The Constitution of Private Governance Product Standards in the Regulation of Integrating Markets pptx

THE CONSTITUTION OF PRIVATE
GOVERNANCE
In quantity and importance, private standards are rapidly taking over the
role of public norms in the international and national regulation of prod-
uct safety. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the rise, role
and status of these private product safety standards in the legal regulation
of integrating markets. In international and regional trade law as in
European and American constitutional and administrative law, tort law
and antitrust law, the book analyses the ways in which legal systems can
and do recognise private norms as ‘law.’ This sociological question of
law’s recognition of private governance is indissolubly connected with a
normative question of democratic theory: can law recognise legal validity
and democratic legitimacy outside the constitution, without constitutional
political institutions and beyond the nation state? Or: can law ‘constitute’
private transnational governance?
The book offers the first systematic treatment of European, American
and international ‘standards law’ in the English language, and makes a
significant contribution to the study of the processes of globalisation and
privatisation in social and legal theory.
International Studies in the Theory of Private Law
This series of books edited by a distinguished international team of legal
scholars aims to investigate the normative and theoretical foundations of
the law governing relations between citizens. The context for such inves-
tigations of private law systems is set by important modern tendencies in
systems of governance. The advent of the regulatory state marks the
withdrawal of the state from direct control and management of social and
economic activity, and the adoption instead of procedural regulation and
co-regulatory strategies that promote the use of private law techniques of
ordering and self-regulation in social and economic interactions between
citizens. The tendency known as globalisation and the corresponding
increases in cross-border trade produce the responses of transnational

regulation of commerce and private governance regimes, and these new
systems of governance challenge the hegemony of traditional national pri-
vate law systems. Furthermore, these tendencies towards transnational
governance regimes compel an interaction between different national
legal traditions, with their differences in culture and philosophy as well as
their differences based upon variations in market systems, which pro-
vokes questions not only about competing policy frameworks but also
about the nature and adequacy of different kinds of legal reasoning itself.
The series welcomes a diverse range of theoretical approaches in the
examination of these issues including approaches using socio-legal
methods, economics, critical theory, systems theory, regulation theory,
and moral and political theory. With the aim of stimulating an inter-
national discussion of these issues, volumes will be published in
Germany, France, and the United Kingdom in one of the three languages.
Editors
Hugh Collins, London School of Economics
Christian Joerges, European University Institute Florence
Antoine Lyon-Caen, Université de Paris X-Nanterre
Horatia Muir Watt, Université de Paris I
Gunther Teubner, Frankfurt University
James Q Whitman, Yale Law School, New Haven CA
Volumes published with Hart Publishing, Oxford
1. David Campbell, Hugh Collins and John Wightman (eds), Implicit
Dimensions of Contract: Discrete, Relational and Network Contracts (2003)
2. Christian Joerges, Inger-Johanne Sand and Gunther Teubner (eds)
Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism (2004)
3. Oren Perez, Ecological Sensitivity and Global Legal Pluralism: Rethinking
the Trade and Environment Debate (June 2004)
4. Harm Schepel, The Constitution of Private Governance (2005)
Volumes published in German by Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-

Baden
1. Peer Zumbansen, Ordnungsmuster im modernen Wohlfahrtsstaat:
Lernerfahrungen zwischen Staat, Gesellschaft und Vertrag (2000)
2. Dan Wielsch, Freiheit und Funktion: Zur Struktur-und Theoriegeschicte
des Rechts der Wirtschaftsgesellschaft (2001)
3Marc Amstutz, Evolutorisches Wirtschaftsrecht: Vorstudien zum Recht
und seiner Methode in den Diskurskollisionen der Marktgesellschaft (2002)
4. Christian Joerges and Gunther Teubner (eds), Rechtsverfassungsrecht:
Recht-Fertigungen zwischen Sozialtheorie und Privatrechtsdogmatik
(2003)
5. Gunther Teubner, Netzwerk als Vertragsverbund: Virtuelle Unter-
nehmen, Franchising, Just in Time in sozialwissenschaftlicher und
juristischer Sicht (2004)
Volume published with Dalloz, Paris
Geoffrey Samuel, Essai d’épistémologie juridique comparative (forthcom-
ing)
For the thesis on which this book is based Harm Schepel was awarded the
first EUI Alumni Prize for the “best interdisciplinary and/or comparative
thesis on European issues” written at the EUI in recent years.
The Constitution of Private
Governance
Product Standards in the Regulation
of Integrating Markets
Harm Schepel
Kent Law School
OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON
2005
Hart Publishing
Oxford and Portland, Oregon

Published in North America (US and Canada) by
Hart Publishing c/o
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5804 NE Hassalo Street
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©Harm Schepel 2005
The editors and authors have asserted their right under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work
Hart Publishing is a specialist legal publisher based in Oxford, England.
To order further copies of this book or to request a list of other
publications please write to:
Hart Publishing, Salter’s Boatyard, Folly Bridge,
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Typeset by Hope Services (Abingdon) Ltd.
Printed and bound in Great Britain on acid-free paper by
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To Phoebe
Contents
Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviations xvii
Table of cases xxiii

Introduction
1. Borders and Frames 1
2. Markets, States and Associations 2
2.1. Markets, Hierarchies, and Standardisation 3
2.2. Markets, States, and Standardisation 4
2.3. Custom, Technology, and Standardisation 5
3. The Book 7
3.1. Field 7
3.2. Method 8
3.3. Structure 9
1 The Rise of Private Governance: Functional Differentiation and
Economic Globalisation
1. Introduction 11
2. Differentiation and Globalisation: Logics of Associative
Governance 12
2.1. Logics of Associative Governance in Durkheim 12
2.2. Logics of Associative Governance in Luhmann and
Habermas 15
3. From Government to Governance 19
3.1. Collapsing State and Society 19
3.2. Globalisation and Governance 21
3.3. Governance, Knowledge and Risk 23
4. The Legal Regulation of Private Governance 28
4.1. Law and Governance 28
4.2. The Regulation of Self-Regulation 30
4.3. Legal Pluralism 32
5. Conclusion 35
2 The European Community: Market Integration and Private
Transnationalism
1. Introduction 37

2. Member States, Standards and the Reach of Negative
Integration 39
2.1. Integration, Deregulation and Article 28 EC 39
2.2. Extending the Reach of Article 28 42
3. Member States, Standards and the Reach of Positive Integration 50
3.1. The Information Directive 51
3.1.1. Technical Regulations 52
3.1.2. Standards 58
4. Embedding Standards in European Law 63
4.1 The New Approach 63
4.2. The Green Paper 68
5. Embedding Standardisation in European Governance 70
5.1. Subsidiarity and Governance 70
5.2. General Product Safety 73
6. Conclusion 75
3 The United States: Deregulation and Legalisation
1. Introduction 77
2. Informal Rulemaking 79
3. Negotiated Rulemaking 83
4. Rulemaking by Reliance on Private Standards 87
4.1. General Federal Standards Policy 87
4.2. Manufactured Housing Standards 90
4.3. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration 93
4.4. The Consumer Product Safety Commission 97
5. Conclusion 100
4Standards in the European Union
1. Introduction 101
2. ‘European’ Standards 101
2.1. The European Standardisation Committee (CEN) 101
2.2. Procedures for Standardisation 104

3. The Europeanisation of Standardisation 107
4. ‘National’ Standards 111
5. Germany 112
5.1. The Deutsche Institut für Normung 112
5.2. Procedures for Standardisation 114
5.3. Public Recognition of Standardisation 117
5.4. Legal Recognition of Standardisation 118
6. United Kingdom 122
6.1. The British Standards Institute 122
6.2. Procedures for Standardisation 123
6.3. Public Recognition of Standardisation 126
6.4. Legal Recognition of Standardisation 128
7. France 130
7.1. The Association Française de Normalisation 130
x Contents
7.2. Procedures for Standardisation 131
7.3. Public Control over Standardisation 132
8. Spain 134
9. Italy 137
10. The Netherlands 139
11. Ireland 141
12. Conclusion 143
5 Standards and Codes in the United States
1. Introduction 145
2. The Private Standardisation System 145
3. The Battle of the Building Codes 152
3.1. The Battles of the Model Codes 155
3.1.1. Fire Codes 155
3.1.2. Plumbing and Mechanical Codes 156
3.1.3. Fuel Gas Codes 158

3.1.4. Electrical Codes 159
3.1.5. Building Codes 160
3.2. Between Standards, Codes and Law 163
3.3. State Codes 166
3.4. Between Administrative Process and Private Consensus 168
3.5. The Battles of State Codes 172
4. Conclusion 176
6 International Harmonisation of Standards
1. Introduction 177
2. Standards and International Free Trade 178
2.1. Transnational Private Governance in the WTO 178
2.1.1. Standards under the TBT Agreement 179
2.1.2. Standards under the SPS Agreement 181
2.1.3. The International Standards Organisation 183
2.1.4. Defining an ‘International Standard’ 185
2.2. Diagonal Issues Concerning International Standards 194
2.2.1. Public Acceptance of Private International
Standards 194
2.2.2. Public Influence in Private International
Standardisation 197
2.3. Co-ordinating Public and Private Rulemaking 200
2.3.1. Public Procurement 200
2.3.2. Pressure Equipment 201
2.3.3. Environmental Management Systems 204
3. Standards and Free Trade in the Americas 209
3.1 The North American Free Trade Agreement 209
3.1.1. Canada 210
Contents xi
3.1.2. Mexico 211
3.1.3. Harmonisation of Standards 214

3.2. South- and Latin American Free Trade Agreements 215
3.2.1. The Andean Community 216
3.3.2. Mercosur 217
3.3. Free Trade of the Americas 219
3.3.1. The Pan-American Standards Commission 219
3.3.2. The Draft Free Trade of the Americas Agreement 220
4. Conclusion 221
7Private Regulation in European Public Law
1. Introduction 225
2. General Principles of the New Approach 227
2.1. Explicit Exceptions 228
2.1.1. Autonomy of Essential Requirements 228
2.1.2. Voluntary Application of Harmonised Standards 231
2.1.3. Standards set by Private Bodies 232
2.2. Inherent Exceptions 233
3. Instruments of Regulation on Community Level 234
3.1. Verifying Compatibility with Legal Requirements 235
3.1.1. Publication of Standards’ References by the
Commission 235
3.1.2. The Safeguard Procedure 235
3.1.3. Commission Mandates 239
3.1.4. Guidelines for Co-operation 240
3.1.5. CEN ‘Consultants’ 241
3.2. Procedural Requirements on Private Standard-Setting 242
3.2.1. Recognition of European Standards Bodies 242
3.2.2. Public Involvement in Standards Work 243
3.2.3. Voting Arrangements 243
3.2.4. Involvement of Interested Circles 244
3.3. Conclusion 246
4. Proposals for the Juridification of Standardisation 246

5. Judicial Review of the Legal Reception of Standards 249
6. Delegation Revisited 254
7. Conclusion 257
8 Private Regulation in American Public Law
1. Introduction 259
2. The Nondelegation Doctrine in the United States: The
Definition of ‘Lawmaking’ 261
3. Administrative Law as Constitutional Law: The Federal
Nondelegation Doctrine 266
3.1. Administrative Law and the Nondelegation Doctrine 268
xii Contents
3.2. Administrative Procedure as a Substitute for Political
Mandate 269
3.3. Expertise as a Substitute for Political Mandate 273
4. A Hard Look at the Administrative Adoption of Standards 276
4.1. Legislative Provisions for Agency Adoption of Standards 277
4.2. Judicial Scrutiny of Agency Adoption of Standards 279
5. Conclusion 283
9 Politics and the Economy: Linking Institutions in Competition Law
1. Introduction 285
2. Certification and Abuse: the United States 287
3. Certification and Abuse: the European Community 289
4. Antitrust Immunity: the United States 293
4.1. Introduction 293
4.2. Standards Bodies as Political Institutions 299
4.3. From ‘Reasonable’ Restraints to Legitimate Governance 303
4.4. Antitrust as Private Administrative Law 305
5. Antitrust Immunity: the European Community 309
5.1. Introduction 309
5.2. Standards Bodies as Political Institutions 313

5.3. From ‘Reasonable’ Restraints to Legitimate Governance 317
5.4. Antitrust as Private Administrative Law 320
6. Conclusion 337
10 Custom, Science and Law: Linking Institutions in Tort
1. Introduction 339
2. Negligence and the Juridification of Custom 340
2.1. Non-Compliance with Standards and Breach of Legal
Requirement of Due Care 343
2.2. Compliance with Standards and Fulfilling the Legal
Requirement of Due Care 345
3. Product Liability Law 347
3.1. Defectiveness: the European Community 348
3.2. Defectiveness: the United States 350
3.3. The Mandatory Standards Defence: the European
Community 361
3.4. The Mandatory Standards Defence: the United States 363
3.4.1. The Regulatory Compliance Defence 363
3.4.2. Federal Pre-emption as a Mandatory Standards
Defence 366
3.5. The State of the Art Defence: the European Community 374
3.6. The State of the Art Defence: the United States 376
3.6.1. Between Custom and the Frontiers of Science 376
3.6.2. Standards Bodies and the Constitution of
‘Scientific’ Evidence 379
Contents xiii
4. Liability for Standards Bodies 384
4.1. The European Community 384
4.2. The United States 387
4.2.1. Strict Liability 387
4.2.2. Good Samaritan Liability 389

5. Conclusion 400
Conclusion The Constitution of Private Governance
1. Introduction 403
2. Global Law Without a State 404
2.1. The Making of Global Law 404
2.2. Strategies of Denial 406
3. The Legitimacy of Global Private Governance 406
3.1. The Legitimacy of ‘Public’ Governance 408
3.2. The Legitimacy of ‘Private’ Governance 410
4. The Constitution of Global Private Governance 412
4.1. Representation and Deliberation 412
4.2. Centre and Periphery 413
References 415
Index 451
xiv Contents
Acknowledgements
This is an updated and slightly modified version of my dissertation. The
research for it has been made possible by financial support from the Dutch
Ministry of Education, the European University Institute, and the
European Commission, which is gratefully acknowledged. After, incredi-
bly, outstaying my welcome at the EUI, I spent the remainder of the
implausible number of years it has taken to write the thesis at the Zentrum
für Europäische Rechtspolitik in Bremen, the Centre de Théorie Politique at the
ULB in Brussels, and at Kent Law School in Canterbury. I’m grateful for
the support provided there.
The research would have been impossible without the generosity of a
number of people in the standardisation community willing to provide
information and share thoughts. In just mentioning Anne Caldas (ANSI),
James Thomas (ASTM), and Stewart Sanson (CEN) by name, I wish to
express my gratitude to all of them. A special word of thanks goes to

Cornelis Brekelmans of the European Commission for his mentorship.
For their support, patience and generosity, I thank Jean-Marc Ferry, Nick
Huls, Jürgen Neyer, Jacobien Rutgers, Bernard Ryan, Wolf Sauter, and Ellen
Vos. Absurdly inadequate though it is in their case, I also wish to thank
Francesca Beltrame and Rein Wesseling for their gifts of unconditional
friendship, blind faith, and the remarkable capacity to keep a straight face
through all the years I claimed I was ‘just checking some footnotes.’
Josef Falke knows more about standardisation than anyone else in the
world, and he is always willing- even happy- to share his expertise.
Francis Snyder has supervised the thesis with generosity of spirit, sharp-
ness of mind, and a whole lot of trust. I thank them both for their friend-
ship and encouragement.
I used to consider the term ‘Doktorvater’ the expression of a Teutonically
unfortunate combination of deference and sentimentality. There can be,
however, no better word to describe what Christian Joerges means to me.
He has provided intellectual direction and inspiration for all that is worth-
while in the book; at times sceptical, at others ironically benevolent but
always fiercely loyal and protective, he has guided me through the years
with unreasonable generosity. My debt to him, both intellectual and per-
sonal, is beyond any feasible repayment schedule. Everyone mentioned,
even Christian, is exonerated from any responsibility for the text: that, at
least, I must bear all by my lonesome.
I have made every effort to state law and policy, and to describe major
developments, as they stood on 1 January 2004.
Abbreviations
AABB American Association of Blood Banks
Admin L Rev Administrative Law Review
AENOR Asociación Española de Normalización y
Certificación

AFNOR Association Française de Normalisation
AG Advocate General
AGA American Gas Association
AIA American Institute of Architects
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
AJDA Actualité juridique- Droit administratif
AJIL American Journal of International Law
Am J Comp L American Journal of Comparative Law
Am J Soc American Journal of Sociology
Am L Rep American Law Reports
Am Soc Rev American Sociological Review
Am U J Int L & Pol American University Journal of
International Law and Policy
Am U L Rev American University Law Review
ANEC Association de Normalisation Européenne pour
les Consommateurs
ANS American National Standard
ANSI American National Standards Institute
Antitrust L J Antitrust Law Journal
AöR Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts
APA Administrative Procedure Act
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials
B J Soc British Journal of Sociology
BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators
BOE Boletín Oficial del Estado
BOMA Building Owners and Managers Association
Brigham Young U L Rev Brigham Young University Law Review

BSI British Standards Institute
Cal L Rev California Law Review
Cam J Econ Cambridge Journal of Economics
Cardozo L Rev Cardozo Law Review
CDE Cahiers de Droit Européen
CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation
CENELEC Comité Européen de Normalisation
E
–
lectrotechnique
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
Chi J Int L Chicago Journal of International Law
Chi-Kent L Rev Chicago-Kent Law Review
Cir Circuit
CMLRev Common Market Law Review
CNSI Cesky Normalizacni Institut
Colum J Env L Columbia Journal of Environmental Law
Colum J Eur L Columbia Journal of European Law
Colum L Rev Columbia Law Review
Consumer L J Consumer Law Journal
Cornell Int L J Cornell International Law Journal
Cornell L Rev Cornell Law Review
CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
DS Dansk Standard
Duke L J Duke Law Journal
Ecology L Q Ecology Law Quarterly
ECR European Court Reports
EJIR European Journal of International Relations
EJST European Journal of Social Theory

ELJ European Law Journal
ELOT Hellenic Organisation for Standardisation
ELR European Law Review
Emory L J Emory Law Journal
Env L J Environmental Law Journal
Env L Rep Environmental Law Reporter
EPL European Public Law
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards
Institute
EuZW Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FDA Food and Drugs Administration
Florida State U L Rev Florida State University Law Review
Fordham Int L J Fordham International Law Journal
Fordham L Rev Fordham Law Review
FR Federal Register
Geo L J Georgetown Law Journal
G Wash L Rev George Washington Law Review
G Wash U L Q George Washington University Law
Quarterly
Harv J Leg Harvard Journal on Legislation
Harv L Rev Harvard Law Review
xviii Abbreviations
Hastings Const L Q Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly
Hofstra L Rev Hofstra Law Review
IAFC International Association of Fire Chiefs
IAPMO International Association of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials
IBN Institut Belge de Normalisation
ICBO International Conference of Building Officials

ICC International Code Council
IFCI International Fire Code Institute
Ind J Glob L S Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies
Ind L J Indiana Law Journal
Int J Soc L International Journal of the Sociology of
Law
Int Lawyer International Lawyer
IO International Organization
IPQ Instituto Português da Qualidade
ISO International Standards Organisation
JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies
JCP Journal of Consumer Policy
JEPP Journal of European Public Policy
JIEL Journal of International Economic Law
J Int Econ Journal of International Economics
J L & Econ Journal of Law and Economics
J L Econ & Org Journal of Law, Economics and
Organization
J L & Soc Journal of Law & Society
J Leg S Journal of Legal Studies
JO Journal officiel de la republique française
J Pol An & Man Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
J Public Pol Journal of Public Policy
JfRsozRth Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie
JTDE Journal des Tribunaux- Droit européen
JUT Jahrbuch des Umwelts- und Technikrechts
JWT Journal of World Trade
L & Contemp Prob Law and Contemporary Problems
Law & SocRev Law & Society Review
LGDJ Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence

LIEI Legal Issues of European Integration
Maryland L Rev Maryland Law Review
Mich L Rev Michigan Law Review
Mich J Int L Michigan Journal of International Law
Minn L Rev Minnesota Law Review
MLR Modern Law Review
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
Abbreviations xix
NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection
and Measurements
NCSBCS National Conference of States on Building
Codes and Standards
NEC National Electrical Code
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers
Association
NEN Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NJW Neue Juristische Wochenschrift
NMHC National Multi Housing Council
Notre Dame L Rev Notre Dame Law Review
NSAI National Standards Authority of Ireland
NSB National Standards Body
NSF Norges Standardiseringsforbund
NSPE National Society of Professional Engineers
NYU Env L J New York University Environmental Law
Journal
NYU J Int L & Pol New York University Journal of
International Law and Politics
NYU J Leg & Pub Pol New York University Journal of Legislation
and Public Policy

NYU L Rev New York University Law Review
Northwestern J Int L and Bus Northwestern Journal of International Law
and Business
Northwestern U L Rev Northwest University Law Review
OJ Official Journal of the European Community
OJLS Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
ON Österreichisches Normungsinstitut
Opoce Office des publications officielles des
Communautés européennes
OUP Oxford University Press
PMI Plumbing Manufacturers Institute
PUF Presses Universitaires de France
Rev Fra Sc Po Revue Française de Science Politique
Rev Fra Soc Revue Française de Sociologie
Rev Int Pol Econ Review of International Political Economy
RIDE Revue Internationale de Droit Economique
RMC Revue du Marché commun
RMCUE Revue du Marché commun et de l’Union
européenne
RMUE Revue du Marché Unique Européen
RTDC Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Civil
RTDE Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Européen
xx Abbreviations
Rutgers L Rev Rutgers Law Review
SAI Standards Australia International
SBCCI Southern Building Code Congress
International
S Cal L Rev Southern California Law Review
S Carolina L Rev South Carolina Law Review
SCC Standards Council of Canada

Seton Hall L Rev Seton Hall Law Review
SFS Suomen Standardisoimislitto
SIS Standardiseringen i Sverige
SNV Schweizerische Normen-Vereinigung
Soc & L S Social & Legal Studies
SSS Social Studies of Science
Stanford L Rev Stanford Law Review
Stanford J Int L Stanford Journal of International Law
Stanford Tech L Rev Stanford Technology Law Review
ST & HV Science, Technology & Human Values
STRÍ Stad
–
larád
–
I
´
slands
Syracuse J Int L & Commerce Syracuse Journal of International Law and
Commerce
TC Technical Committee
Texas L Rev Texas Law Review
Tort & Ins L J Tort & Insurance Law Journal
Tulane J Int & Comp L Tulane Journal of International and
Comparative Law
Tulane L Rev Tulane Law Review
TUTB European Trade Union Technical Bureau for
Health and Safety
U Chi L Rev University of Chicago Law Review
U Cin L Rev University of Cincinatti Law Review
U Dayton L Rev University of Dayton Law Review

UFCA Uniform Fire Code Association
U Kansas L Rev University of Kansas Law Review
U Mich J L Reform University of Michigan Journal of Law
Reform
U Penn J Int Econ L University of Pennsylvania Journal of
International Economic Law
U Penn L Rev University of Pennsylvania Law Review
U Pittsburgh L Rev University of Pittsburgh Law Review
UCLA L Rev UCLA Law Review
UL Underwriters’ Laboratories
UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
USC United States Code
U Toledo L Rev University of Toledo Law Review
Abbreviations xxi
UTR Umwelt- und Technikrecht
Virginia J Int L Virginia Journal of International Law
Wake Forest L Rev Wake Forest Law Review
Washburn L J Washburn Law Journal
Wayne L Rev Wayne Law Review
WFCA Western Fire Chiefs Association
William & Mary L Rev William and Mary Law Review
Wisconsin L Rev Wisconsin Law Review
WTO World Trade Organisation
Yale J Reg Yale Journal on Regulation
Yale L & Pol Rev Yale Law & Policy Review
Yale L Rev Yale Law Review
YEL Yearbook of European Law
ZfRsoz Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie
ZfSoz Zeitschrift für Soziologie
ZHR Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrecht

ZLR Zeitschrift für das gesamte Lebensmittelrecht
ZUR Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht
xxii Abbreviations
Table of Cases
EUROPEAN UNION
European Court of Justice
9/56 Meroni [1958] ECR 133 226
10/56 Meroni [1958] ECR 157 226–7
32 and 33/58 SNUPAT [1959] ECR 127 227
25/62 Plaumann v Commission [1963] ECR 106 254
26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 10 53
46 and 58/65 Consten and Grundig [1966] ECR 299 48, 290
5/69 Völk v Vervaecke [1969] ECR 295 48
22/70 Commission v Council [1971] ECR 263 250
127/73 BRT v SABAM [1974] ECR 313 316
8/74 Procureur du Roi v Dassonville [1974] ECR 837 37
36/74 Walrave and Koch [1974] ECR 1415 47
87/75 Bresciani v Amministrazione delle Finanze [1976] ECR 129 45
46/76 Bauhuis v Netherlands [1977] ECR 5 58
5/77 Tedeschi v Denkavit [1977] ECR 1555 38
13/77 INNO v ATAB [1977] ECR 2115 48, 321–2, 324
120/78 Rewe Zentrale v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein
[1979] ECR 649 37–9, 41, 57
815/79 Gaetano Cremonini and Maria Luisa Vrankovich [1980]
ECR 3583 225, 236, 258
58/80 Dansk Supermarked v Imerco [1980] ECR 181 46, 48
188 to 190/80 France, Italy and UK v Commission [1982] ECR 2545 44
220/81 Robertson [1982] ECR 2349 66
249/81 Commission v Ireland [1982] ECR 4005 42
7/82 GVL v Commission [1983] ECR 483 316

96 to 102, 104, 105, 108 and 110/82 IAZ and others v Commission
[1983] ECR 3369 289, 320
177 and 178/82 Van de Haar [1984] ECR 1797 48, 289, 292, 321
222/82 Apple and Pear Development Council [1983] ECR 4083 43
123/83 BNIC v Clair [1985] ECR 391 326, 328, 331
231/83 Cullet v Leclerc [1985] ECR 305 48
229/83 Leclerc v Au Blé Vert [1985] ECR 1 48–9, 323–4
169/84 COFAZ v Commission [1986] ECR 391 254
188/84 Commission v France [1986] ECR 419 40–1
247/84 Motte [1985] ECR 3887 38
118/85 Commission v Italy [1987] ECR 2599 314, 327
311/85 Vlaamse Reisbureaus [1987] ECR 3801 42
66/86 Ahmed Saeed [1989] ECR 803 316
136/86 BNIC v Aubert [1987] ECR 4789 326
246/86, Belasco v Commission [1989] ECR 2117 310
267/86 Van Eycke v ASPA [1988] ECR 4769 321–3
45/87 Commission v Ireland [1988] ECR 4929 40, 43
266 and 267/87 Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain
[1989] ECR 1295 43
C-202/88 France v Commission [1991] ECR I-1223 49
C-302/88 Hennen Olie [1990] ECR I-4625 43
C-332/89 Marchandise [1991] ECR I-1027 323, 325
C-6 and 9/90 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357 311
C-41/90 Höfner and Elsner v Macroton [1991] ECR I-1979 292, 314
C-179/90 Merci Convenzionali v Porto di Genova [1991]
ECR I-5104 48
C-269/90 Technische Universität München [1991] ECR I-5469 252
C-319/90 CIRFS v Commission [1993] ECR I-1125 254
C-2/91 Wolf W Meng [1993] ECR I-5751 324–5, 328, 332
C-96/91 Decoster [1993] ECR I-5335 53

C-159 and 160/91 Poucet et Pistre [1993] ECR I-637 315
C- 185/91 Reiff [1993] ECR I-4796 322–3, 325, 327–8, 331–6, 338
C-212/91 Angelopharm v Hamburg [1994] ECR I-171 253, 336
C-245/91 OHRA Schadeverzekeringen [1993] ECR I-5851 323, 325
C-267 and 268/91 Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097 38, 57
C-293/91 Commission v France [1993] ECR I-1 348, 374
C-320/91 Paul Corbeau [1993] ECR I-2533 316
C-325/91 France v Commission [1993] ECR I-3283 250
C-91/92 Faccini Dori [1994] ECR I-3325 56
C-119/92 Commission v Italy [1994] ECR I-393 45
C-139/92 Commission v Italy [1993] ECR I-4707 53
C-182/92 Banks v British Coal [1994] ECR I-1209 311
C-292/92 Ruth Hünermund [1993] ECR I-6787 43, 47
C-317/92 Commission v Germany [1994] ECR I-2039 53, 58
C-364/92 SAT Fluggesellschaft v Eurocontrol [1994] ECR I-45 315
C-393/92 Almelo v IJsselmij [1994] ECR I-1477 316
C-401 and 402/92 Tankstation ‘t Heuske [1994] ECR I-2199 323, 325
C-52/93 Commission v Netherlands [1994] ECR I-3591 53
C-61/93 Commission v Netherlands [1994] ECR I-3607 53
C-153/93 Delta [1994] ECR I-2517 323, 325, 327, 331, 333
C-293/93 Neeltje Houtwipper [1994] ECR I-4249 39, 66
C-415/93 Bosman [1995] ECR I-4921 47
C-16/94 Edouard Dubois v Garonor [1995] ECR I-2421 45
xxiv Table of Cases
C-96/94 Spediporto v Spedizioni Maritimma del Golfo [1995]
ECR I-2883 323, 325, 330, 333–4
C-140 to142/94 DIP v Bassano del Grappa and Chioggia [1995]
ECR I-3257 323, 331–3
C-154/94 Commission v Netherlands [1997] ECR I-5699 316
C-159/94 Commission v France [1997] ECR I-5815 316

C-194/94 CIA Security v Securitel [1996] ECR I-2201 52, 54, 56
C-244/94 Fédération Française des Sociétés d’Assurance [1995]
ECR I-4013 315
C-273/94 Commission v Netherlands [1996] ECR I-31 53, 58
C-279/94 Commission v Italy [1997] ECR I-4743 53
C-289/94 Commission v Italy [1996] ECR I-4405 53
C-57/95 France v Commission [1997] ECR I-1627 250
C-127/95 Norbrook Laboratories [1998] I-1531 252
C-263/95 Germany v Commission [1998] ECR I-441 240
C-265/95 Commission v France [1997] ECR I-6959 46
C-300/95 Commission v United Kingdom [1997] ECR I-2649 375
C-321/95 P Greenpeace v Commission [1998] I-1651 254
C-343/95 Diego Calì e Figli v SEPG [1996] ECR I-1547 314
C-13/96 Bic Benelux [1997] ECR I-1753 58
C-35/96 Commission v Italy [1998] ECR I-3851 45, 324, 332
C-41/96 VAG-Händlerbeirat v SYD-Consult [1997] ECR I-3123 387
C-51/96 and C-191/97 Christelle Deliège [2000] ECR I-2549 47
C-55/96 Job Centre [1997] ECR I-7199 48
C-67/96 Albany International [1999] ECR I-5751 327
C-176/96 Jyri Lehtonen [2000] ECR I-2681 47
C-184/96 Commission v France [1998] ECR I-6197 57
C-263/96 Commission v Belgium [1997] ECR I-7453 229
C-266/96 Corsica Ferries v Antichi Ormeggiatori [1998]
ECR I-3949 323, 325
C-33/97 Colim v Bigg’s [1999] ECR I-3175 57
C-38/97 Librandi v Cuttica [1998] ECR I-5955 323, 325, 330, 332–4, 336
C-112/97 Commission v Italy [1999] ECR I-1821 64, 225, 236
C-115-117/97 Brentjens [1999] ECR I-6025 327
C-120/97 Upjohn [1999] ECR I-223 252
C-145/97 Commission v Belgium [1998] ECR I-2643 53

C-219/97 Drijvende Bokken [1999] ECR I-6121 327
C-226/97 Lemmens [1998] ECR I-3711 55
C-341/97 Commission v Netherlands [2000] ECR I-6611 57
C-383/97 Arnoldus van der Laan [1999] ECR I-731 39
C-425-427/97 Albers [1999] ECR I-2947 58
C-22/98 Jean Claude Becu and others [1999] ECR I-5665 321
C-180 to 184/98 Pavel Pavlov [2000] ECR I-6451 325, 329–330
C-222/98 Van der Woude [2000] ECR I-7111 327
Table of Cases xxv