Báo cáo khoa học:Bài học về ý nghĩa của khoan dung từ lịch sử đối với hiện tại ở Việt Nam doc

TRIET HOC, SO 9 (232), THANG
9-2010
NGHIEN
CCrU
VA HOC TAP
BAI HOC VE
Y
NGHIA CUA KHOAN DUNG
TU*
LICH
SU'
DOI
Vdl
HIEN TAI
6
VIET NAM
NGUYfiN
THI PHUONG
MAI'^
Bdi viei trinh bdy vd phdn tich mpt
so'bieu
hien cda khoan dung trong
ijud
trinh xdy diing
vd bdo ve ddt niidc, trong dodn kei ddn tpc, dodn ke't tdn gido, d Viet Nam. Tii do, tdc gid
khdng dinh rang, khoan dung
Id
mpt gid tri truyin thdng cua ddn tpc Viet Nam. Vd, gid tri
truyin thdng ndy cdn phdi diidc
ke
thiia vd phdt huy trong diiu kien Men nay.

ung vdi sfl bung nd cua cac thanb tUu
khoa hoc va cdng nghe, van de khoan
dung cung dang dflng trfldc nhflng
thach thflc khdng nhd •vi tinh hai mat cua
viec ap dung nhflng thanh tflu dd vao cuoc
sd'ng.
va'n
de khdng nam d ban than nhflng
thanh
tiiu
do, ma chinh la d •viec con ngfldi
sfl dung chung nhu the nao, vi muc dich gi.
Ngay nay, chien tranh va xung dot
van
xay ra d nhieu khu
•viic,
cuoc chay dua
"vu
trang dang tac dong rat ldn va nhieu mat
den cuoc sd'ng cua con ngfldi, can trd sfl
phat trien xa hoi. Ben canh do, qua trinh
toan
ciu
boa dang thu hut va ddi bdi sfl
lien ket cac qud'c gia vi muc tieu phat trien.
Do vay, •viec hieu va tdn trgng nhflng gia tri
vd'n cd cua mdi qud'c gia, moi dan
toe
cung
nhu nhflng gia tri mdi binh thanh la

vin
de
cap thiet. Dd chinh la ly do vi sao trong thdi
gian
gin
day, va'n de khoan dung
dUdc
nbac
den rat nhieu va dfldc tim bieu tfl nhieu gdc
do khac nhau. Gia tri cua khoan
dung
dUdc
ghi nhan la cd tac dong khdng nhd den sfl
phat trien cua xa hoi. Khoan dung nhU mot
each
thflc de phat huy hdn nfla gia tri nhan
dao cua khoa hoc, ky thuat va cdng nghe
trong cuoc sd'ng, ddng thdi, no gop phan gifl
gin nhflng gia tri truyen
thohg,
dao dflc
chung mang tinb nhan loai. Bdi vay, chung
ta khdng nen coi khoan dung chi la nhflng
gia tri dao dflc, gia tri van hda, gia tri chinh
tri hay gia tri tdn giao tach rdi nhau.
Trong thdi gian gan day, nhat la nhflng
thap nien cud'i cua the ky XX, khoan dung
dfldc nhac den nhieu vdi vai trd la mgt gia
tri dao dflc cua con ngfldi ndi chung. Nd dfldc
nhac de'n nhieu trong md'i quan he gifla con

ngUdi
vdi nhau cung nhU gifla con ngfldi vdi
mdi
trUdng
sd'ng xung quanh minh. Muc
dich cua nd la duy tri sfl tdn tai gifla ca hai
dd'i tfldng trong ba't ky md'i quan he nao.
Den nay,
van
chfla cd mgt dinh nghia
hoan
chinh
ve khoan dung, bdi nhfl
UNESCO da tflng khang dinh, cac dinh
nghia ve khoan dung khdng bao chfla bet
dUdc ndi dung ma nd phan anh. Song, ve cd
ban, khoan dung dUdc hieu "la
sU
tdn trong,
sU chip nhan
va sfl thfldng thflc cua sU da
dang, phong phu trong nen van boa the gidi,
trong cac binh thflc cua sfl diin dat va
each
thflc cua tdn tai ngfldi", "khoan dung khdng
phai
la
sfl nhfldng bg, sfl ha minh bay nhan
dac an", "khoan dung la trach nhiem. Dd la
(*) Nghien

cfiu
vien, Vien Trie't hpc, Vien Khoa hpc
xa hoi Viet Nam.
57
NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI
sfl duy tri quyen con ngfldi, chu nghia da
dang (ke ca da dang van boa), che do dan
chu va luat le", "viec thflc hien van de khoan
dung khdng cd nghia la khoan dung cua sU
bat cdng xa hgi, sfl tfl bd hay sfl suy nhfldc
trong nhan thflc cua mgt ngfldi nao dd. Nd
cd nghia la mdi ngUdi deu
dUdc
tfl do trong
viec gifl •vflng nhan thflc cua chinh minh va
thfla nhan quyen dd cua
ngUdi
khac"(l).
Qua do, cd the khang dinh rang, khoan
dung khdng chi la viec nam lay nhflng
nguyen tac sd'ng cd ban, ma cdn la dieu kien
cho hda binh, cho phat trien kinh te va cho
sfl tien bd xa hdi. Khoan dung phai an sau
khdng chi trong tam tri cua moi ngUdi nhU
mot thai do flng xfl, ma ca trong nhflng
each
bd' tri cua sfl van hanh xa hgi va chinh tri,
chi phd'i va tao dflng nhflng md'i quan be
gifla con ngfldi vdi con ngUdi. Khoan dung
khdng

chi thuoc ve dao dflc cua mdi ca nhan,
ma cdn the bien tinh than yeu hda binh cua
mdi dan
toe.
Trong lich sfl Viet Nam, khoan dung la
mot dac tinh hinh thanh trong qua trinh
tdn tai va phat trien truyen thd'ng dan tgc.
Trai qua nhieu the he, tinh than khoan
dung a'y ngay cang dfldc gan lgc va bdi dap
them. Tuy nhien, trong bd'i canh toan cau
hda,
trUdc
het la toan cau boa kinb te bien
nay, gia tri cua khoan dung dang dflng
trUdc nhflng thach thflc mdi va nd
cin
phai
dugc bao tdn va phat huy.
Tinh
thin
khoan dung tham
dim
trong
truyen thd'ng dan tdc Viet Nam
dfldc
xay
dflng va
due
ket trong sud't tien trinh lich
sfl cua dan tdc. Chung ta thfldng ndi rang,

doan ket la mgt truyen thd'ng
quy
bau cua
dan tgc ta. Chinh truyen thdng do da the
hien tinh than tUdng than, tUdng ai, chap
nhan nhflng khac biet de cflng nhau bao ve
cugc sd'ng cua minh trfldc sflc manh cua tfl
nhien, nang cao dieu kien sd'ng cua ban
than. Ban dau, sfl ra ddi cua nha nfldc Van
Lang - Au Lac khdng hoan toan la ket qua
cua cugc dau tranh bang •vu
Iflc
trong ndi bg
cac cdng ddng, cac tgc ngUdi, ma chinh la de
tim mgt sU doan ke't, hen ket
tii
nguyen
nhim
tang hieu
suit
•viec tri thuy. Dd cung
la nhan td' tao nen nen mdng dau tien cua
tam hdn, dao ly, phong tuc, tap quan, lo'i
sd'ng khoan dung cua con ngUdi Viet Nam
vdi y nghia ddng bao ca nUdc deu la con
Rdng, chau Tien, ndi gid'ng Lac Hdng, coi
nhau nhfl anh em trong mdt dai gia dinh cac
dan tgc Viet Nam.
Cung vdi viec dflng nfldc, dng cha ta
cung nhieu lln phai dUdng

diu
chd'ng cac
the llie ngoai xam cd quan ddng va cd vu
khi manh hdn nhieu lln de bao ve dat nfldc.
Bao ve khdng chi ve mat lanh thd, ma cdn
bao ve nen van boa, bao ve truyen thd'ng
dan tdc da lam nen ban
sic
van boa cua
Viet Nam. Bdi, kbi mgt
dan
tgc nay den
xam chidm lanh thd cua mgt dan tgc khac
thi khdng cbi tien hanh cac hanh dgng
quan sfl ma qua do, cdn buy hoai, tan pha,
ddng boa van hda dan tgc ly. Ket qua la,
nen van boa cua dan tgc bai tran hoac bi
ddng hoa, hoac se ddng
boa
chinh nen van
boa cua dan tgc thing tran. Do vay, •viec
bao tdn va phat trien ban sac van hda dan
tgc la mgt yeu
ciu
bflc thiet.
'
De cd the tdn tai ben canh •viec duy tri
ban sac van hda truyen thd'ng, van hda Viet
Nam
phai

cd nhflng boat dgng de
tii
bao ve
trfldc nhflng yeu
to'
cua van boa ngoai bang.
Cha dng ta da tien hanh bao ve ndn van
hoa Viet Nam khdng phai bang tu tudng
bao thu, cd'
chip,
tii
cao tfl dai, ma da cd sfl
tiep bien nhflng nhan to' van hda ngoai
nhap de tang len ndi
Iflc
van hda cua dan
tgc.
Trong qua trinh dflng nude va gifl nfldc,
ni
Ypm-
hftp//www.une9a3nrefeleran3e^dedam^.hfrrdipnr!^^
58
BAI
HOC
VE
Y
NGHiA CUA KHOAN
DUNG
van boa Viet Nam da cd nhflng cudc tiep
xuc,

tie'p bien cac nen van hda ldn thanh
cong, nhu sfl truyen ba hda binh cua Phat
giao tfl An Do sang; sfl tiep xuc, tiep bien
thanh cdng ddi vdi van hda Trung Hoa,
bang ca con dudng
cUdng
bflc va tfl nguyen
cac yeu to' van hda Han va sfl tiep xuc vdi
van hda phUOng Tay. Song, van hda Viet
Nam khdng nhflng khdng bi ddng hoa, ma
da sang lgc va tiep thu nhflng yeu to' mdi
phu hdp vdi gia tri nen tang cua van hda
dan tgc Viet. Nhd dd, van hda Viet Nam
vfla gifl
dUdc
ban
sic
dan tdc, vfla trd nen
phong phu hdn. Cung bdi vay, du trai qua
mgt nghin nam
Bic
thudc va hdn 100 nam
dudi ach thd'ng tri cua thflc dan - de qud'c,
khdng nhflng dan tgc Viet Nam da khdng
bi ddng hda, ma van boa Viet Nam van tdn
tai ben vflng, khdng bi hda tan. Dd chinh
la nhd tinh
thin
khoan dung da tfl lau dan
dfldc td dam trong nen van hda dan tdc

Viet Nam.
Vdi tinh
thin
khoan dung ve van hda
vd'n
CO
va nhfl la mgt gia tri cO ban, cudc
sd'ng tinh
thin
cua mdi con ngUdi, mdi tdc
ngUdi
sinh sd'ng tren da't nfldc Viet Nam
nhin chung deu dUdc tfl do, ke ca tfl do ve
mat tin ngUdng, tdn giao. Do do, xet ve mat
tdn giao, cd the ndi, trong lich sfl Viet Nam
khdng cd chien tranh gifla cac tdn giao nhfl
da tflng dien ra d mgt sd' nfldc khac. Va,
hiem cd ndi nao ma cac tdn giao, cac tin
ngUdng
khac nhau lai chung sd'ng hda binh
nhu d Viet Nam. Chang ban, khi thoat khdi
ach dd hg cua phong kien Trung Hoa, dan
tgc ta budc vao xay dflng nen van minh Dai
Viet. Phat giao dUdc tdn lam qud'c giao,
nhflng tfl trieu dinh trung Udng den cac
lang xa deu khdng cd sfl ky thi tdn giao.
Tinh hinh nay chi dflt gly trong mgt thdi
gian ngan khi cd
cue
dien truyen dao Cdng

giao "bat thUdng"
trfle
tiep lien quan den
chinh tri, den chu quyen qud'c gia, Cdng
giao xam nhap vao nUdc ta cung vdi ddi
quan xam
lUdc
cua thUc dan Phap. Do vay,
da cd luc bgn thflc dan - de qud'c da tim mgi
each
ldi dung, kich dgng, chia re cac tdn
giao de thflc hien da tam xam
lUdc
va thd'ng
tri cua chung. NhUng, mgi am mUu va
hanh dgng do deu that bai trUdc tinh
thin
khoan dung va doan ket cua dan tgc ta.
O Viet Nam, tinh than khoan dung
trong linh vUc tdn giao khdng chi the hien d
sfl tdn trgng nhu du tam linh, ma da cd sfl
nhan thflc rang, cac tdn giao ldn deu ed mdt
diem chung la day con ngfldi lam dieu
thien, tranh dieu dfl, hudng con ngUdi den
cdi ngudn chung cua loai ngUdi, hudng de'n
Chan - Thien - My. Neu Nho giao day con
ngUdi ve nhan nghia, Dao giao day con
ngUdi biet quy trgng va sd'ng hai hda vdi tU
nhien, Cdng giao day con ngUdi ve cdng
bang va binh dang, thi Phat giao day con

ngUdi ta ve tfl, bi, hi, xa, vi tha, Do biet
hda ddng va dung hdp gifla cac tdn giao,
nen du cd dng vua nao dd coi trgng hoac
dinh kien vdi tdn giao cu the nhflng da la
ngUdi Viet ai cung coi trgng tuc thd cung td
tien, hudng ve ngudn cdi chung.
Ben canh dd, tinh chat khoan dung cdn
the hien rat ro trong md'i quan he gifla con
ngUdi
vdi nhau khdng ke dan tgc, dang cap,
chung tdc, tdn giao, Dd la md'i quan he
cao quy nha't cua cudc sd'ng va nd cung lam
nen gia tri nhan van cua truyen thd'ng dan
tdc.
Chinh vi vay, khi tinh the
bit
buoc
phai dung vu
Iflc
de bao ve da't nUdc, den
khi chien thang, dfl cam thu quan xam
lUOc
bao nhieu chang nfla, ke ca tflng cd khi
"cam giac nfldc the khdng cflng sd'ng",
nhUng khi dat nUdc da dUdc yen binh, dgc
lap thi thai do flng xfl cua dan tdc Viet van
la khoan dung dd'i vdi ke thu bai tran: "the
long trdi td
lUdng
hieu sinh". Dieu nay the

59
NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI
hien rd nha't hanh ddng mang tinh cha't
khoan dung cua dan tdc ta.
Dd'i vdi quan xam
lUdc
da nhU vay, dd'i
vdi ddng bao trong cung cdi ngudn thi tinh
than khoan dung cung the hien ra't sau sac.
Cha dng ta da tflng day "danh ke chay di,
khdng ai danh ngUdi chay lai". Du cd mac
ldi den may thi cung sfla dUdc va khi da
nhan ra ldi lam thi cdn quy hdn ra't nhieu.
Tfl mdt sd' bieu hien cu the tren day, cd
the nhan dinh rang, tinh than khoan dung
Viet Nam dfldc due ket tfl chinh truyen
thd'ng da'u tranh dflng nUdc va gifl nUdc qua
hang nghin nam lich sfl. Tuy khdng cd mdt
he tho'ng ly thuyet hoan chinh, song, den
nay, tinh
thin
khoan dung do van
dUde
ke
thfla va tiep tuc phat huy trUdc nhflng
thach thflc ldn cua thdi dai. Cung qua day,
chung ta tha'y rang, khoan dung trong tinh
than cua ngUdi Viet Nam khdng phai la
nhflng ly luan cao sieu, ma dd la nhflng
triet ly gian di cd the tim tha'y trong boat

ddng sd'ng hang ngay cua nhflng con ngfldi
Viet Nam, ke ca nhflng ngfldi binh di
nhit.
C6 the, thuat ngfl trong nhflng triet ly ay
khdng xua't phat tfl chinh ngdn ngfl cua
dan tdc, nhflng ban chat cua tinh than do
thi khdng the lan dUdc.
Chinh lich sfl da kiem chflng cho nhflng
gia tri td't dep cua dan tdc ta thi khdng le
nao,
trong thdi ky cd nhflng bien chuyen
manh me ve mgi mat trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi
nhfl hien nay, nhflng gia tri dd lai khdng
phat huy bet y nghia cua minh. Va'n de la,
nhflng gia tri dd da dUdc coi trgng va hieu
dung hay chUa. Ben canh dd, tfl bai hgc lich
sfl,
chung ta cd the rut ra nhflng kinh
nghiem quy gia, trong dd cd gia tri cua tinh
than khoan dung. Gia tri cua tinh
thin
dd
ddng gdp dang ke trong
sii
phat trien cua
qud'c gia khdng chi trong qua khfl, ma nd
cdn dfldc nhin nhan nhfl la mdt cdng cu cho
sfl phat trien hien nay cua da't nfldc.
Viet Nam cung nhu nhieu dan tgc khac
tren the gidi dang dflng trUdc sfl bung nd

cdng nghe thdng tin, qua trinh dd thi hda,
sfl di dan, hdp tac kinh td, trao dd'i van hda,
du lich, v.v Sfl bung nd dd •vfla thuc day
cac qud'c gia xich lai gan nhau, vfla md ra cd
hgi thuan ldi de phat trien kinh te, van hda,
ddng thdi cai td't, cai xa'u, cai tieu cflc cua
van hda dgc bai tfl ben ngoai cung theo dd
ma xam nhap vao nUdc ta. TrUdc tinh hinh
ay, khi giao
lUu
kinh te, van hda, chung ta
phai gifl vflng dde lap, chu quyen, tiep thu
mdt each cd chgn lgc nhflng gia tri td't dep
cua nen van hda hien dai the gidi, ddng thdi
phai da'u tranh chd'ng lai sfl xam nhap cua
van hda dgc hai, ud'n nan kip thdi khuynh
hudng sung ngoai, mat gd'c, lai cang, bat
chap dao ly, coi thudng cac gia tri nhan ai,
khoan dung vd'n da trd thanh truyen thd'ng,
thanh gia tri dao dflc va van boa quy bau
cua dan tdc.
Cha dng ta da xay diing nen tang doan
ket dan tgc va nd da dUdc hun
due
lai bang
chinh sflc
Iflc
va sfl hy sinh cua nhflng
ngUdi con dat Viet. Den nay, truyen thd'ng
dd

van
dang dfldc duy tri va can phai dfldc
phat huy manh me bdn nfla. Bdi, du dieu
kien lich sfl - xa hgi da thay dd'i, nhflng muc
tieu cua doan ket
dan
tgc thi khdng thay
dd'i.
Chi khac la, viec chd'ng lai ke thu, bao
ve da't nUdc se khdng chi bang vu
Iflc
nfla,
ma cdn bang nhieu hinh thflc khac, nhfl
bang van boa, bang kinh
te,
Viec dflng
nUdc khdng phai chi la md rdng lanh thd ve
mat dia ly, ma cdn la phat huy mgi ngudn
lUc
de phat trien da't nfldc. Ngudn
liie
dd
khdng chi la nhflng ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien
sin
cd, ma cdn la ngudn tai nguyen
tri tue, tri thflc cua mdi con ngudi.
Trong nhflng nam
gin
day, Dang va

Nha nUdc ta nhlc nhieu den viec phat trien
60
BAI
HOC
VE
Y NGHIA CUA KHOAN
DUNG
ngudn nhan
luc
Dd la tai san quy gia nhat
ma qud'c gia cd. Tai san dd khong chi cd d ca
nhan, ma dd cdn la sfl lien ket gifla cac ca
nhan dd nfla, vi "Mgt cay lam chang nen
non; Ba cay chum lai nen hdn nui cao". Hdn
nfla, •viec xay dflng khd'i dai doan ket cua
dan tgc Viet Nam khdng chi bao gdm mgi
ngfldi dan trong nUdc, ma cdn mdt bg phan
khdng nhd nhflng ngUdi con sd'ng ly hUdng.
Nhflng ngUdi Viet Nam, vi bat cfl ly do gi
ma phai sd'ng xa que hfldng, deu mong
mud'n trd ve giup ich cho nUdc nha. Vi vay,
nhflng gi da xay ra trong qua khfl neu
khdng dUdc hieu va cam thdng thi do se la
rao can mgi ngUdi con Viet Nam ddng gdp
sflc
Iflc
xay dflng que hUdng. Mgt lan nfla,
gia tri cua khoan dung dang giup da't nUdc
phat huy mgi ngudn
Iflc

de dfla Viet Nam
"sanh vai vdi cac cfldng qud'c nam chau".
Ddng thdi, doan ket dan tdc khdng chi de
phat trien kinb te, ma dd cdn la bflc tUdng
thanh •vflng chac de bao ve Td qud'c trUdc
mgi sfl xam Iflde.
Bat cfl qud'c gia nao cung deu cd nen van
hoa cua rieng minh va viec bao ve nd la
dieu kien tien quyet de bao ve da't nUdc.
Bdi,
neu mat nUdc ve mat lanh thd thi cd
the da'u tranh de gianh lai dUdc, cdn neu
mat nUdc ve mat van boa thi qud'c gia do coi
nhu da tieu vong. Hdn nfla, van boa khdng
phai la mgt san pham tinh than chet cflng;
trai lai, nd cung cd sfl van dgng do sfl phat
trien ngay cang phong phu cua ddi sd'ng vat
chat. Neu coi van boa la mgt cai gi dd bat
bien, thi cd nghia la chung ta dang buy
hoai, pha bd van boa, pha bd chinh cudc
song tinh than cua chung ta. Bdi, van boa
cung
cin
phai thich flng vdi nhflng thay ddi
cua dieu kien xa hdi de tdn tai. Neu khdng
thich flng kip vdi nhflng bien chuyen cua
thdi gian, thi ddi sd'ng tinh than ndi chung,
van boa ndi rieng cua con ngUdi se khd
cflng ma chet dan. Cd the ndi, do
chinh

la
sfl the hien quy luat dao thai cua tfl nhien
trong Hnh
vfle
van boa.
Trong khi dd, cd tien bd ve mat van boa
thi mdi cd tien bd ve mat ky thuat, ve mat
kinh te va ve mat xa hgi. Ma de phat trien
van boa thi phai dfla tren truyen thd'ng td't
dep cflng vdi viec tiep bien nhflng gia tri
van boa cua thdi dai. Lich sfl Viet Nam da
chflng minh
ri't
ro rang, qua nhieu lln tiep
xuc,
tiep bien, van boa Viet Nam da cd
nhflng phat trien nha't dinh, ddng thdi,
nhflng gia tri td't dep cua truyen thd'ng dan
tgc lai dfldc khang dinh, dUdc bao ve td't
nha't va cd nhflng bUdc tien nha't dinh. Viec
phat trien tfl nen van boa Ddng Sdn, nen
van boa dfldc coi la thuan Viet, tien len nen
van boa Dai Viet vdi nhflng thanh tflu rflc rd
la vi du dien hinh cho viec biet tiep nhan va
vUdt bd. Den nay, bai hgc nay dang cd y
nghia ra't ldn dd'i vdi viec phat trien van boa
cua dan tgc ta bien nay. Tinh than khoan
dung cua dan tgc, mgt lan nfla, phai dUdc
chgn lgc, dUdc tiep sflc va nang dp trong bd'i
canh "van boa md", vd'n rat phdng khoang,

nhflng cung
rit
dfl ddi nay.
Ngay nay, kinh te tri thflc dang phat
trien manh me va cung chi phd'i den hanh
dgng, dinh hudng cua mdi ngUdi, mdi qud'c
gia. Do dd, de hudng tdi kinh te tri thflc,
giao due dUdc coi la "qud'c sach hang
diu".
Song, hien nay, cd the ndi, chung ta dang
qua chu trgng den viec day kien thflc ly
thuyet khoa hgc sach vd ma quen mat
ring,
viec tham gia cac boat ddng xa hgi, boat
dgng ngoai khda mdi la nhflng boat ddng
day ngUdi ta nhflng kien thflc ve y thflc dao
dflc,
y thflc ve hd trd lan nhau trong boat
ddng, trong cudc sd'ng. Do vay, •viec giao due
tinh
thin
khoan dung Viet Nam cdn can
dfldc thflc hien tren nhflng binh dien khac
nfla. Dd la, giao due nham phat trien tU duy,
phat trien tri tue phai gan vdi •viec giao
due
phat trien nhieu mat con ngUdi thdng qua
61
NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI
thUe

tien, giao
due
ca ve mat tu tudng, dao
dflc,
tam hdn, tinh cam, lln
ldi
sd'ng cua con
ngfldi va phai chd'ng lai sfl lanh
Iflng,
sfl vd
cam, chu nghia ca nhan thflc dung.
Trong cudc sd'ng, van de ldi ich van chi
phd'i mgi hanh dgng cua con ngUdi. NhUng
de mdi hanh ddng vi ldi ich eua minh khdng
lam ton hai den ldi ich cua ngUdi khac, thi
cin
dinh hUdng dung
din
sfl hinh thanh
nhu cau phat trien eua con ngUdi, cung nhU
phat trien mdt each nhan van xa hgi. Dd
deu la nhflng van de cap thiet dang dat ra
trong xa hgi hien dai. Do vay, van de giao
due dao dflc ve mgt sfl khoan dung de
hudng vao sfl
tii
giac khoan dung khdng ich
ky, vu ldi, du d
bit
cfl khia canh nao khdng

chi la van de cua mdi ca nhan, ma cdn la
va'n de cua ca cdng ddng xa hgi trong bd'i
canh toan
ciu
boa hien nay.
Ben canh dd, de bao ve dao dflc khoan
dung d mdi con ngudi, tfl dd bao ve dao dflc
khoan dung cua dan tgc, khdng cd
each
nao
khac la giao due truyen thd'ng cua dan tgc.
Giao due khdng chi bang nhflng kien thflc
tfl sach vd, ma cdn tfl chinh boat dgng cua
con ngfldi trong xa hgi; khdng chi cd tinh
"xa hgi" ap dat, ma cdn la sfl tfl giac, "tfl
nguyen", "tfl giao due" cua mdi ca nhan.
Trong bd'i canh toan cau hda hien nay, cac
gia tri truyen thd'ng cua dan tgc ta, trong dd
cd gia tri khoan dung, dang chiu nhflng thach
thflc khdng nhd trUdc sflc manh cua vat chat,
sflc manh cua "ddng tien". Do vay, van de la
lam sao de bao ve dfldc cac gia tri dao dflc
truyen thd'ng dd, ddng thdi lai phai phat huy
dUdc cae gia tri ay trong hoan canh mdi cung
nhfl tiep thu dfldc nhflng gia tri mdi cua
nhan loai nham bd sung cho he gia tri truyen
thd'ng cua chung ta? Ben canh dd, nhflng gi
trong truyen thd'ng cua dan tdc ta cdn mang
tinh bao thu
cin

phai dfldc thanh lgc.
Kinh nghiem cua nhieu qud'c gia cho
tha'y,
"bit
cfl sfl cd'
ging
nao dat den sfl
tang trudng kinh te ma khdng tinh tdi
nhflng dac diem van hda dan tgc nha't dinh
din
de'n sfl pha hoai nghiem trgng cd ca'u
kinh te va gia tri van hda,
din
den lam suy
yeu nghiem trgng toan bg tiem nang sang
tao cua qudc
gia"
(2).
Dd cung la bai hgc dd'i
vdi Viet Nam trong viec bao ve va phat huy
dao dflc khoan dung noi rieng, cac gia tri
truyen thd'ng dao dflc ndi chung.
De cung phat trien, yeu cau ve
sii
hieu
biet lan nhau, ve viec nhan dien va tiep thu
nhflng gi la td't dep cho sfl phat trien la rat
cin
thiet. Gia tri cua tinh than khoan dung
hoan toan phfl hdp khdng chi trong lich sfl,

ma edn d hien tai. Chung ta chap nhan
nhflng gi la tien bd de xa hdi tien len phia
trfldc, ddng thdi, phai biet
diu
tranh, loai
bd nhflng gi khdng thich dang. Dd
la
gia tri
ldn nha't ma tinh
thin
khoan dung mang
lai cho chung ta trong bd'i canh toan cau
boa hien nay.
Nhu vay, nhflng bai hgc eua lich sfl the
hien tinh
thin
khoan dung da giup bao ve
da't
nUde
trUdc ke thu thi den nay, chung
van cdn nhflng gia tri de dinh hfldng xay
dflng va phat trien dat nfldc trong bd'i canh
lich sfl mdi. Nhflng bai hgc dd dfl khdng de
lai nhflng gia tri vat chat, nhflng la diem tfla
tinh than vflng chac trong ddi sd'ng tinh
thin
ciia dan tgc Viet Nam. Viec hieu va tdn
trgng nhflng dac trflng cua tflng tgc ngfldi d
Viet Nam de doan ket dan tgc, •viec hieu va
phat huy nhflng gia tri tich cflc cua van hoa

dan tdc, viec hieu va tdn trgng tfl do tin
ngUdng cua mdi ngfldi la nhflng bai hgc cu
the dfldc
due
ket tfl trong truyen thd'ng cua
dan tdc ma ngay nay, Dang va Nha
nUde
ta
dang cd'
ging
duy tri va phat huy de hudng
den •viec xay dflng mgt
nUde
Viet Nam boa
binh, d'n dinh va phat trien. •
, , .
(2) F.Mayor. "Thap ky the gi6i phat trien van hoa",
Tgp chi NgUdi dUa tin UNESCO, so 11,
1988,
tr.5.
62