reservoir engineering aspects of waterflooding

Contents
l.
Introduction 9
4.3
Ranges
of
Mobility Ratios
During
Waterflooding
46
1.1
General History and Development
of Waterflooding 9
1.2
Relation Between Reservoir
5.
Areal Sweep Efficiency
48
Engineering and Production
5.1
Definition
48
Engineering Aspects
of
Waterflooding 9
1.3
Objectives
of
the Monograph

10
5.2
Measurement
48
1.4
Organization
of
the Monograph
10
5.3
Areal Sweep Efficiency at
Water Breakthrough
50
5.4 Areal Sweep Increase
After
2.
Basic Water-Oil Flow Properties
of
Water Breakthrough
53
Reservoir Rock 12
5.5
Injectivities in Various
2.1
Rock Wettability
12
Waterflood Patterns
53
2.2
Fluid Distribution

15
5.6
Areal Sweep Prediction Methods
54
2.3
Capillary Pressure
17
5.7
Other Factors Affecting Areal
Sweep
56
2.4 Relative Permeability
19
5.8
Factors
Affecting
Selection
of
2.5
Native~State
and Restored-8tate
Waterftood Pattern
58
Cores
21
2.6
Methods
of
Measuring Water-Oil
Flow Properties

22
6.
Reservoir Heterogeneity 62
2.7 Three-Phase Relative Permeabilities
24
6.1
Types
of
Reservoir Heterogeneities
62
2.8
Connate
Water
Saturation
25
6.2
Quantitative Descriptions
of
Permeability Stratification
63
3.
Efficiency
of
Oil Displacement
by Water 29
7. Vertical and Volumetric
Sweep
3.1
Frontal Advance Theory
29

Efficiencies
69
3.2
Water Tonguing
34
7.1
Definition
69
3.3
Viscous Fingering
34
7.2
Influence of Mobility Ratio
69
3.4
Mobility
of
the Connate Water
34
7.3
Influence
of
Gravity Forces
71
3.5
Practical Application
of
the Frontal 7.4
Influence of Capillary Forces
72

Advance
Theory
35
7.5
Crossftow Between Layers
73
3.6
Influence
of
Rock Wettability on
7.6 Effect of Rate on Volumetric
Oil Production Performance
38
Sweep Calculations
75
3.7
Influence
of
Oil and Water
7.7
Effect
of
Layer Selection on
Viscosities
38
Volumetric Sweep Calculations
75
3.8
Influence
of

Formation Dip and Rate
39
3.9
Influence
of
Initial Gas Saturation
39
8. Methods
of
Predicting Waterflood
Performance
78
4.
Mobility Ratio Concept
45
8.1
The Perfect Prediction Method
78
4.1
Development
of
the Mobility
8.2
Prediction Methods Primarily
Ratio Concept
45
Concerned with Reservoir
4.2
Definition
of

Mobility Ratio
45
Heterogeneity
78