi dung ciia de tai chi de cap tdi
nhirng van de ca ban nhat lien quan den van hoa Thai va vai trd ciia
ngudi phu nir Thai Den trong viec bao ton van hoa tgc ngudi. Nhiing van
de cu the Jugc de cap den trong noi dung cua de tai bao gdm:
-

Van hoa Thai, cac yeu td truyen thdng, hien dai va bien doi
(cac net khai quat the hien qua vai trd gidi, chu yeu gan vdi nix,
su anh hudng qua lai ciia van hoa tgc ngudi trong cung khu AHJC
dia ly).

-

Vai trd ciia phu nir Thai Den thong qua thu thap tu lieu tai xa

Thanh Luong trong viec bao Iiru va trao truyen cac yeu td van
hoa truyen thdng.

Pham vi dia ban nghien ciiu cua luan van la xa Thanh Luong,
huyen Dien Bien, tinh Lai Chau. Nai day la mot diem cu trii lau ddi cua
ngudi Thai Den d Tay Bac Viet Nam, ddng thdi Thanh Luong nam d nai
chiu su tac dgng cua qua trinh dd thi hoa d Dien Bien ciing nhu trong
mdi quan he cong cu vdi ngudi Kinh va giao luu vdi ngudi Lao d ben kia
bien gidi Viet - Lao.
Ben canh dd de phuc vu cho nghien ciiu so sanh trong nhirng
trudng hgp can thiet chiing toi cdn md rgng pham vi nghien ciru sang
mot sd xa khac trong huyen Dien Bien va dac biet chiing toi cdn cd khao

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sat nghien ciiu^ai mot sd xa Thai Den khac thugc huyen Yen Chau, tinh
Son La.
5. Nguon tai lieu ciia luan van
Ngudn tai lieu quan trgng thir nhat de hoan thanh luan van nay la
ngudn tu lieu dien da ma chiing tdi thu thap dugc tir nhung nam 1999
den 2001 tai Thanh luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau va Yen Chau, Son La.
Thii hai la nhiing tai lieu da dugc cong bd tir trudc tdi nay cua cac
hgc gia, cac nha nghien ciiu trong va ngoai nude, cac bai viet lien quan
den ngudi Thai d Viet Nam va Tay Bac ndi chung, dac biet la cac nghien
ciiu ve van hoa, gidi va phu nii. Tuy nhien, phan Idn nhirng tai lieu lien
quan den de tai lai ra't ft di. Nhiing tai lieu cua cac nghien ciiu tren
thudng di cap den ngudi Thai va van hoa Thai ndi chung, cdn cac
nghien ciiu chuyen biet vi phu ntr Thai chua cd dugc bao nhieu.

Ben canh dd luan van cdn sir duns cac tai lieu khac ve tinh hinh
kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi qua cac bao cao ciia Uy Ban Nhan Dan cac ca'p d
hai tinh Lai Chau, San La.
6. Ca sd ly luan va phuang phap nghien ciiu
Ca sd ly luan dugc van dung trong luan van la phuang phap luan
cua Chu nghia duy vat bien chiing va Chu nghia duy \'at lich sir de xem
xet danh gia cac su vat hien tugng trong qua trinh nghien ciru nhirng \an
de ve van hoa va phu nii Thai Den d Thanh Luong. Trong nghien ciiu
nay, chiing toi xem xet va danh gia van de \'an hoa va gidi dua tren quan
diem lich sir. he thdng va dat va'n de nghien ciiu trong mdi lien he huii ca
theo quy luat khach quan cua sir van dgng va phat trien.

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Phuang phap chii dao dugc sir dung trong luan van nay la phuang
phap dien da dan tgc hgc. De" cd dugc sd tu lieu can thiet, chiing toi da di
dien da trong ba nam va chia lam nhieu dgt khac nhau. Mdi dgt di6n da
la thdi gian chiing tdi d tai mdi gia dinh khac nhau, cting an, d, tham gia
vao cac hoat dgng hang ngay cua hg, tien hanh phdng va'n sau, ghi chep,
ghi am, chup anh ket hgp quan sat dan tgc hgc va hgc tieng Thai.
Ben canh dd, chiing toi cdn sir dung them phuang phap dieu tra
bang bang hdi vi phan cong lao dgng theo gidi - tuoi trong gia dinh
(mdi ban dieu tra tir 15 hg trd len), to chiic them cac cugc thao luan
nhdm theo gidi (mdi ban to chiic hai cugc thao luan nhdm, chgn ngiu
nhien mot nhdm nam va mot nhdm nii).
Phan tfch gidi va so sanh la phuang phap nghien ciiu da dugc
chiing tdi sir dung kha nhieu cho den khi hoan thanh luan van.

7. Dong gop cua luan van
- Luan van la mot nghien cim cd the thdng ve phu nir Thai Den vdi viec
bao ton van hoa tgc ngudi d Thanh Luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau. Thong
qua luan van, ngudi dgc cd the hieu dugc phan nao mdi quan he gidi
trong xa hoi Thai truyen thdng trong bdi canh cua su thfch ling vdi qua
trinh dd thi hoa, va cong cugc doi mdi cua ngudi Thai Den d Thanh
Luong.
- Luan van gdp mot phan nhd be vao nghien ciiu gidi, mot xu hudng
nghien ciiu mdi trong Nh'dn hgc va Dan tgc hgc d Viet Nam. Ddng thdi
phan nao cung cap them nhirng ngudn tu lieu ve phu nir Thai trong
nehiSn ciiu Thai ciia Dan toe hoc Viet Nam.

OiA HA NOt 1
TRL!N^TAMTHE•?^Jf Tlh.THirvifM

u

—,

i

HI

*/——. _

, —

•

..

1

^ — *

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8. Bd cue cua luan van
Ngoai phan dan luan (11 trang), ket luan (4 trang). phu luc
(6 trang), tu lieu anh (9 trang), tai lieu tham khao (6 trang), noi
dung ciia luan van (81 trang) dugc chia thanh 3 chuang.
Chuong mot.
Gl6l THIEU KHAI QUAT \ i DIA BAN NGHIEN CUU

Chuong hai.
KHAI QUAT V^ VAN HOA THAI VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA
CUA NGUCII THAI 6 THANH LUONG

Chuong ba.
PHU N C T H A I DEN vQl VIEC 3A0 TON VAN HOA TOC NGLf^I

De hoan thanh luan van nay tdi da c6 giang het siic ve nhi6u
mat. Song, vdi kha nang cdn nhieu han che, nha't la van d6 dat ra
lai kha mdi me, cho nen luan van nay khong the tranh khdi nhung
thieu xdt.
Ra't mong cac thay, cd giao va cac ban ddng nghiep xa gan
lugng thii va giiip da.

Xin tran trgng cam an !
Tac gia.

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Chuong mot

•

^

GI6I THIEU KHAI QUAT VE DIA BAN NGHIEN CUU
1.1 Dieu kien tu nhien 6 Thanh Luong (Dien Bien, Lai Chau)
Thanh Luong vira la xa thugc vting thap, vira la xa bien gidi ciia
huyen Dien Bien, each trung tam huyen va tinh khoang 5km, phia dong
giap thi xa Dien Bien, tay giap Lao vdi dudng bien gidi dai 10 km, bac
giap xa Thanh Nua va nam giap xa Thanh Hung cua huyen Dien Bien.
Dia hinh Thanh Luong theo do doc tir 16*^ den 20° vdi tong dien
tfch toan xa la 4010ha, trong dd dat nong nghiep va dat tho cu la 842 ha,
cdn lai la 3168 ha dat rimg va dien tfch mat nude.
Dia ban Thanh luong da ggi cho chiing toi lien tudng tdi mot net
dac thii nai cu trii ciia ngudi Thai ndi chung, dd la viec cu tru d cac
thung Iting chan niii hay viing cao nguyen ma ta vin ggi la viing tha'p. Cd
mot di6u rd rang la, da sd cac viing da't cd do dd'c tren dudi 20*^ nam d
chan niii vdi cac thung lung hoac Idn hoac nhd d khu \ajc Tay Bac, la nai
ngudi Thai dinh cu. Ciing can ndi them rang, Thanh Luong, Dien Bien
nam trong khu \'uc mdi trudng dia ly, dia chat phii'c tap, nhiing anh
hudng ciia dgng dat trong thdi gian gan day, (dot anh hudng dgng da't d

Thanh Luong gan day nha't la tai thdi diem ma chiing tdi tien hanh
nghien ciiu dien da tai dia ban, thdi gian thang 2 va thang 3 nam 2001)
da gay nhung khd khan nhat dinh cho ddi sdng cu dan nai day.
Ve khi hau, Thanh Luong thugc viing chiu anh hudng khi hau
nhict ddi gid mua, hang nam thdi tiet chia thanh 2 miia ro ret: miia khd
(tir thang 11 nam trudc den thang 4 nam sau) va mua mua (tir thang 5
den thang 10). Nhiet do trung binh d Thanh Luong la 22,5*^C, cao nhat

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26,6'^^C (thang 6.7). thap nhat 14.3*^C (thang 12j: gid nang ca nam d
Dien Bien la 158 gid, cao nhat 219 gid (thang3), thap nhat 120 gid
(thang 8); lugng mua trong nam tai Dien Bien la 167mm^ cao nhat
526mm (thang7), thap nhat 0mm (thang 2)(Ngudn: Tdng cue thdng ke
tinh Lai Chau, 2000).
Dat dai d Thanh Luong dugc phan bo thanh cac nhdm nhu: nhdm
dat miin va dat vang, dat d day cd the' trong dugc nhieu loai cay khac
nhau nhu: liia, ngd, khoai, san, mia, che...
Ve khoang san, Dien Bien cd tiem nang ve mot sd loai nhu: than
da, bac, cao lanh, nude khoang, dac biet d Thanh Luong cd sudi nude
ndng hien nay da va dang dugc khai thac, dua vao sir dung. Sudi nude
ndng nay tuang lai se la mot diem du lich ly tudng cua Dien Bien.'
Chu dinh ciia chiing tdi d day khong phai la di sau ve dieu kien tu
nhien d Thanh Luong, ma dieu chiing tdi mudn de cap tdi la: moi trudng
tu nhien ciia mot khu \arc dia ly la mot yeu td anh hudng den van hoa tgc
ngudi. Chiing tdi da khong may ngae nhien khi tha'y rang nhirng tran
dgng da't d Thanh Luong vara qua da gay thiet hai Idn den nha cira cua
ngudi Kinh, ma khong may thiet hai cho cac ngdi nha san cua ngudi

Thai nai day. Theo udc tfnh ciia Uy ban Nhan dan xa Thanh Luong dcrt
ddng dat dau nam 2001 viia qua cd den 70% nha cua ciia ngudi Kinh bi
ran niit va hong nang, trong khi dd nha san cua ngudi Thai chi bi xd ngdi
hoac liin cot. Cd le, se cdn ra't nhieu nhirng yeu td van hoa do con ngudi
sang tao lam nen ban sac van hoa rieng ciia mdi tgc ngudi, nhung ro
rang ngdi nha san hay dia ban cu trii la nhung dac trung mang tinh van
hoa cua ngudi Thai. Va dieu kien tu nhien nai ngudi Thai sinh sdng la
yeu td anh hudng den sac thai rieng cua van hoa Thai.

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1.2 Lich sir tgc ngudi va phan bd dan cu 6 Thanh Luong
Tren thuc te dieu kien tu nhien ciia mot vung cu dan la ft thay ddi,
do vay ciing ft anh hudrfg den nhirng bien doi \'an hoa cua mot tgc ngudi.
Nhung cd le su thay doi trong qua trinh phat trien tgc ngudi va phan bd
dan cu la yeu td anh hudng rd rang nhai tdi su bien doi van hoa ciia bat
cii tgc ngudi nao.

CSLC

yeu td nay cd le la nhirng yeu td quan trgng ciia

bien ddi van hoa ma cac nha Nhan hgc da de cap den trong khai niem
bien doi vdn hod ciia minh: Bien doi van hoa la qua trinh trai qua su phat
inin phire tap va cac bien doi quan trgng [59, 94].

1.2.1 Lich su tgc ngu&i
1.2.1.1 Vdi net vengu&i Thdi aViet Nam

Ngudi Thai d Viet Nam la mot bg phan thugc khdi cu dan ndi
ngdn ngir Tay - Thai [16, 12]. Tinh den nam 1989 ngudi Thai cd
1.040.549 ngudi (517.619 nam, 522.903 nir) [11, 305], den nam 1998
tang len 1.200.000 ngudi [46, 10]. Ngudi Thai cu trii d khu \arc Tay Bac
Viet Nam va mien Tay hai tinh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An. Nganh Thai Den
(Jay Dam) cu trii d tinh Son La, Lai Chau (Huyen Tuan Giao, Dien Bien,
mot phan huyen Phong Tho), mien Tay hai tinh Thanh Hoa va Nghe An.
Nganh Thai Trang (Jay Khao) cu trii d cac huyen Quynh Nhai, Phu Yen,
Mgc Chau, tinh San La; Mudng Lay, Phong Tho, Mudng Te, tinh Lai
Chau; Mai Chau, Da Bac, tinh Hoa Binh va mien Tay Thanh Hoa, Nghe
An.
Ciing can ndi them rang hien nay do qua trinh di dan tu do cd mot
bd phan nhd ngudi Thai da chuyen den CJ trii d cac linh phfa Nam ma
ddng nhat la d linh Dac Lac cd 2528 hg vdi 12.232 nhan khau (Nguon:
Ban Dan idc linh Dac Lac, nam 1998).

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De phi con n^ua'i ndi chuns neudi Thai dime tii' Phii hoac Con.
neudi Thai tu eoi minh la Phii Tax hav Con tax. Danh xung Tdy a day
xora de chi tgc ngudi ndi chung vira de chi cac nhdm dia phuang nhu Tdy
Dam (Thai Den), Tdy Don hay Tdy Khao (Thai Trang), Tdy Thanh, Tdy
Mudng, Tdy Mudn, Tdy Khdng (ngudi Thai d viing Thanh Hoa, Nghe An)
[37, 12].
Theo nhirng ket qua nghien ciiu trudc day thi vimg nam Van Nam
Trung Qudc, mien thugng Myanma, Thugng Lao va tay bac Viet Nam la
nai cu tni cua to tien ngudi Thai, hg sdng xen ke vdi cac dan tgc thugc
ngir he Mdn- Kha me va nhdm ngdn ngir Tang- Mien khoang thien nien

ky thii I sau cong nguyen [24]. Vao khoang the ky thii VII thii VIII
ngudi Thai Trang da cd mat d Mudng Lay (thugc tinh Lai Chau ngay
nay) va den the ky thii VIII ngudi Thai Den bat dau phat trien vao Son
La, tir dd cho den khoang the ky thii XI- XH ngudi Thai Den trd thanh
cu dan chiem da sd d khu vuc San La, Dien Bien, sau dd den the ky thii
Xni cac khu \arc cat cii quy tgc Thai Den va Thai Trang dugc hinh thanh
va phat trien nhanh chdng. I ^ u vay, to tien ngudi Thai d Viet Nam ngay
nay cd the la mot bd phan ciia ngudi Thai co tay bac cong cu vdi mot bg
phan ngudi Thai thien di tir cac khu \arc khac den (nhu Nam Trung
Qudc, Lao) [50].
1.2.1.2 Nguai Thdi a Thanh Luong
Theo nha nghien ciiu Thai hgc Cam Trgng, Mudng Thanh la mot
trong sd xip hoc chau Tdy tiic la mdt trong 16 chau mudng ciia ngudi
Thai the ky Xm (xem phu luc 1). Vao dau the ky thii XII. tii trudng
Lang Chucng da to chiic mot cugc thien di Idn lien tdi Mudng Thanh va
mudn bien Mudng Thanh thanh mudng trung tam thu hiil ngudi Thai

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khap miin. Tii trudng Lang Chuong dua ngudi Thai di tir* Mudng Ld
sang Thuans Lao rdi tir Thuong Lao dd xudne vims Idne chao rone Idn
Mudng Thanh, (40, 52-53). Tac gia Cam Trgng cung gia thuyet rang can
cii vao ngudn van hgc dan gian nhat la ngudn truyeri thuyet vh. than thoai
TTiai cung cd the' cho rang bat dau tir thdi lien ndng nghiep diing cay tren
rugng nude, ngudi Thai da timg sinh tu d mot sd diem tren mi6n Tay Bac
cd viing Mudng Thanh.
CQng ve van de nay, trong mot nghien ciru cua tac gia Dang

Nghiem Van [49, 400] thi Mudng Thanh trudc kia cd ten la Mudng
Then, hay Mudng Theng. Mudng Then (Mudng Theng) xua cd le bao
gdm ca vung Mudng Te, Mudng Bum, Mudng Luan, sdng Ma d Tay Bac
Viet Nam \'a mot phan tinh Phong Sa Ly d Lao. Cac dia danh cd cua
viing nay deu bang tieng Thai va cd nhieu ten dat gan lien vdi cac truyen
thuyet lien quan den sinh boat cd xua ciia ngudi Thai, den cac nhan vat
than thoai ma ngudi Thai tu coi la to tien cua minh. Lay mot vai vi du,
each Dien Bien khoang 30 km tren dudng ve Tuan Giao cd ban Tdu
Pung (tiic ban qua bau). Tuang truyen sau tran hdng thuy, Then (Trdi)
sai danh rai qua bau xudng dd va tir qua bau chui ra ngudi Xa, Thai...O
Mudng Thanh cdn cd nhieu dia diem lien quan den truyen thuyet ve Ai
Lac cac, la ngudi khong Id do Then phai xudng xay dung lai tran gian
sau nan hdng thuy. Cho den nay, d viing Dien Bien cdn lai nhieu vet tfch
lien quan den Ai Lac Cac. Cd leu cua Ai (d xa Doan Ket hien nay), cd
nai Ai danh vai Than (niii Phii Than a xa Mudng Phang), cd nai Ai cay
ma (canh ddng Mudng Thanh), cd nai Ai la'y xdi nem Irau (niii Pii Khau
Chf tiic niii xdi nudng d xa Sam Miin), cd nai Ai de cdi gia trau d Pom
Ldt xa Sam Miin...

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Tac gia Dang Nghiem Van cho rang! nhiing truy^en thuyet cong vdi
sir lieu Thai ndi den su cd mat ciia ddng ngudi Lir, rdi ngudi Thai Den d
Lai Chau cho thay Mudng Thanh la mot noi cu trii lau ddi ciia to lien
ngudi Thai.
Trong mdt nghien ciiu cua Nha dan tgc hgc ngudi Phap Georges
Condominas cung da nhae den tii trudng Thai Den Lan Chugng sau
chuyen thien di qua rat nhieu nai da quyet dinh lua chgn canh ddng

Mudng Theng de dinh cu va lay vg d dd [8, 280-281].
Nhu vay, theo mdt sd nghien ciiu trudc day, Thanh Luong nam
trong dia ph4n cua Mudng Thanh (Mudng Then, Mudng Theng) trudc
kia va la nai cu trii lau ddi ciia ngudi Thai Den.
Ve nguon gdc ciia ngudi Thai d Thanh Luong, nhirng ngudi gia d
ban Pe Luong, mot ban thuan Thai nam d trung tam xa da ke cho chiing
tdi nghe ve Pan Pit (tiic la to tien) ciia hg nai day. Cac cu ke rang ngudi
Thai d day da lau lam rdi, trudc day d ban Pe Luong (Pe Luong theo
tieng Thai tiic la \aing sinh sdi Idn) va cac ban xung quanh chi cd ngudi
Thai Den sinh sdng. Ngudi Thai d day cd ngudn gdc tir Mudng Ld len,
mot sd tir Lao sang va den hien nay mot sd hg nhu hg Ld trong ban vin
cd quan he hg hang vdi hg Ld d huyen Mudng May, tinh Phong Xa Ly
ben Lao. Cac cu cho biet trong ban Pe Luong cd 5 hg Thai, gdm cac hg
Ld, Quang, Ludng, Ca, Tdng trong dd hg Ld la hg to nhat vi rieng hg Ld
d day chia ra lam ba chi nhd. Dd la cac chi Ld Huang (tiic la hg Bac
CSm), Ld Ngi (tiic hg Ld nhd) va Ld Ludng (liic hg Ld Idn). Cach day
khoang 5 ddi ngudi Thai d ban Pe Ludng nay cd ft lam, chi nam bay hg
thdi, Ai ban Pe Ludne la ban eiap chan niii nen hie dd neudi Thai chi
sdng tap trung quanh cau Mudng Thanh bay gid. Den nam quan Phap
chiem Mudng Thanh (dau nhirng nam 1950) ngudi Thai phai di chuyen

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tdi ban Pe Ludng do va\' cu dan n ^ i ddng dan len. Cho den bay gid thi
dan sd ngudi Thai d day da tang len rat nhi6u, ngudi Thai \'a cat nhdm
tgc ngudi khac nhu Khamii, Hmdng, Kinh, Tay d Thanh Ludng da tao
nen mot biic tranh phan bd tgc ngudi kha phong phii.

7.2.2 Su phan bo dan cu a Thanh Luong
Cu dan ciia xa Thanh Ludng hien nay cd khoang gan 8000 ngudi,
gdm 5 thanh phan dan tgc: trong dd ngudi Thai (Thai Den) chiem
khoang 40%, ngudi Kinh khoang 35%, cdn lai khoang 25% la ngudi
Tay, Hmdng, Khamii. Ve dia gidi hanh chinh xa cd 41 thdn ban (trong
dd 21 ban Thai). Thuc ra trudc day, ngoai mot ban ngudi Khamii la ban
Hua Pe vdi gan chuc hg ra thi d Thanh Ludng vao khoang nhirng nam tir
1954 den 1960 chi bao gdm 9 ban ngudi Thai. Chin ban Thai nay la cac
ban: Pe Ludng, Pe Ngi, Hong Hin, Lgng Tdng, ban Ld, ban Banh, ban
Nong, ban Le, ban Nguu (xem phu luc 4). Trong 9 ban nay thi Pe Ludng
cd the coi la ban trung tam va xa nhat la ban Nguu each trung tam xa
khoang 3 km cd dia gidi giap Lao. Cho den hien nay (nam 2001), 9 ban
nay vSn la cac ban thuan Thai ciia Thanh Ludng, xen ke giira cac ban
Thai nay da cd cac ban ngudi Kinh va cac ban \ara Thai \ara Kinh sinh
sdng. Tuy nhien ban cd ngudi Kinh thi ggi la thdn, do vay trong cac van
ban hanh chfnh ciia xa mdi cd khai niem thdn ban khi ndi ve sd luan^
ban trong xa.
Cu trii xen ke vd'n la dac diem ciia cu dan Viet Nam, phan bd dan
cu d Thanh Ludng ciing khdng nam ngoai dac die'm nay, dieu ma chiing
tdi quan tam d day la viec sinh sdng xen ke nay da anh hudng nhu i\\€
nao den ban sac van hoa cua timg tgc ngudi, va anh hudng qua lai vi mat
van hoa giira cac Idc ngudi dxhn ra nhu Ihe nao. Cu lh6 d Thanh Ludng,

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