địa chí văn hóa dân gian ninh bình

JDCL
759
TRl/ONG DINH Tl/aNG
Chu
bien
m\
^^B
fed
• ^^ ^^^H
^1
•BMjfa
|in
mil
rll?i
NHA XUAT
BAN THE
GIOI
Cong
trinh
do
Chinh
phu tai
trg
sang tao
UBND
tinh
Ninh
Binh
tai
tro
xuat ban

Doc
duyet:
GS.TSKH
To
Ngoc
Thanh
GS.
Tran
Qiioc Vucrng
(TS.TS Nguyen Xuan
Kinh
-i)
Ml
CH
TRUONG
DINH
TlTONG
Chu bien
Old
CHI
v^N
noe
^w
Q\m
NINH BINH
THAM
GIA
BIEN SOAN
All Vict Dam
t)o Daiili

(iia
Nj^uyen
Qiian^
Hai
Tran
Dinh
Hong
N"uvi'n
Van Tro
NHA XUAT BAN THE
GI6I
Ha
noi
- 2004

Chu
bien:
TrWafng-
Dinh
Tifotng
LOI GlOl THIEU
Pham Minh
Tuyen
L'V.TU
Dang,
Bithutinh iiy
Chii
tick HDND tinh Ninh Binh
N
inh Binh la mot tinh c6 dien tich \a quy mo

vira
phai,
nam d
phia nam
dong bang Bac bo,
duoc
vi
nhir
mot
nude
Viet Nam thu nho: c6
rung
niii,
d6ng bang, c6
viing
ban son dia, c6 bien ca va dai dong bang ven bien, hang
nam
vuon
dai ra
be
Dong hang tram met. Non
nirac
Ninh
Binh
ky
tii,
nen tho,
lai
nam
a

cira ngo d6ng bang Bac bo va dai
lanh th6 midn
Trung, nen
tir
ngan
xua,
da la noi gap go, giao thoa
ciia
hai
viing
van hoa
Idfn
do
ciia
dat
nuoc.
Nhan dan
Ninh
Binh vija
sang tao,
vira
tiep thu
nhCrng
net tinh hoa van hoa
ciia
cac
vimg,
mien
ichac
trong

nude,
tao dung nen sac thai \'an hoa Ninh
Binh
phong
phiJ,
da
dang va c6
nhung
net dac sac rieng biet.
Nhan dan Ninh Binh c6
truy^n
thong
lao
dong
can
cCi,
sang tao va dau tranh
anh dung, viet nen
nhfing
trang sir \e \ang
ciia
que
huong,
gop phan to tham pho
ijch
sir bang
xang ciia
dan
toe.
Cac

di chi ichao
co va
i<el
qua
nhidu
cong trinh
khao
CO
hoc da
chiing
muih,
tir
thoi
Tien sir,
each
ngay nay
iiang
van nam, Ninh
Binii
da la dia ban cu
tri'i ciia
ngudi Viet cd. Va tir ba bdn ngan nam trudc,
ngirdi
Vict C(S Ninh Binh da trdng
Uia,
lam cac dd che tac my nghe trang
siic,
che tac
cdng cu lao dong
\l\

vu khi diet
thii.
Ve mat van hoa
ciia viing
dat Ninh
Binh
thdi cac Vua
Hiing dirng
nude chac chan da rat phong phii, da dang.
La dia
the
chien
luge,
/»/
c6 the
tJu'i,
ticii
co the cong, bdi vay, tir ngan xua,
dai dat Ninh
Binh
da
tijng
la noi tap ket
ciia
cac binh doan, tien vao Nam hay ra
Bac,
lam nen nhung chien thang vang
dpi
tren cac dia danh oai
hiing ciia

To
Qudc. Tao hoa lai ban tang cho Ninh Binh
nhi6u
danh lam
thdng
canh, di
ti'ch
lich
sir va van hoa ndi tieng ca nude nhu rung nguyten sinh Qudc gia
Cue
Phuang,
nha thd da Phat Diem. Tam Cdc- Bich Dong,
quSn
the hang dong Trang
An, Cd dd Hoa Lu la noi dd hdi, van
\at
dau tien, trai ngdt nira the ky
ciia
qudc
gia Dai C6 Viet
budi
diiu xay nen doc lap,
tir chii ciia
dan
toe.
Ngudi anh
hiing
dan
igc
Dinh Tien

Hoang,
nhieu nha \an hoa
Ion nhuTruong
Han Sieu,
Vti
Duy
Thanh. Pham Than Dual. Vu Pham Khai
ciing
biet bao danh nhan khac qua
cac thdi, mai mai la mem tu hao to
Ion,
khdng
nhCrng ciia
Ninh
Binh,
ma cdn
ciia
ca nude. Cd the ndi rang. Ninh Binh
cilng
la mot viing dat "Dia
liiili nlichi
fciet".
Dja chj
van hod
ddn
gian Ninh Binh
Tix
xua da cd mot so cdng trinh nghien cuu
\'e
\

iing
dat va con ngirdi Ninh
Binh,
kt
ca bd lich sir dia
ly Idn ciia
qudc sir quan
tri^u Nguyen
nhu "Dai Nam
Illicit tlio'ng
clii"
cQng
da danh so trang khdng nhd khi \'iet
vi
Ninh
Binh.
Song
phai ke
den cudn
"NInli Biiili toaii tiiili Jia
chi
kliao
bien"
ciia
cu
Nguyen
Tir
Man, ngudi Thu Dien, Ninh Nhat (nay thudc thi xa Ninh Binh).
6ng
da danh

nhieu tam huyet viet cudn chuyen khao nay mot
each
kha tudng tan. ty my
vt
viing dat va con ngudi Ninh
Biiih
\ao nam 1862. Ong ndi, Ninh Binh
"/,(/
noi
cluia nlul'ng
vat
l>dii ciia
tro'i.
iio'i
noi
licng
co
nliicii
danh
ihdng.
do
Un Id dicii
kliieii
dia ly
luili Ninli
la cdng
kliong
the khdng duoc
ngliicn ciiii lu'diig
tan".

Cdng trinh khao
ciiu
nay
ciia
dng cd gia
tri \'^
nhieu mat.
giiip
chiing la them
hieu biet sau sac va cang them yeu quy hon non
nude
Ninh Binh.
Gail
da_\',
tdi lai
diro'c
doc cudn
"Dia
(hi van hod dan
gian Ninh
liinii'
ciia
nhdm tac
gui
- la nhung nha
nghicn cirii iioiig
tinh, do dong chi
Trirong
Dinh
Tuong

chii
bien.
Tdi nhan thay, day la tac pham nghien
ciru
cdng phu, ke
thiia
duoc nhung cdng trinh nghien ciiu trudc day \a cac ket qua
nghic-n
ciru khoa hoc
dirong
dai, dd cap den nhieu mat dia ly, lich
sir,
dan cu, phong
tiic
tap
qiuin.
danh lam thang canh, danh nhan cac thdi va nhung
\'e
dcp truycn thong
ciia
dat
\'a
ngirdi Ninh Binh. Cd the nhan thay rang, cudn sach da cung cap cho ngirdi
doc nhieu tri
thue,
nhieu tu lieu quy gia. Cac tac gia da di sau nghien ciiu, khac
hoa kha rd net nhirng net ddc dao vi lich sir, dia ly va van hoa
ciia
Ninh Binh,
trong dd, van hoa dan gian.

vAn
hoa truycn thdng la cot
Idi.
Tdi nghT, dd la thanh
cdng
ciia
cudn sach cd dung
luong
ngdt bay tram trang nay.
Troiig
nhiing nam giin day. nhieu dia
phiiong
trong
nude,
cd
noi Cii
cap
huyen. xa da \'iet dia
chf.
Ddi \di Ninh Binh.
de
cd
chieii luoc
phat trien kinh
te,
\an
hoa, xa
hdi,
phat huy
moi iiem

nang va the manh
ciia
tinh. trong cdng
cuoc cdng nghiep hoa \'a
hicn dai
hoa dat
nude.
,xay dung Ninh Binh
giau
dep,
\iing
manh, ddng
ihdi
la
cHp gidi thieu
rong
rai \'di
ban ban xa gan, tinh
dang khan
truong
bien soan cudn
"f)ia
chi Ninh Binh". Cdng trinh khoa hoc
tdng hop nay se
diroc
hoan thanh trong mot \'ai nam tdi. Chinh vi vay, cudn
"Dia
chi \'dn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh" xuat ban. se cung cap them mot tai
lieu
quy

dd
cac nha viet "Dia chi Ninh Binh" tham khao.
Danh thdi gian doc cudn "Dia chi
\'an
hoa dan gian Ninh Binh", chac chan
ddc gia se thu nhan duoc
nhidu didu
bd ich.
Ninh Binh,
miia
Thu Gidp Than, 2004.
P.M.T
Chu
bien:
TrWc/ng
Dinh
TWcfng-
L()I Tl/A
GS.
Iran
Quoc Vuong
(Dai hoc Quoc gia
Hd Noi)
Pho Tong thu ky Hoi VNDG Viet Nam
D
irdi
tay ban doe la cudn chuyen khao "Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh
Binh"
do dng Trirong Dinh
Tirdng chii

bien, dirge Chinh
phii
tai trg sang
tao,
thdng qua Hdi Van nghe dan gian Viet Nam. Hdi ddng Chuyen mdn
ciia
Hdi da danh gia la cdng
lilnh
nghien
ciru
khoa hoc cd chai
lugng
tdt, da nghiem
thu nam 2000 va
khuyeii
khich xuai ban.
Ong Trirong Dinh
Tirong
da nhd
tdi xiei
ddi
Idi
gidi thieu khi cudn sach-
khdng phai la
diiu
tay
ciia
dng- ra ddi. Tdi
cam cai
tinh

ciia
dng vdi tdi,
vi
tdi dugc
c]uen dng Trirong Dinh Tudng tir
liic
dng cdn la Truong phdng Van hoa thi xa
Tarn Diep nhirng nam
1986-1987,
va da dan tdi
di
tham ddng Tam Giao, noi giap
ranh 3 huyen, thi
ciia
Ninh
Binh
va Thanh Hoa, la
noi chu'a
dung
nhidu
di san van
hoa Hoa Binh hon van nam
vd
trudc. Hang Thung Lang cung d Ddng Giao
thi
cdn
sdm hon nhieu. Di tich hoa thach d day cd hang
chirc
van nam Tudi. Nhirng ddng
dirdi

day phan anh vai nhan thue
ciia
tdi, nhd nhoi thdi, vd Ddi Ninh Binh.
Ninh
Binh
d
chdi
canh ddy
ciia
Tam gidc chdu Bac bg, theo so dd sau:
SONG HONG
<aUANG
NINH
Tlud/ng cluhi thd
Truiii^
chdu
tho
Hg chdu thd
hay
chdu
tho
tre
{Youg
delta)
Niii
t)ja
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
Tam gidc chdu nam kep
giila
Inn ddi

niii
:
Ddng Bac la
dai
Tam Dao rdi 99
iigon
Nham Bidn chay xudng Ddng Tridu.
Tay
Nam la dai TanVien
rdi
99
iigon
cha\
doc sdng Day ma tdi \ung Than
Phi^i
- Nga Son.
Ciing
la dat Son Nam Ha thdi Le. nhung Nam Dmh. Thai Binh nay khdng
cd cang tot. Nha Ly
diing
Van Ddn
a
Quang Ninh
na_\-
lam cang mau dich ddi
ngoai.
Phia Tay Nam la cira Day. thdi ay
goi
la Dai Ac. rdi Dai An hay cung
ggi

Tidu Nha - Dai Nha (hay Tidu Khang - Dai Khang). ma trung tam la Ddc Bd.
\'di
ddn Ddc Bd ndi tieng (ma
chua
he dugc xep
hang!),
thd Tudng quan Trieu
Quang Phuc, noi ranh gidi hai tinh Ninh Binh va Nam Dinh.
Thdi dai thiarng
mgi
(XVLXVIII),
thdi "
Tliir
nhd't Kinh Ky, thif
iilii
Pho Hie'n
'",
cac tau budn
phuang Tay phai qua Ddc Bd - ma ngudi Tay phien am la Rok bo - mdi tdi dugc
cang sdng Hien Nam, bd trai sdng Nhi - Hong. Thdi Ly -
TrSn,
cac chien thuydn
ddu qua cira Day ma vd Nam trong cac
cude
chien tranh Chiem - Viet. Nhung
Ninh
Binh
xua cdn mot
ciia
hep

lach
qua niii
\'ao
xir Thanh ma thdi Ma
Vien
(43-
44) goi la Tac Khdu \'a ngay sau mang dia danh ndi tieng Thdn
Phii.
Mot
cau ca dao ndi tieng
ciia
the ky
XVII
-XVIII da viet :
"Lenh deiih
c/iia
ciia
Thdn
Phii.
Klieo
tu
till
ndi.
viing
lu thi
cliim
".
Trudc dd, the ky XV,
Uc Trai
Nguydn

Trai
da cd bai tho
"
Qud 'Thdn
Phii
hai khdu
". The ma d the ky XX, tdi den Ninh
Binh,
di tham Than
Phii
thi chi
cdn gap
mdl
thdn Than
Phii.
thudc huyen Yen Md. Nhan ndi chuyen
phii
sa
sdng
Ian
bien. ta mdi nhd hai huyen Tidn Hai - Thai Binh. va Kim Son -
Ninh
Binh
la
do Ddn va
Ngiiycdi
Cdng
Tiir
dung lap d the ky XIX. Va nha thd da Phat
Diem

lirng
danh - dugc
.xep
hang
Di
san Van hoa qudc gia
-
do Cd Luc xay
dung nam 1891 d ngay
sdt bc'r
bien, nay da
liii
sau vao dai
lidn
#20 km. Tir dd,
tdi tin
theo tai lieu dia ly hgc ( Xem Le Ba
Thao,
Hoang Thieu Son, Vu Tu Lap )
la
d
midn
tay nam chau thd Bac bd
-chii
yeu
la
Ninh
Binh-
mdi nam trung binh
phii

sa
Ian
bidn #
100m.
Tdi
cung da thay d Yen Md cdn sdt lai mot doan de bien thdi Hdng
Due
nay da qua xa miet bien. Le ra, Ninh Binh- Nam Dinh nen
'7;c/V;
tdng hod
tai did
mot doan De Hdng
Dire
(XV) va vai doan kenh
mircmg
Nguyen Cdng Trit
{XIX).Va
khi
ban vd
"
The manh
Ninh
Binh tren con
difdng
phat
trien "
thi nen
ban
nghiein
tuc den viec

"' Tien
ra bien
klioi ". Thue
ra thi cac canh ddng Nga
Son - Ha Trung
ciia
xii-
Thanh cung la do
phii
sa sdng Hdng (chir khdng
phai
sdng Ma) bdi dap. Do vay. da cd sach giao khoa dia ly chep
rang,
chau thd Bac
xu Thanh chi la
sir
noi keo
ddi ciia
chau thd sdng Hdng. Ngudi ta cdn ggi viing
8
Chij
bien:
Trifdng
Dinh
TttCng
canh ddng
Ninh
Binh xanh mugt ndi
Idn
cac trai niii da vdi karstic la mot Hg

Long tren mat dd) (Ha Long Terrestre). Ma qua vay. Ngay d chan
niii
Non Nude
- noi cd
chtia
Phat -
phii
Mau. la dau vet sdng bien vd mdn chan niii. Nhieu
niii
khac - nhu niii hang Ghdnh va
niii
Ddng Giao - cung la nhu vay. Nhung bay gid
su pha da vdi de nung vdi, dd lam dudng, dd
xay
ndn nha cira, dac biet de cung
cap nguyen lieu cho nha may xi mang Bim Son
la
het siic bira bai, nham nho,
gay
nhiic nhdi
tam can khach qua qudc
Id
I. Chi ndi den Kem Trong thdi, Kem
Trdng
\'di bai
the*
ndi
tieng cua
nfr
si lid Xuan Huang xa bao nhieu huydn tich

dan gian
\c
Da Gia. da giin nhu bi pha tan tanh. Ca nhiing
niii ciia
viing cira ngd
Hoa Lu cung the. That phi hoai! Va
sao
ta khdng nhd
Idi
canh bao
ciia
F.
E:n-
ghen trong
"Phep
bien cluing
tif
nhien
":
Trong
khi
con ngudi
liuyenh
hoang vd
nhung "thdnh tich"
cai
tao. thdng tri. chinh phuc tu nhien,
thi
tu nhien se tim
cdcli

trd
till)
lai. Lu
kit
d Nho Quan - Gia Vidn la mot each tra
thii ciia
thien
nhiC'ii
\'ay day!
Ninh Binh cd mot di san
N'an
hoa vd
gi'a.
ca huu thd va vd thd hoa quyen vdi
nhau. dd la
Qiidn
the di tich Hoa Lu. Day da tirng la kinh dd
ciia
hai tridu dai
van sd Dinh - (Tidn) Le.
Khao cd hgc chi mdi
^'gdi"
vlw
tram met \udng dai Hoa Lu va chi mdi phac
hoa dugc qua
loa
cac
luy
thanh ndi, ngoai. Cung dien thi mdi thay dugc mot
phan nen, da dugc

Igp
mai
che
chan lai, cho khach tham quan. May ai da
Ian
md
tdi "Ddng Hoa Lu", vdi
Hiung
Lau noi thud nhd Dinh Bd Linh "Cd
lau
tap
Iran"'.'
Va mdi quan
he
Vict - Mudng
thutV
ay (the ky X) ra sao? Ta cd tin dugc
can
iruvLMi
ngon
ciia lidiig lang
ho Dinh \'inh Ddng d Hoa Binh \c
"Nlid) dgi
vi
vuong. van dai
vi
Man
pliiiong
lu
irii'o'ng"'!

Day cdn la que huang Diem Xa
ciia
thidn su
Nguyen Minh
Khdng thdi Ly,
\-di chiia
Didm. Rdi ca toa den Ba Quan
My
(XVI
).
hirdng
ra sdng Hoang
Long,
llieu
biet
ciia
chiing ta cdn qua ft. Tdi
da tirng
"khoanh
lai" (phuc dung) Hoa Lu nam trong
'lie
gidc
nude",
vdi sdng
Hoang Long, sdng Day, song Van Sang cho den cau Yen rdi re phai vao cac
sdng sudi
ciia Bi'ch
Dong- Tam Cdc ma ngudi ta dang cd phuc dung mot can
cii'
quan

sir
chdng Mdng Nguyen d viing nay - hay la noi diic vua Tran tu dao d ddn
Thai Vi? Ciing nhu dang cd gang khai thac tidm nang du lich sinh thai d
vting
nay. Tdi coi
x'iing
Non Nude - Due Thuy San nhu la
tien
cdng
ciia
Hoa Lu ma
trong tho van Nguydn Trai, Uc Trai cung coi
Due
Thuy - ten tir thdi Truong Han
Sieu ddi Tran - la mot cang bien cd nggn thap Linh Te soi bdng xudng sdng
nude lung linh. Nen thap chua dao khao cd. Thac si Le Thi Lien "than gai dam
trudng" da
lim
lai dugc nhidu tam but Tran day
chii
Ndm cd - dac biet tim thay
tam
bia ciia
dire Triin Minh Tdng ban cap "Te benh
dien"
(Rudng danh chua
benli)
cho
chiia
Non

Nude.
Ta
hidu
qua Non
Nude,
d
thdi
Triin nhieu
chiia
ngoai
chirc nang \an hoa ton giao, giao due, cdn la trung tam y te. Truong Han
Sieu
la
Dja
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
mot nhan \at lirng danh
ciia
Ninh Binh va Ninh Binh
\ira
danh cho dng mdt den
thd xay mdl. Nhung cdn den cu ? Cdn md dia
na\
nam
irong
long thi xa mdi,
phudng
Phiic
Thanh ? Ninh Binh ciing nhu ca
nmc.
chiing ta chua hgc dugc

each plidi
hop
nhiian nhiiyen gifki
Xdy dung cdi
Mdi
vd Bao ve
cdi
Cu: (How to
create the new? How to
sa\'e
the old?). Va
cai
huvdn
ti'ch
ve
sir "true
trgc"
giiia
Cu Truong va dan lang
Phiic
Thanh,
khien
Cu
phai
dung nha dirdi chan
niii
Non
Nude dd d va hang ngay
leo
niii.

tham thap Linh Te. nghi lai viec xua minh la
nho si
Idn
- mdn khach
ciia diic
Tran Hung Dao - nhung nhao bang Phat la mot
sai lam!
Truo'ng
Han Sieu - \di Bach
f^dng
Giang
Phu de ddi - la mgt trong
hai bac dai nho (ciing
diic
Chu Van .\n) dugc thd phu d Van Mieu Thang
Long. Cdn biet bao didu can ndi
\e
dai Ninh Binh? Cai manh dai qua dg ay
gifra
Bac bo
\a
Trung hd da cd
liic a
thdi Mac (
1327-1.S92) dico'clbi goi
la
xii
Thanh Hoa/ Hoa Ngoai.' Va
c.ii
ranh

giai
Bac -
liung
t|ua
dco Ba Doi (Tam
Diep)
\'di
thi xa Tarn i)iep ngay cang
ion la ihdi kinh
tc
llii liirdng
ma
lui
si
Hd Xuan Huong de
lai
bai
iho'
Noiii noi
tieng:
"Mdt dco. mot di'o.
Igi
mot dco.
Klicn ai
khcn tac canh
i
heo
Ico
"
The thi

\'i
sao nay Ninh Binh chi quan ly mot dco. cdn cai deo
thii
hai \'a
thii
ba da thuge dai
xii
Thanh \di tain bia cdn rd ranh ranh
ciia \iia
Thieu Tri
(1841-1847)
vd
"Ninh
Binh quan" (Cira quan Ninh Binh - tinh Ninh Binh duoc
thanh lap khoang
1822
thai
Minh
Mang. Tdi mudn tim lai
ciii
hang Chg Ghdnh
\di
khdi manh dd gdm nira Thanh (Hoa Ldc). nira
B;ic
(Phimg Nguyen) tir hon
ba nghin nam
trircic.
Va lam sao ma
khdiig
cd trdng Ninh Binh

loai
I
lleger
dugc
khi
Hii
Nam d Bac. Thanh Hoa d Nam ddu cd'.' Cai chai
cfiid
do giua Giao Chi
(Bac).
Ciru Chan
(Nam),
giua Giao Chau (Bac).
Ai
Chau (Nam)
ciia \iing
dai
Ninh
Binh la
nuM
hien
ihuc lich
su. Tdi cho
lang.
Ninh Binh hdm
na\'
hi Trudng
Chau
thdi ihudc
Dudng

(\'IL
Dan
X) \a Trudng
"len
chau
ihdi
Ly.
.Song,
loi
nay
da den
tudi
"Co
lai
lu".
"I.ia hai
long lam".
loi xiii
de
lai cai
ganh nang lich su
dd cho nhung dng iruong
Dinh
ruong.
Dang Cdng Nga.
Nguyen
Van Trd
ganh \'ac. Nhu dug Truong Dinh Tuong da cd
giing
\'iei sach nay mdt

each
cong
phu. quy
gia
de loan Dan \a
Bii
con
Niiih
Binh
thirdng
lam !
Hd Noi, ddu Thu ndm Gidp Thdn,
2004
T.Q.V
10
ChO
bien:
Tritcfng
Dinh
Ttfcfng
LC)I
NOI DAU
Tliiidt ngil
"Dia
chi"dd klid
c/iien
thudc dd) vdi nhieu
ngifdi chung
ta. Song
thiidt ngil

"Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian" thi
elide
cdn mdfi me
vcri
khdng it
ngiicti.
Nhu cluing ta dd
biet,
Dia chi
Id
mot log) sdch ghi chep ve dia ly, lich
sii.
mdl
glide
gia, mot tinh, huyen, hay mot
Idng,
.\d. Nd khdng phai Id lich sit, cung
khdng
lidn
Id dia ly. Song nd bao hdm it nhieu nhiem vu
ciia dia
ly vd lich
.sii.
Dd Id nhung thdng tin cd due nhd).
ddx dii
nhd) ve
cittrng
vii'c,
vi tri
dia

Iv,
dia
liinh,
did
mao.
diixcn
cdch. su hinh
tlidiili
vd
bien ddi
dia danh. phong tuc, tdp
giuin.
Iruxeii
thong,
ilan
cu. nhung danh nhan. danh lich
tieii
bieu.
nhu'iig
thdnh
tu'ii kinh
te. vdn hod. khoa hoc.
kv
lliiiat
Qua dd,
gnip
ngudi doc hieu than ddo
hodc cot Idi
iiliat
ve dd) vd

iigu'di
cua viing dd hay qudc gia dd.
i)ia
chi vdn hod dan gian
Id
mdl
logi
sdch cung mang ddc trung
ciia dia
l\
bell
sir, nhung thien ve
gin
chep.
mieii
ta
nhrtiig
thdng tin ve \ an hod ddn gian
mot viing dd), mdt
dia
phuo'ng cu the. Md Vdn hod ddn gian Id mot
tliucit
ngil,
mdl khdi niem goc Anh Id Tolklore,
.xiui) hien
tit
giUa
the ky
tini
XIX,

de)i
na\
duoc phd bien rong khdp tren
todii
the gidi, ke cd
d nu'dc
ta.
O \'iet
Nam,
l-'olklore
ban ddu
dii'o'c hieu
Id Vdn hoc dan gian hay \ an hoc
triiven
mieng, sau
duoc md rong Id \
dii
nghe dan gum. \ dn hod ddn gian. Cdc nhd nghien
ciiu
vdn
hod dan giau \'iet Nam coi Folklore Id \'dn nghe Gdc, \ an nghe
.Vie,
plidn
loai
theo thdi gian cd Folklore Co
Iriixcn
va Folklore Hien dgi;
I'c
khdng gian cd
l-(>lkloic

Do
tin
va
lOlklore
I
lion
dd.
Gido
su'Tran Quoc \
iig'ng,
Trudng bo
mdn \ an hod hoc - Dai hoc
Qiioi gui lid
Ndi-Phd long Thu ky
tlui
nhd) Hdi
\ dn nghe dan
gian
\
lel
Nam. Ian thdnh chu mo
tluic
"Bao gid cdn ddn thi
bd\
gid'
Cling
cdii
J-iilklore.
Dan "vgn dgi" thi F(>lklore cung
"vgii

dgi".
\'d dng
nhan mgnh "Cd con ngudi Id cd vdn hod. Cd ddn gian Id cd Folklore". Xem
the
cung du biet lich
sii
vdn hod
cilng
nhu
licli
sit vdn hod ddn gian ddng
hdnli
ciing
lull
sii
nhdn loai!
11
Oja
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
Hieu
thudi
ngil' "Dia chi" vd
thiidt ngil
"Van hod ddn
gian
".
tudd
cluing ta
cd
the'

tgm hieu, Dia chi vdn hod ddn gian Id mot cdng trinh khoa hgc, mdt logi
sdch dia chi md do)
titi/ng
nghien
ciiu cii
the
ciia
nd Id Folklore khoanh viing
trong mot khdng gian vd mot thdi gian
iilid)
dinh.
nhdm
ghi
(hep, mieu
id
mot
cdch khdi
c/udi
nhd), ddy
dii
nha)
nliilng
thdng tin vc
lich sii dia
ly vd Folklore
ciia
mdt viing dd) nhd)
dinh,
qua dd, cung cdp cho ngudi doc hieu
biii

nhiing
gid
tri vdn hod
triixen
thdng, quan mem
thdni
m\.
phong tuc tap quan
ciia qiidn
chung nhdn ddn dia phuong dd. Cdng trinh nghicn cuu khoa hoc dd
plidi
lam
iidi
bat dugc gid
tri
vdn hod
iruxeii
thdng,
nliinig
khdng
phai
Id vdn hod chinh
thdng, vdn hod cung dinh. md Id
Vein
hod ddn
gian.
Id Folklore.
Ve logi sdch "Dia chi"
tii.\i(a deii
nay

dd
cd khd nhieu, cd the ke Id "Du
dia chi"
ciia
Nguyen Trai. "Lich trieu hien
chifong
logi chi" vd "Hodng \'iet
dia du
chi"
ciia
Phan Huy Chu: "Dgi \ let dia du loan bien "
ciia PliKofiig
Dinh
Nguyen
Vdn Sieu; "Dgi Nam nhd) thdng chi"
ciia
Qudc
sitqudn
trieu Nguyen
Nhiing
ciidin
dia chi tren vie) d' cdc thdi diem khdc nhau,
nliifng deii
ghi chep
rdnh rot, ddy
dii
ve ten dd), ten ngudi
ciia
cdc dia phuo'ng trong
nu'd)'c nipt

cdch
cdng phu, ty
mx
vd khoa hoc.
Cdch ddy
142
ndm, vdo ndm Nham
Tiidt.
Tu
Diic
thif
15.
(1S62),
<f
Ninh
Binh.
cu
Cii Nguyen
I'd
Man. ngudi
Idng Ihu
Dien.
dan
gian goi Id
cu Hiep
Hod.
did Id
cu cd
Idm Lri liiixdi
Hiep Hod

(linh Bdi
Giang).
dd ddx cong
nghien
ciiu.
vied
cudn "Ninh liinh todn
linh
dia chi khao bien " de ddi. Day Id
cdng trinh
dia
chi nghien
ciiu
cong phu, cung cap nhieu thdng tin bd ich ve
nhieu mat cua Ninh Binh qua cdc thdi, nhd) Id thdi Nguyen.
Ciu'in
sdch
vied
bdng
dill
Hdn. \'u'a qua, ndm
2001,
Nhd
.xucit
bdn Chinh lri
qiu'ic
cho dich vd
.xiid)
ban cudn sdch tren, gidi thieu rong rai,
diMc

nhieu ban doc
ddnli gid
cao.
Song do dieu kien khoa
hgc
da ngdnh
liic
bay gid dura phdt trien, ldc
pluim
Igi
vie) bdng
phirang
phdp
hidn ciia
nhd nho, trinh bay bdng
cliil
Hdn,
nen
ngdn
ngil
rd) cd dong, hdm
siic,
do dd cdn nhieu mdl nhu
triiyen
thdng licit sir, phong
tuc, tap qudn, danh lam thdng
cdnli.
k\
nghe, thd nlurd'ng. khodng san, dia hinh,
dia

nigo.
khi
lidii,
tlidfi
lid, nhdn vdn dng de cap
lidv <
dn rd)
so'
lucre, cd mdl
md'i
du Id
plidc
thao. Nay cluing
tdi
nghien
ciiu,
sun lam. Igp hop bdng nhieu
iigiidn
tu
lidi
dia ly, lich su, sd dung kd qud nghien
cUii
khoa hoc da
iiganli.
kd
hop
vdn klido ciiu
dien dd, ddn
chieii,
so sdnh vdi nhieu

Idi lidi
mdl
(ddi
khd
cdng phu. de
bien
sogn cudn "Dia chi vdn hod dan
gian Ninh
Binh"
vdi miic
12
Chij
bien:
Trttatng-
Dinh
Titcfng
dich thdng tin
nliilng
net
err
bdn, ddc
tritng chii ycdi
nhd) ve dd) dai, sdng mil,
nhdn
vidi.
truyen thdng. phong tuc, tap qudn, tham my, nghe thiidt dm
thirc,
ky
nglw
vd nghe

ihiidt
ddn
gian ciia
nhdn ddn Ninh Binh trong lich sir. Nghia Id
nhiing net phd qudt nhdi, tieu
hidi
nhat ve
dia
chi vdn hod ddn gian
ciia
Ninh
Binh.
Tdi nhien vdn hod ddn gian Id mdt
thirc
the, phdt trien mot cdch khach
quan.
lien tuc. Vdn hod ddn gian hien dgi mang nlulng nd ddc
trUng
vira gidng,
Igi
vira khdc vdn hod ddn gian
triixeii
thdng. Cdng trinh
ngliirdi
ciru ndy de cap
chu yen ve mdt vdn hod
triixen
thdng, cdn mat vdn hod hien dgi
.xm ddnli
cho

mdt
cong trinh khdc. Cd nghia Id.
ciuni
sdch ndx de cdp den mdt khdng gian
trong mdl
tlu'fi gian
dd
Irdi
qua. duoc the
liidi
bdng mot the
tdi
vd
pliUo'ng
phdp
ddc biet, khd nun me, cdch vie) tir ddu dim
ciidi chii ydi
dung nlulng
ydi
Id
Folklore de trinh bdy, Igp
lugn
vd
cliirng
minh.
Cdng trinh tap trung khdc hog
nlulng ve dep vdn hod truyen thdng cua dd) vd
ngii'in
Ninh Binh, qua hdng ngdn
ndm ddu tranh

gian
lao md anh dung,
dirng
mrdc vd
giil
nird'c,
.xdy
dung nen mot
vung
iiuirc
non gain vdc Ninh Binh.
Ciidi
cudn sdch, cluing tdi cd
tlu'in
phdn phu
liic,
gid'i thieu he thdng
nlulng di lich lich sd, vdn hod tren
ddi
Ninh Binh dd
dirrrc Nhd
mrdc
.xep
hgng;
tdm
Idt
noi dung nlulng ldc pham vdn tho bdng
cliil
Hdn,
clul Ndm

khdc tren
mil non, bia dd d cdc den, dinh, chiia,
edit
qudn d Ninh Binh (trong dd cd mot
sd di tich lich sd, danh lam thdng
cdnli
vd mot sd ldc pham dd
dirirc
gidi thieu
ngiixeii
vdn hodc bdn dich trong phdn chinh cua cdng trinh). Ddng thdi cluing
tdi
cung
tdp
hop danh sdch cdc nhd khoa bang
ihdi
phong kien
ciia
tinh de ddc
gui tham
kien.
Trong qud trinh nghien
cdii
de
liodn
thdnh ldc
phdni,
cluing Idi dd
dirr/c sir
tdi

lr(y qiix
gid
ciia
Chinh
plui,
thdng qua
Hgi
\ an nghe ddn gian
Mi'l
Nam,
sir
quan
Idm
ddng gdp y kien quy
bdii
cua GS.TSKH To
Ngoc
Thanh, Tdng
Tliir
kv,
GS.
Trdii
Qiu'ic
\'ir(/ng,
GS.TS Nguyen
Xiidn
Kinh, Phd Tdng Thu ky
Hoi
vdn
nghe ddn gian \'id Nam vd Hdi ddng Chuyen mdn

ciia
Hdi;
sir
quan tdm ddng
vien,
khich le vd ddng gdp y kien quy
bdii
cua cdc ddng chi lanh dgo Tinh,
Idnh
dao Sd Khoa hgc - Cdng
ngluK Sd\'dn
hod - Thdng tin Ninh Binh;
sir
tdi tra cua
Tinh di' cudn sdch cd dieu
kii.'n
ra mdt ddc gid, ciing
sir
chi gido
ciia
cdc bdc
thirc gid. cdc nhd nghien
ciui.
be bgn ddng nghiep
.xa
gdn,
sir giup
dd vd cung
cdp ur lieu cua bd con tnmg vd ngodi
tinh.

Cluing Idi vd cung bid on
\'d
cam ta!
13
Dja
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
Mac du chung
Idi
dd co gdng den
mire
cao
nhal.
dem het kha
iidng
cua
minh.
dung tam nghien cuu.
tiep
thu vd nghiem tuc
suii
chiia, bo sung nlulng y
kien ddng gdp. song vi trinh do. kha
ndiig
cd
lian;
the tdi vd
phu'cmg
phdp nghien
cdii.
phuong phdp the hien dura

dir<rc
tiep
.xuc vdi
nlulng ldc
phdni
man
mii'c
ve
logi
ndx de tham khdo: tdi lieu, tu lieu ve vdn hod ddn gian ndm tnmg qudn
cluing nhdn ddn cdn rd)
tiein
tdng, nhung dieu
kidi
su'u tdm, lap hop chua
dii'(yc
Id
bao. Mat khdc, cdc nhd nghien cuu tham
gia
vie) cdng trinh ndy, d cdc co'
quan vd dia phuong khdc nhau,
cucmg
vi cdng ldc khdc nhau. vi
Idng
yen mdn
que
liirong,
say sua
viri
khoa hoc, md

chiixen
chu dui
nidi
nghien ciru.
siui
tdm.
Viet rdi tdp hr/p
de
Clui bii'ii
chinh ly, bo sung,
clidp
hut Igi thdnh cong trinh
cluing,
dura Id chirc diro'c
hdi llido
de
Idx
x
kien
rdng
rdi ciia
cdc nhd nghien
cUu vd cua nlulng
iigwiri cpian
tdm den de
tdi.
yi'ii
men non mrdc Ninh Binh.
\ i vay. cluing
tdi

du
ddin
nghi rdng.
da\
nun la nhirng
kien
thirc. nhirng tap
hop ban dau cdn he) sire
kliieni
ton. chac (hdn kliong
Irdnh klioi
nlulng
lliieii
sdl.
nham Ian. Kinh mong cdc bgc cao
minh.
thirc gid. cdc nhd nghien
ciiu.
bgn doc
the
tdi,
du bao. gdp nlulng y
kien
thdng thdn de cluing tdi
tiep
thu,
siia
chiia
khi
cd dieu

kien
tdi bdn.
Cluing tdi
.xin trdii
trong
cdni
tg !
Hodn thdnh,
Miia
Thu ndm Canh Thin - 2000
Chinh ly,
Miia
Thu ndm Gidp Thdn - 2004
Thay mat nhdm bien sogn
Chii
bien
Trirang Dinh
Tuong
14
ChtJ
bien:
Trifotng
Dinh Titcfng
Phdn
mot
THIEN NHIEN - XA HOI - CON
NGUOI
VA
ucH
SLTTINH

NINH BINH
Chuong
I
DIA LY TU NHIEN VA DIA LY
HANH
CHINH
TINH NINH BINH QUA CAC
THC)I
KY
l-OIALYTL/NHIEN
/.
Vi tri dia ly:
N
inli
Binh la
iiidt tinh
nam
o'
cue
nam dong bang Bac bd. cd loa dd dia ly
19'50"
den 2()"27" Vi dd Bac,
10 S"32"den
106"27'
dd Kinh Ddng. Day nui
Tam Diep chay theo hudng tay bac-ddng nam, lam ranh
rdi
tu nhien giira
hai
tinh

Ninh
Binh va Thanh Hoa.
Phia
ddng
\'a
ddng bac cd sdng Day bao quanh, la
ranh
gidi
tu nhien \di 2 tinh Ha Nam
\'a
Nam Dinh, phia bac la tinh Hoa Binh,
phia nam la bidn Ddng. Qudc
Id
LA, Qudc
ig
10 \a dudng sat Bac Nam chay
xuyen qua tinh. Do didu kien tu nhien dd, nen tir xua,
Ninh
Binh dugc coi la "cd
hong'^^^civA
Bac Nam, la
dia
bdn chien
brae ciia
nhidu tridu dai.
Ninh
Binh
hien nay cd 2 thi xa true thudc la thi xa Ninh Binh (Thi xa tinh
ly),
thi xa Tam Diep

\'a
6 huyen la: Nho quan. Gia Vidn, Hoa Lu, Yen Khanh,
Yen Md, Kim Son. vdi
icSng
sd
127
xa.
17
phudng. dien tich
tir
nhien loan tinh la
I.3S4.1
km\
dan sd trung binh nam 2001 la 905.795 ngudi, mat dd dan sd trung
binh 654 ngudi/
km2'''
.
dai
bd phan nhan dan trong tinh la ngudi Kinh. cd
18.149 ngudi la dan tdc Mudng", sinh sdng chu veu d mdt sd xa thudc huven
'
Dai
Nam
iiluil ihoiig
clu.
Sdd. trang
214.
'-'
UBND
mill Niiiii

Binh:
Nicn guhn
Nmh Binh
2001-2002.
Sdd.
Irgl97.
'''Tlico
sa licit
dicii
Ira
nCiin
1999.
15
Oja
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
Nho Quan va mdt sd it d thi xa Tam Diep. Ton giao
ehii
yeu la dao Phat va
Thien chiia giao.
Lich sir da chiing minh.
Ninh
Binh Id mdt
\iing
dd) cd, cd con ngirdi
cir
trd
td
red
sdm.
Nhin vao canh quan

\-iing
rirng
niii
Nho Quan, Tam Diep va phia tay tay bdc
huyen Yen Md, hinh dung
\'d
hang ngan. hang van nam trudc, chung ta cd thd
thay. day la mdt khu
\'Uc
sinh sdng thuan
Igi \'di
ngudi nguyen thuy. Noi day cd
hai dia
hinh
.xen
ke' nhau la
dia hinh
Ca.xio'
\a dia hinh
xani
thirc. Ddi
niii
chu
yeu dugc tao nen bang da
\'di \'a
tram lich
lue
nguyen. Tren dia hinh nhu \'ay,
thdi Tidn sir va So sir. day la khu
\'irc ciia

cac hang dgng da \'di \'a
ciia
rirng, chac
chan khu canh quan va sinh thai ay se la noi rai hap diin ddi vdi ngudi Tidn sir
Ddng Nam A.
Cho den nay, chiing ta da cd tirong ddi diiy
dii
tai lieu de khang dinh mot
each
chac chan rang, con ngirdi da cd miit d Ninh Binh tir thdi dai Da cii.
Daii
vet
ciia
hg da dugc tim thay d hang Thung Lang,
(na\'
thuge phudng Nam Son,
thi xa Tam Diep), do nha dia chai hgc ngirdi Phap la Fromaget phat hien vao
nam 1948. Cac nha khao cd hoe khang dinh, ngudi Thung Lang ciing loai hinh
vdi ngudi Keo Leng (Lang Son).
Gitii
sir hgc
ggi
la Ngirdi Khdn Ngoan
(Homesapriens), cd nien dai la 30.000 nam. Didu dd chiing
id,
tir
Ilau
ky Da cu
da cd con ngudi cu tni tren dai Ninh Binh.
Nam 1966, Vien Khao cd hgc da phat hien d hang Dang Dang

(Ciic
Phuong).
di tich
ciia con.ngudi
thudc Van hoa Hoa Binh,
each
ngay nay 7.000 -
8.000
nam.
Cung
a'Tam
Diep. nha khao cd hoc Phap
H.ManSuy
da cd mot phat hien rai
dang chii y. Dd la mdl so ngudi dugc tim thay
o'
hang Chg Ghcnh. Ong cho
rang, day la mgt sg Indonesien. la mot loai hinh nhan chiing cd mat phd
bidn o
Viet Nam
tii'
d3u
thdi dai Da mdi den thdi dai
Kim
khi.
Sg chg Ghdnh. trong
nhieu sd do. rat giin vdi nhirng sg Indonesien tim thay dugc d hang lang Cudm
(Lang Son), didn hinh
ciia chii
nhan Van Hoa Bac

.Son'".
Cung tai hang Chg
Ghdnh, nha khao cd hgc ngudi Phap la M.Colani, vao nam 1924, da phat hien
mgt di chi thdi dai Ddng than, \'ira cd yeu
to
Van hoa viing sdng Hdng, \ira cd
yeu td Van hoa viing sdng Ma. Nhidu nha khao cd hgc trong va ngoai
nude
da
coi day la mdt trudng hop quy hiem, thii
\-i,
de khao sat hien tugng giao
luu
van
//(}
1
(//(
Jim:
\
c
vim di
ngiiin Indaiwsicn vii loai
hinh
liidaiiiicn
trang
tlii'fi dai
Nguyen lliiix \'iel
Nam.
Tliimg
baa

Klina
hoc.
Dai
hoc
Ton.i;
hop
I Hi
Nin . Su Hoc I.
1962 .
Chu
bien:
TrWcfng Dinh^ifdiig
hoa trong thdi ky Tidn Dong Son'". Di chi hang Cha Ghdnh duoc danh
gia
la
dia
didm
cue
bac cua he thdng Van hoa sdng Ma
\'di
Van
minh
sdng Hdng. Dieu
dang
chil
y d day. tren nhung manh chac gdm cd chi chit \d trau. bang chiing
cho su tdn tai
ciia
nghe trdng
liia

thdi bay gid.
Q Ninh Binh, cho den nay, da phat hien duoc 5
chiec
trdng ddng, trong
dd cd mgt chiec trdng Ddng Son mudn
\'a
4 chide trdng loai II Hega, cdn dugc
ggi la trdng Mudng. Trong cac niii da
ciia
Hoa Lu, Tam Diep, den nay ta da tim
thay kha nhidu riu da cd vai, thudc Hau ky dd Da
mdi.
So ky Ddng thau,
each
ngay nay tren 4.000 nam. Mdt phat hien rai dang chii y
gdn
day d di chi Man
Bac,
thuge xa Yen Thanh (huyen Yen Md ), khai quat vao thang 3-1999, cac nha
khao cd da thu thap dugc rai nhidu hien \'at dd da nhu riu, bdn,
due,
lao, chi
ludi,
ban
mai Do
xuong nhu mui lao, dd gdm nhu ndi. \'d. bat, chau au Dac biet,
trong tdng Van hoa d do sau khoang 1,60m cd 5 ngdi md
\'di
6 bd xuong cdn
gdn nhu nguyen \en, gdm 3 bd xuong ngudi

Idn
vl\
3 bd xuong tre em. ciing mot
sd dd tuy tang khac va
xiKmg.
rang dgng \at nhu trau, bd,
Ign,
hirou.
nai. \'d
d'c Can
cii
\'ao loai hinh \'a dac didm
ciia
cdng cu . kidu
dang,
hoa \an tren dd
gdm, cac nha khao cd hgc xac
dnih Di
chi Man Bac cd nien dai tir 3000 den
3500 nam
each
ngay nay. 'Tire la, thuge So ky thdi dai Kim khi. Didu dd da
chiing td, con ngirdi da tir rirng
niii
tien ddn ra
\'iing
ddng bang
N'en
bien dd sinh
sdng. Rd rang, Ninh

Binh
la mgt trong nhung
\'iing
dai quan trgng, gdp phdn tao
dung ndn Van minh Van Lang - Au Lac.
Vdi vi tri dia ly dac biet, thien nhien da dang, phong phii, Ninh Binh thdi
Tidn
sii'
\'a
So sir trd thanh mdt noi chuyen tai cac anh hudng Van.
sdng
Mci
ra phia bac, va tir luu
vire
sdng Hdng \ao phia nam,
tirl
bien, va tir ven bien
len
niii. Chinh \i \ay. han la bd
mi\.\.
Van
hf
Ninh Binh kha phong
phii
va da dang.
Sdn bdn. hdi
lii'o'm.
trdng
lua
vd

due
ddng,
cW
ddn Ninh Bi
buoi
binh minh
difng nn'oe ciia thdi dgi
cdc Vua Hung.
Nhan dan Ninh Binh cd truydn thdng ddu tranh chdng \\
dgng cdn
cii
de gdp phdn xay dung va bao
\'e
giang son Viet
cac thdi dai. Truydn thdng dd da trd thanh di san
tinh
than \d gia
ciia
nhan dan
Ninh
I3inh.
Ninh Binh nam d
cue
nam ddng bdng Sdng Hdng. giap vdi ddng bdng sdng
Ma qua vimg mil Tam Diep, la phdn cudi ciing cua
\'iing
niii Tay Bdc trong khu
dem Hoa Binh-Thanh Hoa, nen nd dugc coi la dia ban trung chuyen
ciia
cdc he

1981
lid
Villi 'Fan: Giao
hai vitn
hod
ciia
ngirdi
\'ic'l
cd. Nghien ciru nghe
tliiidl.
sd4
17
Dja
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
thdng tu nhien. Day la net ddc diem dia ly
Idn
nhid cd anh hudng nhieu mat den
khf hau. thdi tiet. dia hinh. thd
nhirdng
\a cac
didu
kien phat trien
kinh
te. xa
hoi,
van hoa
ciia tinh
Ninh
Binh.
Dac

diem
dia ly
thii
hai la
giao ilidng
dudng bd. dudng sdt Bdc Nam red
tliugii
loi.
Ninh
Binh
nam
each
thu do Ha
.N'gi
hon
')()
km. Qudc
Id
l.A.
tuyen
dudng giao thdng huyet mach quan trong \ao bac nhdt cua
nude
ta. chay ngang
qua tinh tir Cdu Khudt (Doan Vi) den Ddc Xay
dai
34km. dudng sdt Thdng Nhat
Bac - Nam chay ngang qua tinh tit cdu Non
Nude
den Ddc Xay. dai
19.6

km. cd
4 ga:
Ninh
Binh. Cdu Yen, Ghdnh \a Ddng Giao. Qudc
ig 10
chay qua Ninh
Binh tir
thi
xa Ninh Binh di Kim Son, den giap Didn Hd (Nga Son), dai hon
35km, ndi
\'di
cac tinh ddng bdng sdng Hdng,
Id
cac viing trgng
didm
kinh te, du
lich phia Ddng Bdc ddt nude. Dudng
12A
tir Ghdnh (thi xa Tam Diep), qua Nho
Quan, di Hoa Binh, ndi
\'di
Qudc
ig
sd 6, la cira ngd giao luu \di
x'ling
Tay Bdc
cua Td qudc.
Dac didm dia ly thir ba la, Ninh Binh cd cdc
hi'
the'ing

giao thdng
dii'dng
thux
red
iliiidn
tidi,
vdi cdc con sdng
Idn:
sdng Day. sdng Hoang Long, sdng Van
Siing, sdng Vac, sdng Lang, sdng Bdi, tao didu kien cho qua trinh giao luu kinh
te.
\an hoa \di cac tinh trong khu
\'Uc \a
ca
nude.
Dac diem
dia
ly
thii
tu la Ninh Hinh
vu'a
cd
niii
ning giau lam thd san. ddng
ihuc
\al quy
hiem,
\iia
cd dong hdng phi nhieu.
lai

vua cd
bien
ca
giau
thuy hai
san. dac biet la viing dat md Kim
.Son.
hang nam dat
bdi
ra bien Ddng tir 80-
100m. lam cho dien lich
tir
nhien cua
Ninh
Binh khdng
ngiing
duoc md rdng.
2-
Dia hinh:
Trong qua trinh td
chiie
lanh thd
ciia
minh.
tu'
bao the the he ke tiep nhau.
dia
hinh
bao gid cung
la

yeu to ddu tien con ngudi phai quan tam den.
Nhin bao quat dia hinh Ninh Binh. chiing ta de dang nhan thdy. dia hinh.
dia
meio
Ninh
Binh
cd dac diem
ndi
bat la: Phia ddng cd ddng sdng Day udn
khiie dm dp, chd nang
phii
sa dap bdi chau thd. Phia tay cd niii Tam Diep hiing
\i,
chay dai tir bdc xudng nam, la birc trudng thanh, thien hidm, ndi lidn dai
niii
rirng Hoa Binh
\'a
midn Tay Bdc Td qudc. Phia Bac cd sdng Hoang Long, nhan
nude
ti^i'
sdng Bdi, sdng Lang dd \'e. Phia nam la bien cd bao la. Cd ngudi da ndi.
Ninh
Binh
nam trong
"lYr giac
nude" la nhu
\a_v.
Lai
cung cd
ngutTi

nhan xet,
Ninh binh la tinh "Kd rirng, ap bien"
thai
khdng
sai.
Khdng nhu mdt sd tinh
khac
lai
"xa rirng, nhat bien".
TDay lii
net dac trung ndi bat
nhdi
cua
dia
hinh. cd
tac ddng to
Idn,
sau sac. manh me
\e
nhieu mat den su hinh thanh dat dai, khi
hau. thdi
net.
mdi
trudng. canh quan \a ddi sdng cu dan Ninh Binh hang ngan.
hanc \'an
nam nav.
18
Chu bien:
Tritcfng Dinli Tiiafng
La mdl tinh nam d

cue
Nam ddng bang chau thd sdng Hdng. noi gap gd va
dan quyen
ciia
hai yeu td giira ddng bang dang md
\'d
phia bidn Ddng \'di nhirng
dot ddi niii
cud'i
ciing
ciia
phire he niii Tay Bdc Viet Nam, dia hinh Ninh
Binh
rai
da
dang,
pliirc
igp.
Noi day cd nhieu dang dia hinh khac nhau: cd viing ddi mil,
ban son dia, viing ddng bang
\-a \iing
\en
bien.
Hudng ddc
ciia
dia hinh chu dao
la hudng Tay Bac- Ddng Nam,
phii
hop
\di

hirdng phd bidn
eiia
nin Tam Diep
vl\
nhung ddng sdng
\an
dd \ao tinh nhu sdng Day. sdng Bdi xa sdng Lang Phong.
Bdi \ay. cac ddi go. thung lung
\a
nhiing canh ddng bat ngat
ciing
dugc
lao
ra
bdi
hirdng
diil
gay
ciia dai
Tam
diep \'a
hudng cuon chay
ciia
cac ddng sdng dd
nang
phii
sa dd vao tinh hang ngan. hang \'an nam. tao nen be mat du\ hinh
thanh nhung ddi keo
dai
theo hudng nin sdng. ddc

thoai thoai
tir
'Ta\'
Bac xudng
TDdng
Nam.
Vd
CO
ban, dia hinh Ninh Binh mang dac tinh cua vimg nhiet ddi dm.
Sir
hinh thanh chau thu
Ninh Binh hi mot viing ddt cd vd cung
Id
mot viing
dcit
mdi. tham chi, cd
viing rdt "tre", bdi vi, ed phdn dugc
hinh
thanh sau thdi ky
bi<}n
tliodi,
cd phdn
ddt mdi dugc
phii
sa sdng bidn dap bdi them, den nay vdn lien tuc mdi nam
bdi
them tir 80 -
100m
ra bidn Dgng. vdi bd bidn dai hon
17.600m.

Dd
la
cdc yeu td
tao nen dia hinh da
dang,
phiic tap
ciia Ninh
Binh.
Chiing ta biet rdng. lanh thd
nude
ta ndi chung va Ninh Binh ndi rieng.
khdng phai mdt sdm mgt
chidu
dugc cdu tao hoan chinh nhu ngay nay. Nd da
trai qua qua trinh hinh thanh. phat tridn lau dai \a phiic tap
ciia
nhiing
dcrt
\'an
ddng tao mil Idn. Hai van ddng tao
niii phii
hop vdi hai Idn bidn
thoiii
la: van
ddng tao
niii
Ca le dd ni xay ra
each
nay gdn 300 trieu nam va \an ddng tao mil
Hecxini

each
n<iy
cluing 250
iricu
nam.
Bien lai lien vi\o
dat lien vao dau ky 'Tri
At. md ddu cho mdl
giai
doan phu
iriim IC'U
ca nhiing dia khdi cd. Vao
giiia
ky
Tri At, each nay gdn
170
trieu nam,
lai
xay ra mdt van dgng tao nin quan trong
khac ggi la \an ddng Inddxi a, lam udn ndp nhung eo bien cdn sdt. Sau van dong
tge) md ndy.
Iidit
ltd Idnh
thd Vid
Nam
deii
dd ndi lim
tri'ii
mdt biim.
Sail

dd,
each nay chirng 40 trieu nam. \ao ddu thdi ky Ne d gen, lai xay ra mdt van ddng
tao niii cue ky manh, tren pham \i loan the gidi. ggi la \'an dgng tao
niii
Anpi,
nhung nd tac ddng vira phai ddi \di
nude
ta. Bdi vi lanh thd nude ta liic dd da
dugc cdu
triic
kha
\'U'ng
chac, khdng cdn udn nep dugc niia, ma chi bi nang len
hoac
sill
kin,
dirt
gay, lam tang
sir
ehenh lech dia hinh ma
thdi.
Tir
sir
ddn giai hinh thanh lanh thd Viet Nam, chiing ta tim hieu su hinh
thanh
plidn
lanh thd
ciia
Ninh Binh mdt each cu the hon, tuy cd nhung net khac
biet.

nhung cung khdng nam ngoai nhirng van ddng lao niii va hinh thanh lanh
thd
iiiidc
gia.
19
D\Q
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
Ddng bdng chau thd sdng Hdng la mdt hinh tam giac, cd dinh la Viet Tri.
diiy keo ddi tir Quang Yen (Quang Ninh) den Ninh Binh.
Ninh
Binh la
cite
nam
ciia
tam
gidc
chdu ndy. Tam giac chau thd Bdc Bd do he thdng sdng Hdng
\'a
sdng Thai Binh bdi ddp nen. Nhung tinh ndm d \en bidn. duoc goi la chau thd d
ria. Ninh Binh la tinh nam d ria chau thd, lai d
cudi
ddng
phii
sa sdng Hdng, nen
nd tiep nhan gdn nhu loan bg
phii
sa tir cdc cira sdng mang lai. Vi vay, day la
mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan ddt lidn cd tdc do bdi ddp
Idn
nhat trong cac tinh

d ria chau thd Bdc bd. Mdi nam dai lidn tidn ra bidn
\'di
tdc do hiem thay, gdn
lOOm/nam.
Toan bd chau thd nam trong mdt midn \dng rgng kin giua nui, tren
mgt ndn da ket tinh nguyen da bi sut xudng tir cudi thdi ky Cd sinh, each nay
chirng tren 200 trieu nam.
Liic
dd,
xiing
Ninh
Binli
hinh thanh cac dai
niii
thdp.
ddi
bat lip \'a lugn sdng, cimg cac gd dai thoai thoai hay bang d cac viing phia
bac
\'a lay
bac tinh. tir
\'Ling
Xich Thd, Thach Binh. Quang Lac (Nho Quan). den
\'Ling
lay bac thi xii 'Tam
T)iep,
keo
dai idi
Yen Thanh
(\'en
Md). Hau het

xiing
cdn lai
ciia
Ninh Binh kie
luiy chii
yeu cdn trong tinh trang
vinli
bien. Bidn cdn
dm sat cac day
niii
Sudn Bd (Nho Quan). \d sdng \ao cac chan
niii
viing Gia
Vidn \'a Hoa Lu. (Ngay nay eon vet ti'ch sdng an mdn chan
niii
d nhirng noi nay
cao tdi tren dirdi 2 met). Che do bidn keo dai den tren
170
trieu nam, day vinh
chiu mdt van ddng sut kin tir tir, lam cho trdm tich lang dgng, cd chidu day den
hang ngan met. Sau dd, each ngay nay khoang 70 trieu
inun,
vao ky Paleoen,
thdi ky
biedi
thodi, dat dugc dang ddn len. Viing Gia Vidn va bdc Hoa Lu cd
Idp
phii
sa cd Ky De tu, cdch ngay nay \ai trieu nam. Ndn tning cu d Gia Sinh (Gia
Vidn),

hien cdn cd chd thdp han mat bidn tdi 0,40 m.
.Sdng
Hdng va he thdng
sdng Hdng, trong dd cd sdng
TDay.
sdng Bdi, sdng Lang tiep tuc tai
phii
sa bdi
dap chau thd. Tir dd,
vinli bien
dan ddn trd thdnh vung hd va lang dgng trdm tich
Neogen vdi chidu day thay ddi. cd
noi
day tdi hon 3000 met.
Ltip phii
sa tren
ciing. con
ngU()i
dang canh tac \a sinh sdng. ngudi ta ggi la plui sa Hd Id xen, cd
dg day
lit -180
den - 60 met. cd noi mdng hon. nen nen da gdc cd thd Ig ra, dan
gian
goi
lii
dd
Id
ddu. Hien
tirang
nay

xiial hien
nhieu
a
viing 'Tam Diep, mot so
Xii ciiaYen
Md
\'a
Nho Quan. Qua trinh
bdi
dap
phii
s:i
Idp ddn vung bien cir
dien
ra nhu the trong
viii \'iiii
nam trong thdi
k\'
bien
ihoai
s;iu
Tiiindri.
Cac nha
dia ly hgc cho rang, chau thd sdng Hdng la mgt
(/((/;(
tho thuy trieu ndm trong
tinh trgng nira
tigdp
nue'rc.
Nhu

x'ay,
Ninh Binh cung nam trong tinh
triing
chung
dd.
I'hien
nhien
cii
cdn
cii
ddp bdi nhu the trai qua hang tram trieu nam, hang
ngiin, hang van nam, vung Ninh Binh tit mot vung bien,
tro
thdnh mot vung
cue
nam cua chdu thd song Hong, ddt dai mau md, canh sdc ky tii nhu mdt
Vinh
Hq
Long tren can, nhu ngudi ta thudng
\i
von. Nhung thirc ra, nhu tren da
tiinh
bay, trudc day hang
chiic,
hang tram trieu nam, vimg nay diing la mdt vinh
bidn
dep de, ky vi khdng kem gi Vinh
Hii
Long !
20

Chu bien:
Trifcfng
Dinh Titcfng
Thien nhien hinh nhu vdn chua bang long vdi su hinh thanh
\'iing
cue nam
chau thd -
\'iing
dat dai, non nude
Ninh
Binh. nen tir hang tram trieu nam
truoc
tdi
nay. nhiing ddng sdng dd nang
phii
sa vdn cdn mdn bdi ddp nhu khdng biet
met mdl,
vdi
tdc dd
\'Uon
ra
bidn T3dng
Idn nhiit cua chau thd cho noi nay. Cdch
day hon 1000 nam.
viing
niii Non Nude
CITii
xa Ninh Binh) hay cdn la cua bien.
Cang bidn Phiic Thanh d khu
\'Uc

phudng Ddng 'Thanh, thi xa Ninh Binh bay
gid. Cira bien ndi tieng trong su sach cd - cira Dai Ac/ Dai An, liic biiy gid
khdng phai d ngii ba Ddc Bg, vi a phia Ninh Binh, ddi
ngiin
vdi Ddc Bg, hay cdn
la bidn ca menh mdng, thi lam gi ed "nga ba" dugc? Mgt sd nha nghien ciru gdn
day cho rang cira Dili Ac/ Dai An the ky
thii'
VI,
khi
'Trieu Viet Vuong trdm
minh xudng bidn dd chay giac d ngang xa Khanh Tien (huyen Yen Khdnh), vi
lay ddn thd Trieu Viet Vuong d Khanh Tien, ddi dien \'di ddn Doe Bd phia Nam
Dinh, rdi cho rang cira bidn Dili Ac/
DiU .Vn
d day la khdng diing. Ddn Dge Bd
thd 'Trieu Viet Vuong cd thd dugc lap sau khi dng mat khdng lau a bai bien ciing
dudng nay.
.Song
den thd dng d ben bd huu sdng Ddy, nay thuge Xii Khanh Tien
(Yen Khiinh) thi
niiii
sau
Uiiy,
khoang the ky
XIV.
hoac ddu the ky XV,
diii
bdi
nen chau tho

xiing
niiy,
cd dan cu
sinh
song,
mdi
c(')
ilen ihd
Ngiii.
Vi day la ngii
ba sdng
nin'vc.
hii
hi cira
bien
hie bay
gid
Nen luu y
rang,
den
thdi
nha 'Trdn, the
ky
thii'
Xlll,
tire
hi tren 600 nam sau, ke
tir khi
cd
sir kien Lrieu

Viet
Virong
tram
minh tu van d
TDdc
Bg, cang Phuc 'Thanh cdn d
\'iing
thi xii Ninh Binh bay gid.
Niii
Non Nude qua mdl sd tho van Ly 'Tran van cdn duoc goi la Due Thuy Son Hdi
khdu.
Sii'
cu ghi rdng, 'Trieu Viet Vuong (Trieu Quang Phuc), d the ky thir
VI,
eh;iy
giiic
den cira bidn Doe Bg, rdi mat.
(Diw
Bd la
ntiit birifciVhco
truyen thuyet, 'Trieu
Viet Virong
ehiiy
giac den day ciing
duiTng,
lien
btiirc
mdt
biie'rc
xudng bien).

Nhung dd la bd bidn phia Nam Dinh. Cdn bd bien
phi'ii
Ninh Binh liic dd
thi
cdn
chech
vd phia bac kha xa, chi it cung phai d quang phia tren thi Xii Ninh Binh bay
gid. Nghia la
ciich
Ddc Bd
15-17km.
d khoang tir Ninh Khang. Ninh Khanh, Ninh
My (huyen Hoa
\xi) ircV
len. Didu dd chirng td.
\'ao
the ky
thir
VI.
\'iing diit
thudc
thi Xii Ninh Binh, Ninh Phong, Ninh
.An.
Ninh San. Ninh Phiic trd xudng. hay cdn
lii bien ca. Vay ciii ten cira
T^iii
Ac. neu d
ng;ing TOde
Bd.
|ihai

la tir khi bien da
liii
xa, diil
N'img
Ninh Binh dii phai bdi xudng
\'iing
Khanh 'Tien, Khanh Lgi, Khanh
Hai,
Khiinh Van (huyen Yen Khanh) \ii Ciic Xii
^'en
Phong, Yen Hung. Yen
Phii,
(Yen Mo), tire la
\'ao
khoang the ky
XIV
hoac ddu the ky XV.
Vting
diil cat pha nam Hoa Lu \a bdc
'i'en
Khiinh ndi len khdng sdm hon
irucic ihe
ky X
diiae.
'Theo mot sd
iliu
tich cd,
nhii
Dinh cdn xay dung can cir thuy
quan

Idn
d
\iing
'Thien
'lYiio (Ninh
San, Hoa Lu). Theo Thdn pha ddn Tam 'Thiinh
(Khanh /\n. Yen Khiinh) va den Thap (Khanh Thinh, Yen Md),
thi
Dinh Didn,
Tudng thdn
ciia
Dinh 'Tien Hoang da ddng dai ban doanh d vting nay dd an ngir
vimg duyen hai. Dieu dd chimg td, d thdi Dinh - Le, the ky X, viing bdc Yen
21
t)ja
chi vdn hod ddn
gian
Ninh Binh
khanh cdn la ven bidn. Kinh dd Hoa Lu kic bay gid. khdng phai xa bidn nhu ngay
nay, ma
viia
tua lung vao
niii
rirng, vira ngoanh mitt ra bidn Ddng. Hai ba the ky
sau,
\'iing
dat bdc Yen Khanh. ddng nam Yen Md tiep tuc dugc bdi ddp. Vao nam
1471,
\'ua
Le Thanh

li')ng
cho dap de ngan man tir
Phiing
Cdng qua Phiic
Nhiic
("I'en
Khiinh),
tdi
'Thdn
Phii
(Yen Md).
goi
la de Hdng
Dire.
.Sau
dd
\'iing
diit phia
nam de Hdng Dire
ciia hu\'en "I'en
Khiinh \'a
hu\'en "I'en
Md dugc hinh thanh.
T^en
cudi
the ky thir
XVIII.
hai.
ba thap men dau the
k\

XIX
mdi
ddn hinh thanh nen
vimg dai nam huyen Yen Khiinh \'a phan Idn hu\en
Kim
.Son.
Ngay nay. ngam
nhin
kinh thd rdng Idn. man md cua Ninh Binh. chiing ta
khdng the hinh dung het duoc su can
eii eiia
thien nhien dii phai
miii
hiing tram
irieu
nam. chua kd thdi gian trudc dd. Rieng giai
doiin
ddu khdng dirdi 400 trieu
nam. giai doan hai 173 trieu nam. giai doan ba gdn nhdt ciing gdn 70 trieu nam.
Ciic nha dia ly hgc Viet Nam cdn cho
rang,
each nay hai
\'iui
nam \'d trudc, kinh
thd
nude
ta ndi lidn vdi hinh thd Inddnexia \'a tdi dao Hai Nam ('Trung Qudc).
"Ne'ii
nhu cd
phi'p

Ig ndo Idm cho cluing la sdng trd Igi hai vgn ndm ve
trirew,
thi
cluing la dd cd the di bd td Viet Nam ra ddt ddo
Hdi
Nam,
lieix
qudn ddo
Inddne.via
md khdng so'
win
clidti'"'
.
TDidu niiy
cho chiing ta thiiy rang, lanh thd
tinh
ta trudc day hai van nam cung ndi lidn
\'di
ciic qudc gia tren bidn Ddng.
nhirng sau mot
\'(in
dgng
tiio
mil. ndn da gdc dii
siii
lim, tao
ncMi
tinh triing bidn
om
hi'y

kinh thd nucic la \'ii Ninh Binh
nhir
hien nay.Va
ngiiy
nay. rirng
Cue
Phuong cd nhieu ddng,
ihuc
\al quy hiem, cd ngudn gdc
lir
cac
tjudc
gia tren.
Chimg chi cd the cd mat o'
dii\'
\';io thii'i
ky bien
cliu'ii
ngan each
nude Ui
\'di
Ikii
Nam
\'a
cac qudn dao
Inddnexiii.
' ••
•
• '
Viing doi niii va biin son dia

Viing
nay nam d phia lay va lay nam
ciia
linh. bao gdm cac khu
\'u'c
phia
lay nam huyen Nho Quan va thi xa Tam
T3iep.
phia lay huyen Gia Vien, phia lay
nam huyen Hoa Lu va tay nam huyen Yen Md. Dien tich loan
\'iing
nay khoang
35.000 ha, chiem 24% dien tich tu nhien loan tinh.
Do ciio
trung binh tir 90 -
120m.
TDae
biet khu vuc
niii
da cd do cao tren
200in.
Viing
nay tiip trung tdi
90'^f
dien tich ddi
niii
va dien tich rirng
ciui
linh, do
dd rdt thuan lgi dd phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep nhu san xuat vat lieu xay

dung, san
xuili
mia dudng, che bien gd, che bien hoa qua, du lich, chan nudi dai
gia
siic
(trau, bd, de), trdng cay an qua (dira,
\'ai,
nhiln),
trdng cay cdng nghiep
dai
ngay nhu che, ca phe
\'a
trdng rirng.
'''
/,(•
Ba Thao:
Tliicn nliicn \'u'l
Nam.
N.xh
Kll-Ki.
Sdd.
Ir,i;
14.
99
Chu bien:
Tritcfng
Dinh
Titcfng
Viing ven bien
Ninh Binh cd tren

17.600
m bd bidn. Viing nay bao gdm dien ti'ch
ciia
4
xa
\'en
bien huyen Kim San la: Kim Trung. Kim Hai, Kim Ddng. Kim Tien,
dien tich khoang 6.000 ha, chiem
4.2%
dien ti'ch tu nhien toan tinh. Ddt dai d
day cdn nhidm man nhidu do mdi bdi tu nen dang trong thdi
k}'
cdi
tiio.
\i
vay chil yeu
phii
hgp vdi vice trdng
riing
phdng hd (sii, vet), trdng cdi, trdng
mdt vu liia va nudi trdng thuy san.
Viing
dong bdng
Bao gdm thi xa Ninh
T^inh.
huyen Yen Khiinh, huyen Kim
.Son \'a
dien
tich
cdn lai

ciia
ciic huyen trong
imh.
dien
tich khoang
101.000
ha. chiem
71.1%
dien
tich tu nhien toiin
tinh.
la
noi tiip
trung dan cu ddng
diic
nhiit tinh, chiem
khoang
90^c
dan sd toan
tinh.
Viing nay do cao trung binh tir 0,9
;
1,2m,
ddt dai
chil yeu la
diit
phu sa dugc bdi va khdng dugc bdi. Tidm nang phat tridn
ciia
viing nay la ndng nghiep: Trdng liia. rau mau. cay cdng nghiep ngdn ngay.Vd
cdng nghiep cd co

khi siia
chua tau, thuydn, che bien luong tkuc, thue pham.
cdng nghiep del. may. thuong nghiep dich vu. phat tridn cang sdng.
3-Khi
hau:
Do dac
dic-m
vd dia ly, dia hinh da dang, phiic tap, nen khi hau Ninh Binh
cung mang nhung net dac trung
ciia
khi hau ddng bdng Bdc bd vd cd dnh
lui'd'ng
sdc
ihdi
khi hdn vung Thanh Hod vd
Klin
4
cii.
Khi hau ddng bang Bac bd hi khi
hiiu
cd
tinli nliied
eliri,
gid mua:
miui
ddng
liinh
gia, it mua,
miia
he nang ndng, mua nhieu. Ngoai imh hirdng sau sac

ciia
gid
miia
ddng bac
\'a
ddng nam, Ninh Binh
\xra chui
anh hudng
ciia
khi lulu ven bien
vira cliiii
dnh hudng
ciia
khi hau
rirng
nin. Nhung dien bien phire
Uip ciia
che dg gid
miia
da
lam cho khi hau khu
\'ii'c
Nmh Binh bien ddng riit thai thudng trong cac
miiii.
cd khi
kii
anh hudng tir nam nay sang nam
khiic:
Miia
ddng gid

miia
ddng bdc lanh xen Idn
gid bidn nhiet ddi mang theo hoi iim d:i gay nen nhiing giao dgng manh trong che do
nhiet \'a che dd
muii.
'Trong
mtia
ddng cd nhung ngay ret xen
Idn
nhung ngay ndng
am.
nhimg
ngay ndm dm, gay ra hien tugng ndn nha
"eld
md
lidi\
nhidu khi
hu
chuyen dot ngdt
siuig
khd hanh, lam cho da ngirdi \'a ed khi ca chan trau bd bi
niit
ne
vao thang Mdt,
Chiip,
dim
giiin
ggi la "nin
cirdd'.
Tuc ngu cung cd cau

"Bd klien
con
bd
liii,
den thdng
Me}t,
thdng Chgp. miti biet con bd hay' la nhu vay. Cd didu diic biet
la,
ngay trong nhiing thang
kinh
nhdt. ed
iiiim hii
cd
nhOng
ngay ndng nue, nhiet do cd
khi len tcii 25-26 do C. Ciing cd khi trong
miia
ddng gia
hnh,
trdi lai dd mua rao,
lugng
mira
tdi 20-30 mm / ngay,
kii
cd khi cd ca sdm rdn ri khdng trung.
Miia
he nhirng nhieu ddng nhu
gidng
bao giai hdi tu thudng gay
bien

ddng
\an
\'d
dien bien
thdi tiet. nhiit la che dd mua. cd thd dang
tii'
khd han. chuvdn
23
Q\a
chi vdn hod ddn gian Ninh Binh
sang ung
kii cue
bd
\iing
midn.
cd khi tren dien rgng toan tinh. Nhiing con bdo
v'd
dp thdp
iiliiel
ddi thudng tir
bien
dd bg vao ddt
lidn
thdng
thii'("»'ng
tir thang 7
den
ihiing 10
am lich, lam anh hudng
liii Idn

den
qu\
luai
cua khi
hiiu
trong tinh.
Boi
\ay, khi
hi:iu
Ninh Binh cd nhung anh huong nhieu
khi
khdng thuan lgi cho
san xudt va ddi sdng, cd khi la phd bien nhung ciing cd khi la cue bd. Dd Id ret
liinh, suong gid,
suong
mudi trong
miia
ddng lam cho cay cdi, nhdt
Id
liia,
m;i
chiem xuan
chet
ret. Han hdn
miia
ddng lam cho
mti \'d liia
kem phat trien. Ndng
ndng, khd han keo dai
giu'a miia

he, kem theo bao lu.
ling.
kit;
trong dd biio \a
ap thdp nhiet
deii,
kem theo mua lii
Idn
dai ngay. la nhung thien tai nguy hiem.
pha hoai nha cira, hoa mau va cd tinh
miing
eon ngudi.
Ninh Binh ndm trong khu
\'Uc
cdn chiu dnh hudng
ciia
gid
iniia
ddng nam,
kii
kd sat bidn Ddng, gid
miia hii
dem den khdi khdng khi hdi
dii'emg
nhiet did ndng
vd dm \'di nhiing nhidu ddng khi quyen nhu gidng, biio \'a triit xudng luong mua
rat Idn. 'Trong
miia
ddng
\'a miia xuiiii

cd nhung ngay mua
phiin,
keo dai tir thdng
1 1
(\(:n
thiing 3 nam sau. lam cho dd dm khdng khi dat tdi mire tren 80%. tao didu
kien
cho cay
cdi
dam chdi
niiy
igc.
tuy nhien \iec
di
kii.
sinh
hoiit
cd nhieu khd
khiin.
bat
lien.
Ciic
bieti
ddng thin
ihii'i'mg ciia
khi hau ddng bang Bac bd
chii
yeu do su
tranh
citd'p

dnh hudng
hoiit
dgng
ciia
hai mua gid \'a cac qua trinh
thiTi
tidt dac
biet
didn ra trong mdi
miia.
Song nhu tren da ndi, Ninh Binh cdn chiu dnh hudng
ciia
khi
hiiu
tidu viing Thanh Hoa va Khu 4 cii,
nt;n
yeu td gid lay, md dia
phuong ggi la "gid
Ldei\
cung cd anh hudng khdng nhd den nhung bien ddng vd
khi hau, thdi tiet
ciia
Ninh Binh. Vi the, ed nam ret sdm, cd
niim kii
ret mugn, cd
nam ndng ndng keo dai, nhiet do len tdi 41- 42"C (thang 5 nam 1926), cd nam
lai xudng tdi 4-5"C (thang 1 nam 1955).
Nhin chung khi hau, thdi tiet
ciia
Ninh Binh la

iliiign
led cho phat trien san
xuiii
ndng nghiep, chi cdn chii y
giu vk
dieu hod mrdc de bao dam
dii
cung
ciip
cho
cay
trdng quanh nam.
4-
Nhiet
dg:
Nhiet do trung
binh
trong nam tir 23"
;
23,6" , tdng nhiet do trung binh
trong nam tren 8.500"C. Sd thang ed nhiet do trung binh tren 20" la 8-9 thang.
Miia
ddng nhiet do trung binh 20"C. Thang
knh
nhat la thang 1 vk thang 2. tir
17,0"
-
17,4"C.
Nhiet dg nam
thiip

nhdt 6,3"
(1968).
Miia
he nhiet dd trung
binh
27"C.
Thiing ndng nhdt la thiing 7
\'a
thdng 8, nhiet do trung binh la 29,l"C.
Nhiet do nam
ciio
nhdt la 39"3 (1967).
Tdng nhiet do trong mgt nam kha
Idn.
nhung su phan bd theo hai
miia ki
chenh lech nhau kha nhidu.
24
Chu
bien:
Tritcfng
Dinh Titcfng
5- Che do mua:
Tong lugng mua trung binh trong nam diit tir 1.860 - 1.950 mm. phan bd
tuong ddi ddng ddu tren
toan
bg lanh tho cua
tinh.
Trung binh mdt nam cd 125 -
157

ngay mua.
T.irgng
mua tap trung
chii
yeu vao
miia
he, tir thang 5 den thang
11.
chiem 80 - 90% lugng mua ca nam. Lu
kit
ciing
thud'ng
xdy ra trong thdi
gian nay.
Miia
ddng, luong mua chiem khoang 10 -
20*"^
tdng lugng mua trong
nam, chil yeu la mua nho vk mua phim.
Nam ed tdng lugng mua Idn nhiit la nam 1921: 3.024 mm. Nam cd lugng
mua
thap
nhat la nam
1957:
1.100 mm.
6- Che di)
cim:
Ninh Binh la tinh ndm sat bidn, nen dg dm khdng khi tuong ddi
Ciio.
Binh

quan ca nam tir 84 - 86%, giua cac thang, dg dm chenh lech khdng nhieu. Thang
CO do dm cao nhdt la thang 2 (90%). Thang cd dg dm thdp nhdt la thang 10
(81%).
Lirgng
hoi nude trung binh trong nam tir 850 -
870mm,
trong dd
miia
ha
chiem
60%
lugng bdc hai ca nam.
7-
Gid:
Hudng gid thinh hiinh thdi theo
miia.
tdc dg gid trung binh cd nam la
2,3 - 2,5 m/s.
Miia
ddng
hii'(yng
gid chu _\'eu hi ddng bac
\'di
tan suiii 60 - 70%.
Tir giira den cudi
miia
ddng, gid cd xu hirdng lech ddn
\'e
phia ddng, ldc dg gid
trung binh tir 2.4 - 2.6 m/s. Nhirng

ngii\'
ddu
ciia
Ciic
dgi gid miia
thudng cd gid
cap 4 va cap 5.
Miia
he, hudng gid
chii
yeu dn dinh tir ddng den ddng nam vdi tdn suai
50 - 70%. Tdc do gid trung binh
1,9
- 2,2 m/s. Tdc dg gid
cue diii
(khi cd bao)
la 40 m/s. Ddu
miia
he thudng xudt hien cac dgt gid
mtia
tay khd ndng, dan
gian ggi la "gid Lao". Ngoai ra, viing
\'en
bidn cdn chiu anh hudng
ciia
gid dat
va gid bidn. Gid dat hudng
chii
yeu la tay tay nam. Gid bidn hudng
ehii

yeu la
ddng nam.
8- Song ngdi vd thuy vdn:
He thdng sdng ngdi d Ninh Binh
biio
gdm he thdng sdng Day, sdng Hoang
Long, sdng Bdi, sdng An. sdng
Viic,
sdng
Liing,
sdngVan Sdng, vdi tdng chidu
dai 496 km, phan bd rdng khdp trong toan tinh. Mat do sdng sudi binh quan
0,5
km/km\
ciic
sdng thudng chay theo hudng tay bdc- ddng nam dd do ra
bien Ddng.
Sdng Diiy: La
chi
luu
ciia
sdng Hdng. hi tu didm thii' hai sau Nga ba Hac.
bat ngudn tir Hat Mdn (Phiic Tho, tinh Ha Tay), nen trudc khi cd dap Day, sdng
Day ed ten la Hat Giang,
diS \'ao
Ninh Binh bat ddu tir Kem 'Trdng (huyen Thanh
25