English Vocabulary In Use Law pdf

(Iil
Legalese 42
A
Legal
lnngungc
B
Iarln
rcm1r
C
Ol'lcr
iu,rr1,
ini1
modern
"'lllrillenii
LAW
IN PRACTICE
Business organisations
44
A
hole
rracier
B
I'rrmcnhlpr
c
llmlred
i<,mpinier
Formation of a company 46
A
llliorporarroll
B

~\lcmor,~idun~
a,lJ
\rnilca
oi
,iaruii,~non
Raising capital by 48
share sale
A
>Ii.,,"
clplr.31
B
Share
value
C
RLghghr, arrrihulg
o,
rhrrr,
Debt financing: 50
secured lending
A
Glrrlrllig iciunr)
B
Thc
icr,.i
oi
i
charge
a
Company directors and
52

company sccrctarics
A
Quallhclonnr
and
donrr
0,
i
cl?m,l.>ni
directur
B
Qurlificrtmon\
and
dutme*
,,i
3
compm:
*ecretnry
a
Insolvency and winding up 54
A
Inn~lvency
B
ln~c~lvc~nc~
\rrnnrmi~\
Alternative dispute 56
resolution
Corporation Tax 58
A
<:,rrp,,rrnon
Tax

Ilrhlls).
8"
thc
Uh
B
W<>d
cnmhinrtaln\
,virI,
'h,'
Mergers and acquisitions 60
A
Mrrger,
md
acqurirnonr
B
Dealmg
d~rclorurc
rcqolrcmcnrs
a
Anti-competitive behaviour 62
A
Cnmpcr"""'
Iau
B
Lolllpcrlrloll
Inqulr?
C
Llfomnon
gr,Lcns,I,
h~,,.liik\,

and
rciiicdlci
LIABILITY
Tort
1:
personal injury 64
claim
A
'lor,
B
Cllcilr
briefing
nurcr
-
purru~ld
mjm!
cluunr
Tort
2:
clinical negligence
66
A
CIlnicll
ncgli~mrr
pracricc
CONTRACT
Forming a contract
1
68
A

hrlc
pr,nnples
B
F,,imirr"rr
of
r
ruoniir
Forming a contract
2
70
A
i,,r,n
,,ic",~,r.lc~
8
Void
or
ro~drble
or
ot~cnforceshle
cimrsa~m
Structure of a commercial
72
contract
A
5rroirurc
lot
r
ci.mmrrai1
c0,irrrcr
Express and ~mplied terms

74
A
F\,"c'\
'C"",
B
irnplced
rcms
Qif
Exclusion, limitation and
76
standard clauses
A
Sxclui~nn
ind
llm#nniin
clauir<
B
irr,,dard
cl:i,>rc\
Privity of contract,
discharge, and remedies
A
lillrr~!
oI
L,,ilrr,iLr
8
Dlichnrge of
rilnrrnir
C
Kernedles

for
hreach
lot
co,,irrcr
a
Standard terms in the
sale and supply of goods
A
ilriils
irrlldarli
rrrms
B
In',,rpor,%rin8
rcrn1r
Licensing agreements and
computer programs
A
~~ce~>c~*
and
rumnrc
praducn
8
Lxclurlos
and
Ilnilrrron
cllllrer
Commercial leases
A
1nrrrr\t
in

yruperr,
B
Tcrrnr
ofs
carmncrclrl
lcr,c
C
Ohrs~n~ng
lcarchnld
inrere5r
a
Buying and selling
commercial property
I
A
Lommiraal
'<,nicvlnanS
B
Sale
by
aucriox~
C
Salc
by
pr~rire
treat!
m
Employment law
I
A

tmp1oymenr
law
8
coarrrcr
of
rmp1oimcnr
I
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
@
Copyright and patent
a
ic,,,ic,~lhr
8
Parcnl
a
Trade marks, domain
names, and
remedies for
IP infringement
A
Trrh
mirka
rllrl
dom.i~n
nrmrs
B
Rr~occlle.
tixr
11'
~nfrxngemmr

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
LAW
Information technology
94
law and cybercrime
ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW
Environ~nental law 96
A
lilr"minon.ll
cnilronmenril
11-
8
Nsnonal
cnu#ronmenrrl
lriv
C
hpphcanon
of
mcnvnonmm~rnl
lirv
Answer key
Index
I
Introduction
Who is this book for?
Pso~~;o~~/
English
in
liic

i.nw
1s
for
a
wide rangc of pcrlpir who
need
to
use
legal
tngllsh uc,cahulary
in
rhcir work, for cxamplc
as
lawyers
or
lrti~ators, paralegals
or
lcgal
rcrurrchcrs,
legal
sccrctarics
ur
traincc lawycri. English langaugc lcvrnerr may nccd
to
use
legal
English
to
work wah
f~,~e~gr

colleagues
or
clients
to
describe
or
expinan
aspccri
of
rheir
own
legal system;
to
find
our
ahour orhcr sysrcmi. The hook ii also for srudeno of
law who wlrh
to
develop the~r knowledge
cof
legal tllglilh ~o~abdary
co
assist thcir lcgrl
sn~d~cs. It w~ll also
help
cacnd rhc rcrcnhularv of
huilness
professionals
who
need some

kn.,wlrdgc of legal English vocabulary
firr
o,mmcrcisl agreements and rraniacrions.
Tlx
book is suitable
for
learliers who have rcachcd
an
uppcrintermcd~rtc
or
rclvanccd level of
English. The book
can
be used effectively for indlridual mdy
or
hy
a
teacher
in
class,
one
io
one
or
m
groups. If you
are
preparlng
for
the

1I.F.C
exan
!lnternononal Legal Enylish
Certificnte!, rl<s book will help you
ro
develop your vucabulery
Language and law
The
hook alms
to
help learners develop rhelr legal lnglish v~cahi~lary. lr
IS
not
mended
robe
an
introducrion
to
law ia ingllsh speak~ng
cur~r~tr~es
nor
to
hc relied upon
for
~nfr,iman<m
nr
rdvicc ahout law
or
rile prac6ccc uf law.
It

presents
vocabular)
in
rhc
contclr
of rhc lcgal syarcmi in rhc
UK
bccausi.
the mcanxng of
any
legal reims
md
rhe concepiual
rrlarionshlp bcrwcc~~
rcrrus
is bcard with11
s
spccdic legal syrrem. Tile authors
assum
rhvr you will nccd
ro
talk and ~itc uhour yonr
own
legal systrm. Coniequenriy,
same
rvrk,
encourage you
to
rhmk
ahour

how tar
your
own
~ysrem sharcr rhr same legal conceprs
or
pn,cedurcs, and
a,
dcciiic whc~hcr
o,
urc
a
lcgal
rcrnl
in En&sh
as
an
equivalent
to
a
cuncupt
in your
own
sysfcm
or
m
umpll,y
an
nppmxlrnarion in dlicurrion
or
writ~ng

(we
Un~r
171.
What kind of legal English is in this book?
Thir book
concenrrvrcr
on
rhe vocabulvr) arrslng
from
thc
practice
of
cnmmerc~al law
(including company Inw,
contract
formation, employmenr lam: r.de
of
goods, rcal prnpem;
and
inrellectual property) bur also presents
more
general legal English vocabulary. The legal
1
r
.:
:
:.
.
. . .
,

. .:.
.,.,
I
I
I
I.
I,
.,
il,
n
I
It.
8,
,
I
. <.
I
~
/I
11
.II:>.~rII I
,
.
I,I?/
I I
,
,I
I,
,
, I.,

,
I
.
I
I.
1~1
8.1,
.
.
.

.
legvl mnccpta in English in authcnric
contcxtr.
How
is the book oraanised?
2
The
hook
consisrs
of
4.5
rwo~page units organired
ins,
four rhumsnc
secnons:
The legal
system,
Lqal professionals,
Lqal

profcssinnals in
practice,
and Law
in
practice iincluding
I.iabilic/,
Contract,
Lntcllcmal piopcrty,
infoma"on
technology law, and Enlnronmental
law). Thr
onm
pnlceed
from
general legal
roplcs
ro
more
speclhc.
mnrc
than
one
unit.
Thcrc is
ail
answer key
ac
rhe back
of
the

book.
Most
of
the excrciacs
harc
qucrtloni
with
only
one
carren
answer If there is
more
than
one
possible
ansrvcr
the
exerrlie
tells you.
Some
of
the
e~erc>ces,
8ncludrng the
Over
to
you acriririo
at
rhr
md

of
each
unsr
!see
below),
are
dcllgned
for
dircurrion
endic,r
writing ahnut thc k~al jurisdiction you work
or
rn,dy
I,,.
Whcre uppropnutc, wcbbitc addrcisea
at
thc
burrom of the nghr-hand pager give links
to
further
intormarion in English
on
relared legal topics.
6
P,afesnunut
Engl8rh
m
Use
Law
Also

ar
the
end
of
the
buok
there
8s
ao
index uhlch lirrs rlw key words and phrabcr wh~h
have
been
highlighted and
sues
ihc unit numbers
m
which
rhcy
appear
Thc
indc~ also tells
you how rhe words and expiesslonr
are
pronounced.
The left-hand page
The
rcxrr
on
rhc lek~hand page vary in lcngth. Each
text

has
a
clear headmg.
Sornc
rexcr
are
from spoken
conrcxrs;
orheis from wnnen. Some
are
from
iorlnal
contexts,
for
example
an
exrracr
fnxm lrg>ilarion,
or
conrrair
rcirns,
or
a
formal
presentanon;
mhds
are
from
morc
irdurmal interactions,

for
~~a~npl~ ilxussionr between legal
cullcagoo
rallang ahour
aspects
of
rheir wnrk Some
unlrr
draw ymr ancnnon
ro
characteristic features
of
lcgrl
language in Englirh
or
to
d~fferencei betwren lcgal English usage
in
the linrted
Stares
and
Englmd. All the
"ruts
highlight typical word cambinarrons.
The right-hand
page
A
range
of
exercises

on
rhc
righr~hand page give pracr~ce
in
the
highlighted
legal
vocabulary and
exprcscloni
from
rhe
leh-hand
page.
Somercmes the
enerclrei
provldc
,pr<_.:
.
.
.
%
.
.\.I
,
I.
.I.
.
.:.
.
. .

,
t
,
.
rr
I I:.
.~.
I
I,.
,,l.I,i'I.c.
.I. .I
.,
.
81.
8,
I,.,
<
I
I.,
I.
,I
I
1
,1
I
,.
.
,
>
,

'
.
I
. .
I.
I
I
.1
I
'Over to
YOU'
activities
These
ncrlvltlci
ghe
you
the
chanic
rri
practise osmng Engllsh Icgal Iangurgc
m
mrltc
08
talk
abour
aipecrs of
a
legs1 lur~sd~crion
known
ro

!ou,
sncl about your own work, study,
ar
krpmalns. Selfktudy lear~~rrs
can
do
these
as
a
wrirren activity
or
set
up
a
computer
blog
to
shpru ldcar air11 others %,anring
tn
derclop rheu legal English ~~cah~l~~y through pncficc.
In
rhe
classroom, thc
Over
to
you acrivirica
can
he
ured
ai

rhe basis
for
discussion
"I
srnall
groups, wirh
a
ipokerpersc>n for each group rumrnar~rlng the d~scussio~~ and its
ourcorni
for
rhe
class.
Alrernatively, pairs
can
exchange
uleivs,
ideas,
ar
iiiforn~arion and rhen cornhxnc
wid, another
pair
ro
rcporr
on
rhcir dircuriion.
Tl~c
rcachrr
can
monlror
thr

dii~ussiola
for
appropriate
and
nccurare
use
of iocabtllary
Lcarncrr
can
follow up by using che
Ovcr
to
you
as
a
wiincn acnriw,
For
example
for
homework.
l.e;~rnerr
might
do
more
rrrr.~rch
imn
language
use
by exploring the suggested
wcb

U.
How
to use the hook for self-studv
Find
a
roplc you
are
looking
h,r
hi
referilng
to
the
cnnrenrr
pagc
or
rhc
index. Quickly
write in
!nore
form in English what
you
already
know
ahirur
rhc topic and any
queirlons
you have. Then read though the
rents
on

the lcfr-hand pagc ui rlie unit. If you
are
unsure
of
the
meaning of
terms,
try
ro
guess the rnrnn~ng iron, the
conrexr
as
you
read.
Dn
the
exercises
on
the riglir-hand page. Check your
answrs
in the key
If
you
ihnve made
anr
mirtrkcr look
ar
rhc
rcxt
again and check

the
excrcisr.
\Vrlre
down
urrful
words
in
a
norehook;
norice
ho~, the)
arc
ured in other
rexm.
If
you
arc
rrdl
unsurc
of
any rrordi, look
rhrm
up
in
a
laivdicrlonary. Thcrr
arc
also legal glossaries
odlne.
How

to
use the
book
in the classroom
Teachers
can
choose
the units that rclarc
to
leamcrs' partiiular ncrds
and rnrercrrr,
or
rhemei wh,ch the
caursc
ir
tncus1ng
on.
Lesmcrs
can
,m,rk
on
rhe
"nlrr
in pairs
or
individually, the teacher going mund the class lhircning and advising. Teachers should
cncuurrgc lcrrnerr
to
discuss why
iwnc

un~wcr
is porrlble and othci,
arc
not.
We
hope you
find
thc
bog&
useful
anti
cab"
u>
use.
\Ve
\vould welcome
:our
commcnr,
and
suggestions
on
using
if.
Pmfeinanai
Engiih
8"
Ure
Law
Im
Legal

systems
The structure
of
the
law
The
legal system
in
the United Kingdom
(UK)
The
study
of
law
distinguishes between public offender.
Clvi
law
concerns
relafionshps
law and orivste law.
but
n
leoa
orartice in
between
anvate
oersons.
their nohts.
and
~

.
7.
.~.
.
.~
~.
.

The
constitution
~
-
~
me
headofrtateisthemonarch.cunent1ythe
8s
belng carned out
in rhe
upper
house. the
Queen
in the
UK,
but
the
government
csriler
House
of
Lords,

where
it
15
propoied that the
the
authoilty
af
the
crown
(the monarch).
The
malorNty
af
members be appointed, ~8th
a
Wertm8nsler Parliament has
two
chambers: minority elected, replacing
the
heceditaw
the
Houreaf
Lords
and
the
HauseaFCommonr. peers. There
a
no
written constitution,
but

which
sit
separately
and
are
con*it"ted con*itution.1 law
ronr,sb
of
statute
law
elected body of members. Substant8aI reform constitutional conventions.
on
different prlnclples. The Commons
8s
an
(see
Unit
2).
common law
(see
Unlt
31,
and
concerned
~8th
laws
which
govern processes
-
an

order made by the
court
However, each
,n~ocaland
natlona!gavernmentandconnicfr
field
of
law
tends
to
overlap ~th
others.
FO~
between the indivdual and the
skate
in
areas
example,
a
road
accident
case
may
lead
to
a
such
as
mm,grat,on
and

sacla,
recur,ty,
cr,m,na prosecutlo"
as
we11
as a
c,v,
actron
Private
law
is
concerned
wlth
the
relationships
for
compensailon.
between
legal
persons,
that
is,
#ndivaduals
and
cor~arat8onr.
and
tnrludes family
law.
Substantive
law

creates.
defines
or
contract
law
and
propem law. cr,mina law regulates rights, liabilities, and duties
deals
wifh
celTain forms of conduct far whlch
in
all
areas
of
law and
is
contrasted wlth
Lhe
state
reserves
punishment,
for
example procedural law, whlch defines the
procedure
murder and then.
he
state
prosecutes
the
by

wh~h
a
law
ti
to
be
enforced.
Jurisdiction
All
share a
legislature
in
Lhe Westminiter
or
farelgn policy, The
UK's
accerrion
to
the
!
legal prafeiiion.
Waies
and
~orthern
Ireland
authorihl
n
the
legal system.
The

UK
i
also
1
each
have
thelr
own
Assembly
and
s8nce
a
signatory
of
the
European Convention
of
I
1999
Scolf15h Members
of
Parliament Human R~ghtrand Lhlr has
been
incorporated
(SMPS)
have
rat
n
thelr
own

Parilament. into
UK
law.
1
Under
an
Act
of
the
Werlmniter Parlament,
I
~
-
~~~
~
:
1
i,
I
I
;
1.1
Complctc
thc
dcfinirionr.
I.ook
at
A
upposirc
to

help
you.
1
law rclaring
o,
acts
conimlrred arainsr
the
la>r
\rhiih
2
concerned
rlrh
ihe
const~iurion
or
government
ot
rhe
3
ruler which determine
haw
a
case
is
adnunisrered by
the
4
is concerned wiih rhe righrs
and

duties
of
individuals.
1
as
companicl,
trade
onions, and chnririerl,
us
oppoicd
to
5
8s
coinlnorl
law rr~d
stnrure
law used hy
the
courra
io
1
.2
Cornplerc
the
sentences.
Look
ur
B
and
C

oppaiirc
to
hclp
!uu.
There
a
lllore
rlian
one
posi~hiliri.
for
onc
ot
rhc answers.
1
111
rnsn.
rvstemr
a
president rather rhs~
a
monarch
I

s
a
parlvamenr
with
[wo.
icr,

thc
courts
are
orgrnlred
in
a
of
lerclr.
4
The Scomih Parliament
has
rhc
[a
lcglslare
<rn
\uhlccrs
nor
rciencd
to
Wesim~nsrer
5
The
EC
ir
an
imporrant lcg~slarivc

in
mrnr
Eunlpcan

coru~rr~cs.
6
h
number
of
inrernlnonnl

lhnuc
been
lilcorporarcd
~nru
national law
1.3
Coo~plerc rhc table wirli words
from
A,
B
and
C
oppaiirc
and
rclnrcd
forms.
Put
a
stress
mark
in
fmni
of

the
srresred syllable in each ivord.
The
first
one
has
been
done
far
you.
Then
complcrc rhc
sci~rct~ccs
helow
with
words
trorn
the
rahle.
1
Thc

is
the
hody
ivh~ch has the
fvncrlor
of
making law: rnorinally
it

is
the
Parliament.
2
It
is q~lire
a
lengthy
process
m
ro
fhc
tvropcan Cr~rnrnuniej
3
Sometimes
3
COCI~
case
can
he dclaycd whilc o~unsel
argue over
pn,hlcms.
W
Sources of law: legislation
B
Background
to
making new law

, ,
,,,,,
,,
,
,
,
u,r
a>>

.
~
,,,


How
are
laws made in the
UK?
he
~redom~nant
sources
of law
n
the united
.
ensure
UK
compliance with International
/i/

~ngdam
are: or
~uropean
unlin
(EU)
~aw;
~rirnarv leaislation.
known
as
Acts
of . consolidate laws by
brlnQlnQ
taqefher
info
1'1
.
.
~~
~
iariament
or
.tatUte.,
whch bey,"
,re
one the on one
draitr called Bills
(see
Band
C
below): tooic:

A
new
act
8s
passed
n
order Lo:
. legislate far
new
c~rcumsfances and
no
anger relevant, and the
courts
must
enforce
government policies;
Note:
Act
of
Parliament
and
Bill
are
alwayr capitalired in legal
usage;
statute is
not.
Statutory instruments
are
delegated legslation created by

government
mnistecs.
Bye-laws
ar
made
by Local
Government
or
public bodies.
I
BrE:
an
Act;
AmE:
a
Bill
Early development
of
a Bill
pp~-~~-~-
p~p~p
~~
~ ~ ~
.~~
~
-
The
government may proceed
to
initiate a

pubshed iollovring
consultation
ar
dlscurrion
8
consultative process by the publlcalton of
w#lhpresruregroups,professional
bodies,
a
Green
Paper in
which
its
proposals
are
set
or
voluntary organirationr.
A
Bill does
not
out
at
an early rlage w~th the infenf~on of
have
to be preceded by
a
Wh8te
or
Green

ahradlng
public response and comment. The
pa~er,
although if may
have
been presented
definite
proposals, although these
are
often draR form earlier.
government's
WhilePaperscontain thermore
for
public scrutiny, that is, examination,
n
I'
Passing an Act
p-~
;
A
Acts
must be ~ubrnltked
to
bath
Houses
drafting
of
the
legislation is undertaken
!

of
Parilamenf
In
the draft form of
a
Bill.
me
by Parliamentary Counsel. Flnally,
a
Bill must
i
leg,~lat,ve
process
~nvaives
three
readings
rerelve
~ayal
~srent
from the monarch before
!
~n
both
~ouses.
~t
the
hrst
reading,
the
title

11
becomes
law
on
a
specified date
in
fa*,
the second readny,
MPS
debate proposals. of the short tide of
an
~ct
in both
nouses
of
Then
a
rtand~ng committee wll
Ecrutinise
Parllamenl and is
now
a
formaty.
8s
read
to
Membem of Parliament
(MPs);
at this stage has been reduced

to
a
formal readng
the proviIionr
n
the
8111 and may amend if
en
sure
it
the
principles
Government
Bills
are
introduced by the
debated and approved
at
the
recon* reading.
Government;
Private
Members
are
Thi~sreported
badfaMPs.Afthefhirdreadlng,
pmposed
by
MPr
'Oth

may
!
the
Bill
re-presented,
The
B,ll
then
goes
in
Public Acts that govern
the
general Public.
:
through readtngs
n
the upper house, ihe actual
Acts
pa'icu1ar
lndv'duas
Or
:
InL,tul,OnS.
1
b
~ ~
Note: No article (althe) is neceirary in to becomc law.
10 Prvferrionai English
>in
Use

Low
2.1
Find
verbs
in
A
opposite thvr
can
be
used
ro
maic word comblnvrionr with rhe \vordr hc1011
There
is more than
one
porribiliry foi
rhree
oi
the
answers.
Perllamcnf
can
1
.
Acs
of Parliament.
2

new
aarurei.

3

existing iegislanon.
4

obsolete law
5

rrarure
law,
care
law, and amendmenti into
one
Acr.
6

law
by
repenlrng
and
re~enamng
in
one
stature
provisrons
of
a
,number
of
statutes

on
the same
sublect.
2.2
Complete
the
sentences.
L.ook
ar
A,
B
and C opposlrr
ro
help
you. Pay
attention
to
the
~"mm'bl
context.
-
1
An
order
xnade
under aurhorirv deleeared
to
a
envernmenr
1 1

,
,,
~ ~
',~
~~~~~
~~
nlrrlrrrer
by
an
Act
of
Parliarncnr
is
known
us
a

2
A
. .
is made hr
a
local aurhorirv
or
a
aubllc
or
.
.

natnonal~red body
and
bust~ be
u~orared
by
cenrral
rovernrnent.
1
1
2.3
A
siting
Russian mllcaguc ir a\king
an
Englirh rulic~tor rbuur thc lcgialatiru
process.
Replace
thr
undrrlinrd
words
in
ihcir
cc,nvcr~snon
ivith a1rernarix.e
irwrdr
firm
(:
~o~~~~rire. Pay
arrcnrion
a,

the grammatical
context.
There is
inure
rlnn
one
pursibiliry
for
two
of rhe
answers.
Narsshn:
Hvm
1s nciv
legi~larion
enacced?
Charlcs:
Well,
inirlslly rhc
111
draft lceislari,~n has
rr,
hr
(21
i,rurcnrcd
o,
both huuncs.
The drah is
131
scvcral

rlmes.
A
commioce has the
iah
of
checkkg
rhar
the
Rrll
141
lncnmorares
the fondamenral elrmenrs
(.TI
agd
ar
the
second
reading.
After this,
rhe
Bill is
(61
shown
aearn
to
rhe lower house.
Kararhn:
Who
doer
the

(7)
formal wrirln~
of
the legislation?
Charles:
Iri 181
done
hy
qualified lharriqiers employed
s?
civil
remano,
knowii
as
Parliammrar)
C<runrel.
Kamrhu:
Who
can
(91
,whwd
Bills?
Charles: The governmenr
and,
less cnmmonl!;
MPI.
. .
3
(:hznt~cs
llku Oxfam and Help the Aged

can
acr
as

,
lobhying for law
reform.

4
m~hc
CL,MIU~~CC
nccA
M,
cniule
the
BIII
incorpomrer
rhe
principler agreed
in
they
chcck
~r
hy
.
.
Freedom
of
Information
Act

2000
Sources of
law:
common
law
Common
law
in
the
UK
Penny
Arkwrrght pradscs
in
the High
Couri.
She
1s
rpeaking
ai
an
incernarional clrnvenrion
far
young lawvrrs.
.
.
Bahamas. and Zambla.
1s
based
on
common law. The common

cuhject
to
interpretation
and
rcfinrmenr in the
courts.
Esscnmsl
o~
the
common law is
rhe
hierarchy
of
the
courts
m
all of rhc
UK
iurisdicrlons
md thc principle
of
bindkg precedent.
In
practice, rhls
mcanr
that
the
decis~un
"i
a

111.'.
1
-
.1>11.1.11.:
111
Cl
I,,
it-
i
I
I
I.
.
L.
\<J.l,l.,.,
I,
.,
111-1
1.1:.11,.,r1Ir1
.\.,II^,._
< ,,,
I
.I
,,.
ld.1
.I.
8
1.0
. . .
A<.

.
I,,
1.1.
,
I
,
t\
.
8
,
lh%~",,.lt< f,>I.OU
,l r,
.I
.c
< ,
<.
~,~~~~~~ ,
rule
set
by
a
courr
of
greater
or
equll
stam.
must
be applied if it's
to

the
point
-
rclcvanr
or
pertinenr.
During
a
rnal,
counrrl
wall
cite cares
and nrhcr anelnpr
fa
dirrinnyinh
rhe
care
at
trial
horn
those
referred
to
or,
irenmt~ieis,
argnc
rhar
the rule
ar
law reasoned and esiahhshed

in
a
previous
cart.
is appliwhle and rhuuld he hllorcd.
Hence
rile
term
'arc
law.
A
case
will inevitably invi>lvc
many
tams
and
iwucr
of
evidence. The evenn~al decirlon irielf
doein'c rcrually
set
rhc
prccedenr. Tlic precrdcnr
is
the rule
oi
law
which
the
firs?

tnsrince
pdgc rclied
on
m
derurmm~ng the
care's
autcornc.
Judpes
in
a
case
may xmake orher starcmmri
of
law. \Yrhilir
nor
consrirurrng blndlng
precedents,
rhcse
may
be
considered
in
subicqucnr
cascr
and
may
bc
clrcd
as
pcrruari~e

authority,
if
appropriare. Since the
Human
Klphri
icr
ai
1988, all
courts
in
the Unired
Kingdom
must
,now
refer
ro
rhc
ulrimare aurhorrry
of
the Europrsn
Court
iof
Human
Rights, including all previous deciai<mr mrdc
by
char
court.'
Note: practirei
-
quaiifled to

work
profez\ionally
Law
reports
'The development
md
application of the common law system plvotr upon
the
existence
of
a
comprehenslve
ryarcm
ioi
repornng
cases.
The
Law
Kepom, published annually
hy
rhe
Co~mcll
of
Law
Rrpurtmg,
are
perhaps
the
muat
aurhoriratlve

and
frequently cired
set
oi
repom, differ~ng fmm other
reties
of
law
reports,
inch
as
Bumnvorchi
All England
law
Repons /All ER]
or
specialist reports lhke Lloyds
Lax\-
Ilepc~rrs,
in
rhar they contain
rummarier
01
cou~isck
argumrlirr
and
are
rcvlsed by
rhc
i~~clpc sirrlng in cach respectwe

cnic
hch~rc
puhlicarion.
Carer
n1cn.t
in
the
year
rhsi die)
arc
declded
so
a
case
citation
wdl
refer
to
rhe
volume
and
ycar
rr~
which the
care
*,as
published,
for
example
Mrah

v
Roberts,
119781
1
All ER 97. Developmcnri
in
elecriolllc
darahasea have increased puhlic
access
to
recent
cases.'
Note:
Latin terms
used
far
the legal principles outlined in the
above
texts
are:
$fort
decisk
-
principles
of
binding precedent
mho
decidendi
the rule
at

law reasoned
obiterdicturn
-
persuasive authority
In
a
civil
case
citation,
for
examplr
Mfoh
v
Roberts.
[19781
1
All
ER
;
97.
v
Ibtn
for
veiiud
is
sad
'and:
HufferiunrlhiYll
E~gI,l#id
L.i*

Rrports
12
Pmfessfanol
Enolgfiih
in
Use
Law
3.1
Denny Arkwr~ghr
is
calking
abour
her experience of
court
cares
ro
a
Rurrlan
colleague.
Replace
the
underlined
words
and
phrases wlrh alternative
x,ords
and phrases hom
A
and
B

~pporitc.
Pay
aacnrion
to
fhc
grarnmrtlial
context,
V,ere
is mare rhvn
one
possihilit) for
one
of
the anirers.
5
The
courrs
are
ccm&d
ro
apply
rhe
Ir
ls,
howcvcr,
rhc
n,lr
of
counsel
ro

nur~ng the
court
case
rhe
ludse
iv~ll
or
rearonmg,
in
relevanr prevloui
cited
as
precedent
by counsel
as
m rhe
declilon
of
an
earl~er
court
3.2
Cumplcrc rhc
rahic
wirh words from
hand
B
opposite
and

rclarcd
furmi.
I'ut
a
srresa
mark
in
front
of
ihe
rrrersed
syllable in
each
ward.
The
first
one
has been
done
for
you.
3.3
Penny
is working wirh
n
trainer hrrriircc Glmplcrc hcr
scnfcnccr
irirh rpprapriare
words
from rhe table rboue.

Well,
rhar
decision of rhe Appeal Court
Can
~IU
C~CC~
the
case
?
is
going
a,
he.

oo
the
case
I
rhink
rhe
year's
we've
gor
st
trial just
now
1
Should
wc

add
ro
our
argument rhur
We
,need
to
be
able
to
cimrince
rhe
Edwards
v
Peck
hi
a

iudgc
char the rule
m
Meah
u
Roberts
pircrdenr
even
rile
legal
asucs.
. .

to
this
case.
alrhough
the
judge
isn't hound
to
follow
it?
Civil
courts
Duncan Rir~hie,
a
hrrrirrcq is talkmg
to
a visiring group of
yottng
Eurnpcnn
Irwyurr.
'Both
criminal md civil
coulrs
in
England and Wales
pr~marily hear evidence and am
to
dctertninc
what
exactly

happened
m
a
case.
Bn~adly
speaking,
rhe
lower
courts
den&
manern
of
fac~
and
the
un~ur
court,
no>nnaUv
,
.
deal
xlrh
points
of
law. In England,
civil
actions, for
exalnplc
inmil)
r~~.~itc#s

3uch
a,
undefended divorce,
are
normally
hcard
in
earher
the
Magi~rrrres'
Courts
or
rhc
Counv
Courts.
ludges
havc
differenr rirlei depcoding
nn
their
experience,
traimng,
and
livcl.
A
ritv,lc
stipendiary magistrarc
or
three
lay

magistrares
sir
in
rbe
Ms@iirare<
On~rr.
There's
no
juq
in
n
Mugistvoter'
Courr.
Family
caxs
may go
on
appeal
from
the
Magistrates' Courr
to
the
Counv
Coum.
The
Co~nry
Court
also
hears

complex
first
instance
clvd
caica,
~.
,.
, ,"
recorders
who
sit
in
the
County
Courts.
us~vally
wirhnur
a
)u~.
Juries
are
now
rale
in
mud
actions,
so
normrllv
the
iudge corniderr

both
law
and
fact.
\I
I<
.
,,
.
'
.
3 .
,
I
.
!
,
r
1

1.1
1%
:
.r
I
1.1.
. .
r
I
I.

HI
n
I.
. . . .
':.
.
.\'
r.
r.
.
I.:.
.
,>>.c-i
,I.
\ I
.
1,
8
.I
!
1.
. .
-
I,.
,
I
c
n*,ml. ,I
8

first
instance,
and
appellarc jutisdiction.
From
the
Htgh
Gnrr
cases
may
go
on
appeal
ro
rhe
civil divislon
of
the
Court
of
Appeal,
whlch
call
rcvcrre
or
uphold
a
decision
oi
rhe

lower
courts.
Irs
decisions
hmd all the lowcr civil
court^.
Civil
caics
,nay
leapbog
fco~ll
the
High
Courr
a>
the
Houic
of
Lords, bypasring
rhe
Courr
oi
Appeal,
when
pnlnts
of
law
of
general public imporrmic
arc

iniulied. Appcllrnrr
mnrr,
huwcrcr, apply
for
leave
to
anneal. l>rcinons
of
thr
House
of
Lords
ZTC
hlndine
rm
all
orher
alurrs
bur
I
~~~
.
.
nor
nrcrrrarily
on
itself.
The
oiurr
of

the
House
of 1.ords
conrlsrs
of
tivelvc
life peen
appoinred
from
judgcl
and
harr,srers.
The
quorum,
01
nluluimuin
number,
of
iaw loriis
for
an
appeal hearing
is
normally
three,
bui
gcneralll
fhcre
is
a

sirring
of
five
iudgcr.'
Note:
A
rtipendialy is
a
full-time paid magistrate
who
has qualfied
as
a
lawyer
1
A
lay maglitrate is unpaid
and
ti
an
eirablbihcd member of the local communw
A
circuit
i5
a
g~ogiaphical dlv8iion
for
legal purposes: England and Wales
are
dvded nto

rx.
A
recorder
AS
a
palt-rime judge
w~th
ten
yeam
standing
as
a
barrister
or
ioicitor
See
Unit
12
for
more
information
about judge5
See
B
below
for
mare
informaton aboutjuriei
'About
9.5% of

all criminal
cases
in
England and Walo
are
tried
ii~
rhe
.Migiirrares'
(:oarri.
which deal with
ocm
mimes.
rim
xi.
lusr serious
oncs.
Tn
ccrrain iircurnsranies.
.
'
rhc
courr
may
romm>r
an
accused
pin,,,
to
the

Crown
Coun
for
more
*cvere
oun~rhmenr.
clther
lhv
war
of a
he
or
imo"sonmenr.
Enccrrr
in
cases
of
hornside.
,,
.,
,.I:
.I
.,
,
.
8.8,
VI

\

,
.,
.
",,,,,><~
r
<
I
.,
I
s<

,
.? I
.',
5-
.
,r
I
l
I,,,
llllll,
I,,
I
.
L
I
I,
I,
8%
?

I1
.7
.)
1'1
,
rr
,
, ,
.
\I,
.,,
.,
.
III.II.,J~I
*
lil" ,.'
*.I
i r
8.
mi
.
such
as
rhek,
assault, drilg
dialing,
and
murdcq
are
cerervcd

for
trial
in the
Crown
Court.
In
allnosr all criminal
cases,
rhr
Snte,
in
rhe
name
of
the
Cmwn,
prorecvtcs
a
person
dcgcd
to
havc
commirrcd
r
Enmc
In
England
and
Wales,
a

iuv
of
nvelve pcople decidcs
wherhcr
rhe dcfcndanr is plilry
of
the crimc
she
or
hc
IS
chrrgcd with. Tile
Crurvn
Caurr
may !hear
cascs
in
clrcuir
areas.
From
the
Crown
G,urr,
appeal against conriction
or
senrcncc
lies
to
the
Criminal Divliiun

of
the
Couir
cof
Appeal.
lf
leave
to
appeal is
granted
hy
that
court,
carer
may
go
on
tc
rhc
Hourc
~i
Lard,.'
4.1
Complete the diagram.
Look
at
A
and
B
opposire

ro
help
you
The
Court
System
in
England
and
Wales
CRIMINAI. CASFS
CML
CASES
Th=
171

AppeoL
irii~allggo
to
(Civil Diwnionl

or
inay 151
Thc
14)

Queen's
Bench
Divis~on
Appmb

ED
iron,
hire
to
Thc
Cnunv
Cuun
or
.Ihc
(I)

I
'The
Cuurr
of
Flrsr
(2)

1
4.2
Complete
rhc
table wiih words
from
A
and
B
oppoiire
and
relared

forms.
Pur
s
srress
mark
in
front
of
rhc
icrciscd
syllabic
it,
each word.
l'hc
&st
one
has
been
done
for
you.
4.3
March the
two
parts
of
rhe
sentences
and cornplere rlie gaps
with wards

from the tahlc
above.
Pay
arrenrion
ro
the grammatical
conrexr.
There is
,nore
than
unc
for
three
of
the
gaps.
1
Thu

cnunr
can
a a
court
af
first
instance.
2
An
appellanr must
gee

b
normall)
.
~n
the
Crown
Court.
3
in
a
a
who
rcvuric
or
~,~h~ld decisionr
of
lower
ha5 5uffered
d
harm
or
i"l"ry
seeks
a
remedy
4
Magisrrarcs gcucrally

e
lcarc

sr

before
raking
a
case
ro
caici
of
pcrty
crmc
as
a
hghir
court.
5
lndicrablr offences
are
appeal
~
lhear
I
I
Criminal justice and criminal proceedings
l>uncan
Iliichie,
a
harrirrec i\ calking
to
a

visiting group
of
young
Furoprall lawyer*.
Criminal justice
'The
scare
prosecuicr those chargcd with
a
mime.
Thc
puLcc
investigate
a
&me
and
apprehend suspects and detain them
in custody.
If
rhe police deciilc
an
offender shotnld
bc
pii,secuted.
P
file
on
rhc
case
is

sent
ro
the
Cron.n
Prorccuriun Servicc ICPSI
-the
naii,msl
nrosecurv,~~
ervice
for
Fnaland 2nd W~~lei.
Thc
~~
~~~
CPS
must
considel u,hcrher rhere is enough evideoce
tor
a
rcalirtic prospecr of
conncnon.
and if
lo,
whether the pllblic
inrcrerr
rcqurrcs
s
pn,rccution.
They
cm

decidc
a,
clrhir
go
ahead wirh
thr
piosecunun, send ihc
caw
hack
to
the police for
a
caution,
<>i
take
no
forrlicr action. Criminal
proceedings
cnn
lx
5nitiared
e)d~er
by
the
wrving
of
a
summons
setting
our

the nffcnce and icquirlng the ricuscd
ro
attend
court,
05
m
more
srrlous
cases,
by
a
warrant of
arrest
lrsued by
a
Mag>srrarrr'
C:ourt.
Larjcr\
fro")
the CI'S may
icr
as
~ublic
prosecurori.
The Cril~iirlal Dcience Service prov~dpi legal aid, whlc11 h~ndi ihe
sernicei
ot
an
lndcpcndenr
dug

solicitor
who
rcprocnfr
the
nccubcd
m
he
pohcc
srarlon
and
in
courr.
However,
at
rhr end
ot
a
Crown Ca~ln
casc
rhe icldgr ha? the power
o>
crrder the dcfeadanr
a,
pay
somr
or
all
of
rhc defence
coin.'

Note:
If
Green
fi
prns~ruted
for
a
crme,
the ensuing trial wII
be
called the
case
of
R
v
Green.
R
s
the
abbreviation
for
the
Crown
(Reginofor
a
Uueen
or
Rexfor
a
King]:

v
(Latin
far
woud
IS
sad 'against'
n
a
criminal
rase.
Categories
of
criminal offence
'Thcre
are
rhrec
caregoner
of crirnlnal offence. Summary
affenccr,
tried rlrhnur
a
jar?,
are
minor cvirnci <rnll triublc in the iMagistrarer'
Courr.
lndictvblc offences
arc
ser8ous
crime?, such
an

murder, ivhich
can
only hc heard in rhc
Crown
Court. Thc h~rmil
document
contaimng
tire
alleged
offences,
supponed
hy
facri,
ii
called
the
indimcot.
A
cnsc
which
can
he
heard in eitlier
rhc
I\la@srrares'
Coorr
or
rile Crown
Churr,
such

ri
thcft
or
burglan; is triahic either way. lithe duicndror plcadi pilry, rhc A,lagirrrarer'
Colurr
can
e~rlwr oroceed
to
Fcnrmce
<or
commit
m
the Crown
Cnun
for
rentcncc.
where
-~~~
~~~~.
more
scvnc
pendticr
are
svaiable.
If
rlicrc
IS
a
nm
ruilr~ plea, rhc

cmurr
cm
decide
the
mode of
nlal
The
person
~hargc~l may
reque5r
a
rial by jury.
Tf
p;mtcd, such trials
rake
place in rhr Crown Courr.'
Note:
indictable
offencer
are
also known
as
notifiable
offences
in the
UK.
Criminal court proceedings
'The Eilgllih
sysreru
of jusricc ir adversarial, which

rnealli
rlvar each s~de collects and
prerenrr their
own
eviiicnce
and
attacks
rhiir uppo~ie~lr's iiy crorr-exaninarion,
In
a
criminal rr~sl,
rile
burden of proof is
on
the
pn,sccurion
to
prnvc beyond rcaaonable
doubt that rhc
accused
is gu#iry,
h
person accused
or
under
arrest
for
an
offe~lce
may

hc
=ranted bail and remaorsrilr rclcrsed.
Howcrer.
bail
lnri
lhr refused.
h~r
examole
ii
-
~
. .
rhere
are
wounds
for
believing
rhar
the
accused would tail
;o
appear
I&
trial
or
cbmit
an
offence.
In
the

Crown
Courr, there tnsy he
a
preparatory heating
fix
a
complex
care
before rhc jury is sworn
in.
Prair
ra
rhc rrral,
there
is
a
statutory
rcquircmenr for
disclosure
by rhe proiecurmn and dcfe~ice
of
marerial relevant
tn
rhe
care,
frrr
example
derails
nf
an?

aLbis
-
people
who
can
provide
of
rhc
accused's
ivhrirahc,no
:at
rhe
rime of the crime
-
or
wimcircs
-
people
who
may
have
seen
somcrh~~,g
relevcnr
to
the
cnme.
Once
r
trn

lhar
hegun, ihe deiendanr ma?
hc
advised hy cou~lrel
ro
change
h~
or
hcr
plea
to
guilr);
IT,
expccrarron
uf
a
rcduced
smrence.
If,
ar
rllr
end oirhr rrial, rhe
court',
vcidict
is
nor
guilt),
chcn
rhc
duicndunr

ir
acquitted.'
5.1
Complctc
rhc
dcfinifions.
Look
at
A
and
8
to
help
lou.
1
a
a
court
docurnenr aurhoriring
he
pol~ce
ro
detain
someone
2
PO
.
s
nrirrell sraremenr
wlrh

details
of
rhe crlmei
someone
1s
charged
mih
3
r
. .
-a
formal
ordcr
tu
atrcnd
courr
5.2
Make
ivilrd combinarions
horn
A,
B
and
C
uypus~re
uitnp
words
from
the
box.

Then
urc
approprlatc
wnrd
combmaiiom
to
complctu
thc
renrei~ier
belaw
criminal
doubt
sentence
vldlcrahlc
sewre
pier
realisric guilry
reasonable
drfr~lcc
procecdu~gs
costs
rcdvccd prarpecr offc~~ccs
penaltie
1
The
Crown
Prosecutor
mnq~dcri
whether there's suificrunt
cv~dencc

m
pro~idc
a

.
of
convsrion.
2
l%erc
should
be
no
conviction wirhour
root
br
rm
3
The
croivn
Court
nlwryr hears
4
In
senrenr~ng
serwua
cnmcs,
ca
5
At
rhr end of

a
rnal,
s
dciendan
5.3
Replace the ul~derlu~cd
wr>rdr
and
ph~arci with alrcrxiarivc word, and
phrases
from
.?,
R
and
C
opposite.
Pay
anenrion
ro
the
ginmmrr~cal
conrcrr.
Thcrc
is
,more
than
one
oosi~biltn for
one
of the

answers.
a
Ball ma)'
be
reh~rcd
and
the
detendanr mar
bc
Ill
Md
in
pollcc
custody.
b
Alternuorely,
rhc
defcndint
may
bc
(2)
h)
thc
courr
and di5chnrgrd.
c
Oncc
prucccilings
liave
been ininarcd, rhc dcfendan

131
olmn
hch,rc
the
courr.
d
The
pol~cr
formalll
(41
accuie
the iuipecr
in
thc
~OIICC
station.
e
if thc offcndcr pleads goiiry in rhc
~laglrrlrfe5'
Court,
rhu
court
imposer
a
(5)
b.
f
The pulicc inrc~rigare
a
serious

offence and
(61
rrerr
a
surpccr.
g
Tile surpecr
may
ask
for
171
release
from
currndr
before
the
tnal.
Put
rile
sentences
in
5.3
mr<l
ihc
correcr
order
chmnolr~gic~lly
I
ook
at

A.
Band
i
opposite
to
help
ion.
Thc
first
rtrgc
is
f.
1-
Civil
procedure
Civil
Procedure Rules
i.m,,w
,
, -,

, ,"
,*,,
ryu.
1
"mwv?m
lil
isdrir
Imrh,
a

hirrlrirr
is
raking
to
a ~isirvl~
group of
young
Europrun lai"yerr.
i
I
'All
cvicr
conier"ir1g goods, propern: dcbt
repayment,
breach
of
conmacr
(ivlrh some
exceptions such
as
insolvency proceedlngr and
non-contcntiour
litigation),
are
subject
to
Civil
Procedure Ruler. The Rules, which came into
force
m

1999
in England and Wales, made radical
ihmgcr
ra
civil process in rhc Cuunry
Court
and
rhe
High
Coun.
The
judge
performs thu role oi
cnic
manager The
court
rcrs
a
timetable
for
lic~garion,
wiih rhe
parries
heing under
m
ohl~ganon
to
the
court
to

adhere
to
timescaler whlch
conrrol the
progrcss
of the
cane.
Procedure rslrr
are
rupplemenred hy dcrailed inirrucrionr
madc hy thc judge rvhlch
rupparr
rhc rules, known
as
pranice drectionr.'
Proceeding
with
a claim
'Mosr
claims
are
initiated hy the
use
of
1
claim form, which
funcrions
as
a
summons.

The
claun form
can
bc
uscd
for
dlfierenr
vpes
of claim,
for
cxample for spenfied
or
unrpeclfred
moncrrry rums,
ur
for the claimant
to
ark
rhc
court
tu
make
an
order.
Oncc
a
clam
has
heen issued,
a copy

1s
served
on,
that is, delirercd
to,
rhe defendant with
a
iesoonse
oack
invitine rhem
to
eirher admir the claim.
usin* a
form
of
admisrion.
or
m
, ,
.~

defend
it,
using
a
form
of defcncc. The rerponre also contains
an
acknowledgemcnr
of

service
form
a,
confim?
recclnr
of the claim. and
n
counterclaim form
for
the
defendant
to
uc
ri
they wirh
a,
claim agslnrr
the
cla~manr.
A
dricndanr
must
\virhin
14
days of
service
of rhc particulars
uf
rhc
claim.

If
rhc dchndvnr doer
nor
respond,
iudgmenr may
be
given
in
favour
of thc claimcmr. The
dcfcndnnr
may
be
nhlc
rc,
gct
a
I
time
cxrension
for
fling areply
on
defence by using rhr
parr
of
the acknowlcdgemenr
of
serviic form which
starer

an
lnrenriun
to
defend
rhc
clu,m.
Caicr
air
allocated
to
a
regime
or
tradi
by a procedural iudge accord~np
ro
rhcir
monetary value. Claunr
of
15,000
or
lesr
arc
allacvrcd
ra a
small claims
track
ivhilc
I
claxms

of
up
ro
£15,000
arc
allocated
to
a
fast
rrack.
Mare
complcx claims wirh
a
greater
value
are
allocated
to
u
multi rrack regime.
Fasr
rrack
dtrecrioni mhghr include disclosure,
where the claimant tells thc
dcfcnce of
any relcvrnt documents in thclr pos5~~iion.
This is iollowed
bv
insoenion. inirlared hr
a

wrinen
reaueir
hv
the
claxmanr
ro
look
at
.
.
relevanr
documents held
hy
the
defence,
ind
an
exchange of wirners starements. Thc
mu16
rraclc
icgime
is
irendcd
to
be
flexlblc
md
doer
,lot
hauc

a
sta~ndard
proccd~sc.
In
all regtmes, parries
are
encour.~eed
to
sale their differences and for rhli
ptlrpore
a
stay
~
~
in proceedings, rhar is,
a
rcmporary halr, may
be
agreed.
Case
managcmenr
conferences
Note:
The
ipforrnr
to
the
C#v#l Prorpdure Rules led by Woolf in
1998
included the fallowing

changer in legal language:
claim form, formerly known
a5
a
writ
of
summons
specified, formerly known
as
a
liquidated claim
la
fixed monetaw rum1
claimant, formerly known
ai
a
plaintiff
6.1
Complete
the
definitions.
I.ook
at
A
and
B
opporire
to
hclp
yi>u.

1

rhe procois
by
which
s
claimant
nvng
look
at
wrirrcn cvldence held
by
rhe
ilcfcncc
2
.
the documenr in whlch the dekndanr
,maker
a
claim against rhc claimanr
3
rhe
documma
in
which
the
defendanr agree
ro
4
the

docunienr
scarring
a
clam pr<xeedings
5

which the clsimanr is mquired
ru
inhim
the
defendanr
of
documcnrr
they
bold
relevant
rc,
the
claim
6
the
documenr
giving rviduncc hy someone who raw
or
heard
sornerhnp
critical
to
the
case

7
-the
inrtructmns
giice
by
a
judgc
on
how promdurer ihould bc
card
our
in
a
rase
6.2
Make
word
cnmhlnnrioni
from
A
and
R
~~p~rire "ring
a
wuid
from
cach
box. Thcn
use
rppiopnatc word comhrnanons and lniormannn

in
K
oppoiire
co
answer
rhe
qvernons
bcloiv
a
timetable
allocate
to
enforee
the
praeerr
the
judgment
a
claim
a
elam
on
a
regime
settle
Tribunals
The status and range
of
tribunals
"

Tribunals
in
the
"K
The
system
of
cauns
n
the Unlted Kingdom
iS
supplemented by
a
substantial
number
of tribunals,
ref
up by
Ads
of Pariamenf.
They are deicr~bed
n
the
guldanre given
to
90vernment depaiimenti
as:
-those bodies whore
funnlonr,
lMke

those
of
roulfr
or
law,
are
eszenfially judicial.
independenlly of
the
Executive, they decde
the rights and obigarions of pnuate
citzenz
towards
each
other and
tawardsa
government
department
or
pubic
authority."
RePo*
of
Councli
on
lilbonaiS
The growth
in
the number and mpartance
of

tribunals i closely related
to
the
development
Social
secvrlty
Appeal Trbunal
. EmploymenfTrbunal
.
Mental
Heath
Review
Trbunal
. Immiaralian Aoneal Tribunal
of
an
,ncreas,ngiy ait,ve welfare
state
~8th
1eg,siat,on cover,ng
areas
prev,ous1y
considered
private
Some examples
are:
:
. ~and;~ribuna~
Some tribunais have
a

significant
effect
in
the
areas
of
law
involved.
However,
they
are
nonetheless infenor
to
the
courts
and
Lhe8r dec#s#ons
are
subject
to
judicial
review
-
examnation by
a
hgher
court
of the
decnon-maring
process

in
a
owei
coun,
The lntentan
of
tribunals
was
to provide
a
less
formal Dioieedinq
in
which claimants
could
:
:
Composition of
tribunals
and
procedure
lodge claim. and respondent. defend
claims. and ultmalel" re l"efherdir.uter
I
W8thoYf
the need fir legal represen;atlan.
However,
procedures have become more
complicated and
uses

brought before
tribunals
are
offen
presented by sollators
and barristers.
For
example,
a
case
ai
unfair
~
A
tribunal
conslslr
of
three
members. The
fr8ei
to
broker
a
settlement
so
that
a
chairperson
is
normaily fhe only legally may be withdrawn.

Thecosts
of the hearing
qualihed member. The
other
two
are
lay are borne by the public purse, that
is,
paid
represenfafiver
who
usuaiy have special iramfaxievenue, but legal representation
isat
eipertiseintheareagovernedbythefrbunal,
the
cost
of
each
paey witness statements
galned from pracfical exper~ence.
he
tribunal
are
normally exchanged before the
hearing
wili
also
have ai
the
usual

adminlrlrative and
at
the hearng bath parties may question
supponenjoyed by
acoulf:
hearlngderks,wha witnesses and address the ~ribunal.
he
are
responsible
for
adm~nisier~ng procedures,
~ribuna
can
refer
to
decisions of higher
dirmirral-
whereanemployeiappearstonot
be
acting
in
a
reasonable way
in
removing
an
employeecould be broughttoan Employment
Tribunal.
Procedure
at

that
Tilbunal ma"
I
clerical staff, and hearing
accommodation,
courts
before making
its
decslon
in a specfic
ncude
a
stage
where
a
government agency
7.1
Cumplere
this lcrrer
which
a lawyer
has
wrtrren
o,
111s
cltenr
shout
a
case
corning

ro
an
EmL>loymenr Trlhunal.
Look
at
R
oppositc
ro
help
~ou.
Woods
&
Pankhurst
Solicitors
3
The
Old
Forge
West
Cambourne
Cmbs
CBO
7AB
hlr
I)
Jolmron,
Managing
Dlrecrol
pmcc Lfd
DC*"

nwrt
Claim
fllr
llnlair Diami.sal br
AJ.
Blackrvood
M~Y
hks
for rmed lcner nfyeserda), anachsng
LC
copy ETI
in
rcspcct of
the
ah>vr
~ccording
lo
my
records. Fmce Ltd
ham
not
had
an
11
1 claim mrde lgrinrl it prcv~ousiy
s>
I
lhou@l
I<
~ould bc helpIul

ti1
em.c
you
a hrlcf ouillni ufihc \u~oui slugrr offl~c
procedure
lnunld
for
you
to
12).

the
claim.
lrcclpf orlhr ETI. the company.
as
(3)
.has
ZXday$tocomplcfs md
refurn
on
film
ET3 ThTnbunrl will arknmvlcdge
rccvlpt
of flus and will iun-ord
a
copy
lo
Mtni
Uluckunod
!he

(4)

Thc
Trihud appoillts
an
olfrcer
offlo
(5).

lhe
Arhlmrlon
Conc~lhnoll and
Advirorv Sewncc IACASI.
to
*a
rrrr
ilc or she %rill
i.ct
in
touch iiilh hati,
vau
and
hllbr
Blrchrond for ihc
pllmoic
or
offcruis
usrir~nce
l.
broker

a
~~ti~~~t~~~~~~~~t

tilc
c~llm
an
I=

Obiiously ifrhir
li
p0"lhlc
then
Chc
corts
"flltih""ll hcrnng
i.iil
he
ii,"d. The cost5
14r
hcvlng ur
(7)
Ihcpuhllr p altIlou@loh\ .lourly you
xlll
be responslhlc for
hhrr
rinn's
iccs
m ep~zscnrinp you irrequmd.

,,\,

I
I
I.,.i
xl
.I. I.
"
.'
I.
:-
I.
.,jr\\,nl
ill.
r.:
::,

n

"

I
,\" ,

,,.

I,
'I
,I
.
I

I
I
I
.
.
*,nrtcn
wi1ncsr
na<en>cnrs
m adiancc or
the
hearing
AL
rhc
hcume,
ivlmca~Fi
>V~I
hc &,ked
to
or
arrm
liui
the
cont~nm
or
chrli
(IIII

arc
true.
Both

pmer
mdrhc Ttihunal
XTII
h-e
he
chmc
to
question the
iv~mcnei.
rolloiumg Ihr.
MISS
Blncku<~od axd you
uiln
bchdf offllc cumpuny (or ynur reopcclnc legal repicicnrrrlrerl
may (11) Ihe Tnbunrl uilh
an
rwmenl ahout
rlv
yourevidence md
care
should
hc
rcreplrd
Thc
Tribunal ma" olio
convdcr
pou~ii
rhmt
thc
rcleiasl law

rl
llus pa%
wld
purribly
declslonsmadr
at
a
hlgher lei4 rlfthcTribvna1 iyrtem, nlch
nr
<he
of ~aonl. the
iiourc
or~ords,
cnrcrcn
the
Eurun.di?
coun
ofJus<icc.
European Union
law
Wh.fis,
the
EU?
-

.
I

:~-
a!'
c
t
+
nam
/*mu-aoorewan
a.
rinn.'.
,
.
,
,
,.
'I
.m


-
The European Union
(EU)
was
created in 1992 by
the
Treaty
on

Eumpean Union
(theTE"),genersllycalledtheMaa*nchtTreahi.The
t"cDnsist.ofthreedifferentComm"nibes.
the ECSC (~umpean coal and steel commun~w), the
~uropean
community (the
EC,
formerly
known
as
the
European Economic Community Treaty,
or
the
EEC
treaty
-
also
known
as
the
Treaty
of
Rome),
and
EURnTOM
(European
Afamr Energy
community
Treaty).

The
EU
has
what
are
referred
to
as
'the
three
pillars'
The
Eumpean
Union
,
-
F~~~
~
-
,


ECX
I
Common
Foreign
and
I
I
lurticeand

Home
1
Security
Policy
'
EC
/
~ffairs Policy
I
,
EUR.@rnM
I
L-

_
-

.
put simply, the oilginal
a~m
of
the communrty
n
which ail members agreed to impose
on
war
economic integration: to create a goods cam,ng into the
area
from "on-member
common market, later defined

as
a
single
states
a
common level
of
duty
[the common
Infernal Market,
In
whch therecould be free
Customs
Tariff,
or
CCT).
~

~~
.~
~
,

Nate: subsidiarity
-
the
Communihi
may
only take legal action where it has exclurive competence
I

that
is,
power
to govern,
and
where
an
action cannot
be
arhieved by member states acting within
tlhtir
nalural imtilut~oni,
for
exampie
a
trans-nat~nnal
actlo".
I
movement
of
goods, persons,
services
and
capita,,
Th,s
fa
be
by
the
The

three
sources
of
EU
law
are
the
Treaties
,I
How
does
the
EU
impact
on
Member
States?
creal,onofafreetradearea,
whereMember
(EC.
TEU. etc.). secondary legislation
states agreed
to
remove a11 customs duties
by
the
EC
(such
as
regu1ations

(,mporr
taxes)
and
quotas
and directives),
and
general Principles.
on
of
goods
,mponed
'nclud~ng fundamental
human
rights.
Member
frontiers,
or
borders)
subsidiarity, and citizenship
of
the
EU
for
between themselves,
and
a
customs
union,
Of
a

State'
-
-
~~
~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~
The
tC
Treaty
1s
directly applicable
.
Regulations
-
have general application
in
eve",
Member State. Accession
to
and
are
binding in their entirety
on
all
!
(membeOhlp
of)
fha
Community
lhmltr

fhe
MernPer
Stafes
and
have
direct
effect,
power
of
nal~onai governments and
affects
meaning
they aufomaf~cally become iaw in
national sovereignty
-
the
power
to
govern.
Member States.
is.
overr~des,
nat~onal
law.
T~,S
supremacy
as
to
meir but
do

not
bind
ndivduais
(Case
6/64)
ECR
545.
The
Single European national law Implemented)
I
community law has supremacy
over,
that ~irectives
-
are
binding
on
Memberstates
:'
was eafabl~shed
in
the
case
of
costa
u
ENEL untli they have been transposed into
,
Act
1986

made proui5ionr (legal cond8tions)
.
Decisions
of
the European
Court
of
rreaf~ng
an
obligation
on
the comrnunlty lustice
(ECI)
-
are
bindlng
on
those
to
to take the
necerna",
measures
to
achieve whom they
are
addressed.
the Internal
Market.
Under
Artde

249
(ex
An
. Recommendations and opinions
-
have
i
189)
there
are
hue
Wpes of legal
act
whtch
the
no
hioding
force
but
may
he
perruesiue,
.!
communw
ma"
use:
that
ll.
have
nnuence.

I
I
;
!
1
8.1
Find
five
phraacs
in
A
opposite uicd
to
indicate that
a
rcrm
has another name.
ior
example
'formerly
known
as'.
Then
urc
approprinre phrases
to
cornpicre
rhe
renrences
I

helow, There
is
more
than
one
poriib>llr~ for
one
of
the
answers.
I
Under EC law, sanythlng which
cm
be
bought
or
sold
i
!
4
Thc third pillar
of
rhe
Eunrpcan
Unlon,
md
Hainc
Affairs pillas
is
inmrporutc

8.2
Rearrange
rhe
undcrllncd letters
to
make
words
in the
extracts
below.
Look
ar
A
and
B
opposite
ro
help you.
I
.I:
I l*ro~!~rl ml.rh.l *I:II
ron
r8.%.
.A,.
ir:~
r
II~W
11
.n':ulnl
I?,

rlcnro~rt
III
.~hl:I?
111c
;
u'
\*n~mnc~cc
,a<,:,
.I\
per.
n~.
:
c~.r~;e<
mi.
~p~c%l
1%
ens
I
4
~r.l.,s.r
111111
11;
1,
nw
1
ilh.
'
).rrrc
I
I

.
from
Article
?a
me
Singie
Eurapeon
Act
1986
,
~
.~
~
Member
(8)
s%&
shall take all appropriate
(9)
ne
whether general
or
particular,
to
ensure
fulfilment of the
(10)
too lisnabi arising
out
of
thisTreaty

or
resulting fmm
an
action
taken
by
the
instiions-

They shall fadlitate achievement
of
the Communitys tasks.
from
ArWc
5
the
ECTnofy
A
(12)
dcgaai
shall
have
general
(13)
pintilapoia. It shall be binding
in
irs
(14)
reentrvi
and directly (IS)

caabeiloiv
in
all Member
Scares.
1
A
(16)
veicriide
shall
be binding,
as
ro
rhe
result
to
bc achieved,
upon
each
I
(17)
heermm
Statc
to
which it is addressed, but shall
leave
ro
the national
aurhorities rhe
choice
of

form
and methods.
I
.
-
I
!
fmm
A#?de
189,
the
imiy
of
Romc
8.3
Are
rhe
following
srarernenrs
nut
or
falrc? Find
reasons
for
your
answers
in
A
and
B

opponie.
1
.Member
irares
are
required
to
inoxporare
F.uropean
legelarron inro national law and
ro
recognix
thc
luridictioa
of
the
Europcnl
Court
of
Jusricc
in
rnarteri
uf
EU
law.
2
The national lc~slsiion
of
Member State5
inkcs

aver
Camm~niiy mlcs.
3
The
Common
Currums
Tariff
applies
ro
all
goods imporred by countries
llke
lapan and the
USA
iron"
the
EU.
4
EU
law prevents Memher Srarei
from
charging imponvri
for
bringing goods
into
that
Srare
from anorher
.Member
Srarc.

9.1
A
porenr~al Polish client is talking
to
an
Enjirh iolicaor C:omplere rhr rolrclror'~
rrarenicnir
11-31.1
nok
ar
H
opposite
ar
hulli
p,u.
There
,i
more rhan
cine
porrihili~-
tor
one
of
the
answers.
'-/
I'm
loixkmg
for

a
lawyer
ro
help
mc
buy
somc
land
hi
a
business.
No,
I'm
a

hut my firm s,ould instructs
9.2
Complete the tablc
wlrh
ivordi
from
A,
Band
C
copposire
and
relsred
ioimr.
Put
J

irreir
mark
in
front of rhr ~rrrsscd svliahle
m
each
word
The
firsr
one
ha?
heen
done
for
uou.
PracTlCc
~~~cialise
1
I
9.3
Ana
Garcia
is ralklng ahuut her
career.
Complcrc
whar
,he
iayr
with
words

from
rhe table
ahuvc
and
6
and
C
oppanrc. There
is more rhan
onc
pn~~ihilq
tor
one
of
the .~nswerr.
I'm
an
ohiigada,
a
layer in Spmn.
1
ohtmncd
"7"
law
11)

~n
B~n-elom.
In
the

~urnmrrs.
as
u
student.
I
did
r
vacrr8on
12)

in

my
uncle's law I31 I141
from
unirerslry
SLY
ycsrr
ago.
Bccao,c
my
Engllah alnl
French
are
good
l
got
"
1.i)
.

to
rhc
scm
York
office
of
my
firm.
\VhlIe I
war
rhcrc
I
was
161

hg
rhc lnlcigrn
and
acquislrlonr
ream.
I've
.~lhsyi enioycd wlrh
large
companies
so
TIOW
I
wanr
ro
171

~n
1x1

10.1
Match thc
two
part? of the definitions
Look
at
A
opposite
ro
help yoa.
1
Sorneone
ivlio works
far
his
or
herself is
a
provide represenranon.
2
If
you
speak
an
behalf
oi

clients
1x1
coun,
you
b
lay clienn.
3
Non-professional clienrs
are
known
as
e
self-employcd
/
a
sole rrader
4
Bnrr~stcrr
working soicly for
a
u,mpans
zc
called
d
insrrucred.
5
Thc
governing
aufhoritius
of

barrirrera
are
e
in~houie counsel.
6
Whcn
a
nilicia~r givcs
a
harrihrrr rhc
f
pracrxse
ar
the
Bar
derails of
a
casc,
rhc lbarrisrcr is
g
rhc
Bar
Council
and the
Inns
of
Coun.
7
When
rou

work
as
a
barrister you
10.2
Complete rhe
enuvcts
iram
a
rrainee barrirrer describing
her
prufnrional life.
Look
at
A
and
B
opporlre
to
help you. There is
more
rhnn
one
posrihiil?, for
twr,
of
the
aniwrm.
I
rook

a
firs
depree in Modern History, then did
the
in law
at
City
Uniucrsin;
onm.
During char
mc
experred
to
be
able
to
suggest
how
rhe
case
rnighi hc

approached.
In
a
week
1
mlghr
draft
a

(6)
,
prepare
norcs
far
u
coderence
wlth cllmts,
commcnr
on
draft
wlrneri rnremenr, and research legal
po~nrs.

c,f opportunity
to
(10)
in
rhc
chamhers,
ahrr
six
mimhs you
would
be
told discicctly