cambridge IELTS 9 full book

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Cambridge IELTS 9
Authentic examination papers
from Cambridge ESOL
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Test1
sECTION1
Quesfions
1-10
Complete
the nofes
below.
Write
NO
MORE
THAN
THREE
WORDS
AND/OR
A NUMBER
for
each answer.
JOB
ENQUIRY
Example
.
Work
at:

a
resTaurant
.
Type
of
work: 1 .
.
.
Number
of hours per
week:
l2 hours
.
Would
need
work
permit
.
Work
in
the:
2


branch
.
Nearest
bus
stop: next
to

3
.
Pay:
4
t

an hour
.
Extra
benefits:
a free
dinner
extra pay
when
you
work
on
5
transport
home
when
you
worl<
6

.
Qualities
required:
7
ability

to
8

.
Interview
arranged
for:
Thursday
9


at
6
p.rn.
.
Bring
the names
of two
referees
.
Ask
for:
Samira
10
10
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Listening
SECTION
2

Quesfions
11-20
Quesfio
ns 11-1 6
Complete the
nofes below.
Write
ONE
WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
sP口ⅡTs W⑴ⅡL口
.
a
new 11

of an
international
sports
goods
company
.
located in the shopping centre to the
12
of
Bradcaster
.
has sports
13 . and equipment on
floors
'1
-

3
.
can
get you
any
item within 14

days
.
shop specialises
in
equipment
for 15
.

.
has
a special
section which
just
sells 16
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Test
1
Quesfio
ns 17
and 1
8
Choose

the
correct letter,
A, B
or
C.
17
A
champion
athlete
will
be in
the shop
A
on
Saturday morning
only.
B
all
day Saturday.
C for
the whole
weekend.
18
The first
person
to answer
20
quiz questions
correctly
will

win
A
gym
membership.
B
a
video.
C
a calendar.
Quesfio
ns 19
and 20
Choose TWO
letters,
A-E.
Which
TWO
pieces
of
information
does
the speaker
give
about the fitness
test?
A You
need
to reserve
a
place.

B
lt is
free
to
account holders.
C You
get
advice
on how
to improve
your
health.
D
lt takes
place
in
a special
clinic.
E lt
is
cheaper
this month.
12
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Listening
SECTION
3
Quesfions
21-30

Choose the
correct
letter.
A,
B or
C.
Course Feedback
21
One reason why
Spiros felt happy
about his
marketing
presentation
was that
A
he was not nervous.
B his
style
was
good.
C the
presentation
was the
best
in
his
group.
22
What
surprised

Hiroko
about the other
students'
presentations?
A Their
presentations
were
not interesting.
B They found
their
presentations
stressful.
C
They
didn't look
at the audience
enough.
23
After she
gave
her
presentation,
Hiroko felt
A delig hted.
B
dissatisfied.
C embarrassed.
24
How
does Spiros feel

about his
performance
in
tutorials?
A not
very happy
B really
pleased
C
fairly
confident
25
Why
can the other
students
participate
so easily in
discussions?
A They
are
polite
to
each other.
B They
agree to take
turns in
speaking.
C They
know each
other well.

26 Why
is Hiroko
feeling more
positive
about
tutorials now?
A
She finds
the other
students'opinions
more interesting.
B
She is making more
of
a contribution.
C
The
tutor includes
her in
the discussion.
27 To
help her
understand lectures,
Hiroko
A
consulted reference
materials.
B
had
extra tutorials with

her lecturers.
C borrowed lecture
notes
from
other students.
13
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Test 1
28 What
does Spiros think of his reading skills?
A He reads faster than he
used to.
B lt still takes him
a
long
time to
read.
C
He
tends to struggle with new vocabulary.
29 What is Hiroko's
subject area?
A environmental
studies
B health
education
C eng ineering
30
Hiroko thinks that in the reading

classes
the
students should
A learn more vocabulary.
B read more in their own
subject areas.
C develop better reading strategies.
14
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Listening
sECTION4
Q〃
esⅡ
o刀s3仁
犭
o
Complete the
nofes
below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS for
each
answer.
Accidental
Strandings
Anirnals rnay'fbllo\\'prey ashore. e.g.
Thurston
(1995)
Unlikely

bccause the
rnajority
of animals
were not
34
stranded
Human
Activity
35
.
f}om
rnrlitary
tests are
linked
to sorrre
recent
strandings
The Baharnas
(2000)
stranding
was
unusual because
the w'hales
o
\\
crc all 36
.
were not irr a 37

Mass

Strandings
of Whales
and Dolphins
Mass
strandings:
srtuations
where
groLlps
of
ri'hales,
dolphins, etc. su'ir-rt onto the beach
and die
Comrron
in areas
n.here
the 31
Ser
cnrl other
theories:
can change
quickly
Parasites
e.g.
solre
parasites
can afl-ect
rnarine arrinrals' 32
.
on
fbr nar igation

.
.
u'hich they depend
Torins
Poisons fl'onr
33
u'hales
.
are cor-nmonly consr-rrned by
e.g. Cape C'od
(1988)
-
whales
\\'ere
killed by saxitoxin
they
15
www.swten.com
For IELTS help
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Tesr彳
Group Behaviour
.
More
strandings
in
the rnost
38.
whale
s

1994
dolphin stranding
-
only
Further Reading
,Vurirte X,(ctmmctl.s A.shore
(Connor)
-
sives
inforrnation
about stlarrding 40
16
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READING
PASSAGE
1
You
should
spend
about
20 minutes
Passage
1
below.
Reading
on
Questions
1-13,
which

are based
on Reading
At
the time,
quinine
was
the only viable
medical
treatment
for
malaria.
Tht:
drug is
derived
from
the bark
of
the
cinchona
treet,
native
to
South Arnerica,
and
by 1856
demand fbr
the
drug was
surpassing
the

available
supply. Thus,
when
Hofmann
made
some
passing
comments
about
thc desirability
of
a
synthetic
substitute
for
quinine,
it
was
unsurprising
that
his
star
pupil
was
moved
to take
up
the
challengc.
During

his
vacation
in 1856,
Perkin
spent
his
timc in
the laboratory
on
the
top flclor
of his family's
hcluse.
IIe
was
attompting
to manufacture quinine
from
anilincl,
an inexpensive
and readily
available
coal
tar
waste
product.
Dospitc
his
best
efforts,

however.
he
did not
end
up with
quinine.
Instead,
he
produced
a
mysterious
dark
sludge. l.uckily,
Perkin's
scientific
training
and
nature
prompted
him
to investigate
the
substance
f'urther.
Incorporating
potassium
dichromatc
and
alcohol into
the

anilinc
at various
stages
of the
experimental process,
he finally
produced
a deep
purple
solution.
And,
proving
the
truth
of
thc
lamous
scientist
Louis
Pasteur's
words'r:hanc:e
l'avours
only
the
prepared
mind',
Perkin
saw thc
potential
of his

unexpccted
find.
William
Henry
Perkin
The
man
who
inuented
synthetic
dyes
William
Henry
Perkin
was
born
on
March
12,1838,
in London,
England.
As
a
boy,
Perkin's
curiosity
prompted
early interests
irr
the

arts, sciences,
photography,
and
engineering.
tsut
it was
a chance
stumbling
upon
a run-down,
yet
functional,
laboratory
in
his late
grandfather's
home
that
solidified
the
young
man's
enthusiasm
fbr
chetmistry.
As
a student
at the
City
of

l.ondon
School,
Perkin
became
immersed
in
the
study of
chemistry.
FIis
talent
and
devotion
to the
subject
were
perceived
by
his
teacher,
Thomas
Flall,
who
encouraged
him
to
attend
a series
of lectures given
by the

eminent
scientist
Michael
Faraday
at the
Royal
Institution.
Those
speeches
fired
the
young
chemist's
enthusiasm
further,
and he later
went
on
to attend
the Royal
College
of Chemistry,
which
he
succeeded
in
entering
in 185.3,
at
the age

of 15.
At
the
time
of
Perkin's
enrolment,
the
Royal
College
of
Chemistry
was
headed
by
the noted
German
chemist
August
Wilhelm
I{ofmann.
Perkin's
scientific
gifts
soon
caught Hofmann's
attention
and, within
tr,vo
years,

he
becams'
IJofmann's
youngest
assistant.
Not long
after
that, Perkin
made
the
scientific
breakthrough
that would
bring him
both
fame
and fortune.
17
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Tesr彳
Historically,
textile dyes \\,ere
made
from
such nertural
sources
as
plants
and

animal excretions.
Somet
of these,
such
as the
glandular
mucus
of
snails,
were
difficult
to obtain
and outrageously
expensive. Indecd,
the
purple
colour
extracted from
a snail was
once
so costly
that in
society
at thet time
clnly
tht,'
ricl-r
could
afford
it.

Furthcr,
natural
dyes
tended to
be
muddy
in hue
and
fade
quickly.
It was
against
this backdrop
that
Perkin's
disr:overy was made.
Perkin
quickly grasped
that his
purple
solution
could be
used to colour
fabric,
thus making it
the world's
first
synthetic
dyc. Realising
the importance

of this
breakthrough, he
lost no
time
in
patenting
it. But
perhaps
the most
fascinating
of
all
Perkin's
reactions
to his
find
was his
nearlv instant
recognition
that
the new dye had
commercial
possibilities.
Perkin
originally named
his
dye'Iirian
Purple,
but
it later

became
cclmmonly
known
as mauve
(from
the French
fbr
the
plant
used to makc
the
colour violet).
He
asked
advice of Scottish
dye works
owner
Robert Pullar,
who
assured him
that manufacturing
the dye would
be
well
worth it if
the colour
remained
fast
(i.e.
would

not fade)
and the
cost
r,vas
relatively
low.
So, over
the ficrce
ob.jections
of his metntor
Ilofmann,
he
left
college to
give
birth
to the modorn
chemical
industrv.
With
the hclp
of his
father
and
brother,
Perkin
sct
up
a
factorv

not far
frclm
London.
Utilising
the cheap
and
plentiful
coal
tar that
was
an almost
unlimited
byproduct
of l-ondon's
gas
street
lighting,
the
dyc works
began
producing
the
world's
first
svnthctically
dyed matrtrial
in 1857.'l'he
company
received
a

commercial
boost from
thc
Empress
Eugdnie
of Iirance,
\.r,hen
shel decided
the new
colour flattered
hc.r.
Very
soon,
mauvo was
the
necessetry
shade fbr
all
the fashionablet
ladies in
that country.
Not
to ber outdonc, lingland's
Queen
Victoria
also
apperared in
public
wearing
a

mauve
gown,
thus
making
it
all the
rage
in England
as well. The
dye r,vas
bold and fast,
ernd
thc
public
clamouretd
frrr
more. Perkin
went
back to the
drawing
board.
Although
Perkin's
fame
was
achieved
and
fortune
assured
by

his first
discovery,
the chemist
continued
his rr-'search.
Among
olher
dyes he
derveloped
and
introduced
were
aniline
red
(1859)
and anilinc
black
(1863)
and,
in
the latc
1860s,
Perkin's
green.
It is
important
to note
that Perkin's
synthetic
dyc discoveries

had
outcomes
far
betyond
the mcrely
decorativc.'l'he
dyes also
becamc
vital
to medical
research
in
many
ways.
For instance,
they were
used
to slain
previouslv
invisible
microbes
and
bactcria,
allowing r()searchcrs
to
iderntify
such
bacilli
as tubercuktsis,
choletra,

arnd
anthrax. Artificial
dyes
continue
tcr
play
a crucial
rolc
todav. And, in
what
would have
been
particularly
pleasing
tct
Perkin,
their
current
use
is
in
the searr:h
for
a vaccine
against malaria.
18
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Reading
Quesfio

ns
1-7
Do the
following statements agree
with the information
given
in Reading Passage
1?
ln boxes 1-7 on
your
answer
sheef, write
TRUE
if
the statement
agrees
with
the
information
FALSE
if
the statement
contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if
there
is no
information
on this
1 Michael Faraday

was the first
person
to
recognise Perkin's ability as a student of
ch e
m istry.
2 Michael
Faraday suggested
Perkin should enrol
in
the
Royal
College
of Chemistry.
3
Perkin employed
August Wilhelm
Hofmann
as
his assistant.
4 Perkin was still
young
when
he made the discovery that made him
rich
and
famous.
5
The
trees

from which
quinine
is
derived
grow
only in South America.
6
Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug
from
a coal tar
waste
product.
7 Perkin
was inspired
by
the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis
Pasteur.
19
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Test 1
Quesfio
ns
8-13
Answer
the
questions
below.
Choose NO MORE
THAN

TWO WORDS
from
fhe
pass
age
for
each answer.
Write
your
answers
in boxes
B-13
on
your
answer
sheef.
8 Before Perkin's
discovery, with
what
group
in
society
was the
colour
purple
associated?
9 What
potential
did Perkin immediately
understand

that his
new
dye had?
10
What was
the name finally
used to refer
to the first
colour Perkin
invented?
11
What was the name
of the
person
Perkin
consulted
before
setting up his
own dye
works?
12
In what
country did Perkin's
newly invented
colour first
become fashionable?
13 According
to
the
passage,

which
disease is
now
being
targeted
by
researchers
using
synthetic
dyes?
20
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Reading
READING
PASSAGE
2
You
should spend about 20 minufes
on
Quesfions
th26,
which
are based on
Reading
Passage 2
on the following
pages.
Quesfio
ns 14-17

Reading Passage 2 has
five
paragraphs,
A-E.
Choose the correct heading for
paragraphs
B-E from
the
list
of headings below.
Write
the correct number, i-vii, in
boxes 14-17 on
your
answer sheet.
List
of
Headings
i
Seeking the transmission
of
radio
signals from
planets
ii Appropriate
responses
to signals from other
civilisations
iii Vast
distances to Earth's

closest neighbours
iv Assumptions
underlying
the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence
v
Reasons for
the search for
extra-terrestrial intelligence
vi Knowledge
of extra-terrestrial
life forms
vii Likelihood
of
life
on other
planets
Example
Answer
Paragraph
A v
14
Paragraph B
15
Paragraph
C
16 Paragraph
D
17 Paragraph
E
21

For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Tesr彳
Is∷
∷
THER∷
∷
E AⅡ
丫
B∷
0∷¤
Υ
∷
¤UT THERE?
Th∷
0∷{s0a|o∷
h fo冖
E炖
p由
七色r冖
est冖iaI InteⅡ
igence
The
question
of whether
we
are alone rn
the
Universe
has haunted

humanity
for
centurres,
but we may
now
stand
poised
on
the brink
of
the answer
to that
questron,
as we
search for
radio
signals from
other tntelltgent
civrltsatrons.
This
search,
often known
by the
acronym SETI
fsearch
for extra-terrestrial
intelligenceJ,
is
a
difficult

one.
Although
groups
around
the world
have been
searchrng
intermittently
for
three
decades,
it is
only now
that we
have reached
the
level
of technology
where
we
can make
a
determined
attempt
to
search all
nearby
stars
for
any

sign of life.
A
The
pnimany
neason fon
the
search is
basic
curiosity
-
the same
curiosity
about the natunal
wot"ld
that
dr-ives
all
pune
science
We want
to know
whethen
we ane alone in
the Univense.
We want
to know
whether
life
evolves
naturally

if
given
the night
conditions,
or-
whether-
ther.e
is
something
very
special
about
the Earth
to have
fostened
the variety
of life forms
that
we see
anound
us on the
planet.
The
simple
detection
of
a radio signal
will be
sufficient to
answer

this
most
basic of
all
questions.
In
this sense,
SETI is another
cog
in the machiner-y
of
pure
science
which
is
continually
pushing
out
the horizon
of our knowledge.
However,
there
ane othen
neasons
for
being intenested
in whether"
life
exists
elsewhere For-

example,
we have
had
civilisation
on Eanth
fon
perhaps
only
a few
thousand
years,
and the [hreats
of
nuclean
wan
and
pollution
over the last
few
decades
have
told us
that our
survival may
be
tenuous
Will we last
another
two thousand
yeans

or will
we wipe
ounselves
out?
Since the
lifetime
of a
planet
like
ours is sevenal
billion
yeans,
we
can expect
that, if
other civilisations
do
sut"vive in
oun
galaxy,
their
ages
will nange
fr"om
zero
to several
billion
years.
Thus
any

other"
civilisation
that we
hear from
is likely
to
be far
olden,
on aver.age,
than
ounselves.
The
mene
existence
of such
a civilisation
will tell
us that long-term
survival
is
possible,
and
gives
us some
cause for"
optimism.
lt is
even
possible
that

the olden
civilisation
may
pass
on the
benefits
of thein
expenience
in
dealing with
thneats
to
sur-vival
such
as
nuclean
war
and
global
pollution,
and
other
thneats
that we
haven't
yet
discovered,
B
In
discussing

whether
we are
alone,
most
SETI scientists
adopt two
gr.ound
rules.
First,
UFOs
[Unidentified
Flying
Objects]
ar"e
genenally
ignored
since
most
scientists don't
considen
the evidence
for
them
to be stnong
enough
to bear
serious
considenation
Ialthough
it is

also impor"tant
to keep
an open
mind in
case
any really
convincing
evidence
emerges
in
the future].
Second,
we
make
a veny
conservative
assumption
that we ane
looking
fon a life
fonm
that is
pnetty
well
like us,
since
if it
diffens r-adically
from
us we may

well
not necognise
it
as
a
life
for"m,
quite
apant from
whether
we ane
able to communrcale
22
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Reading
with it. In othen words, the life
form we
ane
looking fon may well
have
two
gneen
heads
and seven fingens, but
it will neventheless nesemble us in that it should communicate
with
its fellows, be intenested
in
the Univense,

live on a
planet
onbiting a star
like oun Sun, and
penhaps
most r^estrictively, have a chemistr"y,
like us,
based
on canbon and
waten.
c
Even when
we make these assumptions, our understanding of othen
life forms
is still
sevenely
limited. We do
not
even
know, fon example, how many stars have
planets,
and
we
cer"[ainly
do not know how likely
it is
that
life will anise natunally,
given
the

r"ight conditions,
However, when we
look
at the
1OO
billion
stans in oun
galaxy
lthe
Milky Way], and
1OO
billion
galaxies
in the obsenvable Univense,
it
seems
inconceivable that at
least one of
these
planets
does
not have a life form on
it; in fact, the best educated
guess
we can
make, using the
little that we do know about the conditions
for canbon-based
life, leads
us

to estimate that
penhaps
one
in l OO,OOO stans
might have a life-bearing
planet
orbiting
it. That means that
oun near"est neighbours are
per"haps
1OO light
years
away,
which is
almost
next doon
in
astronomical
terms.
D
An alien civilisation could choose
many different
ways of sending information across
the
galaxy,
but
many of these either
requine
too
much enengy, on else are sevenely

attenuated
while traversing the vast distances acnoss the
galaxy
lt
turns out
that, fon a
given
amount
of transmitted
power-,
r"adio waves in the
fnequency nange l
OOO
to 3OOO MHz tnavel the
gr"eatest
distance, and so all seanches
to date have concentnated on
looking for r"adio waves
in
this
fr"equency nange. So fan thene have been a numben of seanches
by various
gnoups
anound the
wor-ld, including Austnalian seanches using the
radio
telescope
at Pankes,
New
South Wales Until

now
there
have not
been
any detections fnom the
few hundned slans
which have been seanched.
The
scale of
the seanches has been increased dr-amatically
since
1992,
when the US Congr-ess
voted NASA
$1O
million
pen yean
fon
ten
yeans
to conduct a
thorough seanch
for extna-tennestnial life. Much of the
money in
this
pnoject
is being spent
on developing
the special hardwane needed to search
many fnequencies at once.

The
project
has
two
par-ts.
0ne
parl
is a tar-geted seanch using the wor"ld's
largest radio telescopes, lhe
Amenican-openated telescope in Arecibo,
Puerto Rico
and the
Fr"ench telescope
in Nancy
in Fnance. This
pant
of
the
project
is seanching lhe neanest l OOO likely stans
with high
sensitivity
fon
signals
in the fnequency nange l OOO to 3OOO
MHz. The
othen
pant
of the
project

is an undinected seanch which is monitor-ing all of space
with a lowen sensitivity, using
the smallen antennas of
NASAs Deep Space Networ"k.
E
There is
considenable
debate over how we should
neact if we
detect
a signal fnom an alien
civilisation.
Ever-ybody agnees that we should not reply immediately. Guite apant
from the
impr"acticality
of
sending a neply over such lar-ge distances at shor't
notice, it raises a host
of ethical
questions
that would
have
to be addr"essed by the
global
community before any
r"eply could be sent. Would the
human nace face the culture shock if faced with a superior'
and
much older" civilisation? Luckily, thene
is no

urgency about this.
The star"s being
searched
ane hundneds of light
yeans
away, so
it
takes
hundreds
of
yeans
for- their signal to
reach us, and a
funthen few hundned
yeans
for our neply to reach them.
lt's not impontant,
then, if there's a delay of a
few
yeans,
on
decades, while the human race debates
the
question
of
whethen
to
neply, and
penhaps
canefully dnafbs a neply

23
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Test
1
Quesfio
ns
1
8-20
Answer
the
questions
below.
Choose
NO MORE
THAN
THREE
WORDS
AND/OR
A
NUMBER
from
fhe
pass
age for
each
answer.
Write
your
answers

in
boxes 1B-20
on
your
answer
sheet.
18
What
is
the life
expectancy
of Earth?
19
What kind
of signals
from
other
intelligent
civilisations
are
SETI scientists
searching
f
or?
20
How many
stars
are the
world's
most

powerful
radio
telescopes
searching?
Quesfio
ns
21-26
Do
the following
statements
agree
with
the views
of the
writer in
Reading
Passage
2?
ln
boxes
21-26
on
your
answer
sheet,
write
yES
if
the
statement

agrees
with
the
views
of
the writer
NO
if
the
statement
contradicfs
the views
of the writer
NOT
GIVEN
if it is
impossible
to
say what
the writer
thinks
about
this
21
Alien
civilisations
may
be
able
to help

the
human
race
to
overcome
serious
problems.
22
SETI
scientists
are trying
to find
a life form'that
resembles
humans
in
many
ways.
23
The
Americans
and
Australians
have
co-operated
on
joint
research
projects.
24

So far
SETI
scientists
have
picked
up radio
signals
from
several
stars.
25
The
NASA
project
attracted
criticism
from
some members
of
Congress.
26
lf
a signal
from
outer
space
is
received,
it
will

be important
to respond
promptly.
24
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about
20 minufes on
Quesfions
27-40, which are based
on Reading
Passage
3 below.
Tne
nistoty
ol
the tortoise
If
you go
back
far enough, everything
lived
in the sea. At
various
points
in evolutionary
history
enterprising

individuals within
many
different
animal
groups
moved
out
onto the
land, sometimes even to
the
most
parched
deserts, taking their own
private
seawater
with
them
in blood and
cellular fluids.
In
addition to the
reptiles,
birds,
mammals
and
insects which
we
see all around us, other
groups
that

have
succeeded out of
water include
scorpions,
snails, crustaceans
such as
woodlice
and
land
crabs,
millipedes and
centipedes,
spiders and
various
worms. And we
rnustn't forget
the
plants,
without
whose
prior
invasion
of
the land none of the other
migrations
could
have happened.
Moving
from water
to

land involved
a
major redesign
of
every aspect of life,
including
breathing
and reproduction.
Nevertheless, a
good
number of
thoroughgoing land animals
later
turned
around, abandoned their
hard-earned
terrestrial
re-tooling, and returned to
the
water
again. Seals
have
only
gone
part
way back. They show us
what
the
intermediates might have been like, on
the

way
to extreme cases such
as
whales
and dugongs.
Whales
(including
the small
whales we call dolphins) and dugongs,
with
their close cousins the
manatees,
ceased to be land creatures altogether
and reverted to the full
marine habits
of
their
remote
ancestors.
They don't even
come ashore to breed.
They do,
however,
still breathe air,
having never developed
anything equivalent
to the
gills
of
their

earlier
marine incarnation.
Turtles went
back to the sea a
very long time ago and,
like all
vertebrate returnees to the
water,
they breathe air.
However,
they
are,
in
one
respect, less fully
given
back to the
water
than
whales
or dugongs,
for turtles still
lay
their eggs on beaches.
There is evidence that all
modern
turtles are descended
from a terrestrial
ancestor
which

lived before
most of the
dinosaurs.
There
are
two key
fossils
called
Proganochelys
quenstedlt
and
Palaeo
chersi s ta\amp
ay ensi s clating
from
early dinosaur times,
which appear
to
be close
to
the
ancestry of all
modern
turtles
and tortoises. You might
wonder
how
we
can tell
whether fossil animals

lived on land or
in water,
especially
if
only
fragments
are
found. Sometimes
it's obvious. Ichthyosaurs
were reptilian
contemporaries of the dinosaurs,
with flns
and streamlined bodies.
The fossils look
like clolphins and they surely
lived like
dolphins,
in the water.
With
turtles
it is a
little less
obvious. One
way
to
tell
is
by
measuring
the bones of their

forelimbs.
Walter
Joyce and Jacques
Gauthier,
at
Yale
Llniversity, obtained
three
measurements
in
these
particular
bones
25
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Test
1
of 7I
species
of iiving
turtles
and
tortoises.
They
usecl
a
kind
of
triangular

graph
paperr
to
plot
the three measurements
against
one another.
All
the land
torloise
species
formed
a tight
cluster
of
points
in
the
upper
part
of
the triangle;
all
the water
turtles
cluster in
the lower
part
of the
triangular

graph.
There
was
no
overlap,
except when
they aclded
sonle
species
that
spend
time
both in water
and on land.
Sure
enough,
these amphibious
species
show
up on the
triangular
graph
approximately
half rn'ay
between
the
'wet
cluster'
of sea
turtles and

the
'dry
cluster'
of
land
tortoises. The
next
step was
to
detennine where
the fossils
fell.
The
bones
of
P.
cluertstedlr
and P
tctlcrrn.paye'nsis
leave
us in no
doubt. Their
points
on the
graph
are right in
the thick
of the
dry
cluster. Both

these
fossils were
dry-l:rnd
tortoises. They
come from
the era
before
our turtles returned
to the water.
You
might
think,
therefore,
that modern
land
tortoises
have
probably
stayed on
land
ever
since those
early
terrestrial
times,
as most
n-rammals
did after
a few
of

them
went
back
to the sea.
But
apparently
not. If
you
draw
out the family
tree
of
ail modern
turtles
ancl
tortoises, nearly
all
the branches
are
aquatic. Today's
land
tortoises
constitute
a single
branch,
cleeply nestecl
among
branches
consisting
of aquatic

turtles.
This
suggests
that
modern
land
tortoises have
not
stayed
on
land
continuously
since
the time
of P.
quettstedli
and P
talantpayensis.
Rather,
their
ancestors \
rere
among
those who
went
back to
the
water,
and they
then re-

emerged
back
onto the land in
(relatively)
nlore
recent
times.
Tortoises
therefore represent
a
remarkable
double return.
In
common
with
all manmals,
reptiles
ancl birds,
their
remote
ancestors were
marine
fish
and
before
that various
lltore
or
less
worm-like

creatures
stretching
back,
still in
the
sea, to
the
primeval
bacteria. Later
ancestors
lived
on
land
and
stayed
there for
a
very
large
number
of
generations.
Later
ancestors
still
evolved
back into
the water
and becante
sea

turtles.
And flnally
they returned
yet
again
to
the
lancl
as tortoises,
some of
which
now live
in
the
driest of deserts.
26
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Reading
Quesfio
ns
27-30
Answer
the
questions
below.
Choose
NO MORE THAN
TWO WORDS
from

fhe
passage
for
each answer.
Write
your
answers
in
boxes 27-30
on
your
answer
sheef"
27 What
had to
transfer from
sea to
land
before
any animals
could migrate?
28 Which
TWO
processes
are mentioned
as those in which
animals had to make
big
changes as they moved
onto land?

29 Which
physical
feature,
possessed
by their
ancestors,
do
whales
lack?
30 Which animals might ichthyosaurs
have resembled?
Quesfions
3
1-33
Do the following
statements
agree with
the information
given
in Reading
Passage
3?
ln
boxes
31-33 on
your
answer sheef, write
TRUE
if
the statement

agrees with
the information
FALSE
if
the statement
contradicts
the information
NOT
GIVEN if
there
is
no information
on
this
31 Turtles were
among
the
first
group
of animals
to
migrate
back to the sea.
32
lt
is always
difficult to
determine where
an animal lived
when its fossilised

remains
are incomplete.
33 The habitat
of ichthyosaurs
can be determined
by the
appearance of their fossilised
remains.
27
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Test
1
Quesfio
ns
34-39
Complete
the flow-chart
below.
Choose
NO MORE
THAN
TWO
WORDS
AND/OR
A NUMBER
from
fhe
pass
age for

each
answer.
Write
your
answers
in
boxes
34-39
on
your
answer
sheef.
Method
of
determining
where
the
ancestors
of
turtles
and
tortoises
come from
Step
4
Bones
of P.
quenstedti
and P.
talampayensis

were
examined
in
a similar way
and the
results
added.
Outcome:
The
position
of the
points
indicated
that
both these
ancient
crearures
were
39.
28
Step 1
71
species
of living
turtles
and
tortoises
were
examined
and

a total
of 34
were
taken
from
the
bones
of their forelimbs.
Step 2
The
data
was recorded
on a
35
(necessary
for
comparing
the information).
Outcome:
Land
tortoises
were
represented
by a
dense
36
of
points
towards
the top.

Sea
turtles
were
grouped
together
in
the
bottom
part.
Step
3
The
same
data was
collected
from
some
living
37 .
species
and
added to
the
other results.
Outcome:
The
points
for
these
species

turned
out
to
be
positioned
about
38

up the
triangle
between
the land
tortoises
and
the
sea
turfles.
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Quesfio
n 40
Choose the correct
letter, A. B,
C or
D.
Write
the correct
letter in box 40 on
your
answer sheef.

According to the
writer,
the
most
significant
thing about tortoises is that
A they are able to adapt to
life in extremely dry environments.
B their original life
form was
a kind of
primeval
bacteria.
C they
have
so
much in
common
with sea turtles.
D they have
made
the
transition from sea to
land more
than once.
Reading
29
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Tesr彳

WRITING
TASK
1
You
should spend
about 20 minutes
on this task.
The
two maps
below
show an island,
before
and after
the construction
of
some tou rist facilities.
Summarise
the
information
by selecting and reporting
the
main
features,
and
make
comparisons
where relevant.
Nrlre ar∫
easf彳
5O1〃 orcys.

Before
100 Metres
After
Footpath
Vehicle
track
t__
100 Metres
30
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Writing
WRITING
TASK
2
You
should
spend
about 40
minutes
on this task.
Write
about the following
topic:
Some
experts
believe
that it is
better for
children

to
begin learning
a foreign
Ianguage
at
primary
school rather
than
secondary
school.
Do
the advantages
of this
outweigh
the disadvantages?
Give reasons
for
your
answer
and include
any relevant
examples from
your
own
knowledge
or
experience.
Write
at least
250 words.

31
For IELTS help
For IELTS help
Tesr彳
PART
1
The
examiner
asks the
candidate
about him/herself,
his/her
home,
work or
studies and
other familiar
topics.
EXAMPLE
Games
.
What
games
are
popular
in
your
country?
[Why?]
.
Do

you play
any
games?
[Why/Why
not?]
.
How
do
people
learn
to
play
games
in
your
country?
.
Do
you
think it's important for
people
to
play games?
[Why/Why
not?]
PART
2
Describe
an open-air
or street

market
which
you
enjoyed
visiting.
You
should
say:
where
the market
is
what
the
market
sells
how
big the market is
and explain why
you
enjoyed
visiting
this market.
You
will have
to talk
about the topic
for
one
to two minutes.
You

have
one minute
to think
about
what
you
are
going
to
say.
You
can make
some notes
to
help
you
if
you
wish.
PART
3
Discus
sion
topics:
Shopping
at markets
Example
quesfions:
Do
people

in
your
country
enjoy
going
to open-air markets
that
sell things like food
or
clothes
or old objects?
Which
type
of
market
is more
popular?
Why?
Do
you
think markets
are more
suitable
places
for
selling
certain
types of things?
Which
ones? Why

do
you
think
this is?
Do
you
think
young people
feel the
same
about shopping
at markets
as older
people?
Why is
that?
Shopping in
general
Example
questions:
What
do
you
think are the
advantages
of buying
things from
shops
rather
than

markets?
How
does advertising
influence
what
people
choose to
buy? ls
this true for
everyone?
Do
you
think
that any recent
changes
in the way
people
live have
affected
general
shopping habits?
Why
is this?
32
For IELTS help
For IELTS help