Giới hạn kèm đáp án Tiếng anh chuyên ngành xây dựng trường đại học Kiến Trúc

Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Due to the low rate of ............... new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around.
A. build
B. building
C. to build
D. builds
2. Tenants should be given the ................ to buy their houses if they like.
A. time
B. occasion
C. condition D. opportunity
3. Council housing................ controversial political issues.

cdhd. xucithie.in

A. have risen
B. have aroused
C. has aroused
D. has risen
4. The rise in the price of housing has made ................ extremely difficult for young
married couples.
A. house-buying
C. houses-buying
B. buying-house
D. buying-houses
n
5. A ..............
set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants.
adj
A. complication
B. complicated
C. complicate ✓

D. complicating
6. Some people own their own houses or flats, often the money for this ............... from the building society.
A. are borrowing
B. borrows
C. is borrowed
D. are borrowed muon
7. In the London area the ...............of houses doubled in about two years.
A. estimated
B. amount
C. charge
D. value giatei
8. People who already own houses have not been too ................. affected. cinhhuoing
.

A. hard
B. hardly
C. bad
D. badly
9. Many people live in council flats or houses, these are .................. by the local council and rented out.
A. taken
B. owned
C. made
D. put
10. ................. prices have levelled off, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels.
A. Despite
B. Because
C. Although
D. In spite of
1. If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them............. the final design.
A. onto

B. on
C. in
D. into
2. During the building period, the client pays the ............. from the contractor. ntiathoiu
A. payment
B. bills
C. cost
D. price
3. The architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that the materials specified in the contract .............
A. being used
B. be used
C. are being used
D. is being used
4. The contractor must correct any defects ............ appear in the fabric of the building.
A. that
B. what
C. who
D. where
5. After visiting the site, the architect gives a .............. estimate of the cost to the client for his approval.
uiéétinh

A. exact
B. rough
C. simple
D. basic
6. When the contractor completes the building, the client will ............. it.
A. live
B. possess
C. occupy £
D. use

7. The architect helps the client to .............. a contract between the client and the contractor.
A. bring up
B. look up
C. make up
D. draw up
8. When all the defects have been corrected, the client ............... full possession of the building.

i­

A. take

B. takes

C. put

D. puts


9. The ................. shows the exact dimension of every part of the building.
A. contract
B. final design C. preliminary plan
D. A&B
10. The entrance which is ................... on the south side leads into a hall.
A. located bi.d-O.mg
B. be located
1. The air temperature is never ..................
adj

C. locates

D. to locate

A. excessive adj
B. excessively adv
C. excess v
D. exceed
2. Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain ................ benefit from the prevailing wind
A. maximal
B. maximum
C. minimum
D. little
3. Consequently, houses ................ to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the other.
A. designing

d-u c

B. design

C. designed

D. are designed

giiinhiét
4. Walls should be very thick and made of heat ..................
materials
storing
A. storing
B. store
C. stored
D. to store

5. In this climate the rooms of houses must have ................. shade and ventilation.thonggié
A. inadequate
B. adequate die
C. much
D. many
6. However, at night the clear skies permit a ............... amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space.
A. considering

B. considerable

C. consider

D. considered

tranhkhoi
7. They are used primarily for screening ...............
insects and for their wind penetration qualities.
from
+

A. to
B. in
C. from
D. of
8. There is very little seasonal variation throughout
............... the year. trongsuotcanam
A. throughout
B. on
C. in
t

9. Two marked seasons ..............
a hot and a slightly cooler period.

D. of
'

A. will occur
B. will be occurred
C. occurred
D. occur ayra
10. The tropical regions of the earth can .............. into three major climatic zones.
A. divide
B. be divided
C. divider
1. Building components are made...................building materials.

D. dividing

A. of
B. from
C. on
D. in
+ noun
2. We can see how this works by ..................
three different types of construction
A. considering noun
B. consider
C. considerable D. considerate adj
+ tojeom
3. In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone, or concrete are put together.. solidwalls.

t.io/-hanhtu#nga:-

A. form
B. to form
C. forming
D. formed
4. Sheet materials are used to form walls,.................act as both space dividers and structural support.
A. whom
B. which
C. who
D. whose
5. In the first way they are used to ..................... the loads on a building.

A. support
B. divide
C. supporting
D. dividing
6. Rod materials with high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed..................

?⃝

A. structural

B. structure

C. structuring

D. structures

7. The buildings made of sheet materials are ...........and faster to construct than buildings made up of blocks
A. heavy
B. light
C. lighter
D. heavier
8. Block and ...... materials can be used for building components which have the function osupporting structures
and dividing spaces.
A. rod
B. sheet
C. light
D. hard
9. Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way
...... which it is used.
A. by
B. to
C. in
10. In the second way they are used as ..................... in a building.
A. space-dividers

D. by

B. dividing-space C. space-dividing D. divider-spaces

Exercise 3: Fill in the gap with the correct form of the given word to complete the
sentences.
1. People who already own houses have not been too Badly affected.
2. The money for houses is borrowed from the building society and is Paid back over
twenty or thirty years.
3. Some people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or

(BAD)
(PAY)
(FURNISH)

Unfurnished
4. Though the government and charities have been trying hard to Remedy this situation,
there are still immense problems.
5. Many people have been living in Overcrowded buildings of a low standard.
6. There are three basic forms of Accommodation
7. Due to the Expending population, there have not been enough houses to go around
8. Council housing has aroused controversial Political issues.

(REMEDIAL)
(OVERCROWD)
(EXPAND)
(POLITICS)

9. There are still immense housing problems, Particularly around the centers of the
large cities.
(CAPABLE)
10. A factory has the Capacity to store materials.
(CONTRACT)
1. Several building Contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the
building.
2. Finally when all the defects have been corrected, the client takes full possession of the (FINAL)
building.
(PERIOD)
3. The architect makes Periodic inspections to make sure that the building
is being constructed according to his plans.

4. When an architect receives a commission for a building, he meet the client and
(REQUIRE)
discusses his Requirements .
(SELECTION)
5. The architect assists his client in Selecting the best contractor.
(COMPLETE)
6. For six months after Completion there is a period known as the "defect liability
period".
7. The architect submits preliminary plans and a rough estimate of the cost to the client (APPROVE)
for his Approval
8. The contractor is Responsible for correcting any faults in the "defect liability period". (RESPONSIBILITY)


9. A terrace is Situated outside the living room.
10. Bedrooms Occupy most of the ground floor.
1. Relative humidity (RH) is excessively high.
2. Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between Approximately
15° and 30° north and south of the equator.
3. Day-time air temperatures are Excessively hot.
4. Usually they have compact layouts so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as
much as Possible .
5. Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the Tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn.
6. During the day there is too little cloud cover to reduce the high Intensity of direct
solar radiation.
7. At night the clear skies permit a Considerable amount
of heat to be reradiated
to outer space
8. RH should not exceed 70% for human Comfort .
9. Approximately 2-thirds of the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm- Humid .

(SITUATE)
(OCCUPATION)
(RELATION)
(APPROXIMATE
(EXCEED)
(POSSIBILITY)
(TROPICAL)
(INTENSIVE)
(CONSIDER)
(COMFORTABLE)
(HUMIDITY)

(VARIATION)
10. RH may Vary from 55% to almost 100%.
(STRUCTURE)
1. Rod materials can be used for Structural support.
2. These materials are heavy, however, they can support the structural loads because they (STRONG)
have the property of high
Compressive Strength .
(BASE)
3. Building materials are used in two Basic ways.
4. We can see how this works by considering Different types of construction.
(DIFFER)
(DIVIDE)
5. Sheet materials are used to form walls, which act as both space Dividers and
structural support.
CONSTRUCTION)
6. These buildings are lighter and faster to Constructor
(FIX)

7. Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and Fixed
together to form a building.
(COMPRESS)
8. Rod materials with high tensile and Compressive strength.
9. Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is (RELATION)
Related to the way in which it is used.
(MIX)
10. Sand is also used as a part of the concrete Mixture .
(BURY)
1. Distribution pipes which are Buried in the streets take the water to the houses,
factories, and offices.
2. The storage reservoir by its Existence allows the supply sources to be smaller and less (EXIST)
expensive.
3. The chosen consumption per head must be multiplied by the Estimated population. (ESTIMATE)
(STORE)
4. A water supply for a town usually includes a Storage reservoir at the source of the
supply.
5. The distribution reservoir Similarly allows the pipeline and pumps to be smaller and (SIMILAR)
cheaper.
6. Water engineers must study the water Consumption per person in their own country. (CONSUME)


7. The Chosen water use per head must be multiplied by the estimated population.
8. Raw water is water that requires Treatment before it can be used for drinking
9. Service pipe is a pipe Connecting a building to a water main.
10. Water tower is a tower into which water is pumped to a sufficient Height .
11. One modern method of disposing of trash and domestic wastes is Recycling
12. Some kinds of trash can be collected Separately such as: glass, newspapers, and
aluminum cans.

(CHOOSE)
(TREAT)
(CONNECT)
(HIGH)
(RECYCLE)
(SEPARATE)

Exercise 4: Use the following sets of words and phrases below to write complete sentences.
1. Due / age / many / existing house/, there / be / not / enough houses / go around / two years.

Due to the age of many existing houses, there have not been enough houses to go around for 2y
2. Some people / own / house / or / flat/, often / money / this / be / borrow / building society.

some people own their own houses or flats, often the money for this is borrowed from the
building society
3. past few years/ housing / Britain / be / problem / many aspect.

In the past few years housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects...
4. Other people / rent accommodation / private landlord/, either furnished / unfurnished

other people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or unfurnished.
5. Although / prices / level off/ several years/, they / unlikely / return / earlier levels.

Although prices have levelled off for several years, they are unlikely to return to their earlier
levels
6. Many people / live / council flat/ or / house/, these / owned / by / local council.

many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council
7. further problem / since / about 1970 / be / tremendous rise / the / price / housing.

A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing
8. People / have / live / overcrowded building / low standard / 10 / year / ago.

people have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard
9. There / many / form / accommodation / Britain / nowadays.

there are many forms of accommodation in britain nowadays
10. The university / serve / place / for / educate / 800 / studentj / a year.

the university serves places for educating 800 students per year
1. tropical / region/ earth/ can/ divide/ three/major / climatic zone.

The tropical regions of the earth can be divided three major climate zone
2. House /designed/ be suitable/ one season/ may/ unsuitable/the other.

House designed to be suitable for one season maybe unsuitable for the other
3. Usually house/ have / open layout /so/ they /can /gain /maximum benefit/ prevailing wind.

Usually house have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing wind
4. Walls / here / used /primarily /screening /insects /and / wind penetration qualities.

Walls here are used primarily for screening from insects and for their wind penetration qualities
5. hot-dry climates/ houses /must /give/ adequate protection /excessive heat /sun.

In hot-dry climate must give adequate protection against the excessive heat of the sun
6. Relative humidity /should /not exceed 70% / human comfort

Relative humidity should not exceed 70% for human comfort
7. night /clear skies /permit / considerable amount/ heat / be reradiated /outer space.

At the night the clear skies permit a considerable amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space


8. Wall/ have /less importance /here than/ other climates

Walls have less importance here than in other climates
9. this climate/wall/ should /very thick/ and/ make / heat storing materials

In this climate wall should be very thick and made of heat storing materials
10. external wall/ act/ as/ thermal insulator. The external wall act as thermal insulator
1. Building material / used/ two basic /way. Building material are used in 2 basic ways
2. Building component/ make/ from /building material.

Building components are made from building materials
3. first way /building material/ used / support / load/ building.

In the first way building materials are used to support the loads on a building
4. second way /building material/ used / divide/space / building.

In the second ways building materials are used to divide the space in a building
5. External wall/act/as/ thermal insulator.

External wall acts as a thermal insulator
6. one kind /construction,/ blocks / material/put/ together /form /solid /wall.

In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone or concrete are put together
to form solid walls
7. sheet materials /used / form /wall/ act / space divider/ structural support.

Sheet materials are used to form walls, which acts as both space dividers and structural support

8. Rod material/can /use/ structural support /not /divide/ space.

Rod materials can be used for structural support but not for dividing space
9. These materials/ have / property / high compressive strength.

These materials have the property of high compressive strength
10. Imperious material/ be able/ keep out/ water. Imperious materials are able to keep out of water
1. distribution reservoir / have / same / function / keep / enough water / day / week.

The distribution reservoir has the same function to keep enough water for the day or the week.
2. function / storage reservoir / be / keep / enough water / several / year .

The function of the storage reservoir is to keep enough water for several vears.
3. distribution system / can / extended / as / need / arise / as / houses / be built.

The distribution system can be extended as the need arises and as the houses are built.
4. United States, / some / whose / cities / have / largest / water use / world / per person.

In the United States, some of whose cities have the largest water use in the world per person.
5. supply / storage equipment / must / designed / be / large enough / this period.

The supply and the storage equipment must be designed to be large enough for this period.
6. Much/ highest / US demand / come / water /spend / summer /air conditioning equipment.

Much of the highest US demand comes from the water spent in summer on air conditioning
equipment
7. water engineers / spend / two / months / design / distribution system / this residential area / last year.

Water engineers spent two months designing the distribution system for this residential area last
year.

8. report / shortage / water / some residential areas / have / be / submit / the director / water engineer.

The report on the shortage of water in some residential areas has to be submitted to the director
by the water engineer.
9. After water engineer / study / water use / person, he / have / multiply / it / estimated population.

After the water engineer studies the water use per person, he has to multiply it by the estimated
population.


10. It / important / save / water resource / natural mineral.

It is important to save the water resources and natural minerals.
11. Water engineers / have / study / water use / person / year / before / plan / water supply / residential area.

Water engineers have to study the water use per person per year before planning the water
supply for a residential area.
Exercise 5: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the
sentence printed before it.
1. The local council should subsidize tenants to buy houses.
Tenants should be subsidized by the local council to buy houses
2. Young married couples find it difficult to buy houses because of the rise in the price of housing.
The rise in the price of housing makes it difficult for young married couples to buy houses
3. The prices of houses have levelled off, but they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels.
Although the prices of houses have leveled off, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels
4. People will pay back the money for houses over years.
The money for houses will be paid back over years
5. There are three basic forms of accommodation in Britain.
Britain has three basic forms of accommodation
6. A complicated set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants.

The right of landlords and tenants is defined by a complicated set of laws and regulations
7. Due to the low rate of building new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around.
Because the rate of building new houses is low, there have not been enough houses to go around
1. The tropical regions of the earth can be divided into three major climatic zones.
We can divide the tropical regions of the earth into three major climatic zones.
2. In warm- humid climates, walls are not as important as ones in hot-dry climates.
In warm- humid climates, walls are less important than ones in hot dry climates
3. Two seasons occur normally in monsoon climates.
There are normally two seasons in monsoon climates.
4. The functions of the lowest floor include providing surfaces for activities and modifying the passage of heat.

designed to provide surfaces for activities and modify the passage of heat
5. The roof and external walls are designed to resist loads
The function of the roof and external walls is to resist loads
1. Building materials are used in two basic ways.
They use building materials in two basic ways.
2. They frequently use light materials for making roofs.
Light materials are frequently used for making roofs.
3. These materials can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength.
The property of high compressive strength enables these materials to support the structural loads.
4. The ceramic tiles on the floor cannot be scratched easily by people walking on them.
This means that ceramic tiles are hard
5. Rod materials can be used for supporting structural load but not for dividing spaces.
Rod materials can be used to support structural load but not to divide spaces
6. Workers can’t lift the stone block because it is heavy.
The stone block is so heavy that workers can't lift it.
7. Sand is used with cement, and sometimes lime to make plaster.


Plaster is made from sand with cement, and sometimes with lime.

8. They have spent 2 months manufacturing and transporting building materials.
It has taken them 2 months to manufacture and transport building materials.
9. They discussed the effect of material choice. Then they evaluated the process of construction in the meeting.
After they had discussed the effect of material choice, they evaluated the process of construction

in the meeting.
10. The design, construction deficiencies resulted in the degradation of building materials.
The building materials degraded as a result of the design, construstion, deficiencies
1. A construction site is an area. The building is built in this area.
A construction site is am area where the building is built
2. The water engineer handed in his record. His record was about the water consumption in ten years.
The water engineer handed in his record which was ab the water consumption in 10 years
3. Water engineers have to study water use per person per year. They base on this water use per person to make
plan of water supply.
Water engineers have to study water use per person year on which they base to make plan of water

supply
4. A storage reservoir is a very large tank or an artificial place. This storage reservoir stores water for future use
A storage reservoir which stores water for future use is very large tank or an artificial place
5. It's necessary to save water resources and natural minerals.
Saving water resources and natural minerals is necessary
6. Water engineers have to study water use per person per year before planning the water supply for a
residential area.
Water use per person year has to be studied by water engineers before they plan the water supply

for a residential area
7. The water engineer has just handed his report on the shortage of water in some residential areas to the
director.
The director has just been handed the report on thr shortage of water in some residential areas by

the water engineer
8. The supply pipe to that 8-story building was repaired for 5 days.
It took 5 days to repair the supply pipe to that 8-story building
9. "Have you checked the drain in the kitchen yet?" The foreman plumber asked his man.
The foreman plumber asked his man if he had checked the drain in the kitchen
10. Waste water can be treated for watering trees.
We can treat waste water for watering trees
11. "How many ways of purifying water are there?" He asked the water engineer.
He asked the water engineer how many ways of purifying there were
Unit 1 : HOUSING IN BRITAIN
In the past few years housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects. Trong vài năm gần
đây, vấn đề nhà ở tại Anh đã trở thành một vấn đề với nhiều khía cạnh. One is the supply of the houses
một trong số đó là nhu cầu về nhà ở. Due to expanding population do sự gia tăng dân số, to the low rate
building new houses and to the age of many existing houses dẫn đến tỷ lệ xây nhà mới thấp và tuổi thọ của
những căn nhà cũ giảm there have not been enough houses to go around điều đó đã dẫn đến việc khơng thể
đáp ứng đủ nhà ở. Not only have many people been homeless không chỉ có nhiều người phải trở thành vơ
gia cư but also many others have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard mà cịn có rất nhiều
người phải sống trong những căn nhà chật hẹp với chất lượng thấp. Though the government and charities


such as Shelter have been trying hard to remedy this situation mặc dù chính phủ và các tổ chức từ thiện như
quỹ Shelter cũng đang cố gắng khắc phục tình trạng này, there are still immense problems, particularly
around the centers of large cities nhưng vẫn tồn tại rất nhiều vấn đề to lớn, đặc biệt là ở các trung tâm
thành phố lớn.
There are three basic forms of accommodation có 3 loại nhà ở cơ bản . In the first place, some own
their own houses or flats often the money for this is borrowed from the building society on a “mortgage” Đầu
tiên là những người sở hữu căn nhà hoặc căn hộ riêng, thường thì tiền được vay từ hiệp hội nhà ở theo
dạng thế chấp and is paid back over twenty or thirty years và sẽ được trả góp trong vòng 20 hoặc 30 năm .
Secondly, many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council and rented out loại
thứ 2, có nhiều người sống trong những ngôi nhà, căn hộ do hội đồng thành phố quản lý và cho thuê.

Council housing has aroused controversial political issues nhà do hội đồng thành phố quản lý làm nảy sinh
nhiều vấn đề chính trị gây tranh cãi about whether council tenants should pay full rent or should be
subsidized về việc liệu người th có phải trả tồn bộ tiền thuê hay là sẽ được trợ cấp and whether they
should have the opportunity to buy their houses if they like và liệu họ có thể mua lại căn nhà đó nếu như họ
muốn khơng?. Thirdly, some people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or
unfurnished thứ 3, một vài người thuê nhà từ các chủ nhà tư nhân. A complicated set of laws and
regulations defines the rights of landlords and tenants, một bộ luật và các quy tắc phức tạp xác định quyền
của chủ nhà và người thuê nhà goverming, for instance, when landlords can force tenants to leave and how
much rent they can charge. ví dụ quy định khi nào chủ nhà có thể buộc người thuê nhà chuyển đi và họ có
quyền định giá nhà cho thuê
A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing Một vấn đề
nữa vào khoảng những năm 1970 khi mà giá nhà đất tăng một cách chóng mặt. In the London area the
value of houses doubled in about two years Ở khu vực London giá nhà thậm chí cịn tăng gấp đơi trong
vịng 2 năm, although prices have levelled off mặc dù giá cả đã chững lại , they are unlikely to return to their
earlier levels nhưng chúng không thể trở lại mức ban đầu. People who already own houses have not been
too badly affected những người đã sở hữu nhà của riêng không phải chịu nhiều ảnh hưởng quá nhiều,
since the rise in the value of the house they are selling to some extent cancels out the rise in the price of a house
they wish to move to vì việc tăng giá trị của ngôi nhà họ bán bằng với việc tăng giá của ngôi nhà mà họ
muốn chuyển tới. However, its has made house-buying extremely difficult for those who are buying a house
for the first time such as young married couples tuy nhiên đó sẽ là một khó khăn cực lớn với những người
mua nhà lần đầu như là các cặp đôi mới cưới.
Unit 2 : THE PROCEDURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
When an architect receives a commission for a building khi khi kiến trúc sư nhận nhiệm vụ thiết kế
một cơng trình, he meets the client and discusses his requirements anh ấy sẽ gặp chủ đầu tư và thảo luận về
những yêu cầu của chủ đầu tư. After visiting the site sau khi thăm mặt bằng, the architect draws up
preliminary plans and, together with a rough estimate of the cost sau khi khảo sát mặt bằng, kiến trúc sư
sẽphác thảo bản vẽ và bản dự toán sơ bộ, submits them (preliminary plans and a rough estimate of the cost)
to the client for his approval rồi nộp chúng cho chủ đầu tư để phê duyệt
If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them into the final design which shows the
exact dimension of every part of the building nếu chủ đầu tư đề nghị thay đổi, kiến trúc sư sẽ kết hợp

những thay đổi đó vào trong bản thiết kế cuối cùng trong đó chỉ rõ kích thước chính xác từng phần của
cơng trình. At this stage ở giai đoạn này, several building contractors are invited to bid for the job of
constructing the building nhiều nhà thầu xây dựng được mời đến để đấu thầu cơng việc xây dựng cơng
trình.
When they submit their tenders or prices nộp hồ sơ và giá thầu, the architect assists his client in
selecting the best one kiến trúc sư tư vấn cho chủ đầu tư trong việc lựa chọn nhà thầu tốt nhất and helps
him (client) to draw up a contract between the client and the contractor giúp chủ đầu tư phác thảo ra bản hợp


đồng giữa chủ đầu tư và nhà thầu.
Work now starts on the building bây giờ là giai đoạn bắt đầu thi công công việc trên công trường.
As construction proceeds trong quá trình xây dựng, the architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that
kiến trúc sẽ tiến hành kiểm tra định kỳ đảm bảo rằng 1. the building is being constructed according to his
plans 1. cơng trình đang được xây dựng theo đúng thiết kế and that 2. the materials specified in the contract
are being used và 2. nguyên vật liệu đang được sử dụng theo đúng chỉ định trong hợp đồng.
Unit 3 : DESIGN OF HOUSES FOR TROPICAL CLIMATES
The tropical regions of the earth can be divided into three major climatic zones:
1. Warm-humid climates are found in a belt near the Equator extending to about 15° north and south. Vùng
khí hậu nóng ẩm được xác định nằm ở vành đai gần đường xích đạo trải rộng khoảng 15 độ bắc nam.
There is very little seasonal variation throughout the year. Ở nơi đây có rất ít sự biến đổi theo mùa trong
năm. The air temperature is never excessive nhiệt độ không khí khơng bao giờ q cao, but there is
considerable rainfall during most of the year tuy nhiên lượng mưa trong năm cao đáng kể. Relative humidity
(RH) is excessively high - at about 75% for most of the time độ ẩm tương đối rất cao- ở khoảng 75% ở mọi
khoảng thời gian trong năm, but it may vary from 55% to almost 100% (RH should not exceed 70% for
human comfort) tuy nhiên thường dao động ở khoảng 55 cho tới 100% (độ ẩm tương đối thích hợp với
con người khơng nên vượt quá 70%). In this climate the rooms of houses must have adequate shade and
ventilation ở vùng khí hậu này, mọi căn phịng trong nhà phải có đủ bóng mát và thơng gió. Usually
houses have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing wind thông thường, các
căn nhà sẽ có bố cục mở để có thể tận dụng tối đa lợi ích từ gió . Walls have less importance here than in
other climates những bức tường ở đây ít quan trọng hơn ở những vùng khí hậu khác. They are used

primarily for screening from insects and for their wind penetration qualities. Chúng thường được sử dụng chủ
yếu để ngăn chặn cơn trùng mà vẫn để gió xuyên qua
2. Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between approximately 15° and 30° north and
south of the equator vùng khí hậu nóng khơ nằm trong hai vành đai vĩ độ giữa khoảng 15 và 30 độ bắc
nam cận xích đạo. Two marked seasons occur: a hot and a slightly cooler period ở đây có 2 mùa rõ rệt: một
mùa nóng và mùa mát hơn. Day-time air temperatures are excessively hot (normally higher than the 31°C to
34°C skin temperature) nhiệt độ ban ngày cực kỳ nóng (thường trên 31 đến 34 độ C), but at night it may fall
as much as 25°C tuy nhiên về đêm có thể hạ xuống còn 25 độ. During the day, there is too little cloud cover
to reduce the high intensity of direct solar radiation vào ban ngày, có rất ít mây che phủ để giảm cường độ
của bức xạ trực tiếp từ mặt trời. However, at night the clear skies permit a considerable amount of heat to be
reradiated to outer space tuy nhiên, vào ban đêm, bầu trời quang đãng cho phép lượng lớn nhiệt phát xạ
trở lại vào không gian bên ngoài . In this climate houses must give adequate protection against the excessive
heat of the sun ở vùng khí hậu này, những ngôi nhà phải được cung cấp đủ sự bảo vệ trước nhiệt độ cực
cao của mặt trời. Usually they have compact layouts so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as much
as possible thông thường, chúng phải có bố cục nhỏ gọn để giảm thiểu phần bề mặt lộ ra với mặt trời
nhiều nhất có thể. Walls should be very thick and made of heat storing materials so they hold the heat of the
day and give it back to the interior of the house at night những bức tường phải dày và được tạo thành từ vật
liệu có thể giữ nhiệt để chúng có thể giữ nhiệt độ vào ban ngày và truyền cho nội thất của ngôi nhà vào
ban đêm.
3. Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn vùng khí hậu hỗn hợp hoặc gió mùa nằm ở các vùng đất rộng lớn gần bắc chí tuyến và nam chí
tuyến. Two seasons occur normally ở đây thường có 2 mùa. Approximately two-thirds of the year is hot-dry
and the other third is warm-humid xấp xỉ 2/3 thời gian của năm là nóng khơ và 1/3 thời gian cịn lại cịn lại
là nóng ẩm. Consequently, houses designed to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the other do
đó, những ngôi nhà được thiết kế để phù hợp với mùa này có thể khơng phù hợp với mùa kia
Unit 4 : BUILDING MATERIAL


Building materials are used in two basic ways Vật liệu xây dựng được sử dụng theo hai cách cơ bản .
In the first way they are used to support the loads on a building Ở cách thứ nhất chúng được dùng để đỡ tải

trọng cơng trình . In the second way they are used to divide the space in a building Ở cách thứ hai chúng
được sử dụng để phân chia khơng gian trong cơng trình . Building components are made from building
materials and the form of a component is related to the way in which it is used Cấu kiện xây dựng được làm
từ những vật liệu xây dựng và dạng của một cấu kiện liên quan tới cách mà nó được sử dụng . We can see
how this works by considering three different types of construction Chúng ta có thể nhận thấy điều này bằng
cách xem xét 3 kiểu xây dựng khác nhau dưới đây .
In one kind of construction Trong 1 kiểu xây dựng , blocks of materials such as brick , stone, or
concrete are put together to form solid walls các khối vật liệu như gạch , đá , hoặc bê tông được liên kết với
nhau để tạo ra bức tường chắc chắn . These materials are heavy , however, they can support the structural
loads because they have the property of high compressive strength Những vật liệu này nặng , nhưng chúng
có thể đỡ kết cấu bởi vì chúng có đặc tính của cường độ chịu nén cao . Walls made up of blocks both
support the building and divide the space in the building Tường được làm từ các khối vật liệu vừa đỡ tải
trọng công trình và vừa phân chia khơng gian trong cơng trình .
In another type of construction, sheet materials are used to form walls, which act as both space dividers
and structural support. Trong một loại hình xây dựng khác, vật liệu tấm được sử dụng để tạo thành các
bức tường, có tác dụng vừa là vách ngăn không gian vừa là giá đỡ kết cấu. Timber, concrete and some
plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and fixed together to form a building. Gỗ, bê tơng và một số loại
nhựa có thể được làm thành các tấm cứng lớn và cố định với nhau để tạo thành một tòa nhà.These
buildings are lighter and faster to construct than buildings made up of blocks Rod materials can be used for
structural support but not for dividing spaces. Những tòa nhà này nhẹ hơn và xây dựng nhanh hơn so với
các tòa nhà được tạo thành từ các khối Vật liệu thanh có thể được sử dụng để hỗ trợ kết cấu nhưng
không dùng để phân chia không gian. Timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods and used as
columns. Gỗ, thép và bê tông có thể được tạo thành thanh và được sử dụng làm cột.
Rod materials with high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed
structures. vật liệu dạng thanh có độ bền kéo và độ bền nén cao có thể được cố định với nhau để tạo thành
các cấu trúc đóng khung. The spaces between the rods can be filled with light sheet materials which act as
space dividers but do not support structural loads. Khoảng cách giữa các thanh có thể được lấp đầy bằng vật
liệu tấm nh hoạt động như bộ chia không gian nhưng không hỗ trợ tải kết cấu

Unit 5 : WATER SUPPLY

A water supply for a town usually includes a storage reservoir at the source of the supply . Hệ thống
cấp nước cho một thị trấn bao gồm một bể chứa tại nguồn cấp, a pipeline from storage reservoir to the
distribution reservoir near the town một đường ống nối từ bể chứa đến các bể phân phối gần thị trấn, and
finally the distribution pipes buried in the streets, taking the water to the houses, shops, factories, and offices và
cuối cùng đường ống phân phối được chôn dưới đường phố, dẫn nước đến các ngôi nhà, cửa hàng, nhà
máy và phòng. The main equipment is thus the two reservoirs the pipeline between them. Vì vậy các thiết bị
chính là 2 bể chứa và đường ống nối giữa chúng.
The function of the storage reservoir is to keep enough water over one or several years to provide for
all high demands in dry periods chức năng của bể chứa là giữ đủ nước cho hơn 1 hoặc nhiều năm để cung
cấp cho tất cả các nhu cầu cao trong mùa khô, and the distribution reservoir has the same function for the
day or the week và bể phân phối cũng có những chức năng tương tự cho ngày hoặc tuần. The storage
reservoir by its existence allows the supply sources to be smaller and less expensive sự tồn tại của bể chứa
cho phép nguồn cấp nhỏ hơn ít đắt hơn, and the distribution reservoir similarly allows the pipeline and
pumps to be smaller and cheaper than they would be if it did not exist và bể phân phối cũng cho phép đường
ống và máy bơm nhỏ và rẻ hơn nếu như chúng không tồn tại.


In the United States, some of whose cities have the largest water use in the world per person Ở Mỹ, nơi
mà một số thành phố có mặc sử dụng nước trên đầu người lớn nhất thế giới, the average use per person
varies from 200 to 5,000 litres per day, averaging some 500 litres/day/person mức sử dụng bình quân đầu
người dao động từ 200 đến 5000 lít trên ngày, trung bình 500 lít trên ngày trên người. But it must not be
assumed that colder countries will eventually reach the same level of use nhưng cũng không thể giả định
rằng những nước lạnh hơn cuối cùng sẽ đạt mức sử dụng nước tương tự, because much of the highest US
demand comes from the water spent in summer on air conditioning equipment and the watering of gardens bởi
vì phần lớn các nhu cầu cao nhất của nước Mỹ là do lượng nước được sử dụng cho các thiết bị điều hòa
vào mùa hè và việc tưới nước cho các khu vườn.
Water engineers must therefore study the water use per person (consumption per head) in their own
country do đó các kỹ sư nước phải nghiên cứu mức sử dụng nước trên đầu người (mức tiêu thụ bình quân
đầu người) ở đất nước họ and choose a figure based on the most advanced community there và chọn ra 1 con
số dựa trên cộng đồng tiên tiến nhất ở đó. The chosen consumption per head must be multiplied by the

estimated population at the date for which the supply is being planned, some thirty years ahead or more mức
tiêu thụ bình quân đầu người được chọn phải được nhân lên với dân số ước tính tại thời điểm mà nguồn
cấp nước đang được dự trù, khoảng 30 năm sau hoặc lâu hơn.
The supply and he storage equipment must be designed to be large enough for this period since neither
of them is so easily extended as the distribution system Thiết bị cấp và chứa nước phải được thiết kế đủ lớn
cho giai đoạn này bởi vì cả 2 loại thiết bị này không thể được mở rộng 1 các dễ dàng như hệ thống phân
phối. This can be extended as the need arises and as the houses are built Hệ thống này có thể được mở rộng
khi nhu cầu phát sinh và khi có thêm những ngơi nhà được xây dựng.