Báo cáo khoa học: Truyện Nôm những vấn đề thể loại và phương thức biểu hiện pot

VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC
Mll^
TROYEH HOm
NHONG
VAN
DE
THE LOAI
VA
PHirONG THUTC
BIEU HIEN
DINH THI MINH HANG
T
ruyen ndm, ngam khrie, van, ca
la nhung the loai cua van hpc chri
Ndm, dupe sang tao trong qua trinh
dan tdc hda nhung
thi
loai cria van hpc dan
gian. Qua trinh ay cd
thi
bdt dau tri TK XVI
va da dat de'n sy phat triln rye rd d TK XVIII,
XIX.
Truyen ndm la truyen tho nom. Co the ndi
day la
tilu
thuyet bdng tho, sang tac bdng
ngon ngri dan tpc, sri dung the tho luc bat va
CO
nhiiu tac phdm cdn la khuyet danh.
Truyen nom co de'n hang tram tac phdm gdm

truyen nom bac hpc, truyen nom binh dan,
truyen nom khuye't danh. Tfnh chat co ban
cria truyen nom la mo ta, ta truyen hay ndi
mpt
each
khae truyen nom la the loai mang
tfnh ty sy. Co khong ft nhung thf du nhd vl
tfnh ty sy cria
thi
loai truyen nom. Trong
truyen cd Phqm Tdi - Ngpc Hoa ngay d
nhung cau dau cria tac pham, tac gia da trinh
bay rd thdi gian, dja danh, lai ljch nhdn vat
cria cdt truyen:
Md Chu ky thdy eo ddi Trang Vuong
Hpi qudn Minh, hpp than luong
Trang vuong ngu lri bdn phuong thdi thudn
Bdt thien thu, bdt thien xudn
Mudn ddn eung phuc thdnh qudn trimg trimg
Tdm kinh cao thd sach khdng
Cd nhd Trdn thi
xU
Ddng, Thanh - hd
Tudng cdng quan dai phu
gia
Xudn thu
dinh
thinh ten
Id
Thite Thdng

Hodc:
Phqm Tdi rdn ren thua quy
Ngdp
ngimg mdi rdi vdy vi td tudng
Son Tdy, Ngpc thdp
Id
ldng,
Hai thdn sdm dd sudi vdng choi xa
Anh em chdng cd mpt ai
Cifa nhd thie'u thdn, het
nen
nuong nhd
O
citng cdu mp sdm
trifa
Ddm ndi cay ddng mudi dua
cue
long
Cach cu the hda nhring chi tiet khi gidi
thieu thdi gian, dja danh, lai ljch nhdn vat cua
cdt truyen nhu vay cung gap d cac truyen
ndm khae nhu: Ly Cdng, Chdu phdt bdn
hanh,
Tdng Trdn
Cue
Hoa
Khae
hdn vdi
tfnh cha't md ta, ty sy cua truyen nom, ngam
khue,

van lai mang tfnh ehd't trri tinh dam
net. Chang han nhu trong tac pham Chinh
phti ngdm, nhan vat trii tinh la nang chinh
phu ludn di ve giua nhring hdi uc ve dT vang
vdi nhung nhd mong:
Ldng ndy gid gid ddng cd lien
Nghin
vdng xin
gid
den non Yen
Non Yen du
chdng
tdi miin
Nhd chdng thdm thdm
difdng
len bdng
trdi
hoac vdi nhung tinh cam xdt xa:
Gidn them thiep lai khdng bdng mdng
Dupe
gdn chdng bin Lung thdnh Quan
Khi mo nhifng tiec khi tdn
Tinh trong gidc mpng mudn vdn cung
khdng
Tuy nhien trong truyen ndm cd the co
nhung doan tru tinh khi mo ta cupc sd'ng, tinh
cam va nhung bie'n dpng tam ly cria cac nhdn
vat. Cung nhu vay, trong ngam khue, van
cd the cd nhung doan mo ta, ta canh khi
kl

vl
nhung viec gi dd lien quan den sinh hoat cua
cac nhdn vat. Sy giao thoa giua nhung yeu td
tru tinh va md ta, ta canh nhu vay trong
truyen ndm cung nhu trong ngam khrie,
van khong the ldm gidm di tinh loai biet
cO
bdn
ciia
hai the loqi ndy.
Vl hinh thric nghe thudt, truyen ndm sri
dung the luc bat, cdn ngam
khrie,
van sri dung
the song that luc bat.
1 SdSOl
;•• Thang
7-2009
VAN HQC -
NHjgp
ANH
Truyen tho ndm dupe tao bdi nhung cdu
theo luat bdng
trde
nhu sau:
B
(hodc T), B, B (hodc T), T B (hodc T), B
B
(hoac T), B, B (hodc T), T, B (hodc T), B,
T, B

Vi du:
Nhd viia md tiee dodn vien
Hoa soi ngpn dudc hdng chen bite
Id
Trong cac truyen ddn gian bdng tho,
nhung cdu tho luc bat khong theo van luat va
trinh ty trde bdng.
Ngam khrie, van sri dung the tho song that
luc bat. The van cring la the ngdm khrie. Bdi
trong tieng Viet, van cung chi'nh la ngdm.
Tieu
bieu cho the loai ngdm
khrie,
van nay la:
Chinh phu ngdm
khue,
Cung odn ngdm
khdc,
Til tinh
khue,
Ai tu vdn, Hd Tien thdp
cdnh vinh
khue
Ta't ca eac khd tho tudn theo ludt bdng
trde
nhu sau:
OTTBBTT
OBBTTBB
B
(hoac T), B, B (hoac T), T, B (hoac T), B

B (hoac
T),
B,
B
(hoac
T),
T
B (hoac
T),
B,
T B
O ddy van O la vdn ty do
Nude ed chdy long phien chdng rifa
Cd cd thom, da nhd ndo khudy
Nhil rdi
nhii
lai cam tay
Bude
di mpt bude ddy ddy lai ngimg
Nhu vay, truyen nom va ngam khrie, van
khong nhring chi khae nhau d phuong thric
bieu hien nhu truyen ndm vdi tfnh chat chri
yeu mo ta, ty sy, cdn ngdm khrie, van vdi tfnh
chat chri yeu la trri tinh, khdng nhung chi
khae
nhau d hinh thric nghe thudt tho ca, vdi
truyen nom la the luc bat cdn ngdm khrie,
van la the song tha't luc bat, ma truyen nom
va ngdm khrie, van con dupe phan biet vdi tu
each

mpt the loai van hpc.
Trong tie'n trinh phat trien cria the loai
truyen nom cd the da cd nhung sy bien ddi vl
hlnh thric nghe thudt dl phri hpp vdi loai hinh
ke chuyen cria the loai. Cd
thi
neu len vf du
sau ddy minh chring cho
diiu
dd. Truyen nom
Nghia
si
truyen,
Ldm
tuyen ky ngp va Bach
Vien
- Ton Cdc la nhring truyen ndm khuye't
danh. Nghia si truyen la cdu chuyen kl vl
Nguyln
Biiu,
mpt anh hring ddn tpc ddu TK
XV. Ldm tuyin ky ngp la truyen nom co
nguon gdc tri van hpc ddn gian. Dd la cau
chuyen tinh giria nang Bach Vien va chang
Tdn Cac. Cdn truyen nom Bach Vien - Tdn
Cdc, cring cd cring mpt npi dung nhu truyen
ndm Ldm tuyin ky ngp, vdi cring nhung nhdn
vat, cring cdt truyen, nhung khong phai
vi
the

ma chring la nhring dj ban cria cring mpt tac
phaim. Truyen Bach Vien - Tdn Cdc
dupe
vie't bdng the tho luc bat quen thupc. thudng
dung dl sang tac nhung truyen nom con
truyen Ldm tuyin ky ngd lai khong phai
cring the tho nay.
Tac phdm Ldm tuyen ky ngd bao gom
mpt tram bdn muoi sau bai tho tam cdu,
mOi
cau 7 dm tilt, mpt bai bdn cdu mdi cdu 7 dm
tie't va mpt bai gom mudi mpt cdu tho ty do.
148 bai tho nay dpc lap vdi nhau vl mat van
luat nhimg lai dupe sdp xep ben nhau nhu
nhung hat trong mpt
chuOi
hat dupe xdy cring
vao mpt spi day, va spi day dd chi'nh la cdt
truyen cria cau chuyen dupe kl.
Nghia si truyen. cring bao
gOm
mpt loat
nhung bai tho tam cdu,
mOi
cdu 7 dm tiet nhu
Ldm tuyin ky ngp nhung ngdn hon rat nhiiu.
Cho den tan bay gid, cac nha nghien criu
khong the lam
gi
hon la dua ra nhung gia

djnh vl cac tac gia cria nhung truyen nom
Nghia
SI
truyen, Ldm tuyin ky ngp. Nhung
CO
kha nang la Nghia si truyen da xuat hien
vao dau TK XVI con
iMm
tuyen ky ngp thi
mupn hon vao TK XVII. Nhu vdy hai truyen
tren rat cd
thi
da xudt hien vao giai doan dau
cria ljch sri truyen ndm.
Nhd hai truyen nom nay, chring ta co the
dua ra mpt gia thuyet thri vj nhu sau: khi the
loai truyen nom mdi ra ddi, co mpt xu hudng
manh me la dring tho tam cdu
mOi
cdu 7 dm
tilt va tho bdn cdu
mOi
cdu 7 dm tiet thanh
timg
nhom dl kl nhung cdu chuyen, hay noi
each khae la dl sang tac truyen nom. Nhung
sau do ngudi ta tha'y rdng tho luc bat co hinh
thric
uyin
chuyin hon, phri hpp voi loai hinh

kl chuyen hon, vdy la nhung bai tho tam cdu
va bdn cdu dan dan nhudng ch6 cho tho luc
bat. Va
thi
loai truyen nom vdi
hinh
thric
S6 301
Th^ng
7-2009
H
VAN H6A NGHg
THUAT
TROMC
Mite
nghe thudt la tho luc bat da dupe khai sinh.
Vdy la khdng
k^
den nhung gia tri khae,
truyen ndm
Nghia si
truyen va
L4m
tuyen ky
ngp
xiing dang dupe chu y ddc biet, bdi vi
chting
da tao ra nhung chi ddn quy bau trong
nhiing bude lan md tim kie'm danh da'u viec
nghien crin mdt hinh thric nghe thudt tho phri

hpp vdi truyen ndm.
The loai truydn ndm trong qua trinh tien
diln da cd su phat trien tri Bdc vao Nam.
Truyen ndm Song Tinh la mdt minh churng
cu the. Tac gia cua truydn Song Tinh la
Nguyln
Hihi
Hao (dng la con vi danh tudng
Dang Trong Nguyln
Hihi
Ddt), vdn que d
lang Gia
Miin,
huyen Tdng Son nay thudc
Ha Tiling, Thanh Hda, sau di cu vao Thria
Thien, ndm 1672
dupe
phong tude Hao
Luong
Hdu.
Ong la ngudi cd hpc thric uydn
bac,
am
hiiu
ca Phdt, Nho, Lao, da giu nhieu
trpng trach trong chfnh
quyin
phong kie'n
Dang Trong va dupe quan, ddn ydu men.
Nguydn

Biiu
mdt ndm
1713.
Vdi tmh hinh tu
lidu hidn nay, chring ta chua
thi
khdng djnh
chfnh xac thdi
diim
xudt hidn cua tac pham
Song Tinh, nhung dri sao nd cung phai cd
trude ndm
1713.
Vdy chring ta hay chap nhdn
ring truydn ndm Song Tinh la mdt tac pham
ra ddi vao khoang cudi TK XVII hodc ddu TK
XVin.
Cdn phai nhd rdng, trong hon hai the
ky,
tri
TK XVI dd'n cudi TK
XVm,
nudc Viet
Nam bj chia lam hai
miin:
Dang Ngoai (phfa
Bdc Deo ngang) dudi sy thd'ng tri cua chria
Trinh va Dang Trong (phia Nam Deo ngang)
dudi sy thdng tri cria chria Nguyln. Sy chia
cdt nhu vdy da tao ndn qua trinh ddc thri hda

trong nhiiu
linh
vuc cua ddi sd'ng van hda xa
hdi,
ddc biet la ngdn ngri vdn hpc. Dupe sang
tac d vring cai trj cria chria Nguyln, Song
Tinh cd
thi
xem la bdng chring cho nhring
ddc tfnh rieng cua ngdn ngu van hpc Dang
Trong. Nhung cung cd the
Id'y
Song Tinh di
chring minh cho sy thd'ng nhd't co ban cua
ngdn ngri vdn hpc trong ca nudc Viet Nam
thdi dd. Vdi sy ra ddi cua Song Tinh vao
khoang cudi TK XVn ddu TK XVm, chring
ta thdy
Uuyen nOm
da phat trien va cd vi the
0 ca hai
miin
Nam Bdc cua dd't nudc.
Trong sd nhung truydn tho vidt bdng
chi?
ndm, nhung truyen ljch
sir
chiem mdt vi tri
quan trpng. Nghia si truyen chdc chdn la mdt
trong sd nhung truydn ljch su viet bdng chri

Ndm cd nhd't, nhung cd mdt sd truydn
khae
ndi tie'ng hon va quan trpng hon.
6
Viet Nam, truyin thdng
chip
sri ngupc
ddng qua khri da cd
tri
TK XUI vdi Dai
Viet
su
ky
ciia
Ld Van Huu. Cdn vdi
nhCtng
truydn it
nhiiu mang tfnh huydn thoai ciia cac nhdn vat
lich su thi lai dupe khdi thao tri sdm hon nua.
Truyen thd'ng dd da
dupe
phan anh trong
van hpc viet bdng chu ndm vl dl tai ljch su
ngudi ta da dat cho nhimg truydn tho ljch su
sang tac bdng chu: ndm mdt cai tdn chung:
Qudc sii diin ca (trie la ljch su ddn tdc duoc
ke lai dudi dang diln ca). Cac tac phdm nay
dupe
sang tac bdng the tho song thdt luc bat,
cd khi

dupe
sang tac bdng tho luc bat.
Nhung truydn ljch su bdng tho nay
khOng
chi
phan anh nhung su kidn lich su cria ddn
tdc theo thri tu nidn bieu it nhieu da
dupe
ghi
trong bieu nidn
sir
chfnh thd'ng, ma chring con
ke lai nhimg huyen thoai, nhung truydn kl,
nhung truydn ngu ngdn. Va hu cdu chiem
mdt phdn quan trpng trong su hinh thanh
nhring tac pham qud'c sri diln ca. Cd
thi
noi
mac dri
dupe
thiet lap trdn cp sd ljch sri,
chung vdn la nhimg tac pham vdn hpc tu thdn.
Nhiiu nha nghidn curu da nghiln ngdm va
khdng djnh nhung gia trj vdn hpc cua nhung
truydn tho ljch su nhu Viet su dien dm TK
XVI, Thien Nam minh gidm TK
XVH,
Thien Nam ngu: luc TK
XVII,
Dai Nam

qudc sti dien ca TK XIX.
Nhung
Uuydn
ljch su bdng tho, nhung tac
pham qudc sri diln ca thudc
thi
loai sri ca
nOm.
Nhring tac pham qudc sri diln ca da gdp phdn
dang kl vao
vide
lam phong phri va vao ehd't
lupng cua kho tang van hpc vidt bdng chri ndm.
Truydn ndm va ngam khrie, van, ca la
nhung the loai cd nhiiu sang tao cua ddng vdn
hpc chri ndm.
Vide
nghien criu nhung thd loai
van hpc nay girip chring ta
hiiu
bidt them vl
nhung gia trj khoa hpc cua
nin
van hpc truyin
thdng sang tac bdng ngdn ngri dan
tOc
•
D.TM.H
Sd301
Thang 7-2009