Báo cáo khoa học: Về quan điểm sáng tác văn học của chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh pdf

•
THONG
TIN
-
TL/
LIEU
—
THONG
TIN
-
TL/
LIEU
Ve
quan diem
sang
tac van hoc
cua Chu
tich
Ho Chi
Minh
•
• NGUT. DANG HIEN
C
hu
tich
Hd CM
Minh
khong
nhuhg la nha
each
mang vi dai, ma cdn la

mot
nha van
ldh.
Nguoi
khdng cd
y
dinh
trd
thanh mot nha
van,
van
tho Ngudi viet chu yeu phuc vu
cho
each
mang nhung nd vin
chiia
dung nhuhg gia
tri
van hoc
to
ldh.
Bdi
le, dd la anh sing tda
tit
cudc doi
vi
dai,
tam hon thanh
cao, dao due
sang

ngdi va tu
tudng nhan van cao quy cua Hd
CM
Minh.
Tho van cua Ngudi
con
la nhuhg bai hoc quy ve
sang
tic
van hoc gin
lien
vdi quan
dilm
sing tic
nghe
thuat
diing
dan mi
Nguoi
da quin
triet
trong
tat ca cac tie phim cua
minh.
Hd
Chii
tich
da
sit
dung

ngdi
biit
nhu
mot vu khi chien diu. Ngudi
bao
gid
cung
tu
dat
cho
minh
nhuhg
nguyen
tic
khi
cam
ML
Trudc het, Hd CM
Minh
dat
van
de:
viet
de lam
gi,
viet
cho ai,
viet
cai gi vi viet nhu the
nao?

Ngudi
ndi:
"Ve
ndi
dung
vid't
ma
cac cd cac chu
goi
li
di
tai
tM
tit
ca cac bai Bac vie't
cM
cd mdt di
tai:
"Chdng thuc dan de qud'c,
chdng phong kien dia chu, tuyen
truyln
doc lap dan toe va chu
ngMa
xa
hdi""
(1)
.
Trong bai Cam
tudng
doc

thien
gia thi (Nhat ky
trong
th),
Hd
CM
Minh
viit:
"Nay
6
trong
tho nen cd thep
Nha tho cung phai biet xung
phong".
Trong
Thugtii cdc hoa sinhdn
dip trien
lam hoi hoa 1951,
Ngudi
chi
rd:
"Van
hoi,
van
nghe
cung la mot mat
tran.
Anh
chi
em

cung li cMeh si tren mat tran
ay"
(2>
; ddng
thdi,
giai
tMch
nhiem
vu
cua van
nghe
si
li
"Cung nhu
cac chie'n si khac, chie'n si
nghe
thuat cd
nMem
vu
nhit
dinh
the
li
phung su khang chien, phung su
To
qudc, phung su nhan dan,
trudc het la cdng, nong,
binh.
De
lam

tron nMem vu ay, chien si
nghe
thuat cin cd lap truong
vung,
tu tudng
diing.
Ndi
torn tit
la
phai dat loi ich cua khang
chien,
cua
Td
qud'c, cua nhan dan
len
tren he't, trudc hit".
Trong
thdi
ky xay dung chu
nghia xa hpi b
miln
Bic va dau
tranh
thdng
nhat
nude
nha,
Chu
tich
Hd

CM
Minh
da
ndi
vdi
van
nghe
si
ring,
"Quin chiing dang chd dpi
nhuhg
tic
phim
xung
dang
vdi
thdi
dai
ve
vang
cua
chiing
ta,
nhuhg
tac
pham ca tung chan that nhuhg
ngudi
mdi,
viec mdi ching nhuhg
lam

guong
miu
cho chung ta ngay
nay
ma
cdn
de
giao
due
con
chau
ta
ddi
sau"
(3)
.
Van
chuong phuc vu
each
mang phai li van chuong cd
tinh
nghe
thuat cao, bao gdm
nhiiu
the
loai:
ngM Man, bao
cM,
van
tho hinh tupng, van tho cd dpng.

Du
b the
loai
nio
tM
van tho cua
Ngudi
cung
ludn
dat
tdi
mpt
trinh
dp
nghe
thuat cao. Hd
CM
Minh
ludn
cd su phan Met ro tic phim
tuyen
tmyin
vdi tic pham van
hpc hinh tupng. Trong mpt bhc
thu
tra ldi dng H. - tic gia mdt
luan
van chinh tri, Ngudi
viit:
"Ong

ndi phai
giiip
ddng bio ta
lim
quen nhuhg th ma nay chua
Mlu,
Mu
rdi hp cung se Meu, cd
the
lam
nhu
vay
dupe
neu dng
cM
ngM
den viet cho hp mpt tic
pham van hpc, con neu tie phim
cua dng lai dung dl tuyen
truyln
tM
dd phai la tic phim ai dpc
cung Meu dupc"
<4)
. Nhu vay,
Ngudi
quan Mem mdt tie pham
tuyen
tmyin
phii

di Meu, ndi
chung la don gian; con mpt tic
phain
van hpc khdng nhat
tMe't
mpi
ngudi diu Meu ngay va diy
du,
vi van hpc cd
tinh
da ngMa.
Trong
Nhat
ky
Uong
tii cd nMeu
bai
cho den nay khdng ai
dim
ndi
da Meu he't, nhu bai "Canh
cMlu
hdm",
"Hdi
tdi"
Sd thdng 8-2010
Ly
luan chinh tri & Truyen thdng
63
Cung co truong hop Nguoi

khong
dinh tuyen truyen
each
mang cung khdng dinh lam van
chuong, ma chi cot
viet
cho
minh
tieu
khien nhung tac pham lai cd
gia
tri van chuong cao va cd tac
dung
each
mang to ldn. Vi du:
Nhat ky trong tu:
"Ngam
tho ta
vd'n
khdng ham
Nhung
vi
trong nguc biet lam
chi
day
Ngay dai ngam ngoi cho
khuay
Vita
ngam
vira

doi den ngay
tu
do".
(Khai
quyen)
So
di nhu vay vi tho la su tu
bieu
hien
ciia
nha tho, la tam hdn
cam
xiic
cua nha tho duqc nang
khieu
va
tai
nang
nghe
thuat
chap
canh da den lay ddng
trai
tim va
khdi
dc cua ngudi doc. Khdng
nen
vi
Bac co mdt so bai tho
viet

"cho
minh",
khdng true tiep phuc
vu
chinh tri ma chia quan diem
sang
tic cua
Ngudi
lam
hai:
quan
diem
ddi
vdi
sang
tic van hoc ndi
chung va quan diem ddi
vdi
sang
tic
cho ban than. Can phai khang
dinh
rang,
quan diem sdng
tdc
van hod cua
Hd
Chi Minh la nhat
quan.
Nhuhg bai tho tudng nhu

Ngudi
chi viet "cho
minh"
khdng
true tiep phuc vu chinh
tri
vin la
nhuhg "bai tho cd thep" nhu mot
nha tho
nude
ngoai da cam nhan.
Ho
Chi
Minh
quan niem:
"Van
hoc phai gin hen vdi ddi
sdng; van hoc xa lao dpng, xa ddi
sdng
li
van hpc sudng"
(5>
.
Ngay 7.10.945, nhan dip den
tham phdng trien lam van hoa,
Ngudi
da phe binh: "Chit mo
mdng nhieu qua mi cii chat that
cua su sinh hoat rat
it".

Hd Chi
Minh
da nhlc dai y ldi
ciia
Ld
Tah:
ngudi
trin
len tien cd le
THONG
TIN
- TU
LIEU
cung thich that nhung nhin mai
cai
dep khdng thay ddi thi cung
thiy
nhat
nheo
va mdi biet rang
mud'n
tim
thiy
su thay ddi va su
ham me that phai trd ve cudc
song thuc tai cua con
ngudi.
Den
nam 1962, tai mdt trien lam hdi
hpa

khic,
Ngudi da dinh gii cao
su nd luc vuen len
ciia
cac hpa si
va ddng vien hp
ring,
cic tranh
tupng dd ndi len
dupe
tinh
ngudi,
mieu
ti
chan that nhuhg
ngudi
lao
ddng binh thudng;
ring,
anh chi
em da
cd
gang
di
vao
ddi
sdng the
la
td't.
Ngudi

chdng
lai
su xa
rdi
hien
thuc,
thdi
td hdng va su cudng
didu
qua mhc. Theo Hd Chi
Minh,
mpt yeu ciu quan trong
trong
hoat ddng
sang
tic la "Cd
the nao
ndi
the
ay.
Bp
dpi
va nhan
dan ta cung cd nhieu cai hay de
neu len khdng cin phai bia dat
ra"
<6)
. Ching han, trong
Nhat
ky

Uong
tu, cudc song chan thuc
khdng
chut td ve, tham
chi
cd
khi
con
thd
rap nua nhung da
di
thing
vao tho, nhu chuyen nau nudhg
trong
tu, chuyen gai ghe, chuyen
cai
gay bi danh
clp
Trong
tho cua Hd Chi
Minh
khdng
cd chit
lieu
nio cao quy
hon
chit
lieu
nao; chlng han,
Ngudi

da dung cac hinh anh cot
cay sd, con ga gay
sang,
chiec
rang de ngu y ve phain
each
va
le
song cao dep cua con ngudi.
Van
hpc gin
voi
cudc sdng va
phuc vu cudc song; vi the, nd
cung sinh dpng, da dang va
phong phu nhu chinh ban than
cudc song. Van phong cua Hd
Chi
Minh
nhit quan nhung da
dang; su da dang dd vha phan anh
su phong
phii,
linh
hoat
trong
tinh
cam cua
Ngudi,
vha the hien su

dip
iing
huh hieu nhuhg yeu ciu
khac nhau cua cudc song trong
nhuhg hoan canh cu the trudc
nhuhg ddi tupng cu the.
Chu
tich
Hd Chi
Minh
ludn
neu cao
quan diem quan chung
trong
sang
tic, cho rang "Quan
chiing
la ngudi sing tao, cdng
nong la ngudi
sang
tao, nhung
quin
chiing khdng phai li ngudi
chi
sang
tao ra cua cai cho xa
hdi
mi
quin chung con
li

ngudi
sang
tic
nua.
Nhuhg
cau
tuc
ngu,
nhuhg
cau
ve,
ca dao
rit
hay mi
lai
ngln.
Nhuhg
sang
tic iy la nhuhg hdn
ngoc quy"
(7)
. Bdi vay, Ngudi
khuyen
van
nghe
si trong hoat
ddng
sang
tao phai hpc tieng ndi
quin

chiing;
ddng
thdi,
can dan:
"Phii
dat cau
hdi
viet cho ai?
-
Viet
cho dai da so cdng nong
binh.
Viet
de lam gi?
-
De
giai
thich
giio
due, cd
dpng, phe binh.
-
De phuc vu quin chuhg"
(8)
.
Tren
thuc te, cac
sang
tic cua
Ngucd

ludn
dupe
viet mpt
each
gian
di, de hieu cho quin chiing
nhan din dd tiep thu. Chang han,
Ngudi
viet: "She cd manh mdi
ganh
dupe
nang va di
dupe
xa.
Ngucd
each
mang phai cd dao
diic
due
each
mang lam nen tang
mdi
hoan thanh
dupe
nhiem vu
each
mang ve vang",
hoac
"Chu
nghia ca nhan la mpt ke

thii
rit
gian
giao, xao quyet, nd kheo dd
danh ngudi ta di xudng ddc. Ma
ai
cung
biet
rang xudng ddc
thi
de
hon
len ddc".
Mat
khac, Hd Chi
Minh
chu
truong
hoc vdn cu de
sdng
too
moi.
Yeu cau cd
tinh nguyen
tdc
trong
xay dung van hoa la phai
chon
loc khi ke thita cac gia tri
64

Ly
luan chinh tri & Truyen thdng
So thdng 8-2010
THONG
TIN - TL/
LIEU
van hoa truyen thong va tiep thu
cac gia
tri
van hoa
moi
-"
khong
phai cai gi cu cung bo het, khong
phai cai
gi
cung
lam
mdi.
Cai
gi
cu
ma
xau,
thi
phai
bd
Cai
gi
cii

ma
khdng xiu, nhung phien
phuc
thi
phai sua
doi
lai
cho hop
ly
Cai gi
cii
ma tot, thi phai
phat
trien
them Cai gi moi ma hay, thi ta
phai lam "
<9)
. Ngudi ke thita
nhung gia
tri
trong van hoa truyen
thdng cua dan tdc de
sang
tao cai
mdi.
Chang han, hai cau tho
Ngudi
viet:
"Nay tuy chau chau da
voi/

Nhung
mai
voi
se phai
ldi
mot
ra" da ke thixa thanh ngQ "chau
chau da
voi"
va cau tuc
ngQ:
"Nuc
cudi
chau chau da xe/ Tuong rang
chau nga, ai de xe nghieng".
Ngudi
cung khuyen can phai
tiep
thu
cac
gia
tri
tinh
hoa
ciia
van
hoc
nude
ngoai de lam giau cho
ban sac dan tdc:

"Minh
cd the bat
chudc
nhuhg
cai
hay bat
ky
b
nude
nao, b
Au
My,
nhung dieu cot yeu
la
sang
tac". Khdng chi cd vay,
theo
Ngudi, "minh da hudng cai
hay cua ngudi thi minh cung phai
cd
cai hay cho ngudi ta hudng,
minh
dimg
vay ma khdng tra"
(10)
.
Do
quan
diem
tren

ma
trong
tho
van cua Ngudi ludn cd su ket hop
ket hop
chat
che giua dan tdc va
nhan
loai,
giua cd dien va hien dai.
Trong
cac truyen ky cua minh
viet
th nhiing nam 20 cua the ky
trudc, Ngudi da hoc tap van
chuong hien dai chau
Au,
ket hep
cai tham thuy cua phuong Ddng
vdi
cai
tinh
te cua phuong Tay.
Tuong tu nhu vay, tho chu
Han cua
Hd
Chi
Minh
the hien su
ke thha cd

sang
tao tho ca cd dien
Trung
Qud'c
va
Viet
Nam. Chang
han, trong bai
Nguyen tieu
(1948),
Ngudi
viet:
"Yen ba tham
xQ
dam quan su" cd nghia
la:
noi
sau
khdi
sdng
ban viec quan. Cau
tho nay chiu anh hudng th cau
"Yen
ba giang thuong sir nhan
sau"
(Thdi
Hieu
-
Hoang hac lau),
cd

nghia
la:
'Tren
sdng
khdi
sdng
cho buon long ai" (Tan Da dich).
Nhung
khoi song
trong tho ciia
Hd
Chi
Minh
la
canh
thuc chie'n
khu
Viet
Bac. Ngudi tren thuyen
b
noi sau khdi
sdng
iy
dang
ban
viec quan
chii
khdng phai ia an si
hay lang th. Cau tho ay the hien
ngudi

thi
si
-
chie'n
si
rat yeu thien
nhien, yeu tho
cd;
nd
goi
phong
vi
cd
thi mot
each
thii
vi.
Mdt
didu nua, van hoc la
nghe
thuat ngon
th.
Hd
Chi
Minh
khdng
di
sau vao ngon ngu
van
hoc, ngdn

ngu tac pham van hoc, nhung
Ngudi
coi trong
each
ndi va
each
viet.
Ngoai viec nhan manh muc
dich,
ddi tuqng cua van chuong
nhu da ndi b tren, Hd Chi
Minh
khuyen ngudi viet hay viet cho dd
hieu, tranh cau ky
hoac
lam dung
tieng
nude
ngoai. Thiet nghi, day
la
mdt tieu chi quan trong cua
ngdn
ngQ
nghe
thuat.
Mdt
nha van
ldh
phai la nha van tao
duqc

mot
van phong dac sac, cd anh huong
ddi
vdi van hoc dan tdc. Hd Chi
Minh
ia mot nha van nhu
the.
Van
phong cua Ngudi cd nhuhg net
dep de, ddc dao dung nhu ddng
chi
Trudng
Qiinh
da khai quit:
"Ndi
dung khang khai, tham thia,
di
sau vao
tinh
cam con ngudi,
chinh
phuc
ca trai tim va khdi dc
ngudi ta,
hinh
thiic
sinh ddng, gian
di,
dd hieu, giau
tinh

dan tdc,
tinh
nhan dan "
m>
. Cd the
noi,
Hd Chi
Minh
mai mai la tarn guong giu
gin
va
phat
huy su trong
sang
cua
tieng
Viet.
Ngudi cho rang, chd
ham dung chu, nhung chu ma
khdng biet thi chd dung; nhuhg
chu ma chiing ta cd
thi
phai dung
tieng ta.
Tom
lai, quan diem
sang
tie
cua Chu
tich

Hd
Chi
Minh
rit
tien
bo, rat
diing
dan
duqc
quin triet
trong cac
sang
tac cua Ngudi.
Chinh
dieu dd da gdp phan lam
cho su nghiep tho van cua Hd Chi
Minh
cd gia tri bin vung, cd tac
dung to ldh
chang
nhuhg ddi vdi
su nghiep
each
mang ma con ddi
ved su
phat
trien cua nen van hoc
nude
nha. Hd Chi
Minh

la ngudi
lanh dao su nghiep
each
mang cua
dan tdc, trong dd cd su nghiep van
hoc. Quan diem
nghe
thuat cua
Ngudi
cd
tinh
chat
soi dudng chi
ld'i,
la nhuhg bai hoc bd
ich
cho tat
ca cac the he van
nghe
si. Nhuhg
quan diem dd
duqc
coi la nhuhg
nguyen tic co ban, cd
tinh
dinh
hudng
ddi
vdi
su

phat
trien
cua van
hoc
Viet
Nam
hien
dai.
Dd
la
quan
diem
van hoc phai
phuc
vu su
nghiep
each
mang,
phuc
vu nhan
dan, cd
tinh
nghe
thuat cao, cd
tinh
nhan dan, vda ke thha
vita
ddi
mdi,
vita

dan tdc vha hien dai va phai
hoc tap
tinh
hoa van hoc
nude
ngoai de lam giau cho ban sac dan
tdc cua van hoc
Viet
NamQ
1,
2,
3, 8.
Ho
Chi
Minh.
Ve vdn hod
vdn nghe.
Nxb
Van
hoa, H.1976, tr.100,
67,
113,
69.
4.
Tdng tap Van hoc Viet Nam,
t96.
Nxb
KHXH,
H.1980,
tr.436.

5,6,
7.
Ho
Chi
Minh.
Ban vevdn hod
vd vdn nghe.
Nxb
Van
hoa Nghe thuat,
H.1963,tr.l07,20, 105.
9. H6
Chi
Minh.
Todn tap,
t5. Nxb
CTQG,
H.1995,
tr.94-95.
10. Dan theo: Hoai Thanh.
Co mot
nen vdn hod Viet Nam,
1946,
tr.
25.
11.
Vevdn hod vd nghe thuat,
tl.
Nxb
Van

hoc,
1985,
tr.
338.
So thdng 8-2010
Ly
luan chinh tri & Truyen thdng
65