proceedings of the 20th international conference on fluidized bed combustion

Guangxi Vue
Hai Zhang
Changsui Zhao
Zhongyang Luo
Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on
Fluidized Bed Combustion

Guangxi Vue
Hai Zhang
Changsui Zhao
Zhongyang Luo
Proceedings
of
the 20th
International Conference on
Fluidized Bed Combustion
With 1280 figures
(~
TSINGHUA
~
UNIVERSITY PRESS
~ Springer
Editors
Guangxi Vue
Department
ofThennal
Engineering
Tsinghua University

Beijing, 100084, China
Email:
Changsui Zhao
School of Energy and Environment
Southeast University
Nanjing, 210096, China
Email:
ISBN 978-7-302-20146-5
Tsinghua University Press, Beijing
ISBN 978-3-642-02681-2
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: pending
HaiZhang
Department
ofThennal
Engineering
Tsinghua University
Beijing, 100084, China
Email:
Zhongyang Luo
Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, 310027, China
Email:
e-ISBN 978-3-642-02682-9
© Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
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of
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PREFACE
The proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) collect 9
plenary lectures and 175 peer-reviewed technical papers presented in the conference held in Xi'an China in
May 18-21,2009. The conference was the 20th conference in a series, covering the latest fundamental research
results, as well as the application experience from pilot plants, demonstrations and industrial units regarding to
the FBC science and technology.
It

was co-hosted by Tsinghua University, Southeast University, Zhejiang
University, China Electricity Council and Chinese Machinery Industry Federation.
A particular feature
of
the proceedings is the balance between the papers submitted by experts from
industry and the papers submitted by academic researchers, aiming to bring academic knowledge to application
as well as to define new areas for research.
The authors
of
the proceedings are the most active researchers, technology developers, experienced and
representative facility operators and manufacturers. They presented the latest research results, state-of-the-art
development and projects, and the useful experience.
The proceedings are divided into following sections:
• CFB Boiler Technology, Operation and Design
• Fundamental Research on Fluidization and Fluidized Combustion
•
C02
Capture and Chemical Looping
• Gasification
• Modeling and Simulation on FBC Technology
• Environments and Pollutant Control
• Sustainable Fuels
The proceedings can be served as idea references for researchers, engineers, academia and graduate
students, plant operators, boiler manufacturers, component suppliers, and technical managers who work on
FBC fundamental research, technology development and industrial application.
The editors would like to take this opportunity to thank our FBC colleagues around the world who devoted
much
of
their time to review the manuscripts to keep the scientific standard
of

the proceedings.
Xi' an, China
May 2009
GuangxiYUE
HaiZHANG
Changsui ZHAO
Zhongyang LUO
II
Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized
Bed
Combustion
Steering Committee Members:
Anthony, J. Edward
Basu, Prabir
Bonk,
L. Donald
Bulewicz, M. Elzbieta.
Cabanillas, Andres
Chen, Hanping
Chyang, Chien-Song
DeLallo,
R. Michael
Grace, John
Gulyurtlu, Ibrahim
Horio, Masayuki
Hotta, Arto
Hrdlicka, Frantisek
Hupa,Mikko

Jaud, Philippe
Jia, Lufei
Kim, Sang Done
Leckner,Bo
Luo, Zhongyang
Maryamchik, Mikhail
Miccio, Michele
Mustonen, John
Newby, A. Richard
Nowak Wojciech
Pham, Hoang Luong
Preto, Fernando
Rozelle, Peter
Rubow, N. Lynn
Selcuk, Nevin
Skowyra, Richard
Wedel, von George
Werther, Joachim
Wietzke,
L. Donald
Winter, Franz
Yue, Guangxi
Zhao, Changsui
CETC-O,Natural Resources, Canada
Dalhousie University, Canada
National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA
Cracow University
of
Technology, Poland
CIEMAT, Spain

Huazhong Science and Technology University, China
Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan, China
Parsons Infrastructure & Technology Group,Inc., USA
University
of
British Columbia, Canada
INET!, Portugal
Tokyo University
of
Agriculture & Technology, Japan
Foster Wheeler Power Group, Inc., Finland
CVUT Prague, Czech Republic
Abo Akademi University, Finland
R&D Division EDF, France
CETC-O,Natural Resources, Canada
Korea Advanced Institute
of
Science and Technology, South Korea
Chalmers University
of
Technology, Sweden
ZhejiangUniversity, China
Babcock & Wilcox, USA
University
of
Salerno, Italy
Stone & Webster Consultants, USA
Siemens-Westinghouse Power Corp., USA
Czestochowa University
of

Technology
,Poland
Hanoi Univeristy
of
Technology, Vietnam
CETC-O,Natural Resources, Canada
Department
of
Energy, USA
Parsons Energy and Chemicals Group, USA
Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Alstom Power, USA
Lurgi Energie und Entsorgung, Germany
Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
Babcock & Wilcock Company, USA
Vienna University
of
Technology, Austria
Tsinghua University, China
Southeast University, China

Sponsors
China National Machinery & Equipment Import &
Export Corporation
China Power Investment Corporation
Dongfang Electric Corporation
Foster Wheeler Corporation
Harbin Electric Corporation
Shanghai Electric Corporation
Yixin High Alumina Bricks Company

Qingdao Songling
Equipment Co., Ltd
Taiyuan Boiler Works
Wuxi Boiler Works
Power Environmental
National Nature Science Foundation
of
China
CONTENTS
Keynotes
LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF CFB BOILERS IN
ClllNA
G X. Yue, H. R. Yang, J. F. Lu, H. Zhang 3
GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS IN FLUIDISED BED:
REVIEW
OF MODELLING
A. G6mez-Barea, B. Leckner 13
POTENTIALS OF BIOMASS CO-COMBUSTION IN COAL-FIRED BOILERS
J. Werther 27
Formation and Reduction
of
Pollutants in CFBC:
From
Heavy Metals, Particulates, Alkali,
NO
x,
N
2
0 , SOx, HC1
Franz Winter 43

LATEST EVOLUTION OF OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGYIN CIRCULATING
FLUIDIZED
BED
C .S. Zhao, L. B. Duan, X .P. Chen, C. Liang 49
FOSTER
WHEELER'S
SOLUTIONS
FOR
LARGE SCALE CFB
BOILER
TECHNOLOGY: FEATURES
AND
OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF LAGISZA 460 MWe CFB
BOILER
Arto Hotta 59
FLUIDIZED COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELS: PIONEERING WORKS, PAST APPLICATIONS,
TODAY'S
KNOWLEDGE
AND
OPPORTUNITIES
M. Miccio, F. Miccio 71
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VERTICAL PARTICULATE CHANNEL
FLOW
IN
THE
TURBULENT REGIME
M. Uhlmann, A. Pinelli 83
GASIFICATION IN FLUIDIZED BEDS - PRESENT STATUS &
DESIGN
Prabir Basu, BishnuAcharya, Animesh Dutta 97

CFB Boiler Technology, Operation and Design
RESEARCH
AND
DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE CAPACITY CFB BOILERS IN TPRI
Sun Xianbin, Jiang Minhua 107
EXPERIENCE
FROM
THE
300 MWe CFB DEMONSTRATION
PLANT
IN
ClllNA
P. Gauville, J C. Semedard, S. Darling 113
PROJECT
MAXAU
- FIRSTAPPLICATION OF HYBRID CFB TECHNOLOGY
BY
AUSTRIAN
ENERGY
& ENVIRONMENT

Kurt
Kaufinann, Herbert Koberl, Thomas Zotter 121
1300°F 800 MWe USC CFB
BOILER
DESIGN
STUDY
Archie Robertson, Steve Goidich, Zhen
Fan
125

STRUCTURE
AND
PERFORMANCE OF A 600MWe SUPERCRITICAL CFB
BOILER
WITH
WATER
COOLED PANELS
Y.Li, L. Nie, X. K. Hu, G X. Yue, W. K. Li,
YX.
Wu, J. F. Lu, D. F.
Che
132
STARTUP, COMMISSIONING
AND
OPERATION OF FENYI 100MW CFB
BOILER
Zhiwei Wang, WugaoYu,Shi Bo 137
DESIGN
AND
OPERATION OF LARGE SIZE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
BOILER
FIRED SLURRY
AND
GANGUE
Zhang Man, Bie Rushan, Wang Fengjun 143
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF 235 MWe
AND
260 MWe CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED

BOILERS

w.
Nowak, R. Walkowiak, T. Ozimowski, J. Jablonski, T. Trybala S. 151
B&W
IR-CFB: OPERATING EXPERIENCE
AND
NEW
DEVELOPMENTS
M. Maryamchik,D.L. Wietzke 157
NO
x
EMISSION REDUCTION
BY
THE
OPTIMIZATION OF
THE
PRIMARY
AIR
DISTRIBUTION
IN
THE
235MWe CFB
BOILER
P. Mirek, T. Czakiert, W.
Nowak
162
VI
Proceedings
of

the 20th International Conference on Fluidized
Bed
Combustion
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION IN THE FURNACE OF A 300MWe CFB
BOILER
P. Zhang, J. F. Lu, H. R. Yang, J. S. Zhang, H. Zhang,
G.
X. Yue 167
CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS OF
HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN A CIRCULATING
FLUIDIZED BED
BOILER
FURNACE
Zhiwei Wang, Jianhua Yang, Qinghai Li 172
RESEARCH ON
THE
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A 600MW SUPERCRITICAL
PRESSURE CFB BOILER
D. Yang, J. Pan, Q. C. Bi, Y. J. Zhang, X.
G.
Jiang, L. Yu 180
STUDY OF
NOX
EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A 1025tJh COAL-FIRED CIRCULATING
FLUIDIZED BED
BOILER
Q.Y. Li,
ZD.
Mi, Q.F. Zhang 186

MERCURY EMISSIONAND REMOVAL OF A 135
MW
CFB UTILITY
BOILER
Y.F.Duan, Y.Q. Zhuo, Y.J. Wang, L. Zhang, L.G. Yang, C.S. Zhao 189
NOVEL CFB BOILER TECHNOLOGY WITH RECONSTRUCTION OF ITS FLUIDIZATION STATE
H. R. Yang, H. Zhang, J. F. Lu, Q. Liu, Y.X. Wu1,
G.
X. Yue, J. SU, Z. P. Fu 195
DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXI-BURNTMCFB
POWER
PLANT TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
Horst Hack, Zhen Fan, Andrew Seltzer,Arto Hotta,Timo Eriksson, Ossi Sippu 200
DESIGNAND APPLICATION OF
NOVEL
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
BOILER
Q. H. Li, Y. G. Zhang, A. H. Meng 206
DESIGNAND OPERATION OF CFB BOILERS WITH
LOW
BED
INVENTORY
Jun Su, Xiaoxing Zhao, Jianchun Zhang, Aicheng Liu , Hairui Yang, Guangxi Yue, Zhiping
Fu
212
OPERATIONAL STATUS OF 135MWe CFB BOILERS IN CHINA
J.F. Li, S. Yang, J. H. Hao, J. H. Mi, J. F. Lu, H. M. Ji, H. T. Huang, H. R. Yang,
G.

X. Yue 219
IN DEVELOPPINGA BENCH-SCALE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTOR TO BURN
HIGH
ASH
BRAZILIAN COAL-DOLOMITE MIXTURES
Jhon Jairo Ramirez Behainne, Rogerio Ishikawa Hory,
Leonardo Goldstein Jr, Arai Augusta Bernardez Pecora 224
INDUSTRIALAPPLICATION STUDY ON NEW-TYPE MIXED-FLOW FLUIDIZED
BED
BOTTOM
ASH
COOLER
B.Zeng, X.F.Lu, H.Z.Liu 231
OPERATION EXPERIENCE
AND
PERFORMANCE OF
THE
FIRST 300MWe CFB
BOILER
DEVELOPED BY DBC IN CHINA
Q. Guo, X.S. Zheng, Q. Zhou, L. Nie, T.S. Liu,
x.K.
Hu, J.F. Lu 237
OPERATIONAL STATUS OF 300MWe CFB
BOILER
IN CHINA
J.F. Li, J. H. Mi, J. H. Hao, S. Yang, H. T. Huang, H. M. Ji, J. F. Lu,
G.

X. Yue 243
ADVANCED REFRACTORY
AND
ANTI-WEARING TECHNOLOGY OF CYCLONE SEPARATOR
IN CFB
BOILER
H. P. Chen, Y. Q. Shen X. H. Wang.x. M. Dai H. Y. Xue D. C. Liu 247
ABRASION-RESISTANT TECHNOLOGYAND ITS PROSPECT
FOR
CFB BOILERS
H. Zheng, Y. J. Li, L. J. Wang, S. H. Liu, Q. R
Dou
250
COMPARION OF MERCURY EMISSIONS BETWEEN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
BOILER
AND PULVERIZED COAL
BOILER
Y. J. Wang, Y. F. Duan, C. S. Zhao 256
CO-COMBUSTION OF REFUSE DERIVED FUEL WITH ANTHRACITES IN A CFB BOILER
Dong-Won Kim, Jong-Min Lee, Jae-Sung Kim 262
COMBUSTION OF POULTRY-DERIVED FUEL IN A CFBC
Lufei Jia and Edward J. Anthony 271
THERMAL EFFECTS BY FIRING OIL SHALE
FUEL
IN CFB BOILERS
D. Neshumayev,A. Ots, T. Parve,
TPihu,
K. Plamus,A. Prikk 277
ECONOMICAL COMPORISON PC AND CFB BOILERS

FOR
RETROFIT AND
NEW
POWER
PLANTS IN RUSSIA
G.A. Ryabov 282
CONTENTS
Fundamental
Research
on Fluidization
and
Fludized
Combustion
VII
CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE POWDERS
Matthew Krantz, Hui Zhang, Jesse
Zhu
291
VELOCITY OF COMPLETE FLUIDIZATION OF A POLYDISPERSE MIXTURE OF VARIOUS FUELS
Yu. S. Teplitskii, V. I. Kovenskii, V.A. Borodulya 298
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE ON MINIMUM FLUIDIZATION
AND TRANSPORT VELOCITIES IN A
DUAL
FLUIDIZED
BED
J. H. Goo, M. W. Seo, S. D. Kim, B. H. Song 305
FLUIDIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF STALK-SHAPED BIOMASS IN BINARY PARTICLE SYSTEM
Y. Zhang, B. S. Jin, W. Q. Zhong 311
BOTTOM
ZONE

FLOW
PROPERTIES OF A SQUARE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH
AIR
STAGING
Zhengyang Wang, Shaozeng Sun, Xiangbin Qin, Qigang Deng, Shaohua Wu 317
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTICLE FEEDINGAND MIXING IN
THE
BOTTOM
ZONE
OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
X. P. Chen, D. Y. Liu, Z. D. Chen, C. S. Zhao 324
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO
THE
FRAGMENTATION OF COALPARTICLES
IN A FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTOR
Monika Kosowska-Galachowska, Adam Luckos 330
AXIALAND RADIAL SOLIDS HOLDUP MODELING OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
RISERS
Q. Miao, J. Zhu, S. Barghi, C. Wang, X. L. Yin, C. Z. Wu 335
RESEARCH ON
FLOW
NON-UNIFORMITY IN
MAIN
CIRCULATION LOOP OF A CFB BOILER
WITH MULTIPLE CYCLONES
S. Yang, H. R. Yang, Q. Liu, H. Zhang, Y.X. Wu, G X. Yue, Y.Z. Wang 341
FLOW
REGIME STUDY IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED RISER WITHAN ABRUPT

EXIT: FULLY DEVELOPED
FLOW
IN CFB RISER
J. S. Mei, G T. Lee, S. M. Seachman, J. Spenik 345
HEAT TRANSFERATA LONG ELECTRICALLY-SIMULATED WATER WALL IN A CIRCUL
ATING FLUIDISED BED
R. Sundaresan, Ajit Kumar Kolar 350
DESIGNAND OPERATION OF EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM
FOR
STUDYING HEAT TRANSFER
IN A SMOOTH TUBEAT
NEAR
AND SUPER CRITICALPRESSURE
Li Wenkai, Wu Yuxin, Li Yan, Lu Junfu, Zhang Hai 357
EXPERIMENTAL
AND
MODELING INVESTIGATION OF LIGNITE DRYING IN A FLUIDIZED
BED
DRYER
K. Zhang, C. F. You 361
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON GAS-SOLID
FLOW
IN AN EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER
WITH DOUBLE OUTLETS
H. Z. Liu, X. F. Lu 367
THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTERNAL
HEAT EXCHANGER
X. Y. Ji, X. F. Lu, L. Yang, H. Z. Liu 373
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MASS AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN A
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATING DIVISIONALFLUIDIZED

BED
P. Lu, R. ZHang, J. Pu, C. S. Bu, W. P. Pan 379
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GAS SOLID
FLOW
CHARACTERISTICS IN CYCLONE INLET
DUCTS OF A 300MWE CFB
BOILER
J. Y. Tang, X. F. Lu
,J.
Lai, H. Z. Liu 386
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON GAS-SOLID
FLOW
IN A SQUARE CYCLONE SEPARATOR
WITH DOUBLE INLETS
B. Xiong, X. F. Lu, R. S. Amano, C. Shu 393
GAS-PHASE COMBUSTION IN THE FREEBOARD OF A FLUIDIZED
BED-FREEBOARD
CHARACTERIZATION
Jean-Philippe Laviolette, Gregory S. Patience and Jamal Chaouki 398
VIII
Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized
Bed
Combustion
CHARACTERISTICS OF PYROLYTIC TOPPING IN FLUIDIZED
BED
FOR
DIFFERENT
VOLATILE COALS

R. Xiong, L. Dong, G W. Xu 404
FLUIDISED
BED
COMBUSTION OF
TWO
SPECIES OF
ENERGY
CROPS
P. Abelha, C. Franco, H. Lopes,
I. Gulyurtlu, I. Cabrita 410
PREDICTION OF AGGLOMERATION, FOULING;
AND
CORROSION
TENDENCY
OF
FUELS IN CFB CO-COMBUSTION
Vesna Barisic, Edgardo Coda Zabetta, Juha Sarkki 416
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ESTONIAN OIL SHALE CFB FIRING
J. Loosaar, T. Parve, A. Konist 422
STUDY ON COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGNITE IN A CFB
BOILER
J. Leng, T. S. Zou, J. X. Wu, C. Jiang, J. L. Gao, J. Wu, D. Su, D. Y. Song 429
STUDY OF HEAVY METALS CONDENSATION
BY
CONSIDERING VARIANT CONDITIONS
OF INCINERATOR COOLING
ZONE
Yi Cheng, Atsushi Sato, Yoshihiko Ninomiya 434
DUAL-FUEL FLUIDIZED
BED

COMBUSTOR PROTOTYPE
FOR
RESIDENTIAL
HEATING: STEADY-STATE
AND
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR
Antonio Canunarota, Riccardo Chirone, Michele Miccio, Roberto Solimenel, Massimo Urciuolo 441
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON GAS-SOLID
FLOW
CHARCTERISTICS IN A CFB
RISER
OF 54m
IN
HEIGHT
N. Hu, H. R. Yang, H. Zhang, R. Q. Zhang, J. N. Cao, Q. Liu, J. F. Lu, G X. Yue 448
STUDY OF
AIR
JET PENETRATION IN A FLUIDIZED
BED
X. L. Zhou, L. M. Cheng, Q. H. Wang, M. X. Fang, Z. Y. Luo, K. F. Cen 453
SOLIDS MIXING IN
THE
BOTTOM
ZONE
OF FLUIDIZED BEDS
D. Y. Liu, X. P. Chen, C. Liang, C. S. Zhao 459
EFFECT OF
RISER
GEOMETRY STRUCTURE ON LOCAL
FLOW

PATTERN IN
A RECTANGULAR CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
Chen Tian, Qinhui Wang, Zhongyang Luo, Ximei Zhang, Leming Cheng, Mingjiang Ni, Kefa Cen 464
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COAL FEEDING PROPERTY OF 600MW CFB
BOILER
H. P. Chen, L. N. Tian, Q. Du, H. P. Yang, X. H. Wang, K. Zhou, S. H. Zhang 471
THE
HEAT RELEASE RATIO
AND
PERFORMANCE TESTATA SMALL-SCALE RDF-5 BUBBLING
FLUIDIZED
BED
BOILER
Hou-Peng Wan, Chien-Song Chyang, Chyh-Sen Yang, Ching-I Juch, Kuo-Chao Lo, Hom-Ti Lee 475
INTEGRATED
USE
OF FLUIDIZED
BED
TECHNOLOGY
FOR
OIL PRODUCTION
FROM
OIL
SHALE
Andres Siirde, Ants Martins 481
THE
INFLUENCE OF SORBENT PROPERTIES
AND
REACTION CONDITIONS ON ATTRITION

OF LIMESTONE
BY
IMPACT LOADING IN FLUIDIZED BEDS
Fabrizio Scala, Piero Salatino 486
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MODIFIED
BELL
JAR
NOZZLE
DESIGNEDFOR CFB BOILERS
Z. M. Huang, H.R. Yang, Q. Liu, Y. Wang, J.
F. Lu, G X. Yue 492
HEAT BALANCE ANALYSIS OF BAIMA'S 300 MWe CFB
BOILER
IN CHINA
J. Y. Lu, X. F. Lu, G Yin,H. Z.
Liu
496
CO
2
Capture and Chemical Looping
DIFFERENT METHODS OF MANUFACTURING FE-BASED OXYGEN CARRIERPARTICLES
FOR
REFORMING VIA CHEMICAL LOOPING;
AND
THEIR
EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
J.P.E. Cleeton, C.D. Bohn, C.R. MUller, J.S. Dennis, S.A. Scott 505
KINETICS OF OXIDATION OF A REDUCED
FORM
OF

THE
Cu-BASED OXYGEN-CARRIER
FOR
USE
IN CHEMICAL-LOOPING COMBUSTION
S.Y. Chuang, J.S. Dennis,A.N. Hayhurst, S.A. Scott 512
REDUCTION KINETICS OF A CaS04
BASED
OXYGEN
CARRIER
FOR
CHEMICAL-LOOPING
COMBUSTION
R. Xiao, Q. L. Song, W. G Zheng, Z. Y. Deng, L. H. Shen, M. Y. Zhang 519
INVESTIGATION OF COALFUELED CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION
USING
Fe
304
AS OXYGEN CARRIER
Wenguo Xiang, Xiaoyan Suo, Sha Wang, Wendong Tian, Xiang Xu, Yanji Xu, Yunhan Xiao 527
CONTENTS
IX
DESIGN
AND
COLD
MODE
EXPERIMENT
OF
DUAL
BUBBLING

FLUIDIZED
BED
REACTORS
FOR
MULTIPLE
CCR
CYCLES
F. Fang, Z. S Li, N. S. Cai 533
ROLE
OF
THE
WATER-GAS
SHIFT
REACTION
IN CO
2
CAPTURE
FROM
GASIFICATION
SYNGAS
USING
LIMESTONES
D.Y. Lu,
RT.
Symonds,
RW.
Hughes
and
E. J.
Anthony

540
POSTCOMBUSTION
CAPTURE
OF CO
2
WITH
CAO
IN A CIRCULATING
FLUIDIZED
BED
CARBONATOR
M Alonso, N Rodriguez, B Gonzalez, G Grasa, R Murillo, J C Abanades
549
MEASURING
THE
KINETICS
OF
THE
REDUCTION
OF
IRON
OXIDE
WITH
CARBON
MONOXIDE
IN
A
FLUIDIZED
BED
C.D.

Bohn,
J.P. Cleeton, C.M. MUller,
S.A
Scott, J.S.
Dennis
555
CO
2
CAPTURE
USING
DRY
POTASSIUM-BASED
SORBENTS
IN
A
BUBBLING
FLUIDIZED-BED
REACTOR
C.W.
Zhao,
X.P. Chen, C.S.
Zhao
562
HYDRATION
AND
PELLETIZATION
OF
CaC0
3-DERIVED
SORBENTS

FOR
IN-SITUCO
2
CAPTURE

Dennis
Y. Lu,
Robin
W.
Hughes,
Tiffany
Reid
and
Edward
J.
Anthony
569
Ni/y-Ah03
CATALYST
FOR
CO
2
REFORMING
OF
BENZENE
AS A
MODEL
COMPOUND
OF
BIOMASS

GASIFICATION TAR:
PROMOTIONAL
EFFECT
OF
ULTRASONIC
TREATMENT
ON
CATALYTIC
PERFORMANCE
B. Li, H. P. Chen, H. P. Yang, G L. Yang, X. H. Wang, S. H.
Zhang
576
PARAMETRIC
STUDY
ON
THE
CO
2
CAPTURE
EFFICIENCY
OF
THE
CARBONATE
LOOPING
PROCESS
IN A 10
kW
DUAL
FLUIDIZED
BED

Charitos, C. Hawthorne,
AR
Bidwe,
H. Holz, T. Pfeifer, A Schulze,
D. Schlegel, A Schuster, G Scheflknecht 583
EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION OF
TWO
MODIFIED
CHEMICALLOOPING
COMPUSTION
CYCLES
USING
SYNGAS
FROM
CYLINDERS
AND
THE
GASIFICATION OF
SOLID
FUELS

C.R
MUller,
T.A
Brown,
C.D.
Bohn,
S.Y. Chuang, J.P.E. Cleeton,
S.A

Scott
and
J.S.
Dennis
590
DEVELOPMENT
OF FLY
ASH-BASED
SORBENT
TO
CAPTURE
CO
2
FROM
FLUE
GAS
I. Majchrzak-Kuceba, W.
Nowak
596
CHEMICAL
LOOPING
AUTO
THERMAL
REFORMING
AT A 120
kW
PILOT
RIG
Johannes Bolhar-Nordenkampf, Tobias Proll, Philipp Kolbitsch
and

Hermann
Hofbauer
603
EFFECTS
OF
STEAM
AND
CO
2
IN
THE
FLUIDIZING
GAS
WHEN
USING
BITUMINOUS
COAL
IN
CHEMICAL-LOOPING
COMBUSTION
H. Leion, A. Lyngfelt, T. Mattisson 608
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
OF
THE
OXYGEN-ENRICHED
COMBUSTION
OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE
AND

COAL
IN
CFB
S. W.
Xin,X.
F. Lu, H. Z.
Liu
612
KINETICS
OF
COAL
CHAR
COMBUSTION
IN
OXYGEN-ENRICHED
ENVIRONMENT
T. Czakiert, W.
Nowak
618
COMBUSTION
OF
COAL
CHAR
PARTICLES
UNDER
FLUIDIZED
BED
OXYFIRING
CONDITIONS
Fabrizio Scala, Riccardo Chirone

624
Gasification
OPTIMIZATION OF
BIOMASS
GASIFICATION
PROCESS
FOR
F-T
BIO-DIESEL
SYNTHESYS

Jae
Hun
Song, Yeon
Kyung
Sung, Tae U Yu, Young Tae Choi,
Uen
Do
Lee
633
CHEMICAL
LOOPING
GASIFICATION
OF
BIOMASS
FOR
HYDROGEN
ENRICHED
GAS
PRODUCTION

WITH
IN-PROCESS
CARBON-DIOXIDE
CAPTURE

Animesh
Dutta,
BishnuAcharya,
Prabir
Basu
636
THE
THERMAL
CRACKING
EXPERIMENT
RESEARCH
OF
TAR
FROM
RICE
HULL
GASIFICATION
FOR
POWER
GENERATION
Z. S. Wu, T.
Mi,
Q. X. Wu, Y. F. Chen, X. H. Li 642
CATALYTIC
PYROLYSIS

OF
COTTON
STRAW
BY
ZEOLITES
AND
METAL
OXIDES

X.X.Cao,
B.X.Shen,F.Lu,Y.Yao 648
x
Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized
Bed
Combustion
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ASH-RETURNED
REACTOR
OF CFB ATMOSPHERIC
AIR
GASIFIER
Zhang Shihong, Tian Luning,
Zhou
Xianrong, Chen Hanping, Yang Haiping, Wang Xianhua 653
FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH
THE
NEW
CHALMERS GASIFIER
H. Thunman, M. C. Seemann 659

A HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF A
DUAL
FLUIDIZED
BED
GASIFICATION
Yeon Kyung Sung, Jae
Hun
Song, Byung Ryeul Bang, Tae U Yu,
Uen
Do
Lee 664
THE
CRACKING EXPERIMENT RESEARCH OF TAR
BY
CAO CATALYST
X. H Li, T. Mi,Z. S. Wu, Y. F. Chen, Q. X. Wu 669
EXPERIMENT INVESTIGATION OF
THE
INFLUENCING FACTORS ON
BED
AGGLOMERATION
DURING
FLUIDIZED-BED GASIFICATION OF
BIOMASS FUELS
Y. Q. Chen, H. P. Chen, H. P.Yang, X. H. Wang, S. H. Zhang 675
FLOW
REGIME DISTINGUISH IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
GASIFIER
BASED

ON WAVELET MODULUS
MAXIMA
F. Duan, Y.J. Huang, B.S. Jin, B. Li, M.Y. Zhang 680
WOOD GASIFICATION IN A LAB-SCALE BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED: EXPERIMENT
AND
SIMULATION
L. He, E. Schotte, S. Thomas,
A. Schlinkert, A. Herrmann, V. Mosch, V. Rajendran, S. Heinrich 686
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EULER-EULER
AND
EULER-LAGRANGE MODELLING OF WOOD
GASIFICATION IN A
DENSE
FLUIDIZED
BED
S. Gerber, F. Behrendt, M. Oevermann 693
BED
MATERIAL
AND
PARAMETER
VARIATION
FORA
PRESSURIZED BIOMASS FLUIDIZED
BED
PROCESS
Bernhard Puchner, Christoph Pfeifer, Hermann Hofbauer 700
PROCESS ANALYSIS OF LIGNITE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
BOILER
COUPLED

WITH
PYROLYSIS TOPPING
Baoqun Wang, Li Dong, Yin Wang, Y. Matsuzawa, Guangwen Xu 706
APPLICATION OF CAO-BASED
BED
MATERIAL
FOR
DUAL
FLUIDIZED
BED
STEAM BIOMASS
GASIFICATION
S. Koppatz, C. Pfeifer,
A. Kreuzeder,
G.
Soukup, H. Hofbauer 712
FAST PYROLYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN A FLUIDIZED
BED
REACTOR

x.H. Wang, H. P. Chen, H. P.Yang, X. M. Dai, S. H. Zhang 719
HYDRATION REACTIVATION OF CaO-BASED SORBENT
FOR
CYCLIC CALCINATION-
CARBONATION REACTIONS
Long Han, Qinhui Wang*, Qiang Ma,
Jian Guan, Zhongyang Luo, Kefa Cen 726
CHARACTERISTICS OF CATALYTIC GASIFICATION OF NATURAL
COKE
WITH H

2
0
IN A FLUIDIZED
BED
L.S. Lin, C.S. Zhao, S. Wang,
G.
Zhu,
we
Xiang 732
NOVEL
APPROACH TO TAR REMOVAL
FROM
BIOMASS
PRODUCER
GAS
BY
MEANS
OF A NICKEL-BASED CATALYST
M. Vosecky, P. Kamenfkova, M. Pohorely, S. Skoblja, M. Puncochaf 740
DEVELOPMENT OF CATALYTIC TAR DECOMPOSITION IN
AN
INTERNALLY
CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED-BED GASIFIER
Xianbin Xiao,
Due
Dung
LE, Kayoko Morishita, Liuyun LI,Takayuki Takarada 747
Modling and Simulation
DEVELOPMENT
AND

VALIDATION OF A 3-DIMENSIONAL CFB FURNACE
MODEL

Ari
Vepsalainen, Kari Myohanen, Timo Hyppanen, Timo Leino, Antti Tourunen 757
A SIMPLIFIED
MODEL
FOR
THE
BEHAVIOR OF LARGE BIOMASS PARTICLES IN
THE
SPLASHING
ZONE
OF A BUBBLING
BED
Anders Brink, Oskar Karlstrom, Mikko
Hupa
764
HYDRODYNAMIC
MODEL
WITH
BINARY PARTICLE DIAMETERS TO PREDICT
AXIAL
VOIDAGE PROFILE IN A CFB COMBUSTOR
J. J. Li, H. Zhang, H.
R. Yang, Y. X. Wu, J. F. Lu,
G.
X. YiIe 768
CONTENTS XI
3D-SIMULATION OF CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTIONS INSIDE LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATING

FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTORS
R. Wischnewski, L. Ratschow, E. U. Hartge, J. Werther 774
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN LARGE-SCALE
CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTORS
L. Ratschow, R. Wischnewski, E. U. Hartge, J. Werther 780
NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER DISTRIBUTION IN A 600MWe
SUPERCRITICAL CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
BOILER
y. Li, W. K. Li, Y. X. Wu, H. R. Yang, L. Nie, S. S.
Huo
786
IMPROVEMENT OF CFD METHODS
FOR
MODELING
FULL
SCALE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Srujal Shah, Marcin Klajny, Kari Myohanen, Timo Hyppanen 792
EXPERIMENTAL STUDYAND CFD SIMULATION OF A 2D CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
S. Kallio, M. Gulden.A. Hermanson 799
3D NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF GAS-SOLID
FLOW
BEHAVIOR IN CFB RISERS
FOR
GELDARTA

AND
B PARTICLES
A. Ozel, P.Fede, O. Simonin 805
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SLUDGE DRYNESS
UNDER
FLUE
GAS ATMOSPHERE IN THE
RISER OF A FLUIDIZED
BED
H. M. Xiao, X. Q. Ma, K. Liu, Z. S. Yu 812
APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIABLE
MODEL
PREDICTIVEADVANCED CONTROL
FOR
A 2x31OTIH CFB
BOILER
UNIT
Zhao Weijie, Dai Zongliao, Gou Rong, Gong Wengang 817
COMBUSTION
MODEL
FORA
CFB BOILER WITH CONSIDERATION OF POST-COMBUSTION
IN THE CYCLONE
S. H. Li, H. R. Yang, H. Zhang, Y.X. Wu, J. F. Lu,
G.
X. Yue 824
NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN A SUPERCIRTICAL CFB
BOILER
Yanjun Zhang, Xiang Gao, Zhongyang Luo, Xiaoguo Jiang 829
STUDY OF CFB SIMULATION MODEL WITH COINCIDENCEAT MULTI-WORKING CONDITION

Z. Wang, F. He, Z. W. Yang, Z. Li, W. D. Ni 833
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF 3-D TRANSIENT COMBUSTING
FLOW
IN A 1.2MWTH
PILOT
POWER
PLANT
A. Nikolopoulos, I. Rampidis, N. Nikolopoulos, P. Granunelis, and E. Kakaras 839
DYNAMICAL MODELING OF THE GAS PHASE IN FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION-
ACCOUNTING
FOR
FLUCTUATIONS
D. Pallares, F. Johnsson 845
CFD MODELLING OF PARTICLE MIXTURES IN A 2D CFB
M. Seppala, S. Kallio 851
CFD ANALYSIS OF BUBBLING FLUIDIZED
BED
USING RICE
HUSK
Ravi Inder Singh, S.K.Mohapatra, D.Gangacharyulu 857
HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF GAS-SOLID BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED CONTAINING
HORIZONTAL TUBES
Teklay Weldeabzgi Asegehegn, Hans Joachim Krautz 864
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF
THE
HYDRODYNAMIC REGIMES OF AN ASYMPTOTIC
MODEL
FOR
TWO-PHASE
FLOW

ARISING IN PFBC BOILERS
S. de Vicente,
G.
Galiano, J. Velasco, J.M. Ar6stegui 870
COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE USINGA PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED
BED
INCINERATOR WITH TURBOCHARGER
T. Murakami, A. Kitajima, Y. Suzuki, H. Nagasawa, T. Yamamoto, T. Koseki,
H, Hirose, S. Okamoto 877
NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON HYDRODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION IN A CIRCULATING
FLUIDIZED BED
UNDER
02/C02 AND
AIR
ATMOSPHERES

w.
Zhou, C. S. Zhao, L. B. Duan, C. R. Qu, J. Y.Lu, X. P. Chen 883
MODELLING OF CO
2
ADSORPTION
FROM
EXHAUST GASES
Marcin Panowski, Roman Klainy, Karol Sztekler 889
XII
Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized
Bed
Combustion

Environmentals and Pollution Control
NO
x
REDUCTION IN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR WITH Fe/ZSM-5 CATALYSTAND PROPYLENE
AS REDUCTANT
Terris Yang and Xiaotao Bi 897
THE IMPACT OF ZEOLITES DURING CO-COMBUSTION OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
WITH ALKALI AND CHLORINE RICH FUELS
A Pettersson, A-L Elled, A Moller, B-M Steenari, L-E Amand 902
EMISSIONS DURING CO-FIRING OF RDF-5 WITH COAL IN A 22
t/h STEAM BUBBLING
FLUIDIZED BED BOILER
Hou-Peng Wan, Jia-Yuan Chen, Ching-I Juch, Ying-Hsi Chang, and Hom-Ti Lee 910
MERCURY EMISSION FROM CO-COMBUSTION OF SLUDGE AND COAL IN A CFB INCINERATOR
Y.F. Duan, C.S. Zhao, C.J. Wu, Y.J. Wang 916
CO-FIRING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH
BARK
IN A BENCH-SCALE BUBBLING FLUIDIZED
BED-A STUDY OF DEPOSITS AND EMISSIONS
Patrik Yrjas, Martti Abo, Maria Zevenhoven,
Raili Taipale,Jaani Silvennoinen, and Mikko Hupa 922
NH
3
ABATEMENT IN FLUIDIZED BED CO-GASIFICATION OF RDF AND COAL
1. Gulyurtlu, Filomena Pinto, Mario Dias, Helena Lopes, Rui Neto Andre, I. Cabrita 930
EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS ON S02 AND NO
x
EMISSIONS IN OXY-FUEL
MINI-CFB COMBUSTION TESTS
L. Jia, Y.Tan and E.J. Anthony 936

DESULFURlZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH RECIRCULATIONAND COMBUSTION
IN THE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED BOILER
S. F. Li, M.
X. Fang, B. Yu, Q. H. Wang, Z. Y. Luo 941
NITRIC OXIDE REDUCTION OVER SEWAGE SLUDGEAND COAL CHARS AT CONDITIONS
RELEVANT TO STAGED FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION
P. Salatino, R. Solimene, R. Chirone 947
DESTRUCTION OF N
20
OVER DIFFERENT BED MATERIALS
M. Pilawska, H. Zhang, X. S. Hou, Q. Liu, J. F. Lu, G X. Yue 953
SIMULTANEOUS REDUCTION OF SOxAND FINEASH PARTICLES DURING COMBUSTION
OF COALS ADDED WITH ADDITIVES
Yoshihiko Ninomiya, Shuyin Xu, Qunying Wang, Yi Cheng, Isao Awaya 960
SORBENT INVENTORYAND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN AIR-BLOWN CIRCULATING
FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTORS: THE INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE ATTRITION AND
FRAGMENTATION
Fabio Montagnaro, Piero Salatino, Fabrizio Scala, Massimo Urciuolo 966
THE PERFORMANCE OF A NOVEL SYNTHETIC CA-BASED SOLID SORBENT SUITABLE
FOR
THE REMOVAL OF CO
2
AND S02 FROM FLUE GASES IN A FLUIDISED BED
R. Pacciani, C.R. MUller,J.F. Davidson, J.S. Dennis, A.N. Hayhurst 972
FATE OF PHOSPHORUS DURING CO-COMBUSTION OF RAPESEED CAKE WITH WOOD
P. Piotrowska, M. Zevenhoven, M. Hupa,
K. Davidsson, L.E. Amand, E. C. Zabetta, V.Barisic 979
SULPHATION OF CaO-BASED SORBENT MODIFIED IN CO
2
LOOPING CYCLES

Vasilije Manovic, Edward J. Anthony, Davor Loncarevic 987
MODELING OF NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS FROM CFB COMBUSTION
S. Kallio, M. Keinonen 993
STUDY OF NO EMISSION FROMA PILOT SCALE VORTEXING FLUDIZED BED COMBUSTOR
USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
F. P. Qian, C. S. Chyang, W. S. Yen 999
A TRIAL TO SEPARATE FORMATION AND REDUCTION PROCESS DURING NO EMISSION
IN FLUIDIZED BED COALCOMBUSTION
T. Murakami, Y. Suzuki,A.
K Durrani 1005
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED
R. W. Liu, Q. L. Zhou, S. E. Hui, T. M. Xu 1011
EFFECT OF METAL OXIDE ON THE EMISSION OF N
20
AND NO IN FLUIDIZED BED
TEMPERATURE RANGE USING PYRIDINEAS A NITROGENOUS MODEL FUEL
X. B. Wang, H. Z. Tan , C. L. Wang, Q. X. Zhao, T. M. Xu, S. E. Hui 1017
CONTENTS
XIII
WASTE TO
ENERGY
IFBC-PLANT IN FRANKFURT,
GERMANY
Dipl. Ing. Paul Ludwig 1022
OPTIMIZATION OF LIMESTONE
FEED
SIZE OF A PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTOR
Tadaaki Shimizu, Jaakko Saastamoinen 1028

ZERO
EMISSIONS
HYDROGEN
PRODUCTION
BY
FLUIDIZED
BED
CATALYTIC
DECOMPOSITION
OF
METHANE
Anunendola P., Chirone
R,
Ruoppolo
G,
Russo G 1035
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF
DEPOSITED
ASH
DURING
CO-FIRING OF
WHITE
PINE
AND
LIGNITE IN FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTOR
Yuanyuan Shao, Jesse Zhu, Fernando Preto,
Guy
Tourigny,

Jinsheng Wang, Chadi Badour, Hanning Li, Chunbao (Charles)
Xu
1041
THE
EMISSIONS OF PARS
AND
HEAVY METALS
FROM
CO-COMBUSTION OF
PETROCHEMICAL
SLUDGE
WITH
COAL
IN CFB INCINERATOR
Ge Zhu, Changsui Zhao, Huichao Chen, Xiaoping Chen, Cai Liang 1048
COMPARISON OF
ASH
FROM
PF
AND
CFB BOILERS
AND
BEHAVIOUR OF
ASH
IN
ASH
FIELDS
H. Arro, T. Pihu, A. Prikk, R Rootanun, A. Konist 1054
BROMINE
AND

CHLORINE IN AEROSOLS
AND
FLY
ASH
WHEN
CO-FIRING SOLID
RECOVERED
FUEL,
SPRUCE
BARK
AND
PAPER
MILL
SLUDGE
IN A 80MWth
BFB
BOILER
P. Vainikka, J. Silvennoinen, P.
Yrjas.A.
Frantsi, L. Hietanen, M. Hupa, R Taipale 1061
REBURNING
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESIDUAL
CARBON
IN
FLY
ASH
FROM
CFB BOILERS
S.H. Zhang, H.H. Luo, H.P. Chen, H.P. Yang, X.H. Wang 1067

USE
OF FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTION
ASH
AND
OTHER
INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS RAW
MATERIALS
FOR
THE
MANUFACTURE OF CALCIUM SULPHOALUMINATE CEMENTS
M. Marroccoli,
F. Montagnaro, M. L. Pace,A. Telesca, G L. Valenti 1072
EFFECT OF
THE
ADDITIVES ON
THE
DESULPHURlZATION RATE OF
FLASH
HYDRATED
AND
AGGLOMERATED CFB FLY
ASH
D. X. Li, H. L. Li, M. Xu, J. F. Lu, Q. Liu, J. S. Zhang, G X. Yue 1078
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY
ON
PM
lO

FEATURE
DURING
CAOL
COMBUSTION
Y.G Du,
IC.
Sui,
GZ.
Yin 1082
STUDY
ON
THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANT
ABSORBED
BY
A
MOVING
LIQUID
AEROSOL
Y.G
Du,
J.J. Deng, F. He, Y. Yu 1088
Sustainable
Fuels-Combustion
and
New
Concept
CHARACTERIZATION OF COMBUSTION
AND
EMISSION OF SEVERALKINDS OF HERBACEOUS

BIOMASS PELLETS IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTOR
S.Y. Li, H. P. Teng, W. H. Jiao, L. L. Shang, Q. G
Lu
1095
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
BED
MATERIAL COATINGSBY LA-ICP-MS
AND
SEM-EDS
M. H. Piispanen,A. J. Mustonen, M. S. Tiainen, R S. Laitinen 1103
INVESTIGATION ON
AGROPELLET
COMBUSTION IN
THE
FLUIDIZED
BED
Isemin
RL.,
Konayahin
v.v.,
Kuzmin S.N., ZorinA.T., Mikhalev
A.v.
1109
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE
FUEL
FOR
FLUIDIZED
BED

COMBUSTION
F. Claesson, B-J. Skrifvars, A-L. Elled, A. Johansson 1116
CO
2
REBINDING
BY
OIL
SHALE CFBC ASHES: EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENT
Andres Trikkel, Merli Keelmann, Aljona Aranson, Rein Kuusik 1123
THE
SUITABILITY OF
THE
FUEL
MIXTURE
OF
HORSE
MANURE
AND
BEDDING
MATERIALS
FOR
COMBUSTION
Sanna K. Tyni, Minna S. Tiainen, Risto S. Laitinen 1130
FUEL-NITROGEN
EVOLUTION
DURING
FLUIDIZED
BED
OXY-COAL
COMBUSTION

Astrid Sanchez,
Fanor
Mondragon, Eric
GEddings
1136
THE
STUDY
OF SAWDUST
COMBUSTION
IN A VORTEXING FLUIDIZED
BED
COMBUSTOR
Chien-Song Chyang,Kuo-Chao Lo,Kuan-Chang Su,Keng-Tung Wu 1141
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY
ON HEAT
TRANSFER
IN A
ROLLING
ASH
COOLER
USED
IH
TEE
CFB
BOILER

w.
Wang, J. J. Li, S. Yang, X. D. Si, H. R Yang, J. F. Lu, G X. Yue 1147
XIV

Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized
Bed
Combustion
3D
UNSTEADY
MULTIPHASE SIMULATION OF
URANIUM
TETRAFLUORIDE PARTICLE
FLUORINATION IN FLUIDIZED
BED
PILOT
N. A. Konan, H. Neau, O. Simonin, M. Dupoizat, T. Le Goaziou 1152
AN
IDEA
OF STAGED
AND
LARGE
VELOCITY
DIFFERENTIAL SECONDARY
AIR
FOR
WATERWALL
EROSION
PROTECTION
AND
OXYGEN
COMPLEMENTARITY
B. Q. Liu, X.H.

Zhang
1159
CFD
MODELLING
APPLIED
TO
THE
CO-COMBUSTION OF PAPER
SLUDGE
AND
COAL
IN
ABO
Till
CFB
BOILER
Z. S. Yu, X. Q. Ma, Z. Y. Lai, H. M. Xiao 1165
A
NEW
DRY
FLUE
GAS DESULFURIZATION PROCESS-UNDERFEED CIRCULATING SPOUTED
BED
M. Tao, B. S. Jin, Y. P. Yang 1171
Authors Index 1178
Keynotes

LATEST
DEVELOPMENT
OF

CFB
BOILERS
IN
CHINA
G. X. Yue, H. R. Yang,
J.
F.
Lu,
H.
Zhang
Key
Laboratory
for
Thermal Science
and
Power Engineering
of
Ministry
of
Education
Department
of
Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
Abstract: The circulating fluidized bed (CFB) coal-fired boiler has being rapidly developed in
China since 1980s and becomes a key clean coal technology used in thermal and power
generation. In this paper, the development history and development status
of
the CFB boiler in
China are introduced. The development history of the CFB boiler in China is divided into four
periods and the important features

of
each period are given. Some latest research activities and
important results on CFB boilers, and the typical achievements and newest development
of
the
CFB boiler in China are also introduced. In addition, a few challenges and development directions
including the capacity scaling up, S02 removal and energy saving are discussed.
Keywords: CFB boiler, development, summary, status
INTRODUCTION
The power demand has been kept increasing rapidly with the economic growth in the past three decades in
China. Though the installation capacity for power generation in hydro, nuclear and renewable energy grows
significantly, coal keeps dominant in the energy reserve structure and thereby dominant in power generation.
Even in the year
of
2020, it is expected that coal will remain 75% in power generation (Ni, 2005). Consequently,
clean coal technology (CCT) development and implementation will still be the most important strategies for
Chinese energy development in the foreseeable future.
Compared with other CCTs, such as IGCC, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) coal combustion is unique in
wide fuel flexibility, cost-effective emission control, and rather high efficiency. Particularly, it is most suitable
combustion technologies for high ash, high sulfur or low volatile content coals. This feature perfectly fits the
Chinese coal reserve structure, in which a great portion
of
coal is with high ash, high sulfur, low volatile
content, and low heating value. Besides, CFB and fluidized bed boilers are regarded available devices to burn
the millions tons
of
coal waste generated by the coal mining industries every year in China.
Upon the above background, CFB coal combustion technology has being developed rapidly in the last two
decades (Luo and Cen, 2005; Yue et al., 2005). Today, it dominates the boiler market in thermal generation and
penetrates into the market of the utility boilers.

In this paper, the development history
of
CFB boiler in China will be introduced first, followed by the
research activities, and then some challenges will be discussed.
CFB
BOILER
DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY
IN
CHINA
The history
of
CFB boiler development in China is the extension of that of fluidized bed combustion (FBC)
boiler development, which began in 1960s on bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boiler. By 1980, the number
of
operating BFB in China was over 3000, largest unit population in the world. Encouraged by the success
of
first
commercial CFB boiler in former Lurgi Company, Germany (Feng, 2005), Chinese researchers and engineers
imitated the R&D on CFB boiler in 1982, and have kept paying a great effort since then. Generally, the
development history
of
CFB boiler in China can be divided in fourth periods: 1980-1990, 1990-2000,
2000-2005 and after 2005.
The first period was in the 1980s.
It
was the beginning and learning period, featured with strong influence
of
FBC boiler. In that period, a CFB boiler was even regarded as a BFB boiler with an extended furnace plus a
separator in China and international wide. One of the main focuses was on the gas-solid separators. The typical

Chinese CFB technologies included the CFB boiler with S-shaped planar flow separators invented by Tsinghua
University (Zhang et al., 1988), the CFB boiler with louver type separators invented by the Institute
of
Engineering Thermophysics
of
Chinese Academy
of
Science (lET-CAS) (Wang, 1995). The capacity
of
the
CFB boiler was below 75tJh, most in 35-75tJh. Because the collection efficiency
of
the separators was too low
to satisfy the material balance
of
circulating system, those CFB boilers, in fact, could only operating in BFB or
turbulent bed condition with certain amount
of
fly ash recirculation. The upper furnace was not in fast fluidized
bed and thus the heat transfer was too weak. Consequently, the boilers often failed to reach full designated load.
Some other severe problems often occurred included the over high temperature in dense bed, and severe
erosion in furnace and in second pass.
4
Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion
The second period was in the 1990s.
It
was featured with improvement and progress. In that period,
supported by the government, Chinese researchers conducted vast amount fundamental studies on the gas- solid,

two phase flow, heat transfer and combustion in CFB boiler and grasped the key knowledge and know-how
of
CFB boiler, rather than using the out-of-date BFB ones. Most CFB boilers developed in the 1st period were
successfully adjusted or retrofitted to reach the full designated output. Along with the economic blooming,
more than one hundred CFB boiler with improved deign with capacity
of
75-13Ot/hwere also put into operation
in China. The gas-solid separators with low collection efficiency were not used anymore. Instead, different
types
of
cyclones with high collection efficiency were used, including the hot round cyclone, the water-cooled
round cyclone and the square-shaped water-cooled cyclone (Yue et al., 1997).
Fig. I 200MWe CFB boiler with swirl cyclone co-developed by Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, ACS, and
Shanghai BoilerWork, China
The third period was in 2000-2005, the early five years
of
this century. In the period, CFB boilers became
rather mature, dominating heat power co-generation plants and emerging in utility boiler market in China.
However, the development
of
domestic CFB combustion technology still lagged than the requirements
of
the
power industry to build CFB power plants with the unit capacity over 100MWe and power generation
efficiency over 35%. Thus, on one hand, the major Chinese boiler works urgently import the advanced foreign
technologies by licensing or technical transfer. For example, Harbin Boiler Works Company got license
of
100-150MWe reheat CFB from EVT, and Shanghai Boiler Works got license of reheat CFB boiler from former
Alstom
CEo

On the other hand, during this period, Chinese researchers independently developed their own
reheat CFB boilers based on the experience accumulated in smaller capacity CFB boiler development in the
first two periods, and improved some foreign technologies that were found not fully suitable for Chinese local
coals. The typical achievements were: (1) 135-200MW CFB boilers with swirl cyclones co-developed by
lET-CAS - Shanghai Boiler Works (Liu, 2008), shown in Fig. 1; (2) 135-150MW CFB boilers with steam
cooled cyclone co-developed by Dongfang Boiler Works (Wang P. et al., 2007); (3) 135-200MW CFB boilers
with hot cyclone and fluidization status reformed co-developed by Tsinghua-Harbin Boiler Works (Lu et al.,
2002a; Jiang et al. 2004); (4) 200MW CFB with pneumatic control EHE co-developed by TPRI-Harbin boiler
(Sun et al., 2005), shown in Fig. 2.
(a)
CirculationAsh fromCyclone
It
_._-
oz.:
_.
__
._
':.:

n
~
;
i
I!
,
i
il
! I,
I
I!

,
j
0 0 0
(b)
Fig. 2 200MW CFB boiler co-developed by TPRI and Harbin Boiler Works (a) boiler island;
(b) pneumatic control EHE
LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF CFB BOILERS IN CHINA
5
The fourth period began in 2006 and featured by the quick spread
of
the 300MW sub-critical CFB boiler
and the development
of
the 600MW supercritical CFB. In order to increase the power generation efficiency
of
CFB boiler, supported by State Development and Reforming Commission (SDRC), three largest boiler works in
China obtained technical license of 300MW CFB boiler from Alstom Company in the late 1990s. The first
demonstration in Baima Power Plant, Sichuan Provice (burning anthracite) operated in April 2006 followed by
Qinhuangdao Power Plant, Hebei Province (burning bituminous) in June, 2006, Honghe Power and
Xiaolongtan Power Plant in Yunnan Province (burning lignite) in October 2006.
/
/
i
.>
_""~</fr "*-
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
800
r ,
600

~
-g
.3
400
~
'0
1Il
1Il
U. 200
o
Fig. 4 CFB boiler scaling history in unit capacity in China
300
<50
2581
1000
250
150
100
~
l:
::J
10
50 100-150 200
Boiler load, MWe
Fig. 3 The market
of
CFB boiler in China by end
of
2008
The first 300MWe CFB boiler with single furnace and without ERE co-developed by Tsinghua-Dongfang

Boiler Works operated in 2008. So far, the total number
of
300MWe CFB boilers in operation is 13 units. The
initiation of 600MW supercritical CFB demonstration was an important event in this period. Chinese
researchers started the investigation
of
supercritical CFB under the support
of
Ministry
of
Science and
Technology (MOST) in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2001-2006) and finalized the conceptual design by the end
of
2005. Then the SDRC supported the demonstration
of
600MW supercritical CFB project in Baima Power Plant
in 2007. The commissioning
of
the boiler is set by the end
of
2011.
By 2008, the total power capacity of CFB boiler in China is around 63000MWe that is more than
l00!o
of
total Chinese coal fire power installation. Among these boilers, about 150 units are 100-150MWe, and 13 units
are in 300MWe class. During the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2011), approved by SDRC, 50 units
of
300MWe CFB boilers are to be built and more CFB boilers burning coal waste with total capacity
of
2000MWe

are under approval.
SOME IMPORTANT RESEACHE ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS
Over two decades, Chinese researchers and engineers conducted vast amount of fundamental researches
on CFB combustion, targeting the design
of
CFB boilers. The research topics cover fluidization, fluid
mechanics, heat transfer, combustion, emission control and other aspects in the CFB boiler. Some important
results were obtained.
Bed material balance
First, it was found that bed material balance is important for heat transfer and combustion performance.
Solid particles with respect to size distribution should be kept in balance during the stable operation. Although
the size
of
feeding particles into a CFB boiler is widely distributed, the size distribution
of
the recycling ash is
rather narrow as the system behaves like size selection machine. The average size
of
bed inventory (bed quality)
and the circulating rate
of
ash depend on the performance
of
separator and bed ash drain characteristics (Yang
et al., 2005), besides the superficial velocity and ash formation characteristics of coal and limestone.
Moreover, the overall system efficiency, especially the efficiency for circulating ash (near the
<1}9
of
separator) strongly impacts the circulating rate G
s

,
which is typically three order larger than the feeding rate of
such size particles. The design of cyclone separator and bed ash drainage should keep the efficiency for
circulating ash over 99.7% (Yang et al., 2005).
In engineering practice, sometimes, ash cooler with size
classification are needed to keep fine circulating ash in bed. Mathematical modeling, considering the coal ash
formation and attrition characteristics, the particle segregation in dense bed, is suggested to be used.
Axial and peripheral distributions
of
heat transfer coefficient and heat flux
The heat transfer coefficient and heat flux, and their distribution in the furnace are important for the design
6
Proceedings
of
the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion
of
heating surfaces.
Due
to significant difference in gas-solid hydrodynamics between the practical CFB boilers
and the laboratory CFB risers, the field measurements in commercial CFB boilers were conducted directly. The
results confirmed that the overall heat transfer coefficient between two phase flow and the water wall, ab, is
mainly composed
of
particle suspension convective heat transfer coefficient
1Xc
and particle suspension
radiative heat transfer coefficient
lXr
(Andersson and Leckner, 1993). Along the furnace height, ab is directly
proportional to the certain power

of
solid suspension density. Furthermore, it was found that peripheral heat
transfer coefficient and heat flux distribution is not even(Zhang H et al., 2005), and influenced by the heating
surface arrange in the top furnace (Zhang P et al., 2009). The deviation
of
the peak and least value could be
6-8%. Based on the field data, more practical model was developed and empirical correlations were provided
and accepted by boiler design companies.
Axial profile of
heat
release
fraction
Heat release fraction, namely the burning fraction
of
coal particles in a specific section
of
the furnace was
introduce to guide the CFB boiler design, e.g., to arrange heating surfaces in furnace and set flowrate ratio
of
primary air to secondary air (Jin et al., 1999; Yue et al., 2005). Both laboratory experiments and field
measurement found that heat release fraction in dense bed
of
a CFB is much less than that
of
a bubbling bed,
and a remarkable amount
of
CO is produced in the dense
bed
even with high O

2
concentration, confirming that
the dense
bed
of
a CFB is in a reducing atmosphere.
It
was also found that the coal particle size plays an
important role in the axial profile
of
the amount
of
heat release in the CFB. For large coal particles, combustion
mainly happens in the dense bed; for small coal particles, combustion mainly happens in the freeboard section.
Heat release fraction profile is strongly influenced by the size distribution
of
coal particles, and their
fragmentation and attribution characteristics during the combustion.
200
u
150
~
4 12 16 20
Bulk
density
D k
glm
3
Fig.5
Variation

of
heat transfer coefficient with bulk density in a 135MWe CFB boiler (Wang, 2005)
1.2
r ,
• Distance
fran
Distributor h=1:lln
rtIJ
Distance
fran
Distributor h=18.5m
I;, Distance
fran
Distributor h=23m
1.00.80.60.40.2
0.0
' ~ ' ~ '-~ l ~ ' ' '
0.0
'"
'"
0.9
~
$
**
"'
,.
~
~

"

.s
*
*
,.
"
<Il
0.6
*
****
<Il

i'l
* * *
.9
*
<Il
5
.§
0.3
Q
*
between side wall and wing wall

between wing wall
D.5
OA
0.30.20.10.0
1.10
/jI1.08
13

t 1.06
'u
~
1.04
i 1.02
s
1
1
.
001 4
.&-
- -
""
::t:
] 0.98
1 0.96
~
Dimensionl_
Distanceto Left
wan
center,
wIW"",
Fig.6
Peripheral distributions
of
heat transfer coefficient on front
waIl side in
la
135MWe CFB boiler (Zhang H et aI., 2005)
Dimensionless distance from the left to the right wall

Fig. 7 Distributions
of
dimensionless heat flux along
the side wall in a 300MWe CFB boiler (Zhang P et aI.,
2005)