The Facts on File Guide to Research, 2nd Edition

THE FACTS ON FILE
GUIDE TO RESEARCH
SECOND EDITION
xxxvi+720_FOFG2Research.indd ixxxvi+720_FOFG2Research.indd i 8/16/10 11:01 AM8/16/10 11:01 AM
THE FACTS ON FILE
GUIDE TO RESEARCH
SECOND EDITION
JEFF LENBURG
xxxvi+720_FOFG2Research.indd iiixxxvi+720_FOFG2Research.indd iii 8/16/10 11:01 AM8/16/10 11:01 AM
THE FACTS ON FILE GUIDE TO RESEARCH, Second Edition
Copyright © 2010 Jeff Lenburg
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without
permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lenburg, Jeff.
The Facts On File guide to research / Jeff Lenburg.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-8121-9 (acid-free paper) ISBN 978-1-4381-3299-0
(e-book) 1. Information retrieval—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Research—
Methodology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Library research—Handbooks,
manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Title: Guide to research.
ZA3075.L46 2010
025.5'24—dc22 2009048200

Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in
bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions.
Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or
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Text design by Erika Arroyo
Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services
Cover printed by Art Print, Taylor, Pa.
Book printed and bound by Maple Press, York, Pa.
Date printed: October 2010
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
To my aunt Violet, aunt Joan, and uncle Andy,
and to my former journalism professor Lew Barrett,
for all of your love and support over the years,
this one is in your honor.
✒
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CONTENTS
Expanded Table of Contents ix
Acknowledgments xxiii
Introduction xxxv
SECTION I RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC
1
Developing Your Subject 3
2
Gathering Your Information 11
3
Evaluating Your Sources 29

SECTION II FINDING SOURCES OF INFORMATION
4
Finding Archives and Archival Collections 39
5
Finding Associations, Societies, and Organizations 56
6
Finding Biographical Information 79
7
Finding CD-ROM Collections 102
8
Finding Electronic Databases 122
9
Finding Electronic Journals, Zines, and Newsletters 157
10
Finding E-mail Discussion Groups and Newsgroups 195
11
Finding General References 205
12
Finding Government Publications and Agencies 237
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13
Finding Libraries: Academic, Government, Research,
Public, School, State, and Special Libraries 264
14
Finding Newspapers, Magazines, Journals, and Radio
and Television News 285
15
Researching on the Web 336
16
Finding Search Engines 364

SECTION III FINDING SOURCES BY SUBJECT
17
Aging 381
18
Business and Economics 394
19
Criminal Justice 408
20
Ecology and the Environment 425
21
Education 439
22
Film and Television 451
23
Health and Medicine 471
24
History 483
25
Law 496
26
Literature and Literary Criticism 510
27
Mathematics 530
28
Music 543
29
Nursing 555
30
Politics and Public Policy 568
31

Psychology 582
32
Religion and Theology 596
33
Science and Technology 610
34
Sports 628
35
Theater and Dance 642
36
Women’s Studies 660
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Section iV USing YoUr SoUrceS
37
Citing Your Sources 677
38
Creating Your Bibliography, Works Cited, or References 686
AppendixeS
Appendix I
APA Style 691
Appendix II
MLA Style 695
Appendix III
The Chicago Manual of Style 698
Selected Bibliography 700
Index 702
EXPANDED
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xxxiii
Introduction xxxv

SECTION I RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC
1
Developing Your Subject 3
Choosing Your Topic 3
Searching Your Topic 5
Effectively Searching Your Topic 5
Options for Searching 6
Methods of Searching 6
De ning and Narrowing Your Topic 8
Doing Preliminary Research 9
2
Gathering Your Information 11
Planning Your Research 11
Setting an Agenda for Your Research 11
Listing Your Tools and Strategies 12
Creating a Timetable/Schedule 13
Research Schedule #1 13
Research Schedule #2 14
Finding Your Sources 14
Using Libraries 14
Online Catalogs 15
Popular References 16
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Periodicals 18
Electronic Databases 20
Microforms: Micro lm and Micro che 22
Interlibrary Loans 24
Other Library Resources 24
Using the Internet 24
Using CD-ROM Collections 26

Using Video and DVD Resources 26
Using Specialized Sources 27
Knowing When to Stop 28
3
Evaluating Your Sources 29
Understanding Your Source 29
Considering the Source 30
Considering Who Said It 30
Considering the Facts 31
Purpose 32
Accuracy 32
Authority 32
Relevancy 33
Timeliness 34
Objectivity 34
Coverage 35
A Note on Wikipedia 35
SECTION II FINDING SOURCES OF INFORMATION
4
Finding Archives and Archival Collections 39
Types of A rchives 39
Researching Archives and Archival Collections 40
Library Catalogs 40
Finding Aids 40
Online Databases 41
Free Sites 41
Subscription Sites 42
Overseas Sites 43
Printed References 44
Local Archives 44

Internet Archives 45
African-American Studies Archives 46
Agricultural and Farm Archives 47
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American History Archives 47
American Jewish Archives 48
Art Archives 49
Congressional Archives 49
Ethnic Archives 50
Government Archives 50
Historical Archives 51
Labor Archives 51
Medicine Archives 51
Newspaper Archives 51
Performing Arts Archives 51
Recordings Archives 53
Space Exploration Archives 53
Television News Archives 53
Women’s History Archives 54
Special Collections 54
5
Finding Associations, Societies, and Organizations 56
Researching Associations 56
Print and CD-ROM 57
On the Web 57
Associations on the Net 58
African Americans 58
Alternative Medicine 59
Architecture 60
Chemistry 61

Computer Science 61
Criminal Investigation/Forensic Science 62
Dance 63
Disabilities 63
Drama 64
Education 65
Environmental Health 66
Gerontology 67
Health and Medicine 67
Consumer Associations 67
Professional Associations 69
Human Rights 69
International/Regional Associations 69
Nongovernmental Associations 70
Language 71
Literature 71
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Mathematics 72
Music 73
Nutrition 74
Philosophy 76
Physics 76
Religion and Theology 77
Women’s Studies 77
6
Finding Biographical Information 79
Types of Biographical Sources 79
Primary Sources 79
Secondary Sources 80
Researching Biographical Information 80

Evaluating Biographical Information 80
Popular Biographical Indexes 81
Popular Biographical References 82
Books 83
Magazines 86
References for Regional Figures 86
References for International Figures 86
References by Subject 87
Aerospace 87
Art 87
Business 87
Education 88
Film, Theater, and Television 88
Law 89
Literature 89
Medicine and Health Care 90
Music 90
Politics 92
Science 92
Speci c Ethnicities 93
African Americans 93
Arabs 94
Asian Americans 94
Hispanics/Hispanic Americans 94
Native Americans 95
Sports 95
Women 96
Biographical Information in Electronic Form 97
Biographical Information Online 98
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7
Finding CD-ROM Collections 102
Researching CD-ROM Collections 102
Locating CD-ROM Collections 102
Popular Titles by Subject 103
Biography 103
Business and Economics 104
Demographic Studies and Statistics 106
Encyclopedias 108
General References 110
Health and Medicine 111
History 112
Law and Government 114
Literature 115
Performing Arts (Dance, Drama, Film, Music,
Television, and Theater) 116
Phone Directories 118
Religion 119
Science 120
Women’s Studies 121
8
Finding Electronic Databases 122
Researching Electronic Databases 122
General Databases 123
Academic 123
K–12 123
Databases by Subject 126
Agriculture 126
Anthropology 127
Biography 127

Biology 128
Business and Economics 129
Chemistry and Physical Sciences 131
Communications 132
Controversial and Cultural Issues 132
Criminal Justice and Law 132
Dictionaries, Directories, and Encyclopedias 133
Earth and Environmental Sciences 134
Education 135
Engineering Sciences 135
Ethics 136
Ethnic and Area Studies 136
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General References 138
Government Publications 138
Health and Medicine 140
History 141
Humanities and Fine Arts 143
Journal and Magazine Article Indexes 143
Library Science/Books and Publishing 146
Literature 146
Newspaper Article Indexes 146
Performing Arts (Drama, Film, Music, Television,
and Theater) 151
Philosophy 152
Political Science and Public Administration 152
Psychology 152
Religion 153
Sciences 153
Social Sciences 154

Sociology and Social Work 154
Sports and Exercise Sciences 155
Technology 155
Visual Arts and Architecture 155
Women’s Studies 156
9
Finding Electronic Journals, Zines, and Newsletters 157
Researching Electronic Journals 157
Subscription-Based Journal Article Index Databases 158
Free Journal Article Index Databases 159
Multiple-Subject Directories of E-Journals 160
Single-Subject Directories of Journal Collections 163
Architecture 163
Art 163
Astronomy 163
Biology 163
Business and Economics 163
Education 164
History 164
Journalism and the Media 164
Law 164
Medicine 164
Music 165
Philosophy 165
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Psychology 165
Sociology and Social Sciences 166
Religion 166
Free E-Journals on the Web 166
Aging 166

Agriculture 167
Anthropology 168
Art 169
Biochemistry 169
Biology 170
Business 173
Chemistry 173
Computer Science 173
Computing 174
Consumer Information 174
Criminal Justice 175
Current Events 175
Economics 175
Education 175
Engineering 176
English, Literature, and Linguistics 176
Environment 178
Ethnic Studies 178
Film Studies 179
Foreign Languages 179
Geography 179
Geological Sciences and Mining 179
History 180
Human Development and Family Studies 181
Journalism 181
Law 181
Library/Information Science 181
Mathematics 182
Medicine 183
Music 190

Nursing 190
Nutrition 191
Philosophy and Religion 191
Physics 191
Political Science 192
Psychology 192
Science/Technology 193
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Sociology 193
Speech and Communication Studies 193
Theater 194
Women’s Studies 194
10
Finding E-mail Discussion Groups and Newsgroups 195
Researching Discussion Groups 195
Understanding Discussion Groups 195
Deciding to Join a Discussion Group 196
Joining a Discussion Group 196
Finding Discussion Groups 197
Mailing List Search Engines and Directories 197
Mailing List Archives 199
Using Discussion Groups for Research 199
Finding Further Information on Discussion Groups 199
Researching Newsgroups 200
Understanding Newsgroups 200
Deciding to Join a Newsgroup 201
Joining a Newsgroup 202
Finding Newsgroups 202
Newsgroup Search Engines 203
Newsgroup Directories 203

Newsgroup Archives 203
Using Newsgroups for Research 204
11
Finding General References 205
Researching General References 205
Almanacs 206
Atlases 208
Bibliographies 208
Chronicles: By Eras and Decades 209
Chronologies and Daybooks 210
Chronologies 210
Daybooks 211
Dictionaries 212
English Language Dictionaries 212
Specialized Dictionaries 212
Directories 212
Encyclopedias 213
Guides to Books and References 215
Microform Collections 215
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Periodical and Newspaper Indexes 215
Agriculture 215
Anthropology 216
Art and Humanities 216
Bibliography 217
Biography 217
Biology 217
Books and Book Reviews 217
Business and Economics 218
Chemistry 218

Computers 218
Criminal Justice 219
Demography 219
Dissertations 219
Education 219
Engineering 220
Environment 220
History 221
Language and Literature 221
Law 222
Medicine 223
Minorities 224
Motion Pictures 225
Music 225
Newspapers 225
Philosophy 228
Physical Education 228
Political Science 228
Psychology 229
Public Opinion 229
Science and Technology 230
Social Sciences 231
Sociology 231
Statistics 231
Women’s Studies 232
Popular Quotations 232
Public Opinion Polls 232
Statistical Abstracts 233
Yearbooks 235
Additional References 235

Web References 235
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12
Finding Government Publications and Agencies 237
Researching Government Publications and Agencies 237
Government Guides and Catalogs 238
Federal Government Information 240
On CD-ROM 240
On the Web 241
In Print 241
State and Local Government Information 243
On the Web 243
In Print 243
Foreign Government Information 244
On the Web 244
In Print 245
Government Journals and Publications 245
Government Sources Online 259
Other Government Documents 263
13
Finding Libraries: Academic, Government, Research,
Public, School, State, and Special Libraries 264
Researching Libraries 264
Academic Libraries 265
Government Libraries 267
Departmental Libraries 267
Military Libraries 269
Other Governmental Libraries 271
Presidential Libraries 272
Independent Research Libraries 275

Public Libraries 277
School Libraries 277
Special Libraries 278
State Libraries 278
Library Directories 282
In Print 282
On the Web 283
Library Online Public Access Catalogs 283
Virtual Libraries 283
14
Finding Newspapers, Magazines, Journals,
and Radio and Television News 285
Researching Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals 285
Micro lm and Micro che Periodicals 288
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U.S. Newspapers by State 289
Foreign Newspapers 294
Canada 294
England 294
France 295
Soviet Union and Russia 295
Magazines and Journals 295
Advertising 295
Aeronautics and Space Flight 295
African Americans 295
Aging 295
Agriculture 295
Anthropology 295
Archaeology 295
Architecture 296

Art 296
Astronomy 296
Automobiles 296
Biology 296
Broadcasting 296
Business 296
Chemistry 297
Children and Youth 297
Communication 297
Computers 297
Consumer Education 297
Dance 297
Ecology 297
Education 298
Electronics 298
Engineering 298
Fashion 298
Foreign Language 298
Forestry 298
Future 299
Gardening and Horticulture 299
General Interest 299
Geography 299
Health and Medicine 299
History 299
Home Economics 300
Law 300
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Literature and Language 300
Literature and Politics 300

Motion Pictures 300
Music 300
Nursing 300
Photography 301
Political Science 301
Population 301
Psychiatry 301
Psychology 302
Recreation and Sports 302
Religion and Theology 302
Science 302
Social Sciences 302
Sociology 302
Sound Recordings 303
Speech 303
Technology 303
Theater 303
Travel 303
Women’s Periodicals 303
Zoology 304
News Digests 304
Newspaper and Magazine Indexes, Databases and
Directories 304
U.S. Newspapers and Magazines 305
Foreign Newspapers/Foreign News Services 327
Publication Web Sites 330
Researching Radio and Television News 332
15
Researching on the Web 336
Narrowing Your Focus 336

Research Sites by Category 336
African-American Studies 337
Aging 337
Agriculture 337
Art History 337
Associations and Organizations 338
Astronomy 339
Business, Economics, and Finance 339
Chemistry 340
Computers and Cyberspace 340
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Consumer Issues 341
Country Directories 341
Demographic Data 342
Education 343
Environment 343
Ethics 344
Film and Theater 344
Forensic Science 345
General Reference Sources 346
Geology and Earth Science 346
Government and Politics 346
Health and Medicine 347
History and Culture 348
International Affairs/International Studies 350
Law and Criminal Justice 351
Media Studies 352
Military and Defense 352
Physics 353
Public Opinion Surveys 353

Rankings and Awards 354
Religion and Theology 354
Science and Technology 355
Social Issues 355
Speeches 356
Subject Guides and Directories 357
Web Searching 359
Best References on the Web 359
Finding Other Web Databases 363
16
Finding Search Engines 364
Researching Search Engines 364
Using Search Engines 364
Google It! 365
Basic Searching 365
Advanced Searching 366
Expanding Your Search on Google 366
Other Recommended Search Engines 368
Web Search Engines 368
Web Metasearch Engines 369
Web Directories 370
Topical Search Engines and Portals 371
Arts and Entertainment Search Engines 372
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Business and Financial Search Engines 372
Computers and Technology Search Engines 373
Country and Region Search Engines 373
Australia and New Zealand 373
Europe 373
France 373

Germany 373
Government Search Engines 373
Health and Medicine Search Engines 374
Kid-Safe Search Engines 374
Legal Search Engines 375
News Search Engines 375
Major News Search Engines 375
Other News Search Engines 375
Question-and-Answer Search Engines 376
Science Search Engines 376
Web Search Engine Tutorials 377
SECTION III FINDING SOURCES BY SUBJECT
17
Aging 381
Selected Subject Headings 381
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 382
Selected Source and Subject Guides 383
Selected Books and References 383
Almanac 383
Bibliographies 383
Dictionary 384
Encyclopedias 384
Handbooks 385
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 385
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 385
Web Indexes and Abstracts 387
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 388
Selected Periodicals 389
Selected Web Sites 392
18

Business and Economics 394
Selected Subject Headings 394
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 395
Selected Source and Subject Guides 396
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Selected Books and References 396
Encyclopedias 396
Handbooks, Directories, and Yearbooks 397
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 400
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 400
Web Indexes and Abstracts 401
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 402
Selected Periodicals 404
Selected Web Sites 406
19
Criminal Justice 408
Selected Subject Headings 408
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 409
Selected Source and Subject Guides 410
Selected Books and References 410
Bibliographies 410
Encyclopedias 411
Handbook 412
Reference 412
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 412
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 412
Web Indexes and Abstracts 414
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 416
Selected Periodicals 418
Selected Web Sites 422

General Information 422
Statistics—Comprehensive Sources 423
Statistics—Individual Sources 424
20
Ecology and the Environment 425
Selected Subject Headings 425
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 425
Selected Source and Subject Guides 427
Selected Books and References 427
Atlases and Almanacs 427
Dictionary 428
Encyclopedias 428
References 429
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 430
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 430
Web Indexes and Abstracts 430
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 433
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Selected Periodicals 434
Selected Web Sites 436
21
Education 439
Selected Subject Headings 439
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 440
Selected Source and Subject Guides 441
Selected Books and References 441
Bibliographies 441
Chronology 442
Directory 442
Encyclopedias 442

Handbooks and Guides 443
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 444
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 444
Web Indexes and Abstracts 445
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 446
Selected Periodicals 448
Selected Web Sites 449
22
Film and Television 451
Selected Subject Headings 451
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 452
Selected Source and Subject Guides 453
Selected Books and References 454
General Sources 454
Film and Television Studies and Criticism 456
Filmographies 459
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 460
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 460
Web Indexes and Abstracts 462
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 464
Selected Periodicals 466
Selected Web Sites 469
23
Health and Medicine 471
Selected Subject Headings 471
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 472
Selected Source and Subject Guides 473
Selected Books and References 474
Encyclopedias 474
References 474

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Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 475
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 475
Web Indexes and Abstracts 477
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 479
Selected Periodicals 480
Selected Web Sites 481
24
History 483
Selected Subject Headings 483
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 484
Selected Source and Subject Guides 485
Selected Books and References 485
General Source 485
U.S. History 486
World History 487
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 489
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 489
Web Indexes and Abstracts 489
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 491
Selected Periodicals 493
Selected Web Sites 494
25
Law 496
Selected Subject Headings 496
Selected Keyword Search Strategies and Guides 498
Selected Source and Subject Guides 498
Selected Books and References 499
Dictionaries and Thesauri 499
Digests 500

Directory 500
Encyclopedias 500
Handbook 501
Reference 502
Selected Article Indexes and Abstracts 502
Printed Indexes and Abstracts 502
Web Indexes and Abstracts 504
Selected Full-Text Article Databases 506
Selected Periodicals 507
Selected Web Sites 508
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