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f • t:
Ky nang lam van nghj luan
phan tfeh tac pham van hoc
ThS. NGUYEN MINH HOAT
Khoa
SQ
pham TrQdng Dai hgc Tay Nguyen
I.DATVAniDE
Phan mdn Lam van thugc bg mdn NgQ van cd vi
tri dac biet quan trgng trong trudng THPT. Phan
mdn nay dugc xem la tong hgp tri thQc van hgc va
ddi sdng, ket tinh
sQ
sang tao, cam thp van chQdng
cua hgc sinh qua bai viet lam van.
Nghi luan phan tich mdt tac pham van hgc (trdn
ven hay trich doan) la loai bai pho bien cua hgc sinh
trong qua trinh hgc va thi cii. Loai bai nay nham
kiem tra nang luc hieu va cam thu van hgc cija ngudi
viet. ThQc chat d day la ngddi viet chi ra cai hay, cai
d^p ve ndi dung, nghe thuat cija mdt tac pham van
hgc nao dd. Tuy vay, do tinh chat, dac trung rieng
biet ddc dao cua van hgc nen viec phan tich ndi
rieng va each thQc tiep nhan tac pham van hgc ndi
chung khdng ddn
gian.
Mdt mat, doi vdi nhQng kiet tac van hgc cd sQc
sdng lau ben bao gid cung la sQ khai quat sau sac
cua nha van ve cudc sdng va con ngudi. NhQng
khai quat nghe thuat ay tiem an nhQng y
nghTa,


nhieu
phUdng dien tQ cai dddc bieu hien de suy ra eai
bleu hien. Vi the, bat cQ ai, d dau, va khi nao cung
cd the tim tha'y hinh bdng cua minh trong dd. Cho
nen,
cung mgt hinh tugng van hgc nhung mdi ca
nhan,
mdi thdi dai cd mgt each cam nhan rieng.
Mat khac, ly thuyet lam van, tieu chi de danh gia
mpt bai van lai cang phQc tap, cd nhieu y kien khac
nhau.
ThQc te giao vien va hgc sinh dang gap khdng
it khd khan trd ngai tQ ndi dung ly thuye't trQu tugng
thieu nha't quan cho den phuong phap day va hgc
tap lam van.
Nghi luan van hgc gom nhieu kieu bai: giai thich,
ChQng minh, binh
luan,
phan tich, The nhUng ly
thuye't ve cac kieu bai nay cdn nhieu van de chua
dugc thong nha't. Mgt so giao vien cdn lung tung
khi hudng din hgc sinh phan biet cac kieu bai va
van dung trong bai lam van. Cdn phan Idn hgc sinh
chua phan biet dugc ranh gidi va mdi quan he bien
ChQng giQa cac kieu bai. Dac biet la kieu bai phan
tich va cac kieu khac, bai lam cua hgc sinh cdn nhieu
lin Idn, hinh thQc diin dat gan gidng nhau. Cac loai
sach tham khao, sach giao khoa va ke ca dap an
cac ky thi td't nghiep phd thdng, tuyen sinh cao dang
- dai hgc cung cdn nhieu van de can trao doi xung

quanh ly thuye't lam van, xac djnh tieu chi kieu bai
phan tich va tieu chi de danh gia chat lUdng mdt bai
lam van.
TQ
nhQng kinh nghiem thQc
tiln,
tham khao nhieu
tai lieu va tiep thu y kien cua ddng nghiep, bai viet
ve
kT
nSng lam van nghi luan phan tich tac pham
van hpc, gdp phan trao doi thao luan vdi ddng
nghiep ve day phan mdn lam van cho hgc
sinh,
giQp hgc sinh hgc tdt kieu bai nghj luan phan tich
tacpham van hoc.
II.
cAc KHAI
niiEivi
PHAN TICH TAC PHAM VAN Hpc
TQ trQdc den nay, d cap THCS va cap THPT da
dQa nghi luan phan tich tac pham van hgc vao giang
day. Tuy nhien d mdi cap hgc va mdt sd tai lieu neu
khai niem phan tich ndi chung va phan tich tac
pham van hgc trong nha trudng ndi rieng cdn cd
nhieu cap do chUa ddng nha't. Cu the ;
- Tai lieu chuan kien thQc Van -Tieng Viet 12
(1994), Tran Dinh SQ (chu bien), NXB GD, tr177,
da neu khai niem : Phan tich van hpc la kham
pha cac gia tri van hpc va van de van hpc qua

tdng khia canh vi tdng bieu hien cu the cua tac
pham van hpc, sang tac cua mpt tac gii van
hpc, cua mpt giai doan hay cua mpt nhan dinh ly
luan van hpc.
Khi lam bai phan tich can thQc hien hai yeu cau
sau day :
-h Chia ddi tugng phan tich ra tQng phan, tQng
khia canh theo mdt logic nha't
djnh.
+ Phat hien ndi dung tQng phan, tQng khia canh
ay qua cac bieu hien cu the (phan tich ehi tiet).
- Sach giao khoa (SGK) lam van 12 (2000), Tran
Dinh SQ (chu bien), NXB GD, tr 53, cd dUa ra khai
niem:
Phan tich van hpc la kieu bai nghi luan
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010
41
dem mot hien tddng van hpc (tae pham, van de)
chia nho ra de xem xet tdng phan roi dem ket
qui tdng hdp lai trong mpt ket lain ehung.
- Tii dien tieng Viet (1997), Hoang Phe (chu bien),
NXB Da Ning, tr 746 cd viet : Phan tich li phan
chia sd that hay bing tddng tddng mpt ddi tddng
nhan thdc ra cac yeu td trai vdi tdng hdp.
- SGK NgQ van 9 tap 2 (2005), Nguydn KhSc
Phi (tong chu bien), Tran Dinh Si!f (chu bien phan
Tap lam van), NXB GD, tr 10, da neu khai niem
phan tich va tong hdp : Phan tich la phep lap luan
trinh bay tdng bp phin, phddng dien eda mpt
van de nhim chi ra npi dung cua sd vat hien

tddng. De phan ti'eh npi dung cua sd vat hien
tddng, ngddi ta co the van dung eae bien phap
neu gii thiet, so sanh, ddi chieu va ci phep lap
luan giil thich, chdng minh.
Td'ng hgp la phep lap luan rut ra cai chung tQ
nhQng dieu da phan
tich.
Khdng cd phan tich thi
khdng cd tong hgp. Lap luan tong hgp thudng dat d
cudi doan hay cud'i bai, d phan ke't luan cua mgt
phan hoac toan bg van ban.
- SGK NgQ van 11 tap 1 (2007), Phan Trgng
Luan (tdng chu bien ), Le A (chu bien phan lam
van),
NXB GD, tr 25, cd trinh bay : Trong qua trinh
nhin thdc, viec chia nho ddi tddng thanh nhieu
yeu td de dl sau xem xet mpt each
kT
cing npl
dung vi mdi quan he ben trong cung nhd ben
ngoil cua chung gpi la phin tich.
- SGK NgO van nang cao 11 tapl (2007), Tran
Dinh SQ (td'ng chu bien), NXB GO, tr 70, da dUa ra
khai niem : Chia tach sd vat hien tddng thanh
nhieu yeu td nhd de dl sau vio xem xet mpt
each
kT
Iddng npl dung va mdi quan he ben trong
cua hien tddng va sd vat do gpi li phan tich.
- SGK NgQ van 12 tap 1 (2009), Phan Trgng

Luan (Tong chu bien), Le A (chu bien phan lam
van),
NXB GD, tr 86, khi gidi thieu Nghi luan ve
mgt bai thg, doan thd phan ghi nhd cd trinh bay: Bai
viet (Nghi luan ve mgt bai thg, doan thd) thudng cd
cac ngi dung sau :
H-
Gidi thieu khai quat ve bai thd.
-I-
Bai ve nhQng gia trj ngi dung va nghe thuat
cija bai thd, doan tho.
H-
Danh gia chung ve bai thd, doan thd.
- SGK NgQ van 12 tap 2 (2009), Phan Trgng
Luan (Td'ng chu bien), Le A (chiJ bien phan lam
van),
NXB GD, tr 36, khi gidi thieu Nghj luan ve
mdt tac pham, mdt doan trich van xudi phan ghi
nhd cd trinh bay : Bai nghj luan ve mgt tac pham,
mgt doan trich van xudi thudng cd cac ngi dung :
-I-
Gidi thieu tac pham hoac doan trich van xudi
can nghi
luan.
+ Phan tich gia trj ngi dung va nghe thuat theo
dinh hudng cija de hoac mgt so' khia canh dac sac
nha't cija tac pham, doan
trich.
-I-
Neu danh gia chung ve tac pham, doan

trich.
TQ cac khai niem tren chung ta cd the rut ra cac
ngi dung cd ban cua khai niem phan tich mgt tac
pham van hgc (trdn ven hay trich ddan) nhu sau :
- Chia tach dd'i tQdng phan tich ra thanh cac khia
canh.
- Xem xet mgt each
kT
ludng cac gia tri ngi dung
va nghe thuat qua tQng khia canh. Dong thdi kham
pha,
tim hieu mdi quan he ben trong va ben ngoai
cua ddi tugng.
- Td'ng hgp danh gia cac gia trj cua ddi tugng
trong mgt ket luan chung.
Dac diem chung cua thao tac phan tich la:
- Cd thai do khach quan, khoa hgc.
- Xem xet dd'i tugng mgt each toan
dien,
xac thQc
- Can cd sQ phan doan tdng hgp lien tQdng chu
quan,
nhung phai dQa tren nhQng can cQ nhat djnh
de tranh suy didn tuy
tien.
Ml.
CAC THAO
TAC
Ctf BAni KHI
LAM

BAI
VAN
NGHI
LUi^N PHAni TICH
TAC
PHAM VAN HOC
1.
Chia doi tu'dng ra thanh cac khfa canh
DQa vao tinh ddc lap tQdng doi cua ngi dung hay
hinh thQc cua tac pham, khia canh cua tac pham
van hgc de cd each chia cho phu hgp.
* Doi vdi tac pham trQ
tinh:
- The tQ tuyet: Chia theo ke't cau cac cau thd
trong bai thd : Khai - thQa - chuyen - hgp, hoac
chia thanh hai phan de phan tich : hai cau dau va
hai cau
cuoi.
- Tho that ngdn bat cu DQdng luat: cd the chia
theo cau.true : de - thQc - luan - ket, hoac chia
theo ke't cau hinh tugng. Chang han : cd the chia
bai thd Thu dieu cua Nguyin Khuye'n thanh hai
van de cinh thuva tinh thu6e phan
tich.
- Thd tQ do, thd mdi : cd the chia theo cau thd,
khd thd, doan thd hay chia theo tQng y.
* Ddi vdi tac pham tQ sQ :
- Chia theo tQng khia canh cua van de dugc phan
tich.
Chang han :

-I-
Phan tich nhan vat: chia theo cac khia canh
nhu : ngoai hinh - tinh each - ngi tam - hanh
dgng hoac theo ke't cau tinh each cua nhan vat.
H-
Phan tich cac gia tri cua tac pham (Nghe thuat,
nhan dao, sQ thi, ): dua vao cac ngi dung cija gia
trj dugc bieu hien trong tac pham de chia thanh cac
khia canh, nhQng phan dQdc chia nay cung la cac
luan diem trien khai trong bai viet.
2.
Xac djnh luan diem
Luan diem la ngi dung khai quat cua tQng phan
dogc chia. Nd la cac khia canh cua trgng tam. Cac
luan diem chu yeu nam d phan than bai va cung
lam sang to trgng tam.
Luan diem cd the dugc diin ta thanh mgt cau
van (cau chu de) nam trong doan van. Nd cd the
dQng dau hay dQng giQa hay dQng cudi doan van.
Cd luan diem Idn, luan diem nho hay luan diim nho
hdn (tuy vao dung lugng cua bai viet dai hay ngSn
42
DAY vA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010
de trien khai luan diem nhieu bac hay it bac).
Vi du : Phan tich ve dep hinh tugng nhan vat
HuanCao trong tac pham Chd ngddi td tu cua
Nguyin Tuan. Chung ta cd the xac djnh cac luan
diem chinh: ve dep tai hoa - ve dep khi phach - ve
dep thien lUdng.
Cac luan diem chinh cd the trien khai thanh mdt

doan van, trong than bai cd nhieu doan van tao
thanh.
Mdi doan van cd: md doan - than doan -
ket doan. (neu cd doan tiep theo thuc hien thao tac
chuyen doan de g^an ke't y trong bai van)
3. Siji dung dan chuing
Din ChQng la nhQng cau thd, doan thd, kho thg,
tQ ngQ, hinh anh, van , nhjp, thanh, the
loai
va cac
bien phap tu tQ doi vdi tac pham trQ
tinh.
Cac tinh
tiet, chi tiet, each ke, each ta, each xay dQng nhan
vat, tinh huong, su
kien
dd'i vdi tac pham tQ sQ.
Viec
IQa
chgn din chQng phai chinh xac, tieu
bieu,
cd gia tri ngi dung va nghe thuat, phu hgp va lam
sang td cac luan diem. Din chQng phai cd chieu
sau ( phan tich ly giai cac din chQng quan trgng),
va cd chieu rdng ( so lugng, pham vi din chQng
phai phu hgp).
Cach neu din chQng phai theo thdi
gian,
hoan
canh ra ddi cua din chQng, theo diin bien sQ

kien,
theo khdng
gian.
Neu cac din chQng ddn gian den
cac din chQng phQc tap
Cac din chQng phai doge trinh bay d eae kieu
nhu : trich nguyen van din chQng (ndi dung phai
chinh xac va dUdc dat trong ngoac kep); trich mdt
sd
tQ ngQ
tieu
bieu,
cac
tQ
dogc trich cung nam trong
ngoac kep ; khai quat ndi dung din chQng bing Idi
van cua ngQdi viet. Khi trinh bay din chQng can ke't
hgp cac kieu
tren.
Din ChQng phai dogc phan tich lam rd luan diem
: Phan tich din chQng la trinh bay nhQng gia trj ndi
dung,
hinh thQc va y nghTa cua din chQng (din
ChQng dd cd tac dung nhu the nao trong viec diin
ta tam trang hay the hien phong each tae gia hay
diin dat mgt van de
tU
tQdng ).
4. Lien tddng md rpng van de
Bang chat lieu ngdn tQ, tac pham van hgc bao

gid cung dugc khai quat
tQ
cac chi tiet hien thQc ddi
sdng.
Cudc song sinh ddng dugc chat lgc, lUa chgn
va khUc xa qua tu duy cua nha van de tao nen nhQng
hinh togng nghe thuat ddc dao cd sQc sdng rieng.
Tiep xQc vdi mgt tac pham van hgc la tiep xuc vdi
mdt the gidi nghe thuat. The gidi nay bit ngudn tQ
hien thQc cudc sdng, cd mdi quan he vdi hien thuc,
phan anh hien thQc, nhQng nd khdng trung khit vdi
hien thQc vl nd cd quy tac sang tao rieng. Kham
pha,
tim hieu mgt tac pham van hgc la chung ta
dang tim hieu nhQng gia tri cua nghe thuat va cudc
sdng ma nha van dem lai.
Vi vay khi phan tich mgt tac pham van hpc, tren
CO
sd cac gia tri ma tac pham the hien ngUdi viet
can lien tudng md rpng cac hinh togng nghe thuat
vdi ddi sd'ng thQc tiin de tao tam nhin sau sac
hon,
tha'y dUdc mdi lien he giQa nghe thuat va cudc
sdng.
TQ
mgt hinh togng khai quat trong tac pham ehung
ta cd the lien tudng den nhQng van de cu the trong
ddi sdng. TQ mdt nhan vat trong tac pham vdi nhQng
dac diem ve ngoai
hinh,

tinh each, sd phan chung
ta cd the lien tudng den mdt tang ldp ngudi trong xa
hdi.
TQ nhQng yeu td rieng cua mdt eon ngUdi dugc
mieu ta trong tac pham cd tinh dien hinh quy luat
chQng ta cd the lien tQdng den nhQng cai chung cua
cdng ddng, xa hdi.
Lien tudng md rdng hinh tUOng trong tac pham
van hgc ra ngoai ddi sdng mdt each phQ hpp the
hien trinh do nhan thQc khai quat van de nghe thuat
sac sao cua ngudi viet.
5. Tong ket, nhan djnh, danh gia
Muc dich phan tich van hgc la de nhan
djnh,
danh
gia xac dang mdt hien tugng van hgc. Vi vay, sau
khi tien hanh phan tich theo hudng de ra, bai viet
phai de xua't nhan dinh danh gia hien tugng van
hgc nhU:
- Tinh ddc dao (cau
tQ
mdi la, ddi mdi so vdi truyen
thdng)
- Gia tri nhan thQc (mQc do ndng, sau so vdi van
de neu ra)
- Gia trj tu tQdng (thai do ddi vdi nhan dan, dat
nQdc, con ngQdi)
- Gia tri nghe thuat (mQc do tai nghe, sQc thuyet
phuc, ggi cam, phong each)
NhQng Idi tdng ke't, nhan

dinh,
danh gia nang
cao gia trj cua sQ phan
tich,
dem lai tinh muc dich
cho sQ phan
tich.
Nd phai phu hpp vdi sQ phan
tich,
tranh khap khiing, phan tich mdt dang ket luan mdt
neo.
IV.
n/IOT
SO
Kl
NANG
LAM VAN
NGHj
LUAN PHAN TICH
1.
Phan tich de
a) Cac dang de ra
Nghi luan phan tich thudc loai de hieu va cim
tacpham van hpc. Loai de nay nham kiem tra trinh
do tiep nhan tac pham van hgc cua hgc sinh vdi
hinh thQc chinh la phan
tich.
(trQdc day ed khai niem
binh giang - mdt kieu rieng cua phan tich). ThQdng
ed cac kieu de phan tich nhQ sau :

- Phan tich mpt bai tha trdn ven. Vi du : phan
tich bai Thp duyen cua Xuan
Dieu.
- Phan tich mpt nhan vat. Vi du : Phan tich
nhan vat Chi Pheo trong tac pham cung ten eua
Nam Cao. Hoac phan tich nhan vat Huan Cao trong
tac pham Chd ngddi td tu cua Nguyin Tuan.
- Phan tich mpt tac pham van xudi (thudng la
de lam sang td mdt phQdng dien nao dd ve ndi dung
va nghe thuat). Vi du : Phan tich tinh sQ thi eua
truyen ngin RQng Xa Nu cua Nguyen Trung Thanh.
Hoac: Mdt trong nhQng sang tae nghe thuat dac
sic cua Kim Lan trong truyen la da xay dQng mdt
tinh hudng truyen ddc dao va hap din hay phan
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010 43
tich truyen Vd nhat6e chQng minh cho y kien
tren.
- Phan tich mpt hinh tddng. Vi du: Phan tich
hinh tugng "sdn^' trong bai thd sdng cua Xuan
Quynh.
Anh (chj) cd cam nhan gi ve tam hdn ngudi
phu nQ trong tinh yeu qua bai thd nay. Hoac: Phan
tich hinh tUdng cay xa nu trong truyen Rdng xi nu
cua Nguyin Trung Thanh.
- Phan tich mpt hinh anh. 'Vi du : Phan tich hinh
anh dau sung trang treo trong bai thd Dong chi
cua Chinh HQu.
- Phan tich mpt tam trang. 'Vi du: Phan tich tam
trang nang kieu qua doan tho Trao duyen trong
truyen

kieu.
Hoac : Phan tich tam trang ba cu TQ
trong truyen vd nhatcua Kim Lan.
Nhu vay, pham vi nghi luan the loai phan tich
gdm : Phan tich bai thd ; Phan tich mgt van de nao
dd cua tac pham van
xudi;
Phan tich nhan vat; Phan
tich mgt hinh tUdng ; Phan tich mdt hinh anh; Phan
tich mdt tam trang ; So sanh hai tac pham van hgc.
b) Phan tich de ra
- Xac dinh the loai cua de ra
De ra thudng cd yeu cau the loai trdc tieptren
cau chQ nhQ : anh (chi) hay phan tich

de ra cdn
d dang gian tiep ve the loai nhQ : cam nhin, cim
tddng, nhan xet, suy nghT
cua
anh ( chi). ThQc
ra,
d loai de nay ngQdi viet sCf dung thao tac chu
yeu la phan
tich,
kham pha, tim hieu cac gia trj cua
tac pham. Viec xac djnh dung the loai bai viet se cd
each lam phu hgp theo yeu cau cua de ra.
- Xac djnh luan de (trgng tam) cua bai lam
Trgng tam cua bai lam la mgt ndi dung khai quat,
cd dgng, dugc diin dat bang mdt vai cau van bao

ham dugc ndi dung yeu cau cija bai ra. Nd ed mat d
md bai, dugc ly giai d than bai thdng qua cac luan
diem va dugc nhac lai d ket bai. Cach xac dinh trgng
tam
-I-
Ddi vdi tac pham trQ tinh :
H-) Bai thd : trgng tam chinh la chu de cua bai
tho.
H-) Doan thd : trgng tam la khai quat ndi dung
cua toan bai thd va vj tri, chu de cua doan
trich.
+ Ddi vdi tac pham tu sQ :
-h) Phan tich nhan vat: trgng tam la dac diem
khai quat eua nhan vat.
+) Phan tich mgt gia trj cua tac pham nhu: nghe
thuat, nhan dao, hien thQc, sif
thi,
lang man, cd
dien,
hien dai trgng tam la khai niem cua gia tri dUdc
bieu hien trong tac pham.
-h) Phan tich tinh hudng, y nghTa bieu tugng :
trgng tam chinh la ndi dung khai quat cua tinh hudng
va ngi dung cai dugc bieu hien cua bieu tugng.
+j Phan tich tac pham, mdtvan de cua tac pham
theo djnh hudng (cd ngi dung nhan xet, y kien danh
gia ve tac pham d de ra) : trgng tam chinh la ngi
dung cOa ldi nhan xet danh gia dd.
+ Khi phan tich so sanh hai tic pham, hay hai
nhan vat, hay hai doan thd, trgng tam la ndi dung

khai quat diem gidng va khac nhau cua hai ddi
tugng so sanh.
Xac dinh dung trgng tam de trien khai cac y xoay
quanh trgng tam va cung lam sang td trgng tam
giup cho bai viet logic, mach lac, chat che.
- Dinh hudng pham vi tu lieu
TQ lieu la yeu td quan trgng trong bai van nghj
luan.
Nd la cac din chQng, cac chat lieu de ngudi
viet van cd cd sd khach quan de phan
tich,
danh gia
tdng hgp cac gia tri cua tac pham.
TQ lieu thQdng la cac van de lien quan den trgng
tam cija bai lam. Nd cd trong van hgc va trong ddi
sdng.
Cd tu lieu bit budc (cac din chQng nam trong
pham vi tac pham) va
tQ
lieu md rdng (cac din chQng
nim ngoai tac pham, cd chung de tai, chu de, giai
doan sang tac hay phong each cua nha van vdi npi
dung dang dugc ly giai).
2.
Md bai, ket bai trong nghi luan phan tich
a) Md bai
Muc dich cija md bai la nhim gidi thieu van de
ma minh se viet, se trao ddi ban bac trong bai. Vi
the khi viet md bai, thQc chat la tra ldi cau hdi: Anh
(chj) djnh viet, dinh ban bac van de gi?

- Nguyen tic:
-I-
Neu dung trgng tam (luan de) cua bai lam
H-
Chi neu nhQng y khai quat
-I-
Ke't cau thanh mgt doan van (khoang 5 den 8
ddng)
- Cach md bai:
-I-Gidi thieu din dit van de
H-) TrQc tiep : di thing vao van de qua xuat xQ,
hoan canh sang tac. Gidi thieu theo hinh thQc nay
thQdng it sai nhQng hanh van kem hap din.
-h) Gian tiep : neu ra nhQng y lien quan den van
de can nghi luan de kheu ggi rdi mdi bit vao van de
ay. Tuy vao mdi lien he giQa ngi dung phan gidi
thieu va trgng tam cua bai viet cd the xac dinh each
gidi thieu theo kieu gian tiep bing hinh thQc diin
djch,
quy nap, tQdng
lien,
ddi lap Gidi thieu theo
kieu nay di phat huy dugc sd trQdng cua hanh van
hay nhung di sa da, vdng veo xa trgng tam, ldi gidi
thieu khdng khcip vdi trgng tam.
H-) ket hdp gian tiep va true tiep.
+ Neu trong tam : day la van de chinh se ban
trong than bai
+ Phan chuyen y xuong than bai : Neu
phUdng thQc nghi luan va pham vi tu lieu se trinh

bay hay trich din doan
trich.
De cd mdt ket bai hay can tranh :
- Din dat vdng vo qua xa mai mdi gan dUdc vao
viec neu van de
- Y din dit khdng lien quan gi den van de se
neu.
- Neu van de qua dai ddng, chi tiet, cd gi ndi het
ludn roi than bai lai lap lai nhQng dieu da ndi d md bai.
De cd mdt md bai hay can phai :
- Ngin ggn : Din dit thudng vai ba cau, neu
&! S DAY vA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010
van de mdt vai cau va gidi ban van de mdt cau.
- Day du : Dge xong md bai, ngUdi dpc biet dugc
bai Viet ban ve van de gi ? trong pham vi ndi dung
tu lieu nao ? Thao tae chinh van dung d day la gi ?
- Ddc dao : Md bai phai gay dugc sQ chu y cua
ngudi dge vdi van de minh se viet. Mudn the phai cd
each neu van de khac la : giQa cau din dit va cau
neu van de phai tao dugc sQ bat ngd.
- TQ nhien
:
sCf dung tQ ngQ can ddc dao, khac la
nhQng phai gian di, tQ nhien gan gui vdi van boa ddi
sdng va tam ly tiep nhan. Tranh lam van vung ve,
gUdng ep gay cho ngudi doc cam giac khd chju bdi
su gia tao.
b) Ke't bai
- Nguyen tic :
-I-

The hien dung quan diem da trinh bay d than
bai (mieu ta lai trgng tam )
H-
Chi neu nhQng y khai quat, thien ve tdng ket,
danh gia van de
-I-
Ket cau thanh mgt doan van ( khoang 5 den 8
ddng)
- Cach ket bai
+ Khai quat ndi dung bai viet
H-
Mieu ta lai trgng tam
-I-
Lien he, tdng ket danh gia van de (d phUdng
dien ddi sdng va van hgc nghe thuat).
- Mdt sd kieu ket bai tieu
bieu.
+ Tdm Iddc {torn tit quan diem cua ngUdl vietd
than bai)
+ Phat trien (md rdng them van de dat ra trong
de bai)
+ Van dung {neu ra phQdng hQdng ap dung eai
tdt, cai hay hoac khic phuc cai xau, cai dd cua hien
tUdng hay y kien ndi trong bai van vao cudc sdng)
+ Lien tddng (mugn y kien tugng tQ cua dan
gian,
cua mdt ngudi cd uy tin hay Idi binh
luan,
danh
gia ve tac pham, ddi tugng phan tich d SGK, tai lieu

nghien cQu cd gia trj de thay cho ldi tdm tit cua
ngudi lam bai).
Ngoai ra ngUdi viet cd the van dung mdt sd kieu
ke't bai nhU:
Ket bii theo ldi diem nhan (dQng lai d nhQng
chi tiet dit, cd gia trj nghe thuat cua ddi tugng phan
tich tu dd binh luan md rdng ggi ra nhQng rung cam
cho ngudi doc).
Ket bai theo ldi binh luan md rpng va nang
cao luan de cua bai viet, tQ tdng ket rdi phat trien
nang len, tQ tdm tit den rQt ra bai hgc theo nhieu
ldp,
ldp nay gdi ldp kia lan toa cho tdi ket thQc.
Ket bai theo Idi dau cudi tddng dng - ket bai
Qng vdi md bai. Ket bai lay lai md bai ma khdng roi
vao tinh trang lap lai nguyen van ldi le d md bai, vi
nd la sQ luyen lay de nang cao, khing djnh chic
chin lan cudi cung nhQng gi da neu d than bai bing
mpt gipng day truyen cam.
Ket bdi ma nhd khong ket: dd la nhQng ket bai
khdng gidng bat ky mdt each ke't bai nao ma ly
thuyet ed ban da neu. Nd la nhQng cau van tQ
nhien dQde gdi ra tQ sQ logic cua bai viet va phu
hgp vdi tam ly tiep nhan eua ngQdi doe, tao nhieu
lien tQdng sau xa.
Mdt ke't bai hay that da dang va thu vj nhung deu
chung nhau nhOng diem nhat djnh : dung, nhUng
phai sang tao, gay dugc an tQpng va de lai dQ vj
trong ngQdi dge. Ket bai hay vQa phai ddng lai, chdt
lai,

vQa phai md ra, nang cao va cQ ngan nga mai
trong Idng ngQdi.
1/.
KET
LUP
Nghi luan phan tich tae pham van hpe la kieu
bai lam van ed vai trd, vj tri quan trpng trong day
va hgc lam van d trudng THPT.
Thuc te hien nay khdng y hgc sinh edn nham lan
ve the loai phan tich va cac the loai khac mdt sd
giao vien chua eit nghTa rd cac khai niem the
loai.
Vi vay ket qua bai lam van eua hgc sinh ve phan
tich chua duge kha quan, nhieu dap an cham bai thi
td't nghiep THPT, tuyen sinh dai hpe, eao dang eung
cdn nhieu van de ehua thdng nhat ve yeu cau the
loai.
Viee nim chic khai niem, phan biet kieu bai nghj
luan phan tich cd y nghTa thiet thQc giup hpe sinh
thuan thuc ky nang, thao tac kie'u bai nghj luan nay
de van dung vao thQc te lam bai viet dat ket qua tdt.
TAI LIEU THAIVl KHAO
1.
Phan Trpng Luan (ehu bien) (2000), Sach
giao khoa lam van 11, Sach giao khoa lam van
12,
NXB GD, tr71
2.
Phan Trgng Luan (tdng chu bien), Le A
(chu bien phan lam van)(2007), SGK Ngd van

11 tap
1,
NXB GD, tr 25.
^
3. Phan Trgng Luan (Tong ehu bien), Le A
(chu bien phan lam van), (2009), SGK Ngd van
12 tap 1, NXB GD, tr 86. ^
4.
Phan Trgng Luan (Tong chu bien), Le A
(chu bien phan lam van), (2009), SGK Ngd van
12 tap 2, NXB GD, tr 36.
5. Hoang Phe (ehu bien), (1997), Tddien
tieng Viet, NXB Da Ning, tr 746.
6. Nguyin Khic Phi (tdng chu bien), Tran
Dinh
SL/
(chu bien phan Tap lam van)(2005),
SGK Ngd van 9 tap 2, NXB GD, tr 10
7.Tran Dinh SQ (chu bien) (1994), Tai lieu
chuan kien thdc Van - Tieng Viet 12, NXB GD,
tri 77
8.Tran Dinh SQ (ehu bien), (2000), SGK lam
van 12, NXB GD, tr 53.
9.Tran Dinh SQ (tdng chu bien)(2007), SGK
Ngd van nang cao 11 tap 1, NXB GD.tr 70,
10.Tran Dinh SQ (ehu bien)(2000), SGK lim
van 12, NXB GD, tr 87.
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010
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